Startseite The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
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The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation

  • Yuankun Liu , Jianlong Wang , Zhiwei Zhou EMAIL logo , Xiaoying Zheng , Liyuan Zhao und Aixin Yu
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 26. September 2020
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 18 Heft 1

Abstract

This study evaluated gamma radiation-enhanced sulfamethazine (SMT) degradation, which belongs to the heterocyclic sulfonamides, in different conditions in aqueous solution. The results showed that gamma irradiation could increase the SMT removal in aqueous solution, and the SMT degradation kinetic follow the modified pseudo-first-order kinetic. The degradation rate was nearly 95% at the absorbed dose of 4 kGy. The removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) could be also induced. When the radiation dose was 5 kGy, the removal rates were only about 6.8% and 10.5% for TOC and TN, respectively. Some ions including HCOO−, CH3COO− and SO42− released during SMT degradation were studied. The biodegradability and toxicity of intermediate products of the SMT degradation were also proposed in this experiment. The biodegradability of the SMT can be improved by the intermediate products of SMT degradation at the radiation dose of 1, 2 and 5 kGy. Gamma radiation could be used as a pretreatment technology before the biodegradation process of pharmaceutical waste water.

Keywords: sulfamethazine (SMT); gamma radiation; degradation; biodegradability; toxicity

1 Introduction

Antibiotics are one of the greatest inventions in the field of medicine in the world. They are widely used for curing human and animal diseases. They are also used in aquaculture and animal husbandry as an additive [1,2,3]. With the development of human society, drug abuse has become a serious threat to the safety of human beings and other organisms [4,5]. 70% of drugs produced are antibiotics every year in China [6]. Overproduced and used antibiotics enter natural water bodies through biological excretion, sewage discharge, surface runoff and soil infiltration, posing a serious threat to drinking water and endangering the environment, including human health and life safety [7,8,9,10,11].

Sulfonamides are mainly derived from sewage treatment systems, human production activities (agriculture, animal husbandry and aquaculture), hospitals and pharmaceutical plants [12,13,14]. Due to the special hazard of sulfonamides, related treatment technologies have gradually attracted attentions all over the world in recent years. Sulfamethazine (SMT) is an important veterinary drug. Its chemical structure is shown in Figure 1. It has been extensively used in fisheries and animal husbandry and has seriously threatened the health of water bodies. SMT is a kind of synthetic broad spectrum antibiotics, which can inhibit both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and they are used especially for inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria. As the structure of SMT is similar to that of the p-aminobenzoic acid (the essential material for the synthesis of dihydrofolate), SMT can compete with p-aminobenzoic acid present in bacteria to block the synthesis of dihydrofolate, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of nucleic acid and the growth of bacteria.

Figure 1 The chemical structure of SMT.
Figure 1

The chemical structure of SMT.

The main treatment methods for SMT are physical methods, chemical methods and biological methods. The biological method is the most conventional method for waste water treatment. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes in microorganisms during biological treatment process lead to the formation of super bacteria, resulting in gene pollution [15,16,17,18,19]. The physical method is usually used for the primary treatment of waste water to achieve the preliminary removal of pollutants, but the pollutants will not be completely degraded. The chemical method is a simple and effective treatment method, which is used in the treatment of antibiotics frequently. Advanced oxidation process, a key technology of chemical oxidation, has obtained more attention of researchers [20]. As an emerging advanced oxidation technology, ionization radiation not only has the advantages of the advanced oxidation technology but also makes up for its disadvantages. Gamma irradiation appears to be more powerful, effective and safe [21,22]. In water radiolysis, three active species, hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), hydrated electrons (eaq−) and hydrogen atoms (˙H), play an important role in the degradation process. In the process of water treatment, ionizing radiation may trigger a variety of changes including chemical effects (e.g., decomposition and polymerization of contaminants), physical and chemical effects (e.g., colloidal denaturation) and biological effects (e.g., disinfection and sterilization). Irradiation technology has been used to treat a series of environmental problems such as dechlorination and dye degradation [23,24], sludge treatment [25], organic pollutant oxidation [26,27], insecticide removal [28] and drug degradation [29]. Irradiation technology is widely used in the purification of drinking water, surface water, groundwater, municipal sewage and industrial waste water [30].

This study focuses on the SMT degradation effect of gamma irradiation in aqueous solution. The biodegradability and microbial toxicity by intermediate products during the degradation were also studied. The main objectives are as follows: (1) to investigate the degradation effect and kinetics of SMT at different absorbed doses; (2) to identify some organic acids and ions in the process; (3) to evaluate the biodegradability and microbial toxicity of radiolytic degradation of SMT in aqueous solutions.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Reagents and preparation

SMT (A.R. grade, >99%), KOH (20%, w/v), NaCl (0.9%, w/v), K2HPO4, Na2HPO4·12H2O, NaOH (20%, w/v), K2S2O8 (4%, w/v) and KNO3 were obtained from Beijing Chemical Factory. Phosphate buffer used for specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) experiments was prepared by adding 3.4 g K2HPO4 and 8.95 g Na2HPO4·12H2O (3.55 g Na2HPO4) to 1,000 mL deionized water. Initial SMT solution concentration was 20 mg/L. The initial pH of the solutions was around 6.5 without adjustment. All the samples were filtered with 0.22 µm syringe microfilters (nylon 6) before being analyzed. The experiments in this study were performed at the ambient temperature of about 25°C.

2.2 Gamma irradiation

60Co radiation facility used in the experiments was built in the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University. The dose rate used in the gamma radiolytic experiments was 103 Gy/min. The radiation dosimetry was carried out by using a standard Fricke dosimeter. Radiation doses used in the experiment were 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 kGy. The sample without radiation was used as a negative control. All the experiments in this study were performed at the ambient temperature under open air.

2.3 Chemical analysis

The concentration of SMT solutions was determined by the HPLC with diode array detector. The ions were detected by the Ion chromatograph (Dionex model ICS 2100) in this study, which was coupled with a Dionex IonPac AS19 analytical column (4 × 250 mm) and an IonPac AG19 guard column (4 × 50 mm). The column was maintained at 30°C. The injection volume was 10 µL. A mobile phase of methanol/water (35:65, v/v) was used. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength of SMT was 275 nm, and the retention time of 1.97 min.

The TOC was determined by a Shimadzu TOC-VCPH TOC analyzer (Shimazu, Japan). The persulfate method was used to measure the total nitrogen (TN) [31].

2.4 Biodegradability and toxicity assessment

The activated sludge was obtained from Zijing Apartment Reclaimed Water Plant, Tsinghua University. The activated sludge was aerated for 24 h to use all the organics in the system, and this process is called endogenous respiration (ER). Then, the sludge was washed with normal saline and centrifuged for purification for 10 min at 3,000 rpm. Then, the sludge was added into the phosphate buffer with the pH of 7.0. The final mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) was 20 g/L.

The biodegradability of the radiolytic solution was detected by the microrespirometer (skw-3, Shanghai University), which was used to determine SOUR. There were two flasks used as contrasts, and another two were set to test the ER. The other flasks were used to test the biodegradability of the radiolytic samples. All the experiments were conducted in conical flasks placed in the water at the ambient temperature.

  1. Ethical approval: This research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Degradation and mineralization of SMT

Some free radicals and ions produced during the radiolysis of water were presented as follows [32]:

(1)H2O→.OH,eaq−,.H,H2,H2O2,Haq+,OHaq−,Gi(2.8)(2.7)(0.6)(0.45)(0.72)(3.2)(0.5)
G values of the particles are presented in the brackets, indicating the number of one certain specie set per 100 eV. There are three reactive species with higher G value, including hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), hydrated electrons (eaq−) and hydrogen atoms (˙H). They play an important role in the radiation process for pharmaceuticals degradation in water.

Figures 2 and 3 show gamma radiation-induced SMT degradation in aqueous solutions with the increasing absorbed dose. The initial concentration of SMT was 20 mg/L. The radiation doses used in the experiment were 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 kGy. One sample without radiation was used as a negative control.

Figure 2 Gamma radiation-induced degradation of SMT in aqueous solution (C: SMT concentration; C0: SMT initial concentration).
Figure 2

Gamma radiation-induced degradation of SMT in aqueous solution (C: SMT concentration; C0: SMT initial concentration).

Figure 3 TOC and TN removal at different absorbed doses (SMT initial concentration: 20 mg/L; dose rate: 103 Gy/min). (a) TOC and (b) TN.
Figure 3

TOC and TN removal at different absorbed doses (SMT initial concentration: 20 mg/L; dose rate: 103 Gy/min). (a) TOC and (b) TN.

The results showed that the concentration of SMT was decreased rapidly with the increasing radiation dose. According to the results of pseudo-first-order kinetic parameters, R2 values were more than 0.99. The SMT degradation kinetic follows the modified pseudo-first-order kinetic. The degradation rate of SMT was about 95% at the radiation dose of 5 kGy, which was the highest dose in this study. But the removal of TOC and TN was not that obvious. When the radiation dose was 5 kGy, the removal rates were about 6.8% and 10.5%, respectively. These indicated that nearly all the SMT molecules were degraded to some organic intermediates in the solutions without being mineralized in the SMT degradation process. In this stage, the reactive species produced by gamma radiation were mainly used to react with only SMT molecules and byproducts, and few of them were converted to carbon dioxide. These intermediate products were in competition with SMT molecules and reacted with reactive species produced by gamma radiation. The reaction probabilities between SMT molecules and reactive species decreased, and the rate of removal of SMT decreased thereafter. But the degradation of SMT molecules was the main reaction during the process. At high radiation dose, SMT molecules could be degraded almost completely to byproducts, resulting in a decrease in the removal rates of TOC and TN, and hence, the mineralization of SMT cannot be achieved.

3.2 Analysis of the radiolytic products

There were three compounds identified in the radiolytic solutions, including SO42−, HCOOH and CH3COOH. Inorganic ions containing nitrogen, such as NO2−, NO3− and NH4+, were not detected under any conditions in this study. Figure 4 shows the change in pH value and the formation of SO42−, HCOOH and CH3COOH with the increasing radiation dose. The results showed that the pH value decreased in the reaction process with the increasing radiation dose, and the solution was changed to acidic from partial neutral. The initial pH value of the SMT solution before reaction was about 6.4, and the final pH value was about 5.75 after irradiation. The change in pH value can be confirmed by the formation of SO42− and two acids.

Figure 4 The variation in pH values and the formation of HCOOH, CH3COOH, SO42− with the increasing radiation dose (SMT initial concentration: 20 mg/L; dose rate: 103 Gy/min). (a) pH value, (b) HCOOH, (c) CH3COOH and (d) SO42−.
Figure 4

The variation in pH values and the formation of HCOOH, CH3COOH, SO42− with the increasing radiation dose (SMT initial concentration: 20 mg/L; dose rate: 103 Gy/min). (a) pH value, (b) HCOOH, (c) CH3COOH and (d) SO42−.

With the increase in the radiation dose, there was an increase in the SO42− concentration, and the a maximum concentration was about 3.2 mg/L at 5 kGy, which was the highest radiation dose in the experiments. At higher radiation dose, more ˙OH radicals were produced in radiolytic solution. There were more SMT molecules oxidized by ˙OH radicals in the degradation process, resulting in more SO42− ions released. But the quantity of the SO42− could be limited by the initial SMT concentrations. Not all the SO42− was released in this study at a radiation dose of 5 kGy. The formation trend of CH3COOH was similar to that of SO42−. At the radiation dose of 0–5 kGy, the CH3COOH was produced rapidly and the concentration started to increase. The final concentration of CH3COOH was about 2.45 mg/L at 5 kGy.

At the radiation dose of 0–4 kGy, the concentration of HCOOH started to increase, and the maximum concentration was about 0.95 mg/L. Then, the concentration decreased with the increase in radiation dose. The corresponding inflexion points of the HCOOH concentration curves appeared at about 4 kGy. As more reactive species are produced at higher radiation dose, more HCOOH molecules are released from the SMT degradation process. The HCOOH molecules could be degraded at the same duration. When the radiation dose was high, the concentration of HCOOH decreased due to the mineralization by the reactive species.

Besides the aforementioned three compounds, several other intermediate products such as 4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-amine, 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, 4-nitrophenol 4-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-amino-6-methylpyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid and 4-amino-N-carbamimidoyl-benzenesulfonamide have been detected in our past research [33].

3.3 Biodegradability and microbial toxicity of the products

The biodegradability and microbial toxicity of SMT radiolytic products were measured by specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) of the activated sludge, which was shown in Figure 5 [34]. The sludge was aerated for 24 h to reach ER stage before experiments. The oxygen uptake rates were measured by the gas pressure difference in the period of 6 h at different conditions, which were recorded in the curve. When the SOUR of the activated sludge was higher than the ER, the biodegradation was considered to be enhanced under this condition.

Figure 5 SOUR of the activated sludge using SMT radiolytic products at different irradiation doses (SMT initial concentration: 20 mg/L; dose rate: 103 Gy/min; ER).
Figure 5

SOUR of the activated sludge using SMT radiolytic products at different irradiation doses (SMT initial concentration: 20 mg/L; dose rate: 103 Gy/min; ER).

The SOUR curve of the activated sludge treated by the SMT with no radiation was a little lower than the curve of ER, which meant that the SMT was toxic to microorganisms and could inhibit its respiration. The metabolic activity of the microorganism can be improved by the intermediate products of SMT degradation at the radiation dose of 1, 2 and 5 kGy. After 1 h reaction, the SOUR was increased about 14.3%, 7.1% and 14.3% at the radiation dose of 1, 2 and 5 kGy, respectively. Finally, the biodegradability of SMT was improved about 14.5%, 10.9% and 14.6%, respectively (after 6 h).

When the radiation dose was 4 kGy, which was a little higher in the experiments, the SOUR curve was much lower than the curve of ER. The inhibition ratio was about 16.7% after 1 h. At the end of the experiment, about 20% of the biodegradability was inhibited. The respiration of the activated sludge was inhibited greatly, and the metabolic activity of the microorganism was quite reduced. All these showed that some radiolytic products caused inhibitory effects on the microorganism at the radiation dose of 4 kGy, which were not produced at lower radiation dose. With the increase in radiation dose, those products that showed the inhibition to the metabolic activity of the microorganism were degraded, and the biodegradability was recovered.

4 Conclusions

Gamma radiation had a great effect on the SMT degradation in aqueous solution. The SMT degradation kinetic follows the modified pseudo-first-order kinetic. The removal rate of SMT was about 95% at the absorbed dose of 5 kGy. However, the removal of TOC and TN was not as effective as that of SMT. When the radiation dose was 5 kGy, the TOC and TN removal were about 6.8% and 10.5%, respectively. Some ions including HCOO−, CH3COO− and SO42− released during SMT degradation were studied as well.

The SMT was inhibitive to the respiration of the microorganism, and the inhibition could be reduced or eliminated after irradiation under a certain absorbed dose, which meant that the biodegradability of the SMT could be improved by the gamma radiation. The biodegradability of the SMT can be improved by the intermediate products of SMT degradation at the radiation doses of 1, 2 and 5 kGy. The best promotion effect was at 1 kGy (14.5%) and 5 kGy (14.6%). Gamma radiation could be used as a pretreatment technology before the biodegradation process for pharmaceutical waste water.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Foundation of The National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFD1100501).

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2019-08-30
Revised: 2020-06-25
Accepted: 2020-07-14
Published Online: 2020-09-26

© 2020 Yuankun Liu et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0156
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
sulfamethazine (SMT); gamma radiation; degradation; biodegradability; toxicity
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
  4. On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
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