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An experimental study on vibration isolation by open and in-filled trenches

  • Hasan A. Ajel EMAIL logo , Haider S. Al-Jubair and Jaafar K. Ali
Published/Copyright: September 12, 2022
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

The mitigation of vibrations due to a harmonic load induced by a mechanical oscillator is studied experimentally. The vertical components of soil particle velocities are measured (via geophones) at different locations apart from the source, where various frequencies (30–70 Hz) are generated. For normal conditions where no mitigation means are used, it is found that the measured peak particle velocities are proportional to the excitation frequencies. The mitigation effect of constructing an active (near source) open (0.4 m wide × 3 m long × 2 m deep) trench barrier is also studied. The measurements revealed velocity increase at the points in front of the trench due to the reflected waves. This increase is proportional to the vibration frequency. Although the presence of the barrier greatly reduced the peak particle velocities beyond it, it is found that the efficiency of screening is more pronounced at high vibration frequencies. Increased and fluctuated trends of the amplitude reduction ratio are reported away from the barrier. It is realized that passive (near target) screening is less effective for all frequencies except at 30 Hz. Active and passive trenches, filled with native soil–rubber mixture at various ratios (20–40% rubber), are also considered. The rubber material is in a form of tire chips purchased from the Unit of Recycling Scrap Tires in Al-Diwaniyah Tires Factory. Although the in-filled trenches are less effective in screening the vibrations, similar trends and behavior to the open trenches are noted. It is found that the mitigation efficacy is increased with the rubber content.

Keywords: vibration screening; vibration mitigation; in-filled trenches; rubber material; scrap tire

1 Introduction

Controlling the vibrating energy coming into a sensitive zone is called vibration screening [1]. Efficient vibration screening can be achieved through proper surface wave interception, scattering, and diffraction by using barriers such as open trenches, filled concrete or bentonite trenches, sheet pile walls, and rows of solid or hollow concrete or steel piles. Active isolation (at source) and passive isolation (distance screening) schemes may be used in the mitigation of elastic waves by trenches. Different parameters are used to describe the amount of screening regarding vibration components (displacement, velocity, or acceleration). The effectiveness of screening can be measured with and without the wave barrier, depending on the ground motion observed. Amplitude reduction factor ( A r ) is computed by normalizing the post-trench installing amplitude of vertical ground motion at selected points ( A r ) After , by the amplitude of vertical ground motion at the same points before trench placing ( A r ) Before , calculated on the ground surface [2]. The ratio of amplitude reduction is then given by

(1) A r = ( A r ) After ( A r ) Before .

Many research articles were published regarding the experimental investigation of the vibration mitigation capabilities of trench wave barriers [3,4,5, 6,7,8].

The main objective of this work is to study the effectiveness of in-filled trenches as wave barriers utilizing locally available (cheap) filling materials. The approach is presented as follows:

  1. Establishing the wave propagation characteristics of Basrah cohesive soil by conducting a field experimental program, at various source vibration frequencies, in a flat secluded area.

  2. Assessing the efficiency of active and passive screening of open trenches.

  3. Selecting the isolation material to be added to the native soil.

  4. Experimentally investigating the efficiency of active and passive screening of trenches, filled with variable mixtures ratios.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Soil profile

The geotechnical investigation program for the research site was conducted by the National Center Construction Laboratory-Basrah branch in 2002 [9]. The missing soil properties are predicted using correlative relations. The elastic parameters are obtained utilizing Table 1 [10], whereas the shear wave velocity ( V s ) is calculated via the empirical formula [11]:

(2) V s = 58 N 0.39

Table 1

Experimental correlation between soil type and elastic parameters

Soil type Description ν E (MPa)
Clay Soft 0.35–0.40 1–15
Medium 0.30–0.40 15–30
Stiff 0.20–0.30 30–100
Silt 0.30–0.35 2–20
Sand Loose 0.15–0.25 10–20
Medium 0.25–0.30 20–40
Dense 0.25–0.35 40–80

The main soil layers and their properties are listed in Table 2. The depth of groundwater at the site is (0.7 m) below the ground surface.

Table 2

Soil profile characteristics at the study site

Layer Depth (m) Description S.P.T E (MPa) ν V s (m/s)
1 0–3 Medium stiff to stiff brown silty clay 8 30 0.3 130.0
2 3–13 Soft gray silty clay 3 8 0.4 89
3 13–17 Medium stiff to stiff gray silty clay 8 30 0.3 130
4 17–19 Very stiff gray (silty clay with sand) 23 100 0.2 197
5 19–27 Dense to very dense gray silty sand 50 80 0.35 267.0

2.2 Equipment and devices used

The vertical sinusoidal harmonic excitation is induced via a mechanical oscillator (Vibratory Plate Compactor C-90). The (90 kg) mass plate compactor is powered by (5 hp) to produce a peak force of (15 kN) at a maximum operating velocity of (4,200 rpm). The unit is supplied by a speed regulator, which yields a steady range of operating frequency of (30–70 Hz).

To restrict the vibration waves at all, but, the vertical direction, the compactor is mounted on a ( 500 mm × 600 mm × 8 mm ) steel plate and placed concentrically above a ( 650 mm × 800 mm × 150 mm ) concrete base, reinforced with ( ϕ 12 @ 150 mm both directions), and constructed at an embedment depth of (0.25 m). The compactor is fixed to the steel plate and concrete base using four (10 mm) diameter threaded steel bolts (Figure 1). A digital tachometer is used to control the generated frequency (Figure 2). Other devices used in the test program are receptors (geophones) connected to a data logger (24 channels seismograph), seismic cables (with takeout 5 m interval), laptop computer used to control the harmonic excitation through a seismic controller software, and (12 V) battery for power supply.

Figure 1 The source of vibration.
Figure 1

The source of vibration.

Figure 2 Measurement of the generated frequency.
Figure 2

Measurement of the generated frequency.

A sample of (4 s) of soil particle velocity measurements is obtained using vertical component geophones with a (2 ms) sampling interval resulting in (2,000) data points for each selected frequency.

2.3 Calibration process

At the outset, the accuracy of the instruments’ readings is investigated before starting the experimental study. The instruments subjected to the calibration process are the (24 Channel, 16S24-U, Ultra-Light) Exploration Seismograph system, manufactured by PASI Italy, and (10 Hz) Vertical Geophone. Figure 3 illustrates the calibration process, which is conducted in the Laboratory of Vibrations - Department of Mechanical Engineering using assistive devices (Figure 4) by entering a fixed-frequency signal and recording the vibration velocity reading each time to get the sensor’s sensitivity, as listed in Table 3.

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the geophone calibration.
Figure 3

Schematic diagram of the geophone calibration.

Figure 4 Calibration process in the laboratory.
Figure 4

Calibration process in the laboratory.

Table 3

Geophone characteristics at sample frequencies

Test no. Frequency (Hz) V (Volts) Velocity (mm/s) Sensitivity (V s/mm)
1 60 1.15 42.6 0.02699
2 30 0.58 21.5 0.02697
Average 45 0.865 32.05 0.02698

3 Results

3.1 No wave barrier

This test stage consists of disturbing the ground with loads at different frequencies (30, 40, 55, and 70 Hz) and taking ground motion measurements at defined locations via (12) geophones placed on a line co-linear with the vibrator, as shown in Figure 5. Geophone number (1) is positioned near the source of vibration, and the rest are placed at a spacing of 1.5 m.

Figure 5 Arrangement of field test devices.
Figure 5

Arrangement of field test devices.

It can be realized that the peak particle velocities are proportional with the excitation frequencies.

The results are listed in Table 4, whereas the attenuation of vibration velocity with horizontal distance is shown in Figure 6.

Table 4

The measured peak particle velocities at different locations for various frequencies (no wave barrier)

Distance (m) Peak particle velocity (mm/s)
f = 30 Hz f = 40 Hz f = 55 Hz f = 70 Hz
0.25 0.782796 3.739775 4.678678 6.092688
1.5 0.194568 1.280528 2.91173 2.683226
3 0.127827 1.212655 1.83482 2.357438
4.5 0.087103 0.975102 0.995463 1.790703
6 0.062216 1.180981 1.518082 2.035044
7.5 0.076922 0.565604 0.809945 0.949084
9 0.075791 0.499940 0.66515 0.782796
10.5 0.05656 0.283933 0.406104 0.490944
12 0.072397 0.205880 0.288458 0.357462
13.5 0.057692 0.186649 0.227373 0.298639
15 0.06561 0.178731 0.184387 0.230766
16.5 0.050904 0.144795 0.161763 0.192305
Figure 6 Attenuation of vibration velocity for various frequencies (no wave barrier).
Figure 6

Attenuation of vibration velocity for various frequencies (no wave barrier).

3.2 Open trench barrier

In this phase, a 0.4 m wide, 3 m long, and 2 m deep trench is mechanically dug, dynamic loading is applied at the same previous frequencies, and the ground motion measurements are recorded at the same predefined locations (Figure 7). Two positions of the vibrating source with respect to the trench are considered to examine the active and passive vibration screening. Figure 8 shows the field test configurations.

Figure 7 Open trench formation.
Figure 7

Open trench formation.

Figure 8 Field test configurations (trench barrier).
Figure 8

Field test configurations (trench barrier).

The results are listed in Table 5 for the active isolation, whereas the attenuation of vibration velocity is expressed in terms of amplitude reduction ratio ( A r ), as shown in Figure 9.

Table 5

The measured peak particle velocities at different locations for various frequencies (active open trench barrier)

Distance (m) Peak particle velocity, (mm/s)
f = 30 Hz f = 40 Hz f = 55 Hz f = 70 Hz
0.25 0.814107 4.038957 5.474053 7.494006
1.5 0.219861 1.549438 3.668779 3.488193
4.5 0.018988 0.034128 0.018913 0.019697
6 0.020282 0.042751 0.03947 0.03663
7.5 0.016922 0.020927 0.021868 0.018032
9 0.018038 0.022947 0.023945 0.016438
10.5 0.022624 0.032652 0.033706 0.022583
12 0.019185 0.020176 0.025355 0.016943
13.5 0.018403 0.019038 0.022003 0.023413
15 0.016927 0.017158 0.016963 0.013984
16.5 0.015831 0.024615 0.019088 0.022499
Figure 9 Attenuation of vibration velocity due to an open trench barrier (active screening).
Figure 9

Attenuation of vibration velocity due to an open trench barrier (active screening).

The values listed in Table 5 reveal increased velocities at the points before the barrier due to the reflected waves. This increase is proportional to the vibration frequency. A great reduction in velocity can be noted in Figure 9 due to the presence of the open trench. The reduction is proportional with the frequency, which means that the efficiency of screening is more pronounced at high vibration frequencies. Increasing and fluctuating trends of ( A r ) are reported away from the barrier.

The results are listed in Table 6 for the passive isolation, whereas the attenuation of vibration velocity is expressed in terms of amplitude reduction ratio ( A r ), as shown in Figure 10.

Table 6

The measured peak particle velocities at different locations for various frequencies (passive open trench barrier)

Distance (m) Peak particle velocity, (mm/s)
f = 30 Hz f = 40 Hz f = 55 Hz f = 70 Hz
0.25 0.808158 3.404317 5.155903 6.372951
1.5 0.191279 1.234557 3.313548 2.973014
3 0.124784 1.43457 2.209123 2.909078
4.5 0.08658 1.073587 1.088041 2.121983
6 0.059926 1.184523 1.52719 2.09813
7.5 0.070537 0.529405 0.771877 0.857971
10.5 0.01923 0.072118 0.098277 0.05744
12 0.032035 0.054681 0.038941 0.038963
13.5 0.027403 0.063833 0.061163 0.042705
15 0.03497 0.049151 0.046649 0.041766
16.5 0.026979 0.038081 0.038499 0.030384
Figure 10 Attenuation of vibration velocity due to an open trench barrier (passive screening).
Figure 10

Attenuation of vibration velocity due to an open trench barrier (passive screening).

It can be deduced from Table 6 that, the reflected wave effects cover longer distances compared to the active case. The curves presented in Figure 10 show behavior similar to that of the previous case. The passive screening is less effective than the active one for all frequencies except at 30 Hz. The difference in behavior could be attributed to the considerable interaction effect of the waves reflected from the active barrier on the source induced waves, compared to its counterpart for the passive one.

3.3 In-filled trench barrier

The open trench is filled with a compacted mixture of the excavated soil and rubber material at different percentages, the harmonic excitation is applied, and measurements of ground motion are recorded at the same frequencies and the specified locations.

The rubber material used in this study is purchased from the Unit of Recycling Scrap Tires in Al-Diwaniyah Tires Factory. The tire chips are obtained by rotating, chopping them, and turning them into various rubber products as shown in Figure 11. They are basically flat, irregular tire pieces, and more finely and uniformly sized. Secondary shredding results in the production of chips are more equidimensional.

Figure 11 Production of rubber material in the factory.
Figure 11

Production of rubber material in the factory.

Tire chips resulted from secondary shredding are normally sized from 13 to 25 mm. They are nonreactive under normal environmental conditions and have an absorption range of (2–3.8%). Additional properties are listed in Table 7. Three different rubber contents (20, 30, and 40%) by weight are mixed with the excavated natural soil. The densities of the mixture are determined in the soil mechanics laboratory, as shown in Figure 12, as 1,143, 1,135, and 1,014  kg/m 3 . The filling stages of the trench are shown in Figure 13.

Table 7

Properties of tire chips used in the study

Average loose density ( kg/m 3 ) Average compacted density ( kg/m 3 ) Elastic modulus E (kPa) Poisson’s ratio ( ν )
320–490 570–730 580–770 0.32
Figure 12 Determination of the mixture densities.
Figure 12

Determination of the mixture densities.

Figure 13 Trench filling stages.
Figure 13

Trench filling stages.

The measured velocities are listed in Tables 8, 9, and 10 for the active case and the wave attenuation is shown in Figures 14, 15, 16, and 17.

Table 8

The measured peak particle velocities at different locations for various frequencies (active in-filled with 20% rubber trench barrier)

Distance (m) Peak particle velocity (mm/s)
f = 30 Hz f = 40 Hz f = 55 Hz f = 70 Hz
0.25 0.849333 3.937983 4.814359 6.86524
1.5 0.200988 1.343273 2.975788 2.868368
4.5 0.072077 0.754728 0.725692 1.215887
6 0.053941 0.949508 1.021669 1.349234
7.5 0.069236 0.403275 0.455594 0.558061
9 0.070652 0.4154 0.364502 0.462554
10.5 0.051056 0.2686 0.268434 0.283274
12 0.068197 0.190027 0.259323 0.243431
13.5 0.053595 0.159211 0.179397 0.179482
15 0.056818 0.147453 0.127595 0.146767
16.5 0.044999 0.120614 0.113719 0.104613
Table 9

The measured peak particle velocities at different locations for various frequencies (active in-filled with 30% rubber trench barrier)

Distance (m) Peak particle velocity (mm/s)
f = 30 Hz f = 40 Hz f = 55 Hz f = 70 Hz
0.25 0.800017 5.048696 5.77816 8.462743
1.5 0.191065 1.422666 3.502811 2.930082
4.5 0.070117 0.652343 0.647847 1.015328
6 0.054936 0.935336 0.776195 0.982315
7.5 0.061537 0.34219 0.319118 0.370996
9 0.062375 0.375954 0.337231 0.321729
10.5 0.054976 0.26207 0.258688 0.261182
12 0.069501 0.180968 0.242016 0.220554
13.5 0.049557 0.153612 0.173485 0.167476
15 0.055112 0.13655 0.107497 0.128767
16.5 0.043879 0.110188 0.107895 0.082883
Table 10

The measured peak particle velocities at different locations for various frequencies (active in-filled with 40% rubber trench barrier)

Distance (m) Peak particle velocity (mm/s)
f = 30 Hz f = 40 Hz f = 55 Hz f = 70 Hz
0.25 0.899432 4.543826 5.300942 7.097981
1.5 0.25644 1.271564 3.029464 3.241337
4.5 0.044945 0.498082 0.373298 0.653606
6 0.027063 0.527898 0.652775 0.771281
7.5 0.040768 0.23416 0.379054 0.370142
9 0.028876 0.198976 0.274706 0.320163
10.5 0.025734 0.128621 0.170726 0.203250
12 0.033519 0.089146 0.128075 0.148704
13.5 0.027172 0.084738 0.094814 0.107211
15 0.025194 0.06756 0.091087 0.104536
16.5 0.02591 0.064723 0.080719 0.083460
Figure 14 Attenuation of vibration due to active trench barriers ( f = 30 Hz f=30\hspace{0.33em}{\rm{Hz}} ).
Figure 14

Attenuation of vibration due to active trench barriers ( f = 30 Hz ).

Figure 15 Attenuation of vibration due to active trench barriers ( f = 40 Hz f=40\hspace{0.33em}{\rm{Hz}} ).
Figure 15

Attenuation of vibration due to active trench barriers ( f = 40 Hz ).

Figure 16 Attenuation of vibration due to active trench barriers ( f = 55 Hz f=55\hspace{0.33em}{\rm{Hz}} ).
Figure 16

Attenuation of vibration due to active trench barriers ( f = 55 Hz ).

Figure 17 Attenuation of vibration due to active trench barriers ( f = 70 Hz f=70\hspace{0.33em}{\rm{Hz}} ).
Figure 17

Attenuation of vibration due to active trench barriers ( f = 70 Hz ).

The peak particle velocities before the in-filled barrier are affected by the reflected waves, as can be concluded from Tables 8, 9, and 10. Figures 14, 15, 16, and 17 illustrate reductions in velocities due to the barrier, which are proportional with the vibration frequency. In general, the efficiency of screening is increased with the rubber content of the filling material. Similar to the open trench barrier, increasing and fluctuating relations of ( A r ) are resulted away from the barrier.

For the passive case, the measured velocities are listed in Tables 11, 12, and 13, whereas the wave attenuation is shown in Figures 18, 19, 20, and 21. Tables 11, 12, and 13 list increased velocity values over larger range than the active isolation, before the barrier. In Comparison with the active case, similar findings are obtained from Figures 18, 19, 20, and 21 regarding the reduced velocities, the efficiency of screening, and the trend of curves.

Table 11

The measured peak particle velocities at different locations for various frequencies (passive in-filled with 20% rubber trench barrier)

Distance (m) Peak particle velocity (mm/s)
f = 30 Hz f = 40 Hz f = 55 Hz f = 70 Hz
0.25 0.804714 3.82205 4.790966 6.598381
1.5 0.213635 1.326627 2.931529 3.064244
3 0.147895 1.214231 1.867846 2.600254
4.5 0.093635 1.000454 1.008404 1.801447
6 0.069681 1.262468 1.621311 2.067604
7.5 0.079999 0.570128 0.859351 1.018367
10.5 0.052595 0.256675 0.329472 0.365753
12 0.068407 0.182203 0.252689 0.284754
13.5 0.052442 0.166675 0.203044 0.244406
15 0.061148 0.161572 0.161062 0.189551
16.5 0.048404 0.130358 0.141801 0.158401
Table 12

The measured peak particle velocities at different locations for various frequencies (passive in-filled with 30% rubber trench barrier)

Distance (m) Peak particle velocity (mm/s)
f = 30 Hz f = 40 Hz f = 55 Hz f = 70 Hz
0.25 0.844636 5.13845 6.9338 6.970035
1.5 0.187758 1.271564 3.08061 3.437212
3 0.125554 1.202468 2.007293 3.123605
4.5 0.096144 1.063348 1.060168 1.761156
6 0.064474 1.273097 1.510491 2.006736
7.5 0.089306 0.668543 0.886079 1.005554
10.5 0.051526 0.250712 0.31274 0.315971
12 0.06465 0.17788 0.237141 0.26016
13.5 0.050884 0.151372 0.191016 0.231893
15 0.059114 0.155853 0.149906 0.182997
16.5 0.046526 0.120759 0.139277 0.154613
Table 13

The measured peak particle velocities at different locations for various frequencies (passive in-filled with 40% rubber trench barrier)

Distance (m) Peak particle velocity (mm/s)
f = 30 Hz f = 40 Hz f = 55 Hz f = 70 Hz
0.25 0.79078 3.915544 5.118473 6.220634
1.5 0.22064 1.362481 2.920465 2.806654
3 0.14585 1.416381 1.849498 2.371582
4.5 0.102171 1.089188 1.009399 1.792493
6 0.072419 1.303803 1.759457 2.08999
7.5 0.078152 0.645014 0.984893 1.037823
10.5 0.046039 0.201876 0.264779 0.236438
12 0.060741 0.15338 0.288458 0.181948
13.5 0.046211 0.138866 0.134286 0.157084
15 0.053668 0.13773 0.113951 0.123921
16.5 0.044591 0.120035 0.107895 0.118652
Figure 18 Attenuation of vibration due to passive trench barriers ( f = 30 Hz f=30\hspace{0.33em}{\rm{Hz}} ).
Figure 18

Attenuation of vibration due to passive trench barriers ( f = 30 Hz ).

Figure 19 Attenuation of vibration due to passive trench barriers ( f = 40 Hz f=40\hspace{0.33em}{\rm{Hz}} ).
Figure 19

Attenuation of vibration due to passive trench barriers ( f = 40 Hz ).

Figure 20 Attenuation of vibration due to passive trench barriers ( f = 55 Hz f=55\hspace{0.33em}{\rm{Hz}} ).
Figure 20

Attenuation of vibration due to passive trench barriers ( f = 55 Hz ).

Figure 21 Attenuation of vibration due to passive trench barriers ( f = 70 Hz f=70\hspace{0.33em}{\rm{Hz}} ).
Figure 21

Attenuation of vibration due to passive trench barriers ( f = 70 Hz ).

3.4 Targeted point

A targeted point at a distance of (10.5 m) from the vibration source is selected for protection. The peak particle velocities and amplitude reduction ratios for various frequencies and screening methods are listed in Table 14.

Table 14

Peak particle velocities and amplitude reduction ratios at the targeted point

Case Distance (m) P.P.V. (mm/s) and A r
f = 30 Hz f = 40 Hz f = 55 Hz f = 70 Hz
No barrier 0.25 0.782796 3.739775 4.678678 6.092688
10.5 0.056560 0.283933 0.406104 0.490944
Open trench-active, A r 10.5 0.022624 0.032652 0.033706 0.022583
0.400 0.115 0.083 0.046
Open trench-passive, A r 10.5 0.019230 0.072118 0.098277 0.057440
0.340 0.254 0.242 0.117
In-filled 20%-active, A r 10.5 0.051056 0.268600 0.268434 0.283274
0.903 0.946 0.661 0.577
In-filled 20%-passive, A r 10.5 0.052595 0.256675 0.329472 0.365753
0.930 0.904 0.811 0.745
In-filled 30%-active, A r 10.5 0.054976 0.262070 0.258688 0.261182
0.972 0.923 0.637 0.532
In-filled 30%-passive, A r 10.5 0.051526 0.250712 0.312740 0.315971
0.911 0.883 0.770 0.644
In-filled 40%-active, A r 10.5 0.025734 0.128621 0.170726 0.203250
0.455 0.453 0.420 0.414
In-filled 40%-passive, A r 10.5 0.046039 0.201876 0.264779 0.236438
A r 0.814 0.711 0.652 0.482

3.5 Isolation cost

The feasibility of the filling mix from the economical stand point is studied. An excavation unit price of 4.5 USD/ m 3 , backfilling unit price of 7 USD/ m 3 , and rubber unit price of 75 USD/ton are adopted. For 40% rubber content, the screening process costs ≈ 42 USD/ m 3 , which is a very competitive price.

4 Conclusion

The following conclusions can be drawn:

  1. Excavation of an active open trench barrier reduces the vertical components of peak particle velocities by 60–95.4%. High attenuation rates are associated with high source vibration frequencies.

  2. Except few particular values at low frequencies, the active screening proved to be more powerful than the passive one. Those frequencies usually do not demonstrate the screening effect, considerably. Construction of a passive open trench barrier decreases the velocities by 66–88.3%.

  3. Using active barriers, filled with (native cohesive soil + rubber) mixtures with a rubber content ranging from 20 to 40%, achieved screening rates of 2.8–58.6%. Better screening is associated with high rubber content and high frequency.

  4. Utilizing passive in-filled trenches produced mitigation rates of 7–51.8%.

  5. The locally available tire chips proved to be economical and effective in vibration isolation when it is mixed with the original cohesive soil to form a trench filling material.

  1. Conflict of interest: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

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Received: 2021-09-09
Revised: 2021-12-11
Accepted: 2021-12-31
Published Online: 2022-09-12

© 2022 Hasan A. Ajel et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  4. COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  5. Constraint evaluation and effects on selected fracture parameters for single-edge notched beam under four-point bending
  6. Minimizing form errors in additive manufacturing with part build orientation: An optimization method for continuous solution spaces
  7. The method of selecting adaptive devices for the needs of drivers with disabilities
  8. Control logic algorithm to create gaps for mixed traffic: A comprehensive evaluation
  9. Numerical prediction of cavitation phenomena on marine vessel: Effect of the water environment profile on the propulsion performance
  10. Boundary element analysis of rotating functionally graded anisotropic fiber-reinforced magneto-thermoelastic composites
  11. Effect of heat-treatment processes and high temperature variation of acid-chloride media on the corrosion resistance of B265 (Ti–6Al–4V) titanium alloy in acid-chloride solution
  12. Influence of selected physical parameters on vibroinsulation of base-exited vibratory conveyors
  13. System and eco-material design based on slow-release ferrate(vi) combined with ultrasound for ballast water treatment
  14. Experimental investigations on transmission of whole body vibration to the wheelchair user's body
  15. Determination of accident scenarios via freely available accident databases
  16. Elastic–plastic analysis of the plane strain under combined thermal and pressure loads with a new technique in the finite element method
  17. Design and development of the application monitoring the use of server resources for server maintenance
  18. The LBC-3 lightweight encryption algorithm
  19. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on road traffic accident forecasting in Poland and Slovakia
  20. Development and implementation of disaster recovery plan in stock exchange industry in Indonesia
  21. Pre-determination of prediction of yield-line pattern of slabs using Voronoi diagrams
  22. Urban air mobility and flying cars: Overview, examples, prospects, drawbacks, and solutions
  23. Stadiums based on curvilinear geometry: Approximation of the ellipsoid offset surface
  24. Driftwood blocking sensitivity on sluice gate flow
  25. Solar PV power forecasting at Yarmouk University using machine learning techniques
  26. 3D FE modeling of cable-stayed bridge according to ICE code
  27. Review Articles
  28. Partial discharge calibrator of a cavity inside high-voltage insulator
  29. Health issues using 5G frequencies from an engineering perspective: Current review
  30. Modern structures of military logistic bridges
  31. Retraction
  32. Retraction note: COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  33. Special Issue: Trends in Logistics and Production for the 21st Century - Part II
  34. Solving transportation externalities, economic approaches, and their risks
  35. Demand forecast for parking spaces and parking areas in Olomouc
  36. Rescue of persons in traffic accidents on roads
  37. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part II
  38. Switching transient analysis for low voltage distribution cable
  39. Frequency amelioration of an interconnected microgrid system
  40. Wireless power transfer topology analysis for inkjet-printed coil
  41. Analysis and control strategy of standalone PV system with various reference frames
  42. Special Issue: AESMT
  43. Study of emitted gases from incinerator of Al-Sadr hospital in Najaf city
  44. Experimentally investigating comparison between the behavior of fibrous concrete slabs with steel stiffeners and reinforced concrete slabs under dynamic–static loads
  45. ANN-based model to predict groundwater salinity: A case study of West Najaf–Kerbala region
  46. Future short-term estimation of flowrate of the Euphrates river catchment located in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq through using weather data and statistical downscaling model
  47. Utilization of ANN technique to estimate the discharge coefficient for trapezoidal weir-gate
  48. Experimental study to enhance the productivity of single-slope single-basin solar still
  49. An empirical formula development to predict suspended sediment load for Khour Al-Zubair port, South of Iraq
  50. A model for variation with time of flexiblepavement temperature
  51. Analytical and numerical investigation of free vibration for stepped beam with different materials
  52. Identifying the reasons for the prolongation of school construction projects in Najaf
  53. Spatial mixture modeling for analyzing a rainfall pattern: A case study in Ireland
  54. Flow parameters effect on water hammer stability in hydraulic system by using state-space method
  55. Experimental study of the behaviour and failure modes of tapered castellated steel beams
  56. Water hammer phenomenon in pumping stations: A stability investigation based on root locus
  57. Mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance of lightweight aggregate concrete using artificial clay aggregate
  58. Compatibility between delay functions and highway capacity manual on Iraqi highways
  59. The effect of expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) on the physical and mechanical properties of aerated concrete
  60. The effect of cutoff angle on the head pressure underneath dams constructed on soils having rectangular void
  61. An experimental study on vibration isolation by open and in-filled trenches
  62. Designing a 3D virtual test platform for evaluating prosthetic knee joint performance during the walking cycle
  63. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part I
  64. Optimization process of resistance spot welding for high-strength low-alloy steel using Taguchi method
  65. Cyclic performance of moment connections with reduced beam sections using different cut-flange profiles
  66. Time overruns in the construction projects in Iraq: Case study on investigating and analyzing the root causes
  67. Contribution of lift-to-drag ratio on power coefficient of HAWT blade for different cross-sections
  68. Geotechnical correlations of soil properties in Hilla City – Iraq
  69. Improve the performance of solar thermal collectors by varying the concentration and nanoparticles diameter of silicon dioxide
  70. Enhancement of evaporative cooling system in a green-house by geothermal energy
  71. Destructive and nondestructive tests formulation for concrete containing polyolefin fibers
  72. Quantify distribution of topsoil erodibility factor for watersheds that feed the Al-Shewicha trough – Iraq using GIS
  73. Seamless geospatial data methodology for topographic map: A case study on Baghdad
  74. Mechanical properties investigation of composite FGM fabricated from Al/Zn
  75. Causes of change orders in the cycle of construction project: A case study in Al-Najaf province
  76. Optimum hydraulic investigation of pipe aqueduct by MATLAB software and Newton–Raphson method
  77. Numerical analysis of high-strength reinforcing steel with conventional strength in reinforced concrete beams under monotonic loading
  78. Deriving rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves and testing the best distribution using EasyFit software 5.5 for Kut city, Iraq
  79. Designing of a dual-functional XOR block in QCA technology
  80. Producing low-cost self-consolidation concrete using sustainable material
  81. Performance of the anaerobic baffled reactor for primary treatment of rural domestic wastewater in Iraq
  82. Enhancement isolation antenna to multi-port for wireless communication
  83. A comparative study of different coagulants used in treatment of turbid water
  84. Field tests of grouted ground anchors in the sandy soil of Najaf, Iraq
  85. New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system
  86. Optimization of the synergistic effect of micro silica and fly ash on the behavior of concrete using response surface method
  87. Ergodic capacity of correlated multiple-input–multiple-output channel with impact of transmitter impairments
  88. Numerical studies of the simultaneous development of forced convective laminar flow with heat transfer inside a microtube at a uniform temperature
  89. Enhancement of heat transfer from solar thermal collector using nanofluid
  90. Improvement of permeable asphalt pavement by adding crumb rubber waste
  91. Study the effect of adding zirconia particles to nickel–phosphorus electroless coatings as product innovation on stainless steel substrate
  92. Waste aggregate concrete properties using waste tiles as coarse aggregate and modified with PC superplasticizer
  93. CuO–Cu/water hybrid nonofluid potentials in impingement jet
  94. Satellite vibration effects on communication quality of OISN system
  95. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference - Part III
  96. Mechanical and thermal properties of recycled high-density polyethylene/bamboo with different fiber loadings
  97. Special Issue: Advanced Energy Storage
  98. Cu-foil modification for anode-free lithium-ion battery from electronic cable waste
  99. Review of various sulfide electrolyte types for solid-state lithium-ion batteries
  100. Optimization type of filler on electrochemical and thermal properties of gel polymer electrolytes membranes for safety lithium-ion batteries
  101. Pr-doped BiFeO3 thin films growth on quartz using chemical solution deposition
  102. An environmentally friendly hydrometallurgy process for the recovery and reuse of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, using organic acid
  103. Production of nickel-rich LiNi0.89Co0.08Al0.03O2 cathode material for high capacity NCA/graphite secondary battery fabrication
  104. Special Issue: Sustainable Materials Production and Processes
  105. Corrosion polarization and passivation behavior of selected stainless steel alloys and Ti6Al4V titanium in elevated temperature acid-chloride electrolytes
  106. Special Issue: Modern Scientific Problems in Civil Engineering - Part II
  107. The modelling of railway subgrade strengthening foundation on weak soils
  108. Special Issue: Automation in Finland 2021 - Part II
  109. Manufacturing operations as services by robots with skills
  110. Foundations and case studies on the scalable intelligence in AIoT domains
  111. Safety risk sources of autonomous mobile machines
  112. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part I
  113. Residual magnetic field as a source of information about steel wire rope technical condition
  114. Monitoring the boundary of an adhesive coating to a steel substrate with an ultrasonic Rayleigh wave
  115. Detection of early stage of ductile and fatigue damage presented in Inconel 718 alloy using instrumented indentation technique
  116. Identification and characterization of the grinding burns by eddy current method
  117. Special Issue: ICIMECE 2020 - Part II
  118. Selection of MR damper model suitable for SMC applied to semi-active suspension system by using similarity measures
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0011
Keywords for this article
vibration screening; vibration mitigation; in-filled trenches; rubber material; scrap tire
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Performance of a horizontal well in a bounded anisotropic reservoir: Part I: Mathematical analysis
  3. Key competences for Transport 4.0 – Educators’ and Practitioners’ opinions
  4. COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  5. Constraint evaluation and effects on selected fracture parameters for single-edge notched beam under four-point bending
  6. Minimizing form errors in additive manufacturing with part build orientation: An optimization method for continuous solution spaces
  7. The method of selecting adaptive devices for the needs of drivers with disabilities
  8. Control logic algorithm to create gaps for mixed traffic: A comprehensive evaluation
  9. Numerical prediction of cavitation phenomena on marine vessel: Effect of the water environment profile on the propulsion performance
  10. Boundary element analysis of rotating functionally graded anisotropic fiber-reinforced magneto-thermoelastic composites
  11. Effect of heat-treatment processes and high temperature variation of acid-chloride media on the corrosion resistance of B265 (Ti–6Al–4V) titanium alloy in acid-chloride solution
  12. Influence of selected physical parameters on vibroinsulation of base-exited vibratory conveyors
  13. System and eco-material design based on slow-release ferrate(vi) combined with ultrasound for ballast water treatment
  14. Experimental investigations on transmission of whole body vibration to the wheelchair user's body
  15. Determination of accident scenarios via freely available accident databases
  16. Elastic–plastic analysis of the plane strain under combined thermal and pressure loads with a new technique in the finite element method
  17. Design and development of the application monitoring the use of server resources for server maintenance
  18. The LBC-3 lightweight encryption algorithm
  19. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on road traffic accident forecasting in Poland and Slovakia
  20. Development and implementation of disaster recovery plan in stock exchange industry in Indonesia
  21. Pre-determination of prediction of yield-line pattern of slabs using Voronoi diagrams
  22. Urban air mobility and flying cars: Overview, examples, prospects, drawbacks, and solutions
  23. Stadiums based on curvilinear geometry: Approximation of the ellipsoid offset surface
  24. Driftwood blocking sensitivity on sluice gate flow
  25. Solar PV power forecasting at Yarmouk University using machine learning techniques
  26. 3D FE modeling of cable-stayed bridge according to ICE code
  27. Review Articles
  28. Partial discharge calibrator of a cavity inside high-voltage insulator
  29. Health issues using 5G frequencies from an engineering perspective: Current review
  30. Modern structures of military logistic bridges
  31. Retraction
  32. Retraction note: COVID-19 lockdown impact on CERN seismic station ambient noise levels
  33. Special Issue: Trends in Logistics and Production for the 21st Century - Part II
  34. Solving transportation externalities, economic approaches, and their risks
  35. Demand forecast for parking spaces and parking areas in Olomouc
  36. Rescue of persons in traffic accidents on roads
  37. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part II
  38. Switching transient analysis for low voltage distribution cable
  39. Frequency amelioration of an interconnected microgrid system
  40. Wireless power transfer topology analysis for inkjet-printed coil
  41. Analysis and control strategy of standalone PV system with various reference frames
  42. Special Issue: AESMT
  43. Study of emitted gases from incinerator of Al-Sadr hospital in Najaf city
  44. Experimentally investigating comparison between the behavior of fibrous concrete slabs with steel stiffeners and reinforced concrete slabs under dynamic–static loads
  45. ANN-based model to predict groundwater salinity: A case study of West Najaf–Kerbala region
  46. Future short-term estimation of flowrate of the Euphrates river catchment located in Al-Najaf Governorate, Iraq through using weather data and statistical downscaling model
  47. Utilization of ANN technique to estimate the discharge coefficient for trapezoidal weir-gate
  48. Experimental study to enhance the productivity of single-slope single-basin solar still
  49. An empirical formula development to predict suspended sediment load for Khour Al-Zubair port, South of Iraq
  50. A model for variation with time of flexiblepavement temperature
  51. Analytical and numerical investigation of free vibration for stepped beam with different materials
  52. Identifying the reasons for the prolongation of school construction projects in Najaf
  53. Spatial mixture modeling for analyzing a rainfall pattern: A case study in Ireland
  54. Flow parameters effect on water hammer stability in hydraulic system by using state-space method
  55. Experimental study of the behaviour and failure modes of tapered castellated steel beams
  56. Water hammer phenomenon in pumping stations: A stability investigation based on root locus
  57. Mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance of lightweight aggregate concrete using artificial clay aggregate
  58. Compatibility between delay functions and highway capacity manual on Iraqi highways
  59. The effect of expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) on the physical and mechanical properties of aerated concrete
  60. The effect of cutoff angle on the head pressure underneath dams constructed on soils having rectangular void
  61. An experimental study on vibration isolation by open and in-filled trenches
  62. Designing a 3D virtual test platform for evaluating prosthetic knee joint performance during the walking cycle
  63. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part I
  64. Optimization process of resistance spot welding for high-strength low-alloy steel using Taguchi method
  65. Cyclic performance of moment connections with reduced beam sections using different cut-flange profiles
  66. Time overruns in the construction projects in Iraq: Case study on investigating and analyzing the root causes
  67. Contribution of lift-to-drag ratio on power coefficient of HAWT blade for different cross-sections
  68. Geotechnical correlations of soil properties in Hilla City – Iraq
  69. Improve the performance of solar thermal collectors by varying the concentration and nanoparticles diameter of silicon dioxide
  70. Enhancement of evaporative cooling system in a green-house by geothermal energy
  71. Destructive and nondestructive tests formulation for concrete containing polyolefin fibers
  72. Quantify distribution of topsoil erodibility factor for watersheds that feed the Al-Shewicha trough – Iraq using GIS
  73. Seamless geospatial data methodology for topographic map: A case study on Baghdad
  74. Mechanical properties investigation of composite FGM fabricated from Al/Zn
  75. Causes of change orders in the cycle of construction project: A case study in Al-Najaf province
  76. Optimum hydraulic investigation of pipe aqueduct by MATLAB software and Newton–Raphson method
  77. Numerical analysis of high-strength reinforcing steel with conventional strength in reinforced concrete beams under monotonic loading
  78. Deriving rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves and testing the best distribution using EasyFit software 5.5 for Kut city, Iraq
  79. Designing of a dual-functional XOR block in QCA technology
  80. Producing low-cost self-consolidation concrete using sustainable material
  81. Performance of the anaerobic baffled reactor for primary treatment of rural domestic wastewater in Iraq
  82. Enhancement isolation antenna to multi-port for wireless communication
  83. A comparative study of different coagulants used in treatment of turbid water
  84. Field tests of grouted ground anchors in the sandy soil of Najaf, Iraq
  85. New methodology to reduce power by using smart street lighting system
  86. Optimization of the synergistic effect of micro silica and fly ash on the behavior of concrete using response surface method
  87. Ergodic capacity of correlated multiple-input–multiple-output channel with impact of transmitter impairments
  88. Numerical studies of the simultaneous development of forced convective laminar flow with heat transfer inside a microtube at a uniform temperature
  89. Enhancement of heat transfer from solar thermal collector using nanofluid
  90. Improvement of permeable asphalt pavement by adding crumb rubber waste
  91. Study the effect of adding zirconia particles to nickel–phosphorus electroless coatings as product innovation on stainless steel substrate
  92. Waste aggregate concrete properties using waste tiles as coarse aggregate and modified with PC superplasticizer
  93. CuO–Cu/water hybrid nonofluid potentials in impingement jet
  94. Satellite vibration effects on communication quality of OISN system
  95. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference - Part III
  96. Mechanical and thermal properties of recycled high-density polyethylene/bamboo with different fiber loadings
  97. Special Issue: Advanced Energy Storage
  98. Cu-foil modification for anode-free lithium-ion battery from electronic cable waste
  99. Review of various sulfide electrolyte types for solid-state lithium-ion batteries
  100. Optimization type of filler on electrochemical and thermal properties of gel polymer electrolytes membranes for safety lithium-ion batteries
  101. Pr-doped BiFeO3 thin films growth on quartz using chemical solution deposition
  102. An environmentally friendly hydrometallurgy process for the recovery and reuse of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, using organic acid
  103. Production of nickel-rich LiNi0.89Co0.08Al0.03O2 cathode material for high capacity NCA/graphite secondary battery fabrication
  104. Special Issue: Sustainable Materials Production and Processes
  105. Corrosion polarization and passivation behavior of selected stainless steel alloys and Ti6Al4V titanium in elevated temperature acid-chloride electrolytes
  106. Special Issue: Modern Scientific Problems in Civil Engineering - Part II
  107. The modelling of railway subgrade strengthening foundation on weak soils
  108. Special Issue: Automation in Finland 2021 - Part II
  109. Manufacturing operations as services by robots with skills
  110. Foundations and case studies on the scalable intelligence in AIoT domains
  111. Safety risk sources of autonomous mobile machines
  112. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part I
  113. Residual magnetic field as a source of information about steel wire rope technical condition
  114. Monitoring the boundary of an adhesive coating to a steel substrate with an ultrasonic Rayleigh wave
  115. Detection of early stage of ductile and fatigue damage presented in Inconel 718 alloy using instrumented indentation technique
  116. Identification and characterization of the grinding burns by eddy current method
  117. Special Issue: ICIMECE 2020 - Part II
  118. Selection of MR damper model suitable for SMC applied to semi-active suspension system by using similarity measures
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