Home Physical Sciences Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
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Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water

  • Mirza Nadeem Ahmad , Arif Hussain , Muhammad Naveed Anjum EMAIL logo , Tajamal Hussain , Adnan Mujahid , Muhammad Hammad Khan EMAIL logo and Toheed Ahmed
Published/Copyright: August 3, 2020
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

Chitosan was grafted with polyorthoethylaniline through oxidative polymerization using ammonium persulfate as oxidant, resulting in the formation of a biocomposite of chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline (CH-g-POEA). The synthesized biocomposite (CH-g-POEA) was characterized by FTIR, SEM, and TGA. Adsorption of methyl orange (MO) dye by CH-g-POEA was studied, wherein the Langmuir isotherm model with a R2 of 0.9979 and adsorption capacity of 45.7 mg/g was evaluated.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: biopolymer; biocomposite; adsorption; chitosan; polyorthoethylaniline

1 Introduction

Biocomposites of synthetic and natural polymers have gained much attention during the last decade due to their versatile properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and eco-friendly nature [1,2,3]. Biocomposites have been employed to remove toxic contaminants from polluted water [4,5,6]. Chitosan has unique characteristics of being antifungal [7,8], antimicrobial [9], and biodegradable properties [10]. Therefore, chitosan is a preferred biomaterial for the fabrication of composites with multipurpose applications in different aspects of life ranging from biomedicine to electronics [11]. Chitosan grafted with various synthetic polymers showed good adsorption ability for different organic dyes and is used to remove them from polluted water [12,13]. Composites of conducting polymers grafted onto chitosan have been reported to show a good pH sensing characteristic and are used as sensors [14]. Khan and Dhayal prepared a hybrid conducting film of chitosan-based material on an indium tin oxide electrode with the help of electrochemical polymerization that has potential application as biosensor to detect ochratoxin-A [15]. A hybrid complex of chitosan and polyaniline synthesized by the insertion of ZnCl2 increased the adsorption capability toward reactive dyes [16]. Chitosan–polyaniline matrix and complexes have also been reported to act as absorbent for the separation of dye, lead and cadmium ions from water to reduce water pollution [17,18].

In this work, a chitosan-based biocomposite has been fabricated by grafting polyorthoethylaniline (CH-g-POEA) on a chitosan backbone and is used as an adsorbent for the dye. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms have been studied. It was found that the biocomposite of chitosan (CH-g-POEA) possesses the potential to adsorb and remove the dye from polluted water showing to be a good adsorbent.

2 Experimental section

2.1 Materials and methods

Chitosan (85% deacetylated) was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd, China. Monomer, o-ethylaniline, methyl orange (MO), and oxidant, ammonium persulfate, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. An initiator, diaminodiphenylamine (DDPA), was supplied by Tokyo Chemical Industry, Shanghai. Preparation of reagents and washing of products were done in double distilled water.

2.2 Polymerization of o-ethylaniline

In the present experimental procedure, an amount of 0.24 mmol of o-ethylaniline was dissolved in 0.1 M HCl along with 0.01 mmol of DDPA and this solution was referred to as A. The second solution, referred to as B, was made by dissolving 0.24 mmol of APS in 0.1 M HCl. This solution B was poured and mixed in solution A by vigorous stirring. Afterwards, the polymerization process continued for 2 h. The resulting crude polymeric product obtained was washed using water and then separation was done by centrifugation [19].

2.3 Preparation of chitosan-g-polyorthoethylaniline

Chitosan-g-polyorthoethylaniline (CH-g-POEA) biocomposite was synthesized by oxidative polymerization of chitosan and o-ethylaniline monomer, in which an acidic solution of 0.1 M HCl and 20% acetic acid was used to dissolve o-ethylaniline and chitosan [20]. Solution A contained varying amounts of chitosan (0.1, 0.5, and 1 g) in a 20% acetic acid solution and was stirred for 4 h constantly. Solution B was prepared by adding 12 mL of 0.01 M o-ethylaniline and 7 mL of 0.0001 M DDPA in 0.1 M HCl. Then, solution C was prepared by adding 4 g of APS in 0.1 M HCl (7 mL). After this, solutions A and B were mixed with constant stirring of 15 min at 25°C. Finally, solution C was added dropwise and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. A greenish color solution was obtained, indicating the polymerization. After polymerization, each composite polymer was washed by centrifugation at 5,000 rpm for 5 min with water and then with methanol to remove byproducts before finally drying in an oven at 60°C for 90 min. CH-g-POEA samples were characterized by different characterization methods such as UV-visible, FTIR, TGA, and SEM analysis (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1 Proposed scheme for the synthesis of chitosan-based CH-g-POEA.
Scheme 1

Proposed scheme for the synthesis of chitosan-based CH-g-POEA.

2.4 Adsorption experiments

As a model pollutant dye, MO was used for the adsorption experiment and MO stock solution, 500 mg L−1 of MO, was made in double distilled water, which was then diluted to prepare the working solution (2.5–30 mg/L). For absorption maximum, the MO solutions were scanned by UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis in the range of 300–900 nm and the maximum absorbance (λmax) was found at 464 nm. The absorbance (λmax) of the dye (MO) was observed at 464 nm. To study adsorption kinetics, 30 mg/L of MO solution was added to 40 mg of CH-POEA and stirred. Predefined amount (2 mL) of the mixture was taken after specific time period of 4 min and centrifuged for 5 min at 5,000 rpm and then the absorbance was analyzed at 464 nm. The amount of dye, MO, in the supernatant solution was evaluated by UV-visible spectroscopy. During the isotherm adsorption experimental method, the contact time was fixed as 3 h and the amount of dye adsorbed onto CH-g-POEA biocomposite was calculated by using equation (1):

(1)qe=(C0−Ce)Vm

where qe shows the amount of MO adsorbed onto per gram of CH-g-POEA biocomposite at equilibrium (mg g−1), C0 and Ce show the initial and equilibrium concentrations of MO (mg L−1), respectively, and V indicates the volume of solution (L), while m is the mass of CH-g-POEA added [21].

  1. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 FTIR analysis

FTIR spectra of CH-g-POEA composites were recorded and the functional group peaks positions have been shown in Figure 1. The peaks of different compositions of chitosan and polyorthoethylaniline, such as 0.1, 0.5, and 1 g of chitosan, were observed. In Figure 1, the peaks at 830 cm−1, 1,076−1, and 3,371 represent the C–H bending, C–O stretching, and N–H stretching, respectively. A peak at 1,114 cm−1 in the CH-g-POEA composite, showing N═Q═N bonding, confirmed the reaction. No peak was detected in the CH-POEA spectrum at 1,114 cm−1. In addition, 1,497 and 1,595 cm−1 showed stretching vibrations of the benzenoid ring and the quinoid ring, respectively. Moreover, peaks at 909 and 2,961 cm−1 are ascribed to C–H out-of-plane bending modes and C–H stretching of the ethyl group [4,22,23,24].

Figure 1 FTIR spectra of chitosan (a), 1 g CH-g-POEA (b), 0.5 g CH-g-POEA (c), and pure polyorthoethylaniline (d).
Figure 1

FTIR spectra of chitosan (a), 1 g CH-g-POEA (b), 0.5 g CH-g-POEA (c), and pure polyorthoethylaniline (d).

3.2 SEM morphology

The SEM images of pure ethylaniline and CH-g-POEA polymer composite are shown (Figure 2). The SEM image of a 9.8 mm composite was captured at different magnifications (×5,000, ×4,000, ×3,000). Figure 2(a) shows a porous structure and Figure 2(b) shows the micrograph of CH-POEA (0.5 g chitosan) that revealed the interaction of chitosan and CH-POEA, and showed a compact structure. In Figure 2(c), the image of (1 g chitosan ratio) CH-POEA composite also showed POEA grafting on chitosan backbone. The BET surface area was determined from the nitrogen gas adsorption isotherm. According to the IUPAC standards, the BET results revealed the mesoporous structure of the sample. It also indicated that such porosity has better interaction with the dye molecules. Therefore, CH-g-POEA showed promising behavior toward efficient adsorption of the dye molecules. The calculated values are mentioned in Table 1.

Figure 2 SEM of (a) pure POEA, (b) 0.5 g chitosan/CH-POEA composite, and (c) 1 g chitosan/CH-POEA.
Figure 2

SEM of (a) pure POEA, (b) 0.5 g chitosan/CH-POEA composite, and (c) 1 g chitosan/CH-POEA.

Table 1

BET analysis of the CH-g-POEA

SampleBET surface area (m2 g−1)Average pore diameter (A)
CH-g-POEA46.935.1

3.3 TGA

Thermogravimetric study of the biocomposites of CH-g-POEA showed softening at 41°C and continued until 194°C. It lost 10.4% of its weight because of the removal of solvent and water contained between the polymeric chains. CH-g-POEA showed better stability below 200°C but above 210°C it started to degrade. Above 250°C, the polymeric chain starts to degrade and continued up to 400°C. The CH-g-POEA composite (1 g ratio) TGA showed an initial degradation temperature of (Ti) 247°C, polymer decomposition temperature of 267°C, and the maximum polymer decomposition temperature of (Tm) 329°C, respectively. The residual weight (γc) of the polymer at 599.04°C was found to be 45.07%. A comparison between changes in thermal resistance of CH-POEA and chitosan illustrates that the chitosan composite has more thermal resistance as a chitosan.

Figure 3 TGA of CH-g-POEA and chitosan.
Figure 3

TGA of CH-g-POEA and chitosan.

3.4 MO Adsorption on CH-g-POEA composite

Figure 4 illustrates the UV-visible spectra of increasing concentrations of MO solution ranging from 1.25–30 mg/L. The absorbance increases linearly by increasing the concentration of standard MO aqueous solution. A standard curve was plotted between the concentration and absorbance of MO that showed a straight line with a R2 of 0.9965, a slope of 28.41, and an intercept at 0.68814 (Figure 4c).

Figure 4 (a) UV-visible spectra of different concentrations (mg/L) of the MO solution, (b) linear fit, and (c) kinetics of MO adsorption on CH-g-POEA.
Figure 4

(a) UV-visible spectra of different concentrations (mg/L) of the MO solution, (b) linear fit, and (c) kinetics of MO adsorption on CH-g-POEA.

In the kinetic study of the MO adsorption on CH-g-POEA composite, a graph of qe/mg L−1 vs time that described the fast adsorption in the first several minutes was plotted. Then the qe value increased slowly, until it became saturated. The graph indicated a very fast MO adsorption on polymer composite, which gradually decreased, until almost the equilibrium was reached at 40 m.

For the study of kinetics, adsorption experiments were carried out with different durations and fixed amount of biocomposite CH-g-POEA. Graphs were plotted for the pseudo-first-order and second-order kinetic studies. These parameters of log(qe − at) and t/qt were plotted vs time to apply the kinetic models of pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. The R2 values, revealed by the graph, are 0.9347 and 0.99945, which were obtained for pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order plots. The result obtained justifies that the second-order kinetics fitted well to the analyzed kinetic data of MO at room temperature for the biocomposite (CH-g-POEA). The result is validated by observing that the obtained value of qe for the second-order kinetic model shows the closeness to the experiments. Results revealed that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Figure 4(c) shows that in the first 50 min, the adsorption process is fast and then continued to increase slowly. Figure 5(b) shows the pseudo-second-order kinetic plot for the adsorption of CH-g-POEA biocomposite according to the pseudo-second-order equation:

(2)tqt=1k2qe2+tqe

where qe and qt show the amounts (mg g−1) of MO adsorbed onto CH-g-POEA biocomposite at equilibrium and at time t (min), respectively, while k2 is the rate constant (g mg−1 min). Similarly, the plot of t/qe and t is linear having a value of R2 = 0.9991. This reveals that the adsorption of the dye MO by CH-g-POEA biocomposite is explained by the pseudo-second-order model.

Figure 5 (a) Pseudo-first-order- and (b) pseudo-second-order kinetics for the uptake of MO by biocomposite.
Figure 5

(a) Pseudo-first-order- and (b) pseudo-second-order kinetics for the uptake of MO by biocomposite.

The adsorption data were used to find out the relationship between the adsorbed (qe) and aqueous concentration (Ce) of biocomposite by isotherm models, i.e., Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models. The experimental equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by using the Langmuir equation and Temkin equation (3):

(3)Ceqe=1qmkL+Ceqm
(4)logqe=logkf+1/nlogce

where qm shows the maximum monomolecular adsorption capacity (mg g−1) and kL the Langmuir constant (L mg−1).

The resultant correlation values R2 for Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were 0.8033 and 0.8748. It showed that the MO adsorption did not follow the Freundlich and Temkin isotherm assumptions. The correlation value of R2 for the Langmuir model was 0.9979 with adsorption capacity of 45.7 mg/g. It proved that the adsorption of the MO dye followed the Langmuir modelassumptions.

Figure 6 Isotherm models for MO adsorption on CH-g-POEA: (a) Freundlich, (b) Temkin, and (c) Langmuir.
Figure 6

Isotherm models for MO adsorption on CH-g-POEA: (a) Freundlich, (b) Temkin, and (c) Langmuir.

The Freundlich isotherm is a model that was applicable for the low concentration range that does not show a finite uptake capacity of the sorbent. The Temkin isotherm explains the adsorbent–adsorbate interaction. It justifies the adsorption mechanism by the uniform surface due to the binding energies.

The Langmuir isotherm gives an explanation for the uptake capability of the adsorbent at the equilibrium position. The isotherm justifies that the adsorption mechanism is restricted to a single layer, because the available vacant sites were filled by the sorbed molecules and were not able to exert further force of attraction. The Langmuir isotherm clarifies that the uptake of dye molecule takes place homogenously throughout the monolayer adsorbent surface.

If the MO molecules are taken up independently on a single type of binding site in such a way that the uptake of the first dye molecule does not affect the sorption of the next molecule, then the sorption process would follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Hence, the prepared biocomposite CH-g-POEA followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics for the MO adsorption, showing that the adsorption was dependent upon the chemical interaction between the adsorbate and the adsorbent. The adsorption on the MO followed the Langmuir model of adsorption isotherm and CH-g-POEA showed a better adsorption than many previously reported adsorbents such as modified sporopollenin, activated carbon, orange peel, banana peel, and POC microsphere [25,26,27].

4 Conclusion

Grafting of chitosan with polyorthoethylanline was carried out via oxidative polymerization using ammonium persulfate as oxidant and DDPA as initiator resulting in the formation of biocomposite (CH-g-POEA). Grafted chitosan (CH-g-POEA) was characterized by FTIR, SEM, and TGA. Moreover, adsorption of MO by CH-g-POEA was evaluated and it was revealed by the Langmuir isotherm model that the adsorption capacity was 45.7 mg/g. In short, CH-g-POEA biocomposite can be a cost-effective material for the separation and removal of dyes MO from polluted industrial effluents.

Acknowledgment

Authors are thankful to Hi-Tech Laboratory, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2019-11-28
Revised: 2020-05-05
Accepted: 2020-05-12
Published Online: 2020-08-03

© 2020 Mirza Nadeem Ahmad et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
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  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
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  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
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  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0137
Keywords for this article
biopolymer; biocomposite; adsorption; chitosan; polyorthoethylaniline
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  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
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  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
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  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
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  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
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  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
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  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
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  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
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  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
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  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
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  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
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  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
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  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
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