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The crystal structure of 3-chloropropionic acid, C3H5ClO2

  • Eric C. Hosten ORCID logo and Richard Betz ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 23, 2020
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Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures
From the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures Volume 236 Issue 1

Abstract

C3H5ClO2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 5.2011(4) Å, b = 7.4362(4) Å, c = 24.1175(15) Å, β = 94.594(3)°, V = 929.78(10) Å3, Z = 8, Rgt(F) = 0.0333, wRref(F2) = 0.0795, T = 200 K.

CCDC no.: 2042825

The molecular structure is shown in the Figure. Table 1 contains crystallographic data and Table 2 contains the list of the atoms including atomic coordinates and displacement parameters.

Table 1:

Data collection and handling.

Crystal:Colourless platelet
Size:0.60 × 0.46 × 0.25 mm
Wavelength:Mo Kα radiation (0.71073 Å)
μ:0.67 mm−1
Diffractometer, scan mode:Bruker APEX-II, φ and ω
θmax, completeness:28.4°, 99%
N(hkl)measured, N(hkl)unique, Rint:7885, 2269, 0.017
Criterion for Iobs, N(hkl)gt:Iobs > 2 σ(Iobs), 1926
N(param)refined:111
Programs:Bruker [1], [, 2], SHELX [3], WinGX/ORTEP [4], Mercury [5], PLATON [6]
Table 2:

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2).

AtomxyzUiso*/Ueq
Cl10.74346 (8)−0.00203 (7)0.05634 (2)0.03771 (13)
O111.0112 (2)−0.08791 (18)0.22569 (5)0.0342 (3)
H110.914093−0.0727390.2515070.051*
O120.7817 (2)0.14062 (17)0.18727 (5)0.0300 (3)
C110.9545 (3)0.0306 (2)0.18626 (6)0.0233 (3)
C121.1290 (3)0.0165 (2)0.13971 (7)0.0282 (3)
H12A1.157037−0.1122320.1316840.034*
H12B1.2984200.0695050.1522120.034*
C131.0273 (3)0.1085 (2)0.08684 (7)0.0296 (4)
H13A1.1619310.1079600.0600570.035*
H13B0.9859050.2352470.0949670.035*
Cl20.24696 (9)0.58842 (7)0.05642 (2)0.04071 (13)
O210.5109 (2)0.67876 (18)0.22677 (5)0.0336 (3)
H210.4081940.6675800.2517150.050*
O220.2794 (2)0.45188 (17)0.18805 (5)0.0297 (3)
C210.4530 (3)0.5612 (2)0.18719 (6)0.0232 (3)
C220.6285 (3)0.5747 (3)0.14072 (6)0.0283 (3)
H22A0.6544700.7033690.1321880.034*
H22B0.7985960.5235820.1535900.034*
C230.5297 (3)0.4800 (3)0.08820 (7)0.0307 (4)
H23A0.4881950.3536890.0968910.037*
H23B0.6657960.4791180.0617710.037*

Source of material

The compound was obtained commercially (Fluka). Crystals suitable for the diffraction study were taken directly from the provided product.

Experimental details

Carbon-bound H atoms were placed in calculated positions (C–H 0.99 Å) and were included in the refinement in the riding model approximation, with U(H) set to 1.2Ueq(C).

The H atoms of the hydroxyl groups were allowed to rotate with a fixed angle around the C–O bond to best fit the experimental electron density (HFIX 147 in the SHELX program suite [3]), with U(H) set to 1.5Ueq(O).

Comment

While the first members of the homologuous series of aliphatic carboxylic acids constitute a family of liquid substances at room temperature, the introduction of chlorine atoms in the backbone quickly results in a marked increase of melting points and subsequent tendency to form crystalline substances at ambient conditions. However, there is no uniform trend as the stepwise introduction of chlorine atoms into the methyl group of acetic acid to the respective trihalo acid shows with melting points of 17, 63, 14 and 58 °C (values rounded) in the order of increasing chlorine content [7]. An even stronger increase in melting point is observed for the introduction of the first terminal chlorine atom in propionic acid with a change from −21 to 41 °C. In continuation of our interest in the structures of functionalized carboxylic acids [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], the crystal and molecular structure of the title compound was determined to gain an understanding for this drastic change in physical properties. The structure of propionic acid has been reported earlier [16].

The structure solutions shows the expected connectivity of a propionic acid derivative bearing one chlorine atom in terminal position. The asymmetric unit comprises two complete molecules. C–Cl bond lengths of 1.7941(18) and 1.7950(17) Å are almost equal and found in good agreement with other compounds containing chloromethylene groups whose metrical parameters (determined by diffraction studies performed on single crystals) have been deposited with the Cambridge Structural Database [17]. Absolute values for the Cl–C–C–C dihedral angles differ only slightly with values of −66.78(17)° and 67.51(18)°, respectively.

In the crystal, classical hydrogen bonds of the O–H…O type are observed next to C–H…O and C–H…Cl contacts with the latter falling slightly less than 0.1 Å below the sum of van-der–Waals radii of the atoms participating in them. The classical hydrogen bonds connect the two molecules present in the asymmetric unit to the well-known carboxylic acid dimer pattern. The C–H…O contacts are supported by one hydrogen atom of the methylene group in each of the two individual molecules as donor and have exclusively the keto-type oxygen atom of one of its own symmetry-generated equivalents as acceptor. The C–H…Cl contacts stem from the remaining hydrogen atom of the methylene group in each of the two individual molecules as donor; however, the acceptor atom is provided by the chlorine atom of the other molecule present in the asymmetric unit. In terms of graph-set analysis [18], [, 19], the descriptor for the classical hydrogen bonds is R22(8) at the binary level while the descriptor for the C–H supported intermolecular contacts can be described by means of a DDC11(4)C11(4) descriptor at the unary level. In total, the molecules are connected to double layers perpendicular to the crystallographic c axis.

While the less-pronounced shortening of the C–H…O contacts with regards to their sum of van-der–Waals radii suggests a weaker bonding interaction, in the context of a comparison with the crystal structure of plain propionic acid [16], the presence of the additional C–H…Cl contacts would allow for rationalizing the observed increase in melting points when going from propionic acid to 3-chloropropionic acid.

Corresponding author: Richard Betz, Department of Chemistry, Nelson Mandela University, Summerstrand Campus (South), University Way, Summerstrand, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa, E-mail:

Funding source: National Research Foundation

Acknowledgments

The corresponding author thanks the National Research Foundation for financial support.

  1. Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: National Research Foundation.

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

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Received: 2020-10-03
Accepted: 2020-11-08
Published Online: 2020-11-23
Published in Print: 2021-01-26

© 2020 Eric C. Hosten and Richard Betz, published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  3. The crystal structure of 3-oxo-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, C30H46O3·1/6H2O
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https://doi.org/10.1515/ncrs-2020-0518
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Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. New Crystal Structures
  3. The crystal structure of 3-oxo-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, C30H46O3·1/6H2O
  4. The crystal structure of (3S,12R,20R,24R)-3,12-diacetyl-20,24-epoxy-dammarane-3,12,25–triol–ethyl acetate (4/1), C34H56O6⋅ 0.25(C4H8O2)
  5. A new polymorph of tetrakis(dimethylammonium) catena-poly[tetrakis(μ2-sulfato-κ2O:O′)dizinc(II)], Zn2C8H32N4O16S4
  6. Crystal structure of 10-oxysophoridine, C15H22N2O2
  7. The crystal structure of (5R,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R)-12-hydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-((R)-2,6,6-trimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)tetradecahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,6(2H)-dione, C30H48O4
  8. Synthesis, crystal structure and optical property of 1,6-bis(p-tolylthio)pyrene, C30H22S2
  9. The crystal structure of hexakis(2-(pyridin-2-ylamino)pyridin-1-ium) decavanadate(V) dihydrate, C60H64N18O30V10
  10. Preparation and crystal structure of a cationic olefin polymerization precatalyst: (1,7-bis(2,6–dichlorophenyl)-1,7-di-aza-4-oxo-heptan-1,4,7-triyl)dimethyl zirconium(IV), C18H20Cl4N2OZr
  11. The crystal structure of fac-tricarbonyl(4,4-dimethyl-2,2-dipyridyl-κ2N,N′)- (pyrazole-κN)rhenium(I) nitrate, C18H16O3N4Re
  12. Synthesis and crystal structure of hexaaquacopper(II) 2,5-dicarboxyterephthalate, C10H16O14Cu
  13. The crystal structure of (8R,10R,12R,14R)- 12-hydroxy-16-(5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)- 4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyltetradecahydro-3H- cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,6(2H)-dione, C30H48O5
  14. Structure of the mixed crystal (S)-(6-(bromo/chloro)-2-methoxy-2,6-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)(phenyl)methanol, C17H14Br0.5Cl0.5NO2
  15. The crystal structure of trans-tetraaqua-bis(4-acetylphenoxyacetato-κ1O)manganese(II), C20H26O12Mn
  16. Crystal structure of (E)-2-(4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)-7-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one, C19H14F4O2
  17. Crystal structure of DL-α-(methylaminomethyl)benzyl alcohol, C9H13NO
  18. The crystal structure of dipentaerthritol hexanitrate, C10H16N6O19
  19. Crystal structure of N,N-diphenylformamide, C13H11NO
  20. Crystal structure of (E)-2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)-7-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen- 1(2H)-one, C20H14F6O2
  21. Crystal structure of ortho-methoxy benzaldehyde, C8H8O2 – a second polymorph and deposition of 3D coordinates
  22. Crystal structure of catena-poly[diaqua-bis(μ2-2-(4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy)propanoato-κ2O:O')-(2-(4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy)propanoato-κ2O,O')yttrium(III)], C51H79O11Y
  23. Crystal structure of benzylthiouronium chloride, C8H11ClN2S
  24. Synthesis and crystal structure of tert-butyl (2′R,3R,3′R,4a′R,9a′S)-1-acetyl-5-chloro-3″-methyl-2,5″,9′-trioxo-1″-phenyl-1″,4a′,5″,9a′-tetrahydro-1′H,3′H,9′H-dispiro[indoline-3,4′-xanthene-2′,4″-pyrazole]-3′-carboxylate, C36H32ClN3O7
  25. Crystal structure of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde, C8H8O3
  26. Crystal structure of poly[diaqua-(m3-3′,5′-dicarboxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,4-dicarboxylato-K4O,O′:O″:O‴) cadmium(II)], C16H11O10Cd
  27. Crystal structure of {tetraaqua-bis(1-(4-hydroxy-2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-2-((4aS,6R,8aS)-6-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8a-dimethyl-2-methylenedecahydronaphthalen-1-yl)ethane-1-sulfonato-k2O,O') calcium(II)}-{triaqua-bis(1-(4-hydroxy-2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-2-((4aS,6R,8aS)-6-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-5,8a-dimethyl-2-methylenedecahydronaphthalen-1-yl)ethane-1-sulfonato-k2O,O') calcium(II)} – water – acetone (1/1/8/2)
  28. Synthesis and crystal structure of bis{2-bromo-6-((E)-((4-((E)-1-(methoxy-imino)ethyl)phenyl)imino)methyl)phenolato- κ2N,O}zinc(II)-methanol(1/2), C65H60Br4N8O9Zn2
  29. Crystal structure of benzenesulphonic acid
  30. Crystal structure of N-benzyl-N-nicotinoyl-nicotine amide C19H15N3O2
  31. Crystal structure of poly[aqua(μ3-2,4-diamino-benzenesulfonato-κ4N:N′,O:O′)silver(I)], C12H18O8N4S2Ag2
  32. Crystal structure of 1,4-bis(methylpyridinium benzene) bis(1,2-dicyanoethene-1,2-dithiolato-κ2S:S)nickel(II), C26H18N6NiS4
  33. Crystal structure of the Cu(II) complex chlorido-(6-oxo-2-phenyl-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-4-carboxylato-k2N,O)-(phenanthroline-k2N,N')copper(II), C23H15ClCuN4O3
  34. Crystal structure of phenarsazine chloride acetic acid solvate, C14H13AsClNO2
  35. Crystal structure of poly[aqua-(μ2-3,3′,4,5′-biphenyl tetracarboxylate- κ3O,O′:O′′) -(μ2-4,4′-bis(pyrid-4-yl)biphenyl-κ2N:N′)zinc(II)], C27H18NO9Zn
  36. Crystal structure of catena-poly[(μ2-3-amino-benzenedisulfonato-κ2N:O)-bis (3-methyl-isoquinoline-κN)silver(I)], C26H24N3O3SAg
  37. Crystal structure of 2-((4-Aminophenyl)thio)acetic acid, C8H9NO2S
  38. Crystal structure of phenarsazine chloride dimethylsulfoxide solvate, C14H15AsClNOS
  39. Synthesis and crystal structure of 2-azido-N-phenylacetamide, C8H8N4O
  40. Crystal structure of chlorido{hydridotris[3-phenyl-5-methylpyrazol-1-yl-κN3]borato}copper(II), C30H28BClCuN6
  41. Crystal structure of benzanthrone – a redetermination for correct molecular geometry and localization of hydrogen atoms
  42. Crystal structure of 4-bromobenzaldehyde – complete redetermination at 200 K, C7H5BrO
  43. Crystal structure and spectroscopic properties of chlorido{hydridotris[3-,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl-κN3]borato}(3-,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl-κN)copper(II), C20H30BClCuN8
  44. The crystal structure of 4-((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)(pyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)benzonitrile, C22H20N2O
  45. Crystal structure of 4-ethyl-3-phenylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one, C17H15NO
  46. Crystal structure of (tricyclohexylphosphane-κP)-[(Z)-N-(3-fluorophenyl)-O-methylthiocarbamato-k1S]gold(I), C26H40AuFNOPS
  47. Crystal structure of (3S,8R,10R,12R,14R)-12-hydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-((R)-2,6,6-trimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) hexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl acetate, C32H54O4
  48. The crystal structure of 2-[(S)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethyl]-2,3,7,7a- tetrahydro-3a,6-epoxyisoindol-1(6H)-one, C19H20NO2
  49. Crystal structure of {hydridotris[3-(t-butyl)-5-isopropylpyrazol-1-yl-κN3]borato}thallium(I), C30H52BN6Tl
  50. Synthesis and crystal structure of 1-octyl-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one, C22H26N2O
  51. The crystal structure of 2,6-difluorophenol, C6H4F2O
  52. 4-(9H-Fluoren-9-yl)-4-methylmorpholin-4-ium bromide, C18H20BrNO
  53. The crystal structure of 2,4-dimethylimidazole monohydrate, C5H10N2O
  54. The crystal structure of 1,2-dimethylimidazole, C5H8N2
  55. The crystal structure of 3-ammonio-4-aminobenzoate, C7H8N2O2 – a second polymorph
  56. The crystal structure of 4-hydroxy-2,5-bis(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-ylthio)-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienolate chloride monohydrate, C14H15N4O5S2Cl
  57. The crystal structure of butyrylferrocene, C14H16FeO
  58. The crystal structure of bi-1,1′-cyclopentane-1,1′-diol, C10H18O2
  59. The crystal structure of 2-iso-propylimidazole, C6H10N2
  60. The crystal structure of aqua-tris (1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dionato-κ2O,O′)-lanthanum(III), C45H35LaO7
  61. Crystal structure of (3E,5E)-3,5-bis-4-methoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)-1-methylpiperidin-4-one, C24H21F6NO3
  62. The crystal structure of 3,5-dichloro-6-diazo-2,4-dinitrocyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-one, C6Cl2N4O5
  63. Crystal structure of carbonyl(2-methylquinolin-8-olato-κ2N,O)(triphenylarsine-κAs)rhodium(I), C29H23AsNO2Rh
  64. Crystal structure of (1aS,1a1S,2S)-4a-butoxy-1a,1a1,2,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1H-cyclobuta[de]naphthalen-2-yl-4-nitrobenzoate, C22H25NO5
  65. Crystal structure of carbonyl(2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-olato-k2O,O′)(triphenylarsine-κAs)rhodium(I), C24H19AsNO3Rh
  66. Crystal structure of catena-poly[triqua-bis(μ2-4-carboxy-2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylato-k3N,O:O′)barium(II)] tetrahydrate, C14H14BaN12O15
  67. Crystal structure of (E)-3′,6′-bis(ethylamino)-2-((quinoxalin-2-ylmethylene)amino)spiro[isoindoline-1,9′-xanthen]-3-one, C35H32N6O2
  68. Crystal structure of diaqua-bis(μ2-5-chloro-salicylato-κ3O,O′:O′)-bis(5-chloro-salicylato-κ2O,O′)-bis(1,10-phenanthroline-κ2N,N′) dilead(II) – water (1/2), C52H36C14N4O14Pb2·2(H2O)
  69. Crystal structure of (E)-2-(4-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-dimethyl-2-(pyrrole-2-ylmethyleneamino)-3′,6′-dihydroxylspiro[isoindoline-1,9′-xanthen]-3-one-methanol (1/1), C31H29N3O7
  70. The crystal structure of 5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine-6,11-dione, C14H9NO2
  71. Crystal structure of (E)-2-(4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)-7-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one, C19H14F4O2
  72. The crystal structure of N-(2-methoxy-4,5-bis[phenylselanyl]phenyl)picolinamide, C25H20N2O2Se2
  73. The crystal structure of (E)-2-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-N-phenylhydrazine-1- carboxamide monohydrate, C14H14BrN3O3
  74. Crystal structure of fac-tricarbonyl-(nitrato-k1O)-bis(pyridine-κN)-rhenium, C13H10O6N3Re
  75. Crystal structure of (E)-2-(((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)amino)-3′,6′-dihydroxyspiro[isoindoline-1,9′-xanthen]-3-one — methanol (1/2), C27H25N3O6
  76. The crystal structure of 4-amino-N′-(4-aminobenzoyl)benzohydrazide monohydrate, C14H16N4O3
  77. Crystal structure of bis(amino(carbamothioylamino)methaniminium) 5-hydroxyisophthalate monohydrate, C12H20N8O6S2
  78. The crystal structure of 2-(chloromethyl)pyridine, C6H6ClN
  79. The crystal structure of 1-bromo-4-iodo-benzene, C6H4BrI
  80. The crystal structure of 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitro-phenol, C8H9NO3
  81. The crystal structure of 3-chloropropionic acid, C3H5ClO2
  82. The crystal structure of 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid, C9H10O3
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