Startseite Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
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Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses

  • Dimitar Dimitrov , Miroslava Nedyalkova EMAIL logo , Sergio Madurga , Ludmila Naneva und Vasil Simeonov
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 26. August 2020
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 18 Heft 1

Abstract

The similarity patterns in the physicochemical properties of copper–lead and copper–zinc borate glasses were identified by means of finding similarity within the objects of study using multivariate statistical analysis. As exploratory methods of multivariate analysis, cluster analysis, principal components analysis, and two-way clustering were applied for a set of copper–lead and copper–zinc borate glasses. Specific correlations among the physicochemical properties of copper glasses were interpreted. In particular, the effect of Pb and Zn doping metal ion in copper glasses in the structural and mechanical properties is identified. Interestingly, the degree of lead content determines two kinds of glasses with specific physicochemical properties.

1 Introduction

In the design of glass compositions, transition metals oxides being a constitutional part of the glass systems could play a dual role related to their physicochemical and structural properties (coordination number, different redox state at specific conditions, etc.) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8].

Oxide glasses exhibit interesting properties such as density, elastic moduli, hardness, glass transition temperature, and liquid fragility, and the changes in chemical composition cause significant alternations in all measured physical properties. It was also found that the change of copper content in copper–lead borate glasses results in a slow disproportionation of B-containing groups due to change in the coordination number of Cu+ when compared with Cu2+ ions. It causes changes in the physicochemical properties such as hardness, thermal stability, density, thermal expansion coefficient, and chemical durability. Zinc metaborate glasses are subject to an enhanced disproportionation of metaborate in other structural units since the lead metaborate series exhibit different structural alternations [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16].

Specific changes in the physicochemical parameters of the borate glasses due to changes in their chemical composition could be subject to another experimental data approach, namely, intelligent data analysis (exploratory data mining) [17,18]. This option is rarely used in the analysis of the properties of noncrystalline materials. Multivariate statistics methods such as cluster analysis (CA) or principal components analysis (PCA) offer a new opportunity for data modeling, classification, and interpretation. They are superior with respect to their information content to the traditional correlation analysis if relationships between physicochemical properties and chemical composition are sought.

Research objectives in the current work may be linked with a validation of the efficiency of exploratory data analyses to study and interpret a set of experimental data from the literature source including values for different physicochemical parameters in different copper–zinc and copper–lead metaborate glass series. In addition, relationships for chemical composition versus physicochemical parameters are evaluated by regression analysis.

2 Methods

2.1 Multivariate statistical methods

In the present study, two multivariate statistical methods were used: CA and PCA.

CA is a well-known approach for searching similarity patterns (called clusters) within the data approach to reveal groups of similarity (clusters) within large data sets. The identification of the similarity groups makes it possible to better interpret specific relations between the objects of the study (glass types) or among the parameters characterizing them (physicochemical variables).

Three different modes of clustering were applied: hierarchical cluster, nonhierarchical cluster, and two-way CA.

Hierarchical CA is a nonsupervised method for linkage of objects in clusters that follows a simple algorithm:

  • normalization of the raw experimental data (to avoid differences in dimensionality which could deteriorate the clustering; usually the z-transform procedure is applied);

  • introduction of a similarity measure (Euclidean distances or squared Euclidean distances are often calculated as a measure of object similarity);

  • choice of linkage procedure (among many options we have chosen the Ward’s method of linkage);

  • selection of criteria for determination of the cluster significance, as the Sneath’s criterion based on the Dmax distance in the similarity matrix.

The output plot of the analysis is called a dendrogram, which allows the visual determination of significant clusters for later interpretation. No preliminary conditions are introduced for hierarchical clustering [19].

Nonhierarchical clustering belongs to supervised pattern recognition methods. It requires a preliminary determination of the number of clusters to which the objects (or variables) should belong. Therefore, it demands a priori hypothesis for the number of clusters for the proper preselection of the number of clusters based on expert opinion or preliminary information. The K-means clustering was conducted, which could be considered both as supervised and unsupervised cluster approaches. It aims to separate the objects into a preliminary chosen number of clusters so that each object belongs to the cluster with the nearest distance that represents the prototype of the cluster. This procedure is iterative.

Two-way clustering is also used in the present study. It is useful in cases where both objects and variables are expected to contribute simultaneously to discover meaningful patterns for the clusters. The resulting structure (clusters) is by nature not homogeneous. However, it is recognized by some researchers that this method offers a powerful tool for exploratory data analysis since it makes possible (like other multivariate statistical approaches such as correspondence analysis) to reveal relationships among the clusters of objects and the clusters of variables.

PCA (very similar to factor analysis) is a linear dimensionality reduction strategy, which introduces new directions in the original data space, making it possible to project the data in a lower-dimensionality space formed by new linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components or latent factors [20]. It is worth mentioning that the main application of this analysis is to reduce the number of variables and to detect structure in the data set, which allows classifying objects or variables. Therefore, PCA is applied as a data reduction method [19,20].

  1. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results

3.1 Hierarchical CA

The input data set consists of 16 borate glass samples (eight of them with Pb doping and eight with Zn doping) described by 11 parameters (physicochemical variables) [21].

The goal is to reveal patterns of similarity among the different glass samples or among their physicochemical descriptors.

In Figure 1, the hierarchical dendrogram for linkage of 11 variables is presented (z-transformed raw data; squared Euclidean distances as similarity measures; Ward’s method of linkage, and Sneath’s test of cluster significance).

Figure 1 Hierarchical dendrogram for clustering of 11 physicochemical parameters.
Figure 1

Hierarchical dendrogram for clustering of 11 physicochemical parameters.

Three clusters could be interpreted:

C1:Cg – packing density and CuO (%mol).

The essential role in glass properties is related to the atomic packing density (Cg). The atomic packing density is described as the ratio between the minimum theoretical volume occupied by the constituting ions and the effective volume of the glass. The correlation of Cg with the copper content is readily observed on the dendrogram. One could conclude that this tendency is general for the Cu-containing glass network. For CuO levels above 20 mol%, Cg tends to level-off, and no further accumulative behavior was detected (Supporting Information).

For the case of the glass system with lead, the packing density decreases for above 20 mol% of PbO. This observation is a consequence of the structural properties and the increasing significance of the packed structure pattern in the packing density.

C2: glass transition temperature Tg, K: elastic modulus, glass, 〈U0/V0〉 volume density of energy (equation (4) from SI); 〈U0/V0〉 volume density of energy (equation (5) from SI); E, Young’s modulus, G, Shear modulus, Poisson ration.

The similarity between glass transition temperature Tg and elastic modulus, glass K, is depicted on the dendrogram (Figure 1). The K is directly related to the external force required to compress or extend interatomic distances in opposition to the internal forces that seek to establish equilibrium interatomic distance.

The K is directly related to the external force required to compress or extend interatomic distances in opposition to the internal forces that seek to establish equilibrium interatomic distance.

The elastic properties of glasses define many of their mechanical properties. Besides, the thermal or pressure change of the bulk (K), shear (G), and Young (E) moduli offers information on the variations in the atomic glass structure. This cluster reveals a strong correlation among these physical properties. The values of the constants K, G, E as well as of the Poisson’s ratio could be measured experimentally by various methods for solids, including mechanical deformation or sound wave propagation techniques. For liquids, the elastic constants can be obtained from velocity measurements of high-frequency sound waves. These explanations are directly supported by the results of the hierarchical CA.

In the last cluster, C3, the similarity pattern is formed between density and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). This linkage could be used to model new Cu glasses with particular thermal characteristics. C3 is a very homogeneous cluster since C1 and C2 could be considered as one bigger cluster, which could be divided into two subclusters.

Figure 2 represents the hierarchical clustering of the glass samples (objects of the study). There is a well-expressed separation between Pb- and Zn-glass types. It could be stated that higher concentrations of Pb (PCB 20 and PCB 30) form an intermediate cluster between both classes of samples and are closer to the Zn type of glass rather than to Pb type of glass. This should be explained by specific relationships among the physicochemical parameters.

Figure 2 Hierarchical dendrogram for clustering of 16 glass samples.
Figure 2

Hierarchical dendrogram for clustering of 16 glass samples.

3.2 PCA

The z-transformed dataset was also subject to PCA. It was found that three principal components explain over 95% of the total variance of the system. Figure 3 shows the projection of the variables on the plane of factors 1 and 2, and Figure 4 shows the projection on the plane of the objects.

Figure 3 Projection of 11 variables on the plane described by factor 1 vs factor 2.
Figure 3

Projection of 11 variables on the plane described by factor 1 vs factor 2.

Figure 4 Projection of 16 cases on the plane described by factor 1 vs factor 2.
Figure 4

Projection of 16 cases on the plane described by factor 1 vs factor 2.

In general, most of the groupings observed by hierarchical CA are confirmed by PCA. It is readily seen that CTE and density variables form a well-expressed group since all other variables belong to another class.

The same conclusion is valid for the projection of the objects, that is, well-expressed separation of Pb and Zn cases with an intermediate position of PCB 20 and PCB 30).

The relationship between glass samples and physicochemical characteristics is demonstrated by a two-way clustering approach. It reveals how close the clusters of cases (glass systems) are connected with the clusters of variables (physicochemical parameters). Thus, discriminant parameters for each glass cluster could be extracted.

The foremost object for separation of the glass samples into two classes is the variances in the physicochemical parameters. Pb-glasses are characterized by the highest values of density and CTE since Zn-glasses show the lowest level of these two characteristics. Again, PCB 20 and PCB 30 differ from the Pb-glass pattern having low values of CTE and density.

All other physicochemical parameters reveal their higher levels for the Zn-glasses class and lower ones for the Pb-glasses class.

4 Conclusions

The present study has used intelligent data analysis to elucidate the relationship between the copper–lead and copper–zinc borate glasses with different copper contents. Several correlations among glasses and their physicochemical properties based on multivariate analysis techniques as CA, PCA, and two-way clustering were obtained. This allows for identifying the effects of Pb and Zn doping metal ions in copper glasses in the structural and mechanical properties. One cluster is identified for Zn-doped glasses, whereas two clusters with differentiated properties are identified with copper glasses doped with Pb.

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Acknowledgments

The authors D. D. and M. M. are grateful for the financial support for this article by the Scientific Research Department (NIS) of Sofia University – 80-10-158/24.04.2020/NIS – Sofia University projects found 2020. The author M. N. is grateful for the additional support by the program “Information and Communication Technologies for a Single Digital Market in Science, Education and Security” of the Scientific Research Center, NIS-3317.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2019-11-18
Revised: 2020-05-11
Accepted: 2020-06-04
Published Online: 2020-08-26

© 2020 Dimitar Dimitrov et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0140
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
  4. On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
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