A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
-
Hanshi Zhang
Abstract
Lost circulation is a frequently encountered problem during workover operations of a low-pressure reservoir. Many lost circulation materials (LCM) have been used to solve the problem, but various disadvantages still exist, for example, oil-soluble materials are easy to get stuck in the pipe string as the temperature drops and gel time and gel strength of the cross-linking gel systems are difficult to control in the occasion of inadequate stirring. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system used to control lost circulation of workover operations is developed, and it can encounter the aforementioned disadvantages of the traditional LCM. The system forms a space grid structure by non-covalent bonds between the molecules without adding a cross-linking agent. Sand beds plugged with the supramolecular plugging system had a pressure bearing capacity of 4.5 MPa. The self-breaking rate of the supramolecular system was 100% after 7 days at a temperature of 120°C. The core permeability recovery of the self-breaking liquid was 91.9%, indicated that the plugging system is compatible of the reservoir. The supramolecular plugging system has been used in four wells in the Jidong oilfield of East China. Field practice showed that the supramolecular LCM can effectively control lost circulation at different rates during workover operations. The increase in the daily fluid after operations indicated that the slurry has not damaged the reservoir.
1 Introduction
With the development of oilfield exploration and development, the formation pressure decreases rapidly and circulation loss of the workover fluid is serious [1,2,3,4]. Previously, many plugging methods were used to prevent the plug leaks, such as oil-soluble resin [5,6], composite shielding temporary plugging [7,8,9,10], gel plugging agent [11], and microbubble workover fluid [12]. However, oil-soluble materials are greatly affected by temperature, so they are easy to get stuck in the pipe string due to equipment failure, temporary stop of workover operation, and other reasons, and the recovery time of oil output of most wells is very long. Cross-linking gel systems are composed of a polymer and a cross-linking agent, which are connected by covalent bond to form a network structure. Gel time and gel strength of the cross-linking gel systems are difficult to control with inadequate stirring. Microbubble workover fluid is foamed with surfactant, and the stable time is short under high temperature. The working fluid density can be adjusted to achieve the effect of reducing the column pressure and controlling the circulation loss only in a short time.
To overcome the shortcomings of the above leakage prevention and plugging technology, a supramolecular plugging system is developed, which is based on the supramolecular chemistry theory [13,14]. The system forms a complex and ordered molecular aggregate through the weak interaction of non-covalent bonds between molecules. It has the following characteristics: no need to add cross-linking agent, high temperature resistance, simple preparation, and low cost. The initial phase of the solution is a low viscosity fluid, which is easy to pump into wellbore. At 90–120°C, the viscosity increases and the leakage layer is sealed. After the operation, the supramolecular plugging gel can break automatically without adding a gel breaker [1,14].
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Experiment equipment
The following equipment was used in the experiments: (1) FANN 35SA coaxial cylinder rotational viscometer, (2) Hakke RS6000 high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) rheometer, (3) HPHT Filter Press with a 175 ml slurry cup, (4) America Core Company formation damage system 800 for permeability recovery test, and (5) JY2004 precision balance with a readability of 0.01 g.
2.2 Materials
Supramolecular plugging mixtures are composed of four additives: distilled water, polypentadienamide (PPDA), polydiethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDAC), and sodium chloride (NaCl). PPDA is the main agent of the supramolecular gel. During the gel breaking performance determination, a gel breaking agent, ammonium persulfate, was introduced to the plugging mixtures.
2.3 Plugging solution preparation
Supramolecular plugging solutions were prepared by the following procedure:
Place the beaker on the precision balance.
Add the required amount of distilled water.
Add the required amount of PDAC and stir the solution with an electric stirrer at 600 rpm for at least 1 h at room conditions.
Add the required amount of NaCl and stir the solution with an electric stirrer at 200 rpm for 20 min at room conditions.
Add the required amount of PPDA and stir the solution with an electric stirrer at 200 rpm for 40 min at room conditions.
2.4 Rheological determination
Gel rheological characteristic is an important parameter while selecting gel compositions for specific operations. The gel mixtures were prepared by the aforementioned steps. Then, the mixtures were poured into the viscometer cup and the cup was placed on the viscometer. The rotational speed was adjusted in the order of 600, 300, 200, 100, 6, and 3 rpm, then the readings were recorded.
2.5 Yield stress determination
The gel mixtures were prepared according to the procedure given in Section 2.3. Then, the supramolecular plugging system was put into an aging tank for different time (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 32 h) at 120°C. Yield stresses were measured by Hakke RS6000 HPHT rheometer.
2.6 HPHT plugging performance determination
The gel mixtures were prepared according to the procedure given in Section 2.3. The HPHT Filter Press apparatus was used to evaluate the plugging performance of the supramolecular system. The sand-filled pipe was filled with 100 g sand of 40–70 mesh. The plugging solution was injected into the cup and aged for 4 h, then the plugging experiment was conducted at 120°C.
2.7 Gel breaking performance determination
2.7.1 Gel breaking efficiency test
The plugging mixtures without gel breaker were prepared according to the procedure given in Section 2.3. In addition, the solutions adding a gel breaker with the concentration of 10% main agent are prepared. The gel solutions were aged at 120°C for 16 h, then the gel qualities were tested once a day for 7 days until gels were completely disappeared. The gel breaking efficiency was calculated according to the mass change rate.
2.7.2 Core permeability recovery test of gel breaking liquid
The core permeability recovery test was conducted to assess the degree of damage. First, the reservoir core was displaced by the gel liquid after complete breaking for 10 PV. Then, the core was displaced by standard brine for 5 PV. The permeability recovery was calculated according to the permeability change rate.
Ethical approval: The research conducted is not related to either human or animal use.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Rheological analysis
3.1.1 Effect of PPDA concentration on the rheology
The rheological experiments were performed by changing the PPDA concentrations in the order of 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%, while the concentration of PDAC was kept constant as 0.09% and NaCl 5%. As shown in Table 1, with the increase in the PPDA concentration, the viscosity of the gels increased and the American Petroleum Institute (API) filtration loss decreased. The PPDA concentration of 2.0% and 2.5% can meet the needs of plugging operation.
Rheological data of the gels with different PPDA concentrations
| Concentration (%) | FLAPI (ml) | AV (mPa s) | PV (mPa s) | YP (mPa s) | YP/PV (mPa s) | Gel (Pa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5 | 20 | 45 | 15 | 28.80 | 1.92 | 4.60 |
| 2.0 | 5 | 57.5 | 25 | 31.20 | 1.25 | 11.75 |
| 2.5 | 1.5 | 92.5 | 15 | 74.40 | 4.96 | 18.40 |
FL, filter loss; AV, apparent viscosity; PV, plastic viscosity; YP, yield point.
3.1.2 Effect of PDAC concentration on the rheology
The rheological experiments were performed by changing the PDAC concentrations in the order of 0.06%, 0.09%, and 0.12%, while the concentration of PPDA was kept constant as 2% and NaCl 5%. As shown in Table 2, the PDAC concentration has little effect on the rheological behavior of the gels.
Rheological data of the gels with different PDAC concentrations
| Concentration (%) | FLAPI (ml) | AV (mPa s) | PV (mPa s) | YP (mPa s) | YP/PV (mPa s) | Gel (Pa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.06 | 6 | 60.5 | 33 | 26.40 | 0.80 | 7.15 |
| 0.09 | 5 | 57.5 | 25 | 31.20 | 1.25 | 11.75 |
| 0.12 | 5 | 63.5 | 33 | 29.28 | 0.89 | 7.67 |
FL, filter loss; AV, apparent viscosity; PV, plastic viscosity; YP, yield point.
3.1.3 Effect of NaCl concentration on the rheology
The rheological experiments were performed by changing the NaCl concentrations in the order of 3%, 5%, and 10%, while the concentration of PPDA was kept constant as 2% and PDAC 0.09%. As shown in Table 3, the API filtration loss was minimum, while the NaCl concentration was 5%.
Rheological data of the gels with different NaCl concentrations
| Compositions (%) | FLAPI (ml) | AV (mPa s) | PV (mPa s) | YP (mPa s) | YP/PV (mPa s) | Gel (Pa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 11 | 55 | 28 | 25.92 | 0.93 | 13.29 |
| 5 | 5 | 57.5 | 25 | 31.20 | 1.25 | 11.75 |
| 10 | 15 | 61 | 37 | 23.04 | 0.62 | 9.20 |
FL, filter loss; AV, apparent viscosity; PV, plastic viscosity; YP, yield point.
According to the above experimental results, the recommended formula for field applications is 2.0% PPDA, 0.09% PDAC, and 5% NaCl, and this formula is followed in the rest of the study. The initial viscosity of the gel system is 1,650 mPa s, and it appears as a fluid that flows easily. The gelatinizing viscosity is 17,750 mPa s, and it appears as a semisolid gel with high viscoelasticity.
3.2 Yield stress analysis
Figure 1 shows that the yield stress of the supramolecular plugging system increased as the aging time increased at 120°C. The yield stress was maximum at 16 h, and there was no obvious yield at 300 Pa. Figure 2 indicates that the gel after aging 16 h has the maximum gelatinizing strength. The yield occurred after 32 h, indicating that the gelatinizing strength began to decline after 32 h but still had a high yield stress.
Yield stress curve at different time.
Appearance of the supramolecular plugging system at different aging time.
3.3 HPHT plugging performance evaluation
The results of HPHT plugging performance are shown in Table 4. It is obvious that the gel mixtures can withstand pressure up to 4.5 MPa. The water loss of the plugging agent was 18 ml when the pressure was 4.5 MPa. The filtration liquid was nonviscous, that is, to say the water within the system was extruded. After the tests, the sand beds were taken out and examined. It was found that the gels were evenly attached to the upper part of the sand body with strong wall adhesion and no gel inside the sand body (Figure 3). This indicates that the supramolecular plugging agent has good plugging performance.
Results of plugging performance evaluation of the supramolecular plugging agent under 120°C
| Pressure (MPa) | Stand-up pressure time (min) | Water loss (ml) |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | 10 | 13.5 |
| 2.5 | 10 | 14 |
| 3 | 10 | 15.5 |
| 3.5 | 10 | 17 |
| 4 | 10 | 17.5 |
| 4.5 | 10 | 18 |
Appearance of the gel and cross section of the sand bed after HPHT filter press experiment.
3.4 Gel breaking performance evaluation
3.4.1 Gel breaking efficiency analysis
Table 5 indicates that the self-breaking efficiency of the gel was 92.39% after 6 days, and the gel completely broke 7 days later. The addition of a gel breaker with a concentration of 10% of the main agent can accelerate the breaking process, and the gel breaking efficiency was 97.83% after 2 days. Therefore, operation period in 5—7 days of various operations can be conducted without breaking agent.
Results of gel breaking performance evaluation experiment at 120°C
| Time (h) | Without gel breaker | With gel breaker | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gel weight (g) | Gel breaking efficiency | Gel weight (g) | Gel breaking efficiency | |
| 0 | 362 | 0 | 376 | 0 |
| 24 | 360 | 2.17% | 62 | 83.15% |
| 48 | 320 | 13.04% | 8 | 97.83% |
| 72 | 265 | 27.99% | 0 | 100.00% |
| 96 | 167 | 54.62% | — | — |
| 120 | 87 | 76.36% | — | — |
| 144 | 28 | 92.39% | — | — |
| 168 | 0 | 100.00% | — | — |
3.4.2 Core permeability recovery analysis
The permeability recovery of the self-breaking solution reached 84.7% after 10 PV displacement (Figure 4(a)). The permeability recovery of the standard brine reached 91.9% after 5 PV displacement (Figure 4(b)). Therefore, the gel breaking solution has caused little damage to the reservoir and can protect the reservoir very well.
Permeability recovery curve of the gel breaking solution to reservoir core. (a) Displacement of self-breaking solution. (b) Displacement of standard brine.
4 Field application
Supramolecular plugging agent was applied in four pump checkout wells with low pressure and leakiness formation (Table 6). Circulation loss was completely eliminated by injecting 5–10 m3 plugging solution into each oil well. The gel broke automatically after pump checkout operation and flowed out of wellbore. The average daily fluid output increased to 12.6 m3, and the average daily oil output increased to 0.8 t, indicating that the supramolecular plugging agent did not pollute the reservoir.
Field application effect of the supramolecular plugging agent on pump checkout wells
| Oil well | Operation date | Injecting volume (m3) | Before operation | After operation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluid output (m3/d) | Oil output (t/d) | Fluid output (m3/d) | Oil output, (t/d) | |||
| G15-12 | 2017/12/27 | 10 | 1.1 | 0.01 | 3.4 | 0.03 |
| G66-28 | 2018/1/25 | 10 | 1.1 | 0.01 | 21.5 | 0.21 |
| G62-40 | 2018/3/17 | 12 | 1 | 0.06 | 13.11 | 0.07 |
| G66-32 | 2018/5/9 | 8 | 2.4 | 0.04 | 18.1 | 2.99 |
5 Conclusions
The supramolecular plugging agent forms a spatial network structure by non-covalent bonds between the molecules. The gel has low initial viscosity and is easy to flow and easy to pump into wellbore.
After gelling, the supramolecular plugging agent appears a semisolid gel with high viscoelasticity and high strength. The supramolecular gel can effectively seal sand contact surface. At 120°C, the sand bed bearing capacity of the gel can reach 4.5 MPa. It can effectively plug 90–120°C low-pressure and leaky formation.
The supramolecular plugging agent can break itself after 6 days at 120°C. The addition of a gel breaker with a concentration of 10% as the main agent, the breaking time declines to 3 days, and the gel breaking liquid has caused little damage to the reservoir.
The agent was used for pump checkout wells of low pressure and leakiness formation in field application. After temporary plugging operation, wellbore circulation can be established and fluid and oil output increased after the operation. The technological ideas and innovation of the self-breaking supramolecular plugging agent can be a valuable reference and demonstration effect for the exploration and development of low pressure and leakiness reservoirs in China and around the world.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51474231) and the National Major Projects (Grant No. 2017ZX05009-003).
Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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© 2020 Hanshi Zhang and Guancheng Jiang, published by De Gruyter
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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- Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
- Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
- Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
- The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
- Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
- Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
- Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
- Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
- The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
- Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
- Topical Issue on Agriculture
- Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
- The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
- Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
- Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
- Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
- Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
- Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
- Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
- Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
- Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
- Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
- Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
- Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
- Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
- The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
- Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
- Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
- Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
- A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
- A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
- Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
- Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
- Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
- Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
- Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
- The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
- Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
- Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
- Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
- Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
- Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
- Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
- Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
- M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
Articles in the same Issue
- Regular Articles
- Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
- Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
- On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
- Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
- Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
- Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
- Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
- Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
- Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
- Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
- Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
- Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
- Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
- DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
- Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
- A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
- Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
- Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
- Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
- Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
- Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
- Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
- Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
- Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
- Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
- Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
- Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
- Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
- Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
- N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
- Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
- Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
- Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
- Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
- LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
- Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
- Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
- Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
- Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
- Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
- Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
- New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
- Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
- Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
- Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
- Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
- Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
- Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
- Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
- A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
- Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
- Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
- Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
- A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
- Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
- Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
- Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
- Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
- DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
- Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
- New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
- Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
- Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
- Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
- Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
- Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
- Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
- Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
- A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
- Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
- Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
- PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
- Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
- Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
- A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
- A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
- Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
- The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
- MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
- Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
- Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
- Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
- Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
- Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
- A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
- Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
- Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
- Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
- An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
- Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
- Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
- A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
- Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
- Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
- Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
- Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
- Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
- Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
- Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
- Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
- Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
- A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
- A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
- Erratum
- Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
- Review Articles
- Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
- Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
- Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
- Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
- Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
- An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
- Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
- Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
- Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
- Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
- Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
- Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
- Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
- The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
- Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
- Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
- Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
- Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
- The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
- Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
- Topical Issue on Agriculture
- Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
- The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
- Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
- Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
- Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
- Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
- Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
- Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
- Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
- Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
- Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
- Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
- Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
- Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
- The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
- Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
- Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
- Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
- A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
- A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
- Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
- Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
- Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
- Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
- Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
- The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
- Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
- Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
- Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
- Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
- Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
- Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
- Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
- M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
