Startseite Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
Artikel Open Access

Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities

  • Abdelfattah EL Moussaoui EMAIL logo , Fatima Zahra Jawhari , Mohammed Bourhia EMAIL logo , Imane Maliki , Fatiha Sounni , Ramzi A. Mothana , Dalila Bousta und Amina Bari
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 7. August 2020
Artikel downloaden (PDF)
Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 18 Heft 1

Abstract

Withania frutescens (W. frutescens) is a medicinal plant that is largely used in the Morrocan pharmacopeia for disease treatment. This work was conducted to investigate the chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities of W. frutescens. The chemical characterization of W. frutescens extract was done using HPLC; the anti-inflammatory test was performed with doses 300, 400 and 450 mg/kg, and the healing activity was assessed using two creams (extract 5% and extract 10%). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds. The results of the anti-inflammatory test were more pronounced when compared with the reference drug with a maximum inhibition percentage of 82.20% ± 8.69 obtained at the dose of 450 mg/kg. Local application of 10% plant cream induced 80.17% ± 7.89 of inflammation inhibition when compared with the indomethacin drug 92.33% ± 11.27. The studied plant extract showed a promising healing activity with the following percentage: 99.03% ± 0.76 (extract 10%), 98.61% ± 1.91 (extract 5%), and 57.43% ± 2.97 (control); meanwhile, the value reached to 100% ± 0.02 for the drug that was used as a reference within the first 2 weeks. The plant studied in this work would be a promising source for conceptualizing effective drugs against inflammatory diseases.

Keywords: healing activity; anti-inflammatory activity; HPLC; creams; extract

1 Introduction

Morocco is a very old nation with a very rich civilization and culture and related to herbal medicine [1]. Traditional Moroccan medicine was born long before the arrival of the Arabs. Berbers communities used therapies that are still practiced today. The empirical use of different traditional herbal preparations is therefore extremely important for effective candidate plants for further ethnobotanical and pharmacological studies [2]. In addition, some active ingredients derived from medicinal plants are applied in many sectors, such as cosmetics, perfumery, aromatherapy, pharmaceuticals, and food processing as well as in the hygiene and sanitary industries [3]. Other industries (agri-food, pharmaceutical, perfumery, and aromatherapy) are looking for alternative natural and ecological bioactive sources. The therapeutic effects of medicinal plants pave the way for their use in medicine and the pharmaceutical industries in the prevention or treatment of certain infectious, cardiovascular, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, cancerous, and other diseases. The use of alternative medicine practice is explained by several reasons including the high cost of modern medicine, socio-cultural practices of populations, and the need for treatment options for resistant pathogens using alternative agents derived from plants [4].

Withania frutescens is frequently used by the indigenous population to treat different diseases and clinical symptoms using different preparation methods. To look for a potential scientific basis that may enable to support or to criticize the traditional use of W. frutescens, the current work was conducted to screen some pharmacological activities of W. frutescens collected from the Northern Morocco.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Plant material

The plant material used in this study consists of foliar parts of W. frutescens (Figure 1) collected on April 2018 (the season when development and flowering are at their peak)  – 34.01300500°N and 4.75206833°W. The botanical identification was carried out by Professor Amina BARI (Faculty of Science – Fez, Morocco), and the specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the faculty under voucher number BPRN69. The harvested leaves were then rinsed and dried out at a temperature of 35°C. The powder obtained was extracted by hydro-ethanolic maceration consisting of 70% ethanol and 30% distilled water with a proportion (g/mL) of 1/10 for 24 h [5]. The preparation of creams 10% (extract 10%) and 5% (extract 5%) was based on neutral petroleum jelly to make a local application of the crude extract of the plant studied.

Figure 1 The biological form of the plant Withania frutescens L.
Figure 1

The biological form of the plant Withania frutescens L.

2.2 Animals used

Male rats obtained from the ECWP (Emirates Wildlife Propagation Center) of Missour (Eastern Morocco), weighing from 100 to 150 g; animals were housed in cages (five rats/cage) in a controlled environment with a temperature maintained at 22 ± 2°C and a light-dark cycle (12 h) for 2 weeks as the acclimatization period. The procedures used in the current research work were in accordance with the internationally accepted Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The Animal Ethics Review Committee of the Faculty of Sciences of Fez, Morocco, reviewed and approved this study.

2.3 Determinations of total polyphenols

The plant extract (100 µL) was properly diluted in a test tube initially containing 6 mL of distilled water, and 500 µL of Folin reagent was then added and stirred. After 5 min, 20% Na2CO3 solution (1.5 mL) was added. The solution was completed to 10 mL with distilled water. After a 2 h incubation at room temperature, the absorbance was measured with a blank made from distilled water using a Selecta UV-Visible spectrophotometer. A calibration curve at different concentrations of gallic acid was plotted. The total phenol contents in the extracts were expressed in milligrams (mg) gallic acid equivalent per gram (g) of the dry matter weight (mg EAG/g MS) [6].

2.4 Leaf extract analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

The W. frutescens foliar extract was analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography using the HPLC chain, equipped with a UV-visible detector, a quaternary pump type LC A20, and a manual injector-type Ryodine. A Wakosil II type C18 column was used. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1 mL/min in a ternary gradient mode composed of ACN-MeOH/water acidified to 0.2% orthophosphate. A volume of 20 µL was injected at room temperature. The standards were injected at concentrations of 1 mg/mL to determine whether or not they were present in the extract. Both the extract and the standards (ferulic acid, gallic acid, apeginin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, rosmarinic acid, rutin, vitamin C, caffeic acid, luteolin, tannic acid, and syrinic acid) are filtered through the 0.45 µm porosity syringe filter. The UV detector was switched on at least 1 h before analysis. The chromatographic column must be conditioned for at least 15 min with the elution solvent of initial composition (water 0.2% H3PO4 (V/V)/methanol/acetonitrile 96/2/2 (V/V/V)). A first empty gradient chromatographic test should always be carried out beforehand (to ensure that there are no co-elution interference peaks), by injecting 20 µL methanol/water 80/20 (V/V) into the HPLC system.

2.5 Anti-inflammatory activity

The evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of our ethanol extract was conducted using the Winter method [7]. Groups of five rats were formed. The extract was administered orally at doses of 300, 400, and 450 mg/kg; the same extract was administered locally (local application) at doses of 5% and 10%, 30 min and 1 h, respectively, before the injection of carrageenan 1% (NaCl 0.9%) under the plantar fascia of the right hind leg; the circumference of the paste was measured before the injection of carrageenan, then after each hour from the third hour to the sixth hour after administration of the subcutaneous carrageenan. Two inflammatory references were used: one oral (Diclofenac 1%) and the other dermal (Indomethacin/ointment), and the percentage of inflammation inhibition was then calculated according to the following formula:

%inhibition=St−S0Control–St−S0treated)St−S0Control×100
S0 is the circumference before carrageenan injection and St is the circumference at a given time after administration of carrageenan.

2.6 Analgesic activity

The analgesic test was determined by estimating the number of abdominal contortions induced by intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection of acetic acid (0.7%) (torsion test). Groups of five rats were formed. One and a half hours after oral administration of the extracts (450 mg/kg), rats were dosed with 10 mg/mL of 0.7% dilute acetic acid by the I.P. route. The painful syndrome was characterized by stretching movements of the hind legs and twisting of the dorsal-abdominal muscles. After 5 min (latency time) of the injection of the acetic acid saline solution, we counted for each rat, the number of twists for the next 30 min [8].

2.7 Healing activity

The healing effect was evaluated using the thermal burn method. The experimental protocol used in this study was consistent with the standard recommendations for the care of animals used in research and teaching [9]. The animals were randomly divided into five lots of five rats each, the different lots received locally either neutral cream (excipient), or extract 5%, or extract 10% and the reference healing agent sulfadiazine silver 1% as follows:

  • A control group does not suffer thermal burns and does not receive any treatment.

  • A positive control group of rats receiving locally 1% sulfadiazine silver (standard healing).

  • A negative control group of rats treated with neutral cream (contains no anti-healing molecules).

  • An experimental group of six rats each receiving locally the 5% extract mixed with the neutral cream.

  • An experimental group of six rats each receiving locally 10% extract mixed with neutral cream.

  • The burns were carried out on the back (the dorsal region of the rat) previously shaved, by a metal heated in boiling water (100°C) until thermal equilibrium (reached at 5 min, Figure 2). After heating, it was removed from the water, quickly wiped off, then applied without pressure for 20 s [8,9,10]. After the induction of burns, the rats in the treated groups were each given a topical application of the product intended for their batch once a day for 20 days.

The photographs taken were processed by the image processing software ImageJ® (National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA), which we adapted for our study. This program can provide accurate measurements of microscopic lengths and widths in any unit system. To deduce the percentage of wound contraction, the average surface area of the four wounds in a batch was calculated and compared with the surface area of the burn on the first day, using the following mathematical equation [11]:

%contraction=sizeoftheinitialwoundJ0−woundsizeatJnsizeoftheinitialwound×100

The re-epithelialization period was estimated by the number of days required for total wound closure without any residual sharp injury [12].

2.8 Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA using GraphPad Prism with 95% confidence limits (p < 0.05).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Determination of total polyphenols

After adding the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent to the solution to be studied, a blue color was obtained; the intensity of which depends on the concentration of total polyphenols (TPC) present in the solution. The determination of these polyphenols was based on a standard range using gallic acid as the standard. The quantification of polyphenols was done according to a linear calibration curve (Y = 0.0425X + 0.2218; R2 = 0.985) performed by gallic acid at different concentrations under the same sample conditions, and the content of the total polyphenols obtained was 21.704 ± 0.138 mg GAE/g; this concentration was important when compared with the found data [5].

3.2 Leaf extract analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

The analysis of the hydro-ethanol extract of W. frutescens was carried out to identify different phenolic compounds of the plant (Figure 3), which confirmed the presence of polyphenols and phenolic acids that were previously revealed by phytochemical screening. It should be noted that during our analyses, not all compounds were identified due to the lack of adequate standards. According to the results of phytochemical analyses, we note the presence of flavonoid compounds (epicatechin and apigenin) and phenolic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid) identified by HPLC. Thus, polyphenols and flavonoids have attracted considerable interest because of their broad-spectrum and the diversity of their biological effects (antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory) [13,14]. The phenolic acids were also revealed as hydroxycinnamic compounds and their derivatives that possess antioxidant activities, anti-collagenase, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tyrosinase, as well as protective effects against ultraviolet (UV) rays. HPLC analysis of this extract showed the presence of two hydroxycinnamic acids: p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid [15]. p-Coumaric acid is considered to be a phenolic acid of cinnamic acid origin which is synthesized from tyrosine and phenylalanine. It is a major precursor that has a role in the synthesis of other phenolic compounds, such as caffeine and ferulic acids as reported in the earlier literature as p-coumaric acid and its conjugated exhibiting antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties [16]. On the other hand, caffeic acid is one of the most common phenolic acids that possess medicinal properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-diabetic drugs [17,18].

Figure 2 The burned area in first-day rats.
Figure 2

The burned area in first-day rats.

Figure 3 HPLC chromatographic profile of W. frutescens extract.
Figure 3

HPLC chromatographic profile of W. frutescens extract.

3.3 Anti-inflammatory activity

Inflammation induced by carrageenan injection is widely used as a test to evaluate the peripheral anti-inflammatory effects. Subcutaneous injection of carrageenan induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory tissue chemical mediators such as prostaglandins, histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin [21]. The results obtained showed that the extract of W. frutescens administered orally has an anti-inflammatory effect, with a maximum inhibition of 82.20% ± 8.69 at 450 mg/kg followed by 78.20% ± 10.53 at 400 mg/kg mean while Diclofenac 1% inhibited edema by 90.28% ± 7.50. These findings suggest that the ethanol extract of W. frutescens possesses a lower anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the reference (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Effect of W. frutescens extract administered orally at different doses and 1% Diclofenac on carrageenan-induced edema in rats. Values are expressed as average ± SEM.
Figure 4

Effect of W. frutescens extract administered orally at different doses and 1% Diclofenac on carrageenan-induced edema in rats. Values are expressed as average ± SEM.

The ethanol extract of W. frutescens administered locally through the skin at doses of 5% and 10% appears to have a greater anti-inflammatory effect than Indomethacin; the 10% cream more significantly reduced the swelling of the legs injected by carrageenan, with a maximum inhibition reaching 80.17% ± 7.89. In the 5% cream, the anti-inflammatory activity was less pronounced and the maximum inhibition reached only 78.57% ± 16.83 (Figure 5). At the same time, the drug (Indomethacin ointment) used as a maximum positive control of inhibition reached 92.33% ± 11.27.

Figure 5 Effect of W. frutescens ethanolic extract applied dermally to 5% and 10% creams and Indomethacin on carrageenan-induced edema in rats. Values are expressed as average ± SEM.
Figure 5

Effect of W. frutescens ethanolic extract applied dermally to 5% and 10% creams and Indomethacin on carrageenan-induced edema in rats. Values are expressed as average ± SEM.

This anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract, administered either orally or locally, can be explained on the one hand by the difference in chemical composition and on the other hand by the likely existence of polar phenolic compounds. In addition, phenolic compounds represented mainly by flavonoids and tannins are currently of great scientific interest as they are considered to be powerful antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory agents [20,21,22]. In addition, this plant has a wealth of phytochemical compounds (tannins, mucilage, alkaloids, coumarins, and free quinone) [5]. The 10% cream showed significant inhibition of induced rat leg edema following carrageenan injection with maximum efficacy at 5 and 6 h. Indeed, the injection and induction of carrageenan caused the secretion of several chemical mediators which were responsible for the inflammatory process. This inflammatory response was biphasic, with the initial phase lasting about 1 h due to the release of histamine and serotonin, while bradykinin was released in the second phase (1.5–3 h), and prostaglandin biosynthesis occurs after the third hour [21]. These chemical mediators increase the permeability of the blood capillaries in the parts that are inflamed. As a result, exudate escapes from the bloodstream into the interstitial space. This exudate is the cause of localized edema, which in turn compresses nerve endings and thus determines a sensation of pain [23,24]. Taking into account these indications, it was proposed that the observed effect may be due to the ability of the W. frutescens extract to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by the cyclooxygenase route.

3.4 Analgesic activity

The evaluation of the analgesic activity of the studied extract of W. frutescens was carried out using the acetic acid method. Only the 450 mg/kg, considered to be an effective anti-inflammatory, was studied for its possible analgesic activity, and this dose was the same as the one used of the Withania somnifera extract, which belongs to the same family of W. frutescens [25]. The results of this test are shown in Figure 6, and it is noted that the abdominal contractions of the rats treated with the extract are significantly lower than those of the control group that received only physiological NaCl solution with 55.60 ± 5.94 and 90.4 ± 5.27, respectively. Rats treated with the reference analgesic have a slightly greater effect than rats treated with the extract with 44 ± 8.09 abdominal contractions, and the percentage of inhibition of the test and reference extract was 51.40 ± 7.71% and 38.58 ± 3.91%, respectively.

Figure 6 Analgesic activity of the studied extract compared to the tramadol and control group n = 5; ***p < 0.001.
Figure 6

Analgesic activity of the studied extract compared to the tramadol and control group n = 5; ***p < 0.001.

Contractions induced by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid is a method used to study the peripheral analgesic effect of a substance. The pain caused by the injection of the latter is due to the release of serotonin, histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins (PGEβα, PGFβα). These mediators induce stimulation of peripheral neurons and then induce an increase in vascular permeability [19,26]. The foliar extract of the studied plant significantly inhibited abdominal torsion in a dose-dependent manner. This analgesic effect can be attributed to the inhibition of the release of chemical mediators that are responsible for abdominal pain.

3.5 Healing activity

One of the objectives of this work was to determine the healing activity of the ethanol extract of W. frutescens; to achieve this goal, two types of ointments were formulated with the tested extracts: the first was based on the 10% ethanol extract and the second was based on the 5% extract (Figure 7). The difference in wound surface sizes between the group of W. frutescens extract at 5% and 10% on the one hand and those of the negative control groups and silver sulfadiazine is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 7 Aspects of group burns: positive control, extract 10%, extract 5%, and negative control during treatment days.
Figure 7

Aspects of group burns: positive control, extract 10%, extract 5%, and negative control during treatment days.

Figure 8 Healing effect of ethanolic extract 5% and 10% W. frutescens applied dermally and sulfadiazine silver. Values are expressed as average ± SEM, p < 0.05 is considered to be significant.
Figure 8

Healing effect of ethanolic extract 5% and 10% W. frutescens applied dermally and sulfadiazine silver. Values are expressed as average ± SEM, p < 0.05 is considered to be significant.

The evolution of wound size treated with the 10% and 5% extract when compared with the untreated one showed that during the first days after burns, rats from the two groups treated with 5% and 10% extract did not show any significant reduction in the size of the wounds induced by the skin burn compared with the untreated rats. After six days of the first treatment, the lot of the 10% extract recorded a surface area 0.93 ± 0.18 cm2 smaller than that of the 5% extract (1.11 ± 0.31), matching, respectively, to contraction percentages of 57.43% ± 7.47 and 40.89% ± 5.17, against 16.36% ± 3.26 of the control lot and 73.96% ± 4.59 of the reference drug. After 15 days, the wounds of the 10% and 5% extract batch healed completely, while the control batch still had average surfaces of 0.68 ± 0.04 cm2 matching to a contraction percentage of 57.43% ± 2.97 (Figure 9).

Figure 9 Evolution of the average percentage of animal burns: medication, extract 10%, extract 5%, and negative control.
Figure 9

Evolution of the average percentage of animal burns: medication, extract 10%, extract 5%, and negative control.

The healing effect of Withania extract at a dose of 10% when compared with the standard (Sulfadiazine silver) showed that wounds treated with sulfadiazine recorded their first size reductions with a percentage of contraction on day 3 of 41.25% ± 8.81; hence, this percentage remains lower than those recorded in rats treated with the 10% extract during the same medication period and that it is about 56.37% ± 5.81. Based on the results obtained, we could confirm that the ointment of W. frutescens extract exhibited a dose-dependent healing activity since the surface reductions and retraction percentages recorded in wounds treated by the 10% extract exceed those treated by the 5% extract. Like any natural product, the healing effect of the extract was due to the various phytochemical components of its composition. Ainsiles as natural healing products showed their effects through one of the following mechanisms: antimicrobial effect, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, stimulation of collagen synthesis, and cell proliferation [27].

4 Conclusion

According to the results obtained in this work, we could confirm that W. frutescens growing in Morrocan soil possesses interesting pharmacological properties such as anti-healing, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic, and finally, hoping this study contributes to society that prophylactic agents act against inflammatory diseases.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Research Supporting Project (no. RSP2020/119), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for the financial support.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Gurib-Fakim A. Medicinal plants: traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow. Mol Aspects Med. 2005;27(1):1–93. 10.1016/j.mam.2005.07.008.Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Jaz HA. Characterization and biological activities of essential oils of some species of Lamiaceae. Pakistan: University of Agriculture; 2009.Suche in Google Scholar

[3] Elmoussaoui A, Jawhari FZ, Bousta D, Bari A. Phytochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of the northern Moroccan species: Withania frutescens (L.). Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2019;12:276–9. 10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i6.32119.Suche in Google Scholar

[4] Chahmi N, Anissi J, Jennan S, Farah A, Sendide K, ElHassouni M. Antioxidant activities and total phenol content of Inula viscosa extracts selected from three regions of Morocco. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2015;5(3):228–33. 10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30010-1.Suche in Google Scholar

[5] Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW. Carrageenin-induced Edema in Hind Paw of the rat as an assay for antiinflammatory drugs. Exp Biol Med. 1962;111(3):544–7. 10.3181/00379727-111-27849.Suche in Google Scholar

[6] Hernández-Pérez M, Rabanal RM. Evaluation of the antinflammatory and analgesic activity of Sideritis canariensis var. pannosa in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;81(1):43–7.10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00033-8Suche in Google Scholar

[7] Olfert CBM, William AA. CCPA, Le Conseil canadien de protection des animaux (1993) Manuel sur le soin et l’utilisation des animaux d’expérimentation. Québec: Université de laval; 2011.Suche in Google Scholar

[8] Hoşnuter M, Gürel A, Babucçu O, Armutcu F, Kargi E, Işikdemir A. The effect of CAPE on lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels in the plasma of rats following thermal injury. Burns. 2003;30(2):121–25. 10.1016/j.burns.2003.09.022.Suche in Google Scholar

[9] Hamdi Pacha Y, Belkhiri A, Benazzouz M, Benhamza L, Bensegueni L. Evaluation de l’activité cicatrisante suite à des br û lures expérimentales de quelques plantes algériennes. Revue Méd Pharm Afr. 2002;16:1–7.Suche in Google Scholar

[10] Cai EZ. Creation of consistent burn wounds: a rat model. Arch Plast Surg. 2014;41(4):317. 10.5999/aps.2014.41.4.317.Suche in Google Scholar

[11] Gopinath D, Ahmed MR, Gomathi K, Chitra K, Sehgal PK, Jayakumar R. Dermal wound healing processes with curcumin incorporated collagen films. Biomaterials. 2004;25(10):1911–7.10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00625-2Suche in Google Scholar

[12] Thakur R, Jain N, Pathak R, Sandhu SS. Practices in wound healing studies of plants. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2011;2011:17. 10.1155/2011/438056.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[13] Guo T, Wei L, Sun J, Hou CL, Fan L. Antioxidant activities of extract and fractions from Tuber indicum Cooke & Massee. Food Chem. 2011;127(4):1634–40. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.030.Suche in Google Scholar

[14] Maimoona A, Naeem I, Saddiqe Z, Jameel K. A review on biological, nutraceutical and clinical aspects of French maritime pine bark extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;133(2):261–77. 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.041.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[15] Taofiq O, González-Paramás AM, Barreiro MF, Ferreira IC, McPhee DJ. Hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives: cosmeceutical significance, challenges and future perspectives, a review. Molecules. 2017;22(2):281. 10.3390/molecules22020281.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[16] Pei K, Ou J, Huang J, Ou S. p-Coumaric acid and its conjugates: dietary sources, pharmacokinetic properties and biological activities. J Sci Food Agric. 2016;96(9):2952–62. 10.1002/jsfa.7578.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[17] Heleno SA, Martins A, Queiroz MJ, Ferreira IC. Bioactivity of phenolic acids: Metabolites versus parent compounds: a review. Food Chem. 2015;173:501–13. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.057.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[18] Yang WS. IRAK1/4-targeted anti-inflammatory action of caffeic acid. Mediat Inflamm. 2013;2013:2013. 10.1155/2013/518183.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[19] Reanmongkol W, Noppapan T. Antinociceptive, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. leaf extract in experimental animals. J Nat Med. 2009;63:290–96. 10.1007/s11418-009-0336-6.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[20] Chen HQ, Jin ZY, Wang XJ, Xu XM, Deng L, Zhao JW. Luteolin protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammation-induced injury through inhibition of microglial activation. Neurosci Lett. 2008;448(2):175–9. 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.046.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[21] Bose A, Mondal S, Gupta JK, Ghosh T, Dash GK, Si S. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the ethanolic extract and its fractions of Cleome rutidosperma. Fitoterapia. 2007;78:15–520. 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.05.002.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[22] Akindele AJ, Adeyemi OO. Antiinflammatory activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus. Fitoterapia. 2007;78(1):25–28. 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.09.002.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[23] Rousselet MC, Vignaud JM, Hofman P. Inflammation et pathologie inflammatoire. Paris: People's Medical Publishing House; 2005.Suche in Google Scholar

[24] Devulder B, Hatron PY. Physiologie de l’Inflammation. Physiologie de l’Inflammation. Cedex, Paris: Masson; 2002. p. 15.Suche in Google Scholar

[25] Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(4):334–46.Suche in Google Scholar

[26] Vanderlinde FA. Evaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the acetone extract from Anacardium occidentale L. Braz. J Pharm Sci. 2009;45(3):437–42. 10.1590/S1984-82502009000300008.Suche in Google Scholar

[27] Bahramsoltani R, Farzaei MH, Rahimi R. Medicinal plants and their natural components as future drugs for the treatment of burn wounds: an integrative review. Arch Dermatol Res. 2014;306(7):601–17. 10.1007/s00403-014-1474-6.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2020-04-21
Revised: 2020-06-01
Accepted: 2020-06-04
Published Online: 2020-08-07

© 2020 Abdelfattah EL Moussaoui et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
  4. On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0088
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
healing activity; anti-inflammatory activity; HPLC; creams; extract
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
  4. On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 2.12.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2020-0088/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen