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Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin

  • Hartati Hartati EMAIL logo , Aning Purwaningsih , Tjitjik Srie Tjahjandarie , Nastiti Heru Saputri , Ika Septiani Puspitasari , Christina Natalia Lamanele , Amalia Ayu Sa’adah , Arini Sabilal Haque and Dea Zaqiatul Mardho
Published/Copyright: April 20, 2020
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicates from high impurities in Indonesian kaolin were carried out in several ways, directly from kaolin and indirectly from metakaolin (calcined kaolin), both with silica addition and without silica addition. Synthesis was conducted in a gradual temperature hydrothermal reaction and in a constant temperature hydrothermal reaction. Before being synthesized, kaolin impurities were separated according to density and/or particle size by centrifugation. X-Ray Diffraction and FTIR Spectrometry characterization of the synthesized product showed that the results of synthesis of aluminosilicates from metakaolin via hydrothermal with gradual temperature or constant temperature produced aluminosilicates with high quartz impurities, while synthesis with the addition of silica in hydrothermal conditions at 80°C for 12 hours can produce aluminosilicate with a low quartz content. Direct synthesis from kaolin with the addition of silica could produce pure aluminosilicates.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords: aluminosilicate; Indonesian kaolin; metakaolin; silica addition; hydrothermal

1 Introduction

The application of inorganic porous material has a great contribution in several fields: industry (catalysis [1, 2, 3, 4], wastewater treatment [2]), gas storage [2], drug delivery [5], environmental catalysis [6], etc. Its wide range and high potential application is due to its unique physicochemical properties, and controllable surface area, particle size, and pore size. Aluminosilicate is an inorganic porous material, a polymer of alumina and silica which has high mesoporous porosity and large surface area. Aluminosilicates have been widely used as a catalyst in organic reactions, such as addition [7], cracking [8], acetalization reaction [9, 10], etc. As a catalyst, aluminosilicate has some superiority due to its mesoporosity, high surface area, good ion exchange capability, thermal stability, and selectivity [11, 12]. Hartati, et al [13] successfully synthesized hierarchical aluminosilicate nanoparticles and analyzed their catalytic activity towards acetalizations of some aldehyde and propylene glycol, compared to PTSA as a homogeneous catalyst. The results of her research showed that all synthesized hierarchical aluminosilicate nanoparticles showed a higher selectivity than the PTSA catalyst. In general, aluminosilicate is synthesized from chemicals such as TMOS (Tetra Methyl Ortho Silicate), TEOS (Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silicate) and sodium aluminate [9, 10, 14, 15] as raw materials. The use of chemicals as raw materials is relatively expensive and toxic, therefore many researchers have substituted the use of chemicals by the natural ones, such as fly ash [16], rice husk [17], kaolin [10, 18, 19], etc. Kaolin is abundant silica-alumina based natural minerals. Aluminosilicate synthesis from kaolin can be carried out directly from kaolin [18, 20, 21] or from kaolin’s reactive form (metakaolin) [22, 23], which is obtained through calcination. Kaolin pre-treatment can be carried out in the presence of alkaline solution [24], such as potassium hydroxide [25], sodium hydroxide [21], sodium fluoride [26], etc. Hydroxide (OH-) could stimulate SiO2 and Al2O3 hydrolysis and to form 2Al(OH)4- and [SiO(OH)3]- free species of silicate and aluminate, and promote its polymerization [27]. The use of a fluorinated medium could produce fewer metastable phases [28] and catalyze the formation of Si-O-Si [29] as depicted in Figure 1. Dealumination, additional silica source, and desilication could be used to achieve the desired mole ratio of Si:Al. The addition of colloidal silica has some advantages, it contains nanometer scale silica dispersed in water; it has high stability, high binding capacity, narrow particle distribution and is less toxic than TEOS. This advantage would make the polymerization go well [30].

Figure 1 Role of Fluoride ions in “catalyzing” the formation of Si-O-Si Bonds.
Figure 1

Role of Fluoride ions in “catalyzing” the formation of Si-O-Si Bonds.

The use of high impurity Indonesian kaolin as a raw material to synthesize pure aluminosilicate was investigated in this research. The effects of prior calcinations, silica addition and base activator were examined. Aluminosilicate was synthesized by two synthesis routes. The first route was done by direct synthesis from kaolin with and without silica addition. The second route was done from metakaolin, with and without the silica addition. Sodium hydroxide and sodium fluoride were used as an activator base. The goal of this research was to produce a pure amorphous aluminosilicate catalyst from low grade impure Indonesian kaolin. The synthesized amorphous aluminosilicate was expected to be used as esterification catalyst.

2 Methods

2.1 Materials

Kaolin (Blitar Kaolin); sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Merck, 99%); hydrochloride acid (HCl, Merck, 37%); sodium flouride (NaF, Merck, 99%); Colloidal Silica (LUDOX® 40 wt.% SiO2 dalam H2O; Aldrich, destilled water.

2.2 Kaolin Preparation

Kaolin Blitar was grinded and added to distilled water in beaker glass with ratio 1: 3. The mixture then stirred for 3 hours, then aged for 24 hours. Afterwards kaolin was separated from the impurities based on its particle size by centrifugation. The mixture was poured into a centrifuge tube and centrifuged for 20 minutes. After centrifugation, the mixture formed 3 layers: filtrate (top), yellowish white (middle) and black (bottom). The middle layer was kaolin, and the bottom layer was the impurities. The middle layer was collected and centrifuged again for 3 times until it formed 3 layers: filtrate, white layer, yellowish layer. The white layer was clean kaolin; it was collected and dried in an oven at a temperature of 100oC for 2 hours. Half of the dried clean kaolin was then calcined in the furnace at 650°C for 6 hours. The result of the calcinations process was metakaolin. Then the metakaolin was dealuminated, the metakaolin was mixed with HCl (6M, 8M, 10M) in a ratio of 1: 5 (b/v) then refluxed at 80°C for 2 hours. The dealuminated metakaolin was washed with distilled water using a centrifuge until neutral. The filtrate from the mixture was removed by decantation, and the solids were dried in an oven at 100°C for 2 hours. The results were MD-8 (metakaolin dealuminated in HCl 8M), MD-9 (metakaolin dealuminated in HCl 9M), MD-10 (metakaolin dealuminated in HCl 10M).

2.3 Synthesis of Aluminosilicate

Samples AFM-1, AFM-2, and AFM-3 were synthesized with 0.8 g of NaOH dissolved into 68.4 mL of distilled water in plastic beaker. Plastic beakers were used instead of glass because NaOH causes a corrosive environmental effect on glass [31]; in certain temperatures and concentrations NaOH could react with glass (SiO2) to form sodium silicate. This might impact the gel composition. The mixture of 0.0375 g MDA-8 and 3.2547 g MDA-10 added to NaOH solution, stirred using a magnetic stirrer for 15 hours at room temperature for aging. The molar ratio of the mixture was 1SiO2: 0.00625Al2O3: 0.2NaOH: 38H2O. Afterwards, the mixture was transferred to polypropylene bottle and heated at gradual temperatures: 40oC (12 hours)-60oC (12 hours)- 80oC (12 hours) for AFM-1, 40oC (12 hours)-60oC (12 hours)- 80oC (24 hours) for AFM-2, and 40oC (24 hours)-60oC (24 hours)- 80oC (24 hours) for AFM-3. The result was then separated and washed with distilled water by centrifugation. The collected solids were then dried in an oven at 60oC for 24 hours. The desilication process was carried out with 0.8811 g of synthesized products, dissolved in a mixture of 54 g NaOH in 90 mL distilled water. The mixture was then heated at 100oC for 24 hours. Afterwards, the mixture was separated and washed with distilled water by centrifugation. The collected solids were dried at 80oC for 24 hours. Based on FTIR study by Holm [32] alkali treatment can cause the loss of the internal Si-OH group and silanol group, resulting in the increase of external Si-OH concentration.

Samples AFM-4, AFM-5 and AFM-6 were synthesized with similar procedures, but different starting materials and hydrothermal conditions. The starting materials were 3.4117 grams of dealuminated metakaolin (MD-10), Hydrothermal conditions: 60°C (24 hours)- 80°C (24 hours)- 100°C (24 hours) for AFM-4, 80oC (24hours)-100oC (24 hours)-120oC (24hours) for AFM-5 and 100oC (24hours)-120oC (24 hours)-140oC (24hours) for AFM-6. Sample AFM-7, AFM-8, and AFM-9 were synthesized by similar procedures with AFM-1 but with an addition of 1 ml peptin to the mixture of MD-10 and NaOH, and with a different hydrothermal condition. Hydrothermal conditions: 120°C (24 hours) for AFM-7, 140°C (24 hours) for AFM-8, 150°C (24 hours) for AFM-9. Sample AFM-10 synthesized with 0.2469 g metakaolin mixed with 11.3 mL colloidal silica, and 61.6 mL NaOH 1.33 M. Hydrothermal reaction carried out at 800Cfor 12 hours.

Sample AFK-1 was synthesized based on a method by Qoniah [18] modified in the variation of base used in preparation. Synthesis was carried out with 0.2488 g kaolin, mixed in 18 mL of NaF 1.33 M at the plastic beaker, then added 11.3 mL colloidal silica, stirred for 1 hour. NaF act as activator. After the solution is homogeneous, 0.8 g NaOH and 43.6 mL H2O were added. The mol ratio of the mixture was 1SiO2: 0.00625Al2O3: 0.2NaOH: 38H2O with the Si/Al mole ratio = 80. NaOH was added as a source of OH- which is needed in Si the hydrolysis and crystallization process. The mixture was stirred for 15 hours at room temperature for aging. Afterwards, the mixture was moved to a polypropilene bottle and heated in an oven with a gradual temperature, at 60°C (24 hours), and 80°C (48 hours). Afterwards the mixture was separated and washed with distilled water by centrifugation. Collected solids were then dried in an oven at 60oC for 24 hours. Table 1 shows the details of the aluminosilicate synthesis process. Synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), nitrogen adsorption /desorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Table 1

Synthesis route of the samples.

Sample codeRaw materialBaseColloidal silica additionHydrothermal
Temp (°C)Time(h)
AFM1MDANaOH-40-60-8012-12-12
AFM2MDANaOH-40-60-8012-12-24
AFM3MDANaOH-40-60-8024-24-24
AFM4MDANaOH-60-80-10024-24-24
AFM5MDANaOH-80-60-10024-24-24
AFM6MDANaOH-100-120-14024-24-24
AFM7MDANaOH-12024
AFM8MDANaOH-14024
AFM9MDANaOH-16024
AFM10MDANaOH8012
AFK1KaolinNaF+NaOH40-60-8024-24-48
MDA: Dealuminated Metakaolin

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and Discussion

Blitar kaolin had a high quartz content as the kaolin diffractogram shows in Figure 2. Kaolin showed typical kaolinite peaks at 2θ around 12o, 20°, 25o, 35-40°, 45°[19] and quartz peak at 2θ = 26.749o. In order to reduce quartz and other impurities, kaolin was washed with distilled water by centrifugation. By the centrifugal force field, the components will separate according to their particle size [33]. For variation of starting materials, half of kaolinite was calcined to produce a more reactive phase: metakaolin. The metakaolin diffractogram showed an irregular intensity, its characteristic pattern of amorphous material. A trace of typical peak kaolinite peak was detected, but quartz peak was still detected, same as the quartz peak at kaolin diffractogram, but with higher intensity.

Figure 2 XRD pattern of synthesized aluminosilicates.
Figure 2

XRD pattern of synthesized aluminosilicates.

A broad irregular hump-shaped peak at 2θ around 20o to 30o is the typical peak of amorphous materials [34]. AFM-1 and AFM-2 diffractogram showed a similar pattern with a metakaolin diffractogram, there were no typical amorphous phase of aluminosilicate. While sample AFM-3 showed a slight broad irregular peak at 2θ around 20o to 30o, the quartz peaked at 2θ around 27o (IZA). The result of first route synthesis method (sample AFM-1, AFM-2 and AFM-3), with increasing hydrothermal time, showed the development of an aluminosilicate formation, although it’s not perfectly formed. A longer hydrothermal time or higher hydrothermal temperature was needed to form amorphous phase of aluminosilicate.

Sample AFM-4 to AFM-6 synthesized by a similar route but with a higher gradual temperature and longer hydrothermal time, while samples AFM-7 to AFM-10 were synthesized with a constant temperature. Samples AFM-4 to AFM-9 diffractograms show the formation of amorphous aluminosilicate peaks, with an increased intensity at 2θ around 20o - 30o, but the typical peak of quartz was still detected. This was caused by pH of NaOH being too high, so the less stable aluminosilicate might be dissolved and produced more stable phase: quartz [17]. Other peaks around 20° were identified as nepheline and tridymite, while some peaks that appeared around 35-45° were identified as mullite, anatase, gibbsite, and illite [35]. The formation of this crystaline phase might be caused by thermal transformation during the synthesis process. Sample AFM-10 showed the formation of a typical amorphous phase of aluminosilicate peak with a slight quartz peak. The AFK-1 diffractogram showed a typical amorphous phase of aluminosilicate peak at 2θ around 20o to 30o without any trace of quartz or other impurities peaking. From the result, it can be concluded that the synthesis method of AFM-10 and AFK-1 (with the addition of silica) could produce amorphous aluminosilicate with minimum impurities. From the synthesis routes of this research, the addition of colloidal silica became the key factor to produce pure amorphous aluminosilicate. Besides as a silica source, colloidal silica could act as a seed that could trigger the growth of crystal core. Colloidal silica is very labile and reactive, so it can form crystal core easily [36]. Sample AFM-10 synthesized from metakaolin with NaOH as activator, while sample AFK-1 synthesized directly from kaolin with NaF and NaOH. Although AFK-1 synthesized from kaolin (less reactive than metakaolin), the use of NaF could promote aluminosilicate formation[28].

Spectra FTIR of samples were shown in Figure 3. Spectra AFK-1, AFK-2, and AFK-3 didn’t show a significant difference. The pattern were same with metakaolin spectra, with bands at 476,42; 796,60 cm-1 and 966 cm-1. Band at 476,42 cm-1 was indicated as bending vibrations of Si-O and Al-O. The band at 796,60 cm-1 was indicated as vibrations of Si-O-Si asymmetry stretching and Si-O-Si symmetry stretching [15]. The band at 966 cm-1indicates the presence of asymmetry stretching the vibration of the silanol group (Si-O-H) [32]. Other samples (AFM 1-9) had similar patterns. All showed typical bands of aluminosilicate at 472, 798, 966 and 1066 cm-1. The band around 1066 cm-1 indicated as asymmetric stretch vibration and 798 cm-1 indicated as Si-O-Si symmetrical stretch vibration. 472 cm-1 band indicated as the vibration of Si-O and Al-O stretches. Bands at 472 and 1066 cm-1 were indicated as the characteristics of the silica framework in aluminosilicate samples [18].

Figure 3 FTIR spectra of synthesized aluminosilicates.
Figure 3

FTIR spectra of synthesized aluminosilicates.

Physisorption analysis were done with sample AFM-4 (representing all the amorphous aluminosilicate produced with high quartz impurities), and AFK-1 as the best product. The isothermic adsorption-desorption graphic of samples shown in Figure 4. had the characteristics of IUPAC isotherm graphic type 4. The hystetisis loop indicates mesopores, caused by the difference amount of adsorbed and desorbed N2 molecules in the sample’s relative pressure [37]. Further analysis by the BET and BJH method were done to analyze average pore diameter and pore volume. The results of the analysis were summarized in Table 2, sample AFM-4 had SBET 44,0081 m2/g, average pore diameter 3,7 nm with volume 0,1161 cm3/g. Sample AFK-1 had SBET 23,7680 m2/g, average pore diameter 3,9 nm with volume 0,0696 cm3/g. Further analysis to sample AFK-1 was done by SEM-EDX to analyze the morphology and composition. The sample’s micrographs were shown in Figure 5. From the micrograph could be observed aluminosilicate particle with irregular shape and irregular size. Based on the result of EDX, sample AFK-1 had Si:Al molar ratio 57.

Figure 4 N2 isothermic adsorption-desorption graphic.
Figure 4

N2 isothermic adsorption-desorption graphic.

Table 2

BET and BJH analysis result of sample AFM-4 and AFK-1.

NoSampleSBET (m2/g)Average pore diameter (nm)Average pore volume (cm3/g)
1AFM-444,00813,70,1161
2AFK-123,76803,90,0696
Figure 5 Micrograph of Sample AFK-1 (magnification A: 5000x, B: 10000x), C: EDX of Sample AFK-1.
Figure 5

Micrograph of Sample AFK-1 (magnification A: 5000x, B: 10000x), C: EDX of Sample AFK-1.

4 Conclusions

From all synthesized samples, the best products were AFK-1 and AFM-10, which produced amorphous aluminosilicate with the lowest (AFM-10) and no (AFK-1) quartz content. Both AFK-2 and AFM-10 were synthesized with the addition of colloidal silica and a low temperature (60-800C)hydrothermal process. The best product (AFK-1) was synthesized with NaF as activator, and this proved that NaF could promote aluminosilicate synthesis.

Acknowledgement

This reseach was suppoted by funding of Ministry of Research and Techonology, Republic of Indonesia, PDUPT, 2018-2019.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-11-27
Accepted: 2019-11-12
Published Online: 2020-04-20

© 2020 Hartati Hartati et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
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  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
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  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
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  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
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  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
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  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
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  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
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  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
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  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
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  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
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  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
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  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
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  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0033
Keywords for this article
aluminosilicate; Indonesian kaolin; metakaolin; silica addition; hydrothermal
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

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  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
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  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
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  107. Review Articles
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