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Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization

  • Choiril Azmiyawati EMAIL logo , Endang Sawitri , Parsaoran Siahaan , Adi Darmawan and Linda Suyati
Published/Copyright: April 21, 2020
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study, we successfully coated cetyltrimethylammonium–silica on magnetite. The material produced is used to degrade phenol waste in the waters. The effect of the addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on the ability of phenol adsorption was assessed through changes in CTAB concentration of 1, 5, and 10 mM. The results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy explain that CTAB has electrostatic interactions with the silica surface, which is induced by opposite-loaded patches on the opposite surface of silica oxide. The results of the vibrating sample magnetometer show that the magnetite that has been coated by silica–CTA has magnetic properties that are weaker than the initial magnetite, which indicates that the silica–CTA layer has blocked the magnetite. Based on the measurement of the gas sorption analyzer, the largest pore size is in the micro-mesh region, which is between 2 and 6 nm. All magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium (MS–CTA) showed good adsorption ability of phenol and correlated with the amount of loaded CTAB and admicelle density of the adsorbent. The amount of phenol adsorbed increases proportionately with the increasing density of CTAB admicelles. The maximum phenol adsorption capacity (0.93 mg g−1 adsorbent) is achieved by MS–CTA prepared at a CTAB concentration of 10 mM.

Keywords: adsorption; CTAB; magnetite-silica; phenol; admicelles

1 Introduction

This research focuses on the preparation of adsorbents using magnetite-silica to treat harmful pollutants such as phenol in water. Handling of phenol is essential because the maximum safe concentration is 1 μg L−1 [1]; otherwise, phenol can be toxic and harmful to aquatic life and humans. Water treatment technology for phenol degradation is needed to preserve the water quality for human survival and health. Dorigon et al. [2] synthesized mesoporous magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (MS–CTAB) for adsorption of dodecylbenzene sulfonate, whereas Ingole et al. [3] used carbon banana peels for adsorption of phenol. Thus, in this study, we synthesized CTA–silica magnetite for use in phenol adsorption.

Magnetite is the material that has the strongest magnetic properties [4] and hence it has the potential for the establishment of the next-generation adsorbents for efficient wastewater treatment in large volumes and rapid separation using an external magnetic field [5]. In this study, magnetite coating with silica aims to support beneficial properties such as chemical safety, thermal properties, and the role of functional groups in protecting the surface of magnetite [6]. The basic principle of this research is the sol–gel reaction in which the transformation of the Si–O–H group into siloxane (Si–O–Si) through a condensation reaction occurs [7]. Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) is hydrolyzed to silicic acid, which is then condensed to produce silanol and siloxane.

The silanol that is obtained as a result of the sol–gel process provides a means to modify the surface of the silica with various functional groups so that it can be adjusted as required. Surface modification of magnetite-silica can be done using surfactants. Surfactants are absorbed on the surface of hydrophilic solids by forming aggregates such as micelles/admicelles when the concentration is above the critical micelle concentration (CMC), i.e., 0.92 mmol L−1 [8]. This admicelle interacts with dissolved ions/nonions in micelles through a mechanism called adsolubilization, including organic substances [9]. Adsolubilization can be used to reduce organic pollutants from wastewater through the absorption or increase of pollutant concentrations on the surface of the adsorbed surfactant aggregates [10].

The surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) can be used for magnetite-silica functionalization. This cationic surfactant attaches to the silica through interaction with the siloxane group [11], and the positive charge on the surfactant head can interact electrostatically with the negative charge of phenolic ions [12,13]. The functionalization of magnetite-silica with CTAB can increase the adsorption capacity of silica to phenols. Monolayers of rod-shaped micelles are formed when the surfactant concentration is equal to or less than the CMC. In contrast, bilayers (admicelles) are formed on the surface of silica magnetite when the surfactant concentration in the solution exceeds CMC [13], as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Typical structure of the surfactant aggregates formed on the surface of magnetite-silica [13].
Figure 1

Typical structure of the surfactant aggregates formed on the surface of magnetite-silica [13].

When CTAB was added to the system, ionic interactions between the negative charge of silanol and the positive charge of the amine group on CTAB occur, thus making the carbon chain tail turn away from the silica surface. This implies that the bonding between silica and CTAB is due to electrostatic interaction. The amine peak of CTAB at a wavelength of 1,389 cm−1 indicates electrostatic interaction with the negative charge of the silica surface [14].

CTAB has a methylene tail, which gives sharp peaks at 2,924 and 2,850 cm−1. Thus, by monitoring the change in the intensity of the methylene tail, information about the dynamic equilibrium from CTAB absorbed in silica can be obtained. According to Ninness et al. [15] by knowing the frequency and width of the methylene tail peak, which is sensitive to the ratio of the gauche trans conformer, information on the structure of the surfactant density can be obtained [15].

Previous studies have shown that the methylene tail in the micelle has a stretching mode with a frequency of 2,924 cm−1 and full width at half maximum (FWHM) specific to the characteristic of surfactant tail, typical for CTAB micelles above the oxide surface. The peak intensity of 1,396 cm−1 indicates the number of CTAB molecules that bind themselves through electrostatic interactions with the negative charge of the silica surface. The wavelength intensity ratio of 1,396 cm−1 as a representation of the number of CTAB molecules adsorbed on the surface of silica through electrostatic interactions compared to wavelength of 2,924 cm−1 (the number of CTAB molecules adsorbed due to hydrophobic interactions) is the aggregate percentage of CTAB molecules interacting with the silica surface [16].

Based on the above, synthesis of silica cetyltrimethylammonium magnetite (MS–CTA) as an adsorbent with magnetite obtained from iron sand as a breakthrough technology for effective and inexpensive absorption of phenols was carried out. MS–CTA was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and gas sorption analyzer (GSA) to find the CTAB micelle structure in adsorbents. The magnetic properties of natural magnetite and silica-coated natural magnetite were determined by the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The effect of pH was observed to obtain the optimal application of these adsorbents to adsorb phenol.

2 Experimental

2.1 Reagents and equipment

All reagents were of analytical grade and used immediately after receipt. Reagents used include sodium silicate, hydrochloric acid, CTAB (99%), sodium hydroxide, 1,10-phenanthroline, sodium acetate, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, phenol, sodium nitroprusside, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and distilled water.

2.2 Synthesis of MS–CTA

Magnetite-silica was prepared according to the previously reported method carried out by Zhao et al. [6] with a few modifications. Magnetite was taken from iron sand using permanent magnets with a diameter of 15 cm and a thickness of 4 cm. Magnetite was mashed by grinding using a Retsch PM400 Ball mill. The magnetite was then dried using a Memmert oven at 80°C for 4 h and then sieved with a 45 µm sieve. A 10% sodium silicate solution was added dropwise into magnetite. The ratio of the mass of magnetite to Na2SiO3 10% was 1:20. To the mixture, 3 M HCl was added to obtain a pH value of ∼7. Then, the mixture was stirred for 3 h, with the temperature maintained at 80°C. Finally, the formed silica magnetite was washed thoroughly with distilled water until it was free of chloride ions, and a neutral pH was obtained [6]. The silica magnetite was then heated at 80°C in an oven for 24 h and called MSA0.

Then in 250 mL of CTAB solution with concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 mmol L−1, 10 g of MSA0 was added to each. Then, the mixture was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 24 h and filtered. The solid was washed with distilled water repeatedly until no Br− ions were detected with no deposits forming in the filtrate by dropping AgNO3. Magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium (MS–CTA) was then dried at 50°C for 24 h in an oven [17]. Magnetite-silica with the addition of 1, 5, and 10 mmol L−1 CTAB solution was represented as MSA1, MSA2, and MSA3.

2.3 Characterization of MS–CTA

The functional group of MS–CTA was analyzed using FTIR. The spectrum of the sample was recorded with a Shimadzu-8201 PC FTIR spectrometer using a KBr disc technique. The spectrum was collected in the range of 400–4,000 cm−1. Surface and pore characteristics were analyzed using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method through N2 adsorption and desorption at liquid N2 temperature using the Quantachrome GSA Instrument. The concentration of phenol uptake in aqueous solutions before and after adsorption was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Genesys 10 Thermo Scientific).

2.4 Determination of influence of pH on phenol adsorption

A total of 15 mL of phenol solution with a concentration of 10 mg L−1 was filled into the test tube. The acidity of the phenol solution was adjusted to a pH of 5, 7, 9, or 11 by adding a few drops of 0.1 M HCl or NaOH. Next, 100 mg of MS–CTA was added to the phenol solution. The test tubes were placed into the shaker and rotated at 200 rpm at room temperature with a time variation of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 min. The solution was filtered with a fine filter paper, and then the filtrate was analyzed to determine the concentration of the remaining phenol using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Adsorption capacity is determined based on equation (1), where initial and time t concentration (mg L−1) is denoted as C0 and Ct, respectively, m is the adsorbent quantity (g), V is the solution capacity (L), and qt is the adsorption capacity (mg g−1).

(1)qt=(C0−Ct)⋅Vm

  1. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characteristics of MS–CTA

The FTIR spectra are presented in Figure 2. All spectra show the characteristics of silica spectra. The presence of silica in magnetite is shown by the emergence of a strong SiO2 peak, which consists of symmetrical stretching of Si–O–Si at 795 cm−1, stretching vibration of Si–OH at 964 cm−1, and asymmetric stretch of Si–O–Si at 1,096 and 1,233 cm−1 [18,19,20]. The presence of broad peaks in the range 3,200–3,750 cm−1 and peaks at 1,628 cm−1 is related to OH groups in adsorbed silanol and water molecules [21]. The presence of magnetite is characterized by the presence of a Fe–O peak at a wavelength of 471 cm−1 [22]. Two intense peaks at around 2,924 and 2,855 cm−1, respectively, are the peaks of the asymmetrical and symmetrical stretching of C–CH3 from the methylene chain originating from the CTA. This is in line with the emergence of weak peaks in the region of 2,940 to 2,963 cm−1 in the solid CTAB spectrum arising from asymmetric stretching of C–CH3 and symmetrical stretching of N–CH3 symmetries. The peak at 1,483 cm−1 is the asymmetric (CH3–N+) deformation mode (δas CH3–N+) of the CTAB head group, and the peak is sensitive to packing density [16]. The appearance of these peaks indicates that CTAB is in magnetite-silica. All three spectra show similar shapes, which indicate that the chemical environment and functional groups of each material are almost the same.

Figure 2 FTIR spectrum result for various MS–CTA: (a) all spectra, (b) inset spectrum of methylene group of CTAB, and (c) inset spectrum of the amine group of CTAB.
Figure 2

FTIR spectrum result for various MS–CTA: (a) all spectra, (b) inset spectrum of methylene group of CTAB, and (c) inset spectrum of the amine group of CTAB.

Figure 2b shows that the methylene stretching mode (2,924 cm−1) has an almost fixed position of frequency and FWHM. Nevertheless, at a wavelength of 1,381 cm−1, significant changes were found, as shown in Figure 2c. The intensity of each vibration is shown in Table 1. The ratio between peak intensities at wavenumbers 1,381 cm−1 and 2,854 cm−1 is compared. It is seen that the value of the ratio of the peak wavelength changes when the type of material changes.

Table 1

Vibrational intensity of the functional groups in CTAB

VibrationWavenumber (cm−1)Intensity
MSA1MSA2MSA3
CH3–N (with silica oxide)1,38120.028.431.6
CH3–N (free)1,46021.929.833.5
–CH22,85419.019.423.1
–CH22,92316.516.819.2
Ratio of 1,381/2,8541.051.461.36

The CTAB head group attached to the MSA1 surface appears to be in a normal condition with wavenumbers 1,381 and 1,460 cm−1 in the FTIR spectrum. This showed the initial stage of micelle formation in accordance with the characteristics of micelles at a concentration of 1 mM, which is CMC, as shown in Figure 1. The addition of CTAB with concentrations higher than CMC, which were 5 mM MSA2 and 10 mM in MSA3, showed slight changes in vibration in CH2 strains at wavelengths of 2,924 and 2,853 cm−1 and significant changes in wavenumbers 1,381 and 1,460 cm−1. This showed an increase in the density of the CTAB aggregate structure attached to silica. Thus, it can be said that the formation of admicelles on MSA2 and MSA3 is possible. The magnetism of natural magnetite and CTA–silica magnetite is shown by the results of VSM in Figure 3. The magnetism value for natural magnetite obtained from “Pantai Baru” sand is 45 emu g−1, whereas for magnetite that has been coated with silica the value is around 2.5 emu g−1. A very significant decline of around 50 times in magnetism was observed. These data indicate that magnetite coatings have been successful.

Figure 3 Fe3O4 hysteresis curves without (a) and with the addition of silica–CTA (b) using VSM.
Figure 3

Fe3O4 hysteresis curves without (a) and with the addition of silica–CTA (b) using VSM.

The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm for MSA0 is shown in Figure 4a. The figure is a graph of the amount of nitrogen adsorbed according to the relative pressure of P/P0 of MSA0. It shows a pattern where there is a rapid increase in the region of low relative pressure (P/P0), then a slow rise in the middle, and it rises again rapidly as P/P0 approaches one. The first increase occurred because the absorbed gas molecules create a single layer filling, then in the higher P/P0 area, the addition of this gas molecule formed a multilayer layer filling where the absorbed gas molecules condensed. The hysteresis loop occurred in the middle region. The isotherm adsorption ensued was a type IV isotherm, which is the adsorption from mesoporous solids with a surface area of 337.5 m2 g−1 and a pore size of 8.7 nm, thus supporting the fact that MSA0 was mesoporous as shown in Figure 4a.

Figure 4 (a) N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm of MSA0, (b) pore distribution of MSA1, (c) pore distribution of MSA2, and (d) pore distribution of MSA3.
Figure 4

(a) N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm of MSA0, (b) pore distribution of MSA1, (c) pore distribution of MSA2, and (d) pore distribution of MSA3.

The addition of CTAB to silica magnetite changes the surface character which is marked by the narrowing of the hysteresis loop, which indicates a decrease in surface area. It is estimated that CTAB added to silica fills the inner silica pores so that the silica surface area decreases to 84–87 m2 g−1 and the pore size narrows to 1.8 nm. These results are consistent with studies which state that the more the CTAB is added, the more the surface area of silica decreases [14].

Figure 4b presents a graph of pore size distribution based on the Barret-Joyner-Hallenda (BJH) method. There are two pore regions at 1.8 and 3.7 nm (Figure 4b). These results support the indication that CTAB micellization occurs on the surface of silica at a concentration of 1 mM according to CMC [23]. The effect of adding CTAB causes a decrease in the average pore diameter which experiences an expansion of the distribution at 5.0–6.6 nm, as shown in Figure 4c and d. It appears that the addition of CTAB over silica causes a change in the surface character of the adsorbent. This change was probably due to the addition of micelle density as CTAB concentration increased. Previous research confirmed that change in concentration changes the structure of the micelle into a bilayer with a micellar diameter size of 2.3 nm [24].

3.2 Effect of pH and contact time on phenol adsorption

MS–CTA is expected to be a suitable adsorbent for aromatic compounds such as phenols. Phenol is an undesirable compound in water because of its high level of toxicity and low level of nature. Adsorption of phenols by MSA–CTA is expected to occur based on the mechanism of acid–base reaction. The reaction between phenol and CTAB is estimated to occur as shown in Figure 5, where R is the methylene tail of CTAB.

Figure 5 Reaction scheme between CTAB and phenol.
Figure 5

Reaction scheme between CTAB and phenol.

The concentration of hydrogen ions played an essential role in the phenol adsorption process with magnetite-silica. The effect of pH on phenol capacity is shown in Figure 6. At pH 11, phenol adsorption was very high (up to 78%) when compared to those at pH 5, 7, and 9 (only about 20%). This can be explained by the assumption that CTAB’s functionalized silica magnetite surface positively increases the electrochemical interaction between phenol and adsorbent. It is known that the degree of phenol ionization is highly dependent on the pH of the solution. When the pH of the solution is higher than the pKa value of phenol of +9.92, the phenol will dissociate into phenolic ions (C6H5O−). These phenolic ions are easily attracted to the surface of the adsorbent, which tends to be positively charged due to the presence of a CTA head on top of magnetite-silica which acts as a double micelle. Conversely, if the pH is low, the presence of H+ ions will cause an electrostatic repulsion in phenol, which will reduce the adsorption capacity of phenols by CTA which is in silica magnetite [24]. From these data, pH 11 was the optimum condition for the absorption of phenol with MS–CTA.

Figure 6 Effect of pH and contact time on percent adsorption of phenol at MSA3.
Figure 6

Effect of pH and contact time on percent adsorption of phenol at MSA3.

Figure 6 shows that phenol–CTA interactions are preferred under basic conditions as a consequence of strong electrostatic interactions between negatively charged phenolic ions and positive charges from the cationic surfactant head group of micelles. Although it is in a neutral pH condition, this fact is supported by the opinion of Sabatino et al. [12] which states that phenol molecules are specifically located in the outer micelle region under neutral pH conditions (6.70). Conversely, at a more alkaline pH (9.94), the deprotonated phenol molecule (C6H5O−) is immersed in the micellar layer of micelles when adsolubilization occurs.

4 Conclusion

Magnetite-silica had been synthesized using CTAB as a surface modification agent. The intensity ratio of the wavelength of 1,396 cm−1 as a representation of the number of CTAB molecules adsorbed on the surface of silica through electrostatic interactions compared to the wavelength of 2,924 cm−1 (the number of CTAB molecules adsorbed due to hydrophobic interactions) was the aggregate percentage of CTAB molecules that interacted with the surface of silica. When the added CTAB concentration is greater than CMC, micelle/admicelle will form which is evidenced by a narrower and more regular pore size distribution, which is around 1.8 and 3.7 nm. The adsolubilization of phenol in CTAB micelles is profoundly affected by pH, indicating that the phenol–CTAB is present under neutral pH conditions but is most favored under basic conditions as a consequence of the strong electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged phenolic ions and the positive charge of the cationic surfactant head group of micelles.

Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported in part by the Directorate of research and community service, Directorate General Strengthening Research and Development, Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia through “Competency-based Research” Program, Number: 101-66/UN7.P4.3/PP/2018, 5 February 2018.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2018-09-13
Revised: 2019-10-05
Accepted: 2020-02-21
Published Online: 2020-04-21

© 2020 Choiril Azmiyawati et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
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  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
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  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
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  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
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  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
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  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
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  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
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  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
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  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0040
Keywords for this article
adsorption; CTAB; magnetite-silica; phenol; admicelles
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

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  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
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  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
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  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
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  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
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  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
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  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
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  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
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  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
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  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
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  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
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  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
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  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
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  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
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  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
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  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
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  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
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  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
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  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
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  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
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