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The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide

  • Yayuk Astuti EMAIL logo , Rizka Andianingrum , Arnelli , Abdul Haris and Adi Darmawan
Published/Copyright: March 10, 2020
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

Synthesis of bismuth oxide synthesis through the precipitation method using H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 precipitating agents, identification of physicochemical properties and its photocatalysis activity for methyl orange degradation were conducted. The bismuth oxide synthesis was undertaken by dissolving Bi(NO3)3.5H2O in HNO3, then added precipitating agents to form precipitate. The results showed that bismuth oxide produced by H2C2O4 precipitating agent was a yellow powder containing a mixture of α-Bi2O3 (monoclinic) and β-Bi2O3 (tetragonal), porous with size of 28-85 μm. Meanwhile, the use of Na2CO3 as precipitating agent resulted in bismuth oxide consisting of α-Bi2O3 and β-Bi2O3 and Bi2O4, irregular shape without pore being 40-115 μm in size. Bismuth oxide synthesized with H2C2O4 precipitating agent showed higher photocatalytic activity compared to bismuth oxide synthesized using Na2CO3 on degrading methyl orange dye with degradation rate constants of 2.35x10-5 s-1 for H2C2O4 and 1.81x10-5 s-1 for Na2CO3.

Keywords: Bismuth oxide; photocatalyst; precipitation; precipitating agents; oxalic acid; sodium carbonate

1 Introduction

Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) is a semiconductor that has attracted considerable attention because it exhibits good optical and electrical properties, such as a wide band gap of 2.3–3.96 eV [1]. Due to its excellent properties, Bi2O3 has been used for development of a novel photocatalyst and as a solid electrolyte in gas sensor and solid fuel cells [2]. Methods for Bi2O3 synthesis have been reported, such as precipitation [3], solution combustion [4, 5], hydrotermal [6], and sol gel [7]. In this research, bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) was synthesized by the precipitation method because of its easy process, efficient energy and least complex instrumentation [2].

Precipitation is a chemical reaction that occurs when two components are reacted to form a precipitate and another product in the solution system [8]. The process of precipitation is divided into 3 main stages, namely chemical reactions, nucleation, and crystal growth [9]. One factor affecting the characteristic of the resulting products is precipitating agent. Some of the most common substances used as the precipitating agents are hydroxide, sulfate, oxalate and carbonate [8]. In this research, the substances used as the precipitating agents were H2C2O4 and Na2CO3.

Mei et al [10] has synthesized CeO2 by precipitation method using Ce2(C2O4)3.10H2O precursor and H2C2O4 as precipitation agent at a calcining temperature of 500°C. The result showed the morphology varies from blocky-shape to spherical form with size of 100 to 200 nm having a monoclinic crystal structure. Meanwhile, the use of Na2CO3 as precipitation agent on the synthesis of Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (SDC) by copresipitation method with Ce(NO3)3.6H2O precursor was underaken by Wang et al [11]. The result showed SDC in irregular shape with the size less than 100 nm having a simple cubic crystal structure.

It is well known that bismuth oxide is applicable as a photocatalyst due to its wide band gap. In this research, we also studied the photocatalytic properties of bismuth oxide synthesized with different precipitating agents for methyl orange (MO) degradation. Liu et al. [12] tested the photocatalytic activity γ-Bi for MO degradation using visible light for 30 to 120 minutes. The results showed Bi2O3 degraded 95.1% MO within 60 minutes. Furthermore, Iyyapushpam et al. [13] tested the photocatalytic activity of β-Bi2O3 to degrade MO dyes using visible light for 30 to 240 minute. The best percentage of degradation was 60% in 240 minutes.

Previously, we have compared the effects of the use of hydroxide and oxalate-based precipitating agents NH4OH, H2C2O4, respectively to the character of resulting products [14]. The results showed that both precipitating agents influenced the morphology and photocatalytic activity of the products. Oxalic acid resulted in small, dense material while ammonium hydroxide led to the formation of larger, porous material with high photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the use of carbonate-based precipitating agent has not been performed in bismuth oxide synthesis through this method. Therefore, this research studied the characteristics of bismuth oxide produced from synthesis using oxalate-based and carbonate-based precipitating agents.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Materials

The materials used in this research were bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (Bi(NO3)3.5H2O) (Sigma Aldrich), HNO3 65% (Merck), H2C2O4 (Merck), Na2CO3 (Merck), destilled water and methyl orange (MO).

2.2 Synthesis of bismuth oxide using precipitation method

Synthesis of bismuth oxide was undertaken by mixing 2.5 gram Bi(NO3)3.5H2O and 5 ml HNO3 65% with stirring continuously (667 rpm) until a homogeneous mixture was achieved. Subsequently, 0.25 M H2C2O4, as precipitating agent, was added until the precipitate was formed. After that, it was then filtered and washed using distilled water and dried in an oven at 110°C for 24 hours. The product was then calcined in a furnace at 500°C for 60 minutes. The same procedure was followed for synthesis of bismuth oxide using 0.25 M Na2CO3 as a precipitating agent by substituting H2C2O4 with Na2CO3.

2.3 Characterization of the samples

Both of the resulting products were characterized using FTIR, XRD and SEM. The analysis of samples using FTIR was performed by using Shimadzu IRAffinity-1 FTIR in the range of 500-4500 cm-1 to identify the functional groups present in the resulting products. In order to determine the crystal structure of the products, an XRD instrument (Shimadzu) was used with the experimental condition of CuKα radiation, 30 kV voltage, 30 mA electric current, X-Ray radiation wavelength 1.54178 Å, and 2θ range of 10o-90o. Meanwhile, the morphology of the products was identified using SEM Jeol JED 6510LA with magnification of 1000 and 5000. In addition, DRS-UV (UV 1700 pharmaspec) was applied to determine band gap of both samples.

2.4 Photocatalytic activity test

Photocatalytic activity of the synthesized Bi2O3 was undertaken by mixing 50 mL methyl orange 5 ppm with 0.1 gram of synthesized bismuth oxide and inserting it into a photocatalytic activity test reactor. The next step was stirring the sample at a medium speed (667 rpm). Photocatalytic activity test was undertaken by irradiating samples with ultraviolet light (UV A) (15 watt, 352 nm) in different times, namely, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours. The samples were then centrifuged for 1 minute to separate solution and bismuth oxide. The solution of the samples was then analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to determine the concentration of MO after photodegradation. This experiment was undertaken twice for each time variation. Furthermore, photocatalytic activity test had been also conducted without light irradiation for 2 hours.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Synthesis of bismuth oxide using precipitation method

3.1.1 Synthesis of bismuth oxide using H2C2O4

Synthesis of bismuth oxide by precipitation method using H2C2O4 as precipitating agent was performed by dissolving Bi(NO3)3.5H2O in HNO3 solution. The reaction mechanism is proposed as follows :

(1)BiNO33⋅5H2Os+5HNO3aq→Bi3++8NO3-+5H3O+

Futhermore, H2C2O4 as precipitating agent was added. The reaction mechanism when H2C2O4 was added is proposed as follows :

(2)2Bi3++3H2C2O4(aq)→Bi2(C2O4)3(s)↓+6H+

The precipitate obtained was then filtered and washed distilled water and dried in an oven at 110°C for 24 hours, to remove the water content contained in the precipitate. The product was in the form of white powder as seen in Figure 1a. It had been then calcined for 1 hour at 500oC. It is assumed that Bi2O3 was formed during calcination process. The reaction is proposed as follows :

Figure 1 The resulting products synthesized using H2C2O4 as precipitating agent (a) after drying, and (b) after calcination.
Figure 1

The resulting products synthesized using H2C2O4 as precipitating agent (a) after drying, and (b) after calcination.

(3)Bi2(C2O4)3↓+32O2→500 ∘cBi2O3+6CO2↑

After calcination at 500°C for 1hour, the white powder changed its colour to light yellow as seen in Figure 1b.

3.1.2 Synthesis of bismuth oxide using Na2CO3

Synthesis bismuth oxide using Na2CO3 as the precipitating agent was performed by the same procedure as the use of H2C2O4. Therefore, the reaction mechanism follows the reaction mechanism (1).

Futhermore, the addition of Na2CO3 in the mixture resulted in the formation of Bi2(CO3)3 as reaction mechanism (4).

(4)2Bi3++3Na2CO3(aq)→Bi2(CO3)3↓+6Na+

The precipitate obtained was then filtered and washed using distilled water and dried in an oven at 110°C for 24 hours, to remove the water content contained in the precipitate. The product was white powder as seen in Figure 2a. The calcination of white powder for 1 hour at 500 °C resulted in yellow powder as presented in Figure 2b. The reaction mechanism is proposed as follows :

Figure 2 The resulting products synthesized using Na2CO3 as precipitating agent (a) after drying, and (b) after calcination.
Figure 2

The resulting products synthesized using Na2CO3 as precipitating agent (a) after drying, and (b) after calcination.

(5)Bi2(CO3)3+32O2→500 ∘cBi2O3+6CO2↑

3.2 Characterization of Products

3.2.1 Fourier Transform Infra Red

FTIR spectra of Bi2O3 synthesised using H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 can be seen in Figure 3. The result of FTIR analysis on synthesized bismuth oxide showed that both samples showed the vibrational band at 845 cm-1 indicating the presence of Bi-O-Bi [15]. Futhermore, both samples also showed the vibrational band at 1384 cm-1 indicating the vibration of Bi-O stretching [16]. Meanwhile, there was a vibrational band which was not very intense at the wavenumber about 2164 cm-1 indicating the absorption area for Bi-O-H stretching [17]. Furthermore, evidence indicating that H2C2O3 and NaCO3 have been completely removed can be seen in the disappearance of IR peaks at 1700 cm-1 and 1100 cm-1 wavenumbers atributed to C=O and C-O functional groups, respectively.

Figure 3 FTIR spectra of the Bi2O3 synthesized using (a) H2C2O4 and (b) Na2CO3.
Figure 3

FTIR spectra of the Bi2O3 synthesized using (a) H2C2O4 and (b) Na2CO3.

3.2.2 X-Ray Diffaction (XRD)

X-Ray diffractograms of bismuth oxide synthesised by precipitation method using H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 can be seen in Figure 4. The X-Ray diffractogram for the bismuth oxide synthesised using Na2CO3 is presented in Figure 4a indicating that the phase of the bismuth oxide obtained is a mixture of α-Bi2O3 (monoclinic), β-Bi2O3 (tetragonal), and Bi2O4 crystal structures. While, the X-Ray diffractogram for the bismuth oxide synthesised using H2C2O4 (Figure 4b) indicating that the phase of the Bi2O3 obtained is a mixture of both α-Bi2O3 (monoclinic) and β-Bi2O3 (tetragonal) crystal structures.

Figure 4 X-Ray diffractograms of bismuth oxide synthesized using (a) Na2CO3 dan (b) H2C2O4.
Figure 4

X-Ray diffractograms of bismuth oxide synthesized using (a) Na2CO3 dan (b) H2C2O4.

The presence of α-Bi2O3 is indicated by peaks at 2θ of 25.532, 26.734, 27.167, 34.842, 37.396, and 48.309 for bismuth oxide synthesized using H2C2O4 and at 2θ of 27.500, 33.019, and 33.239 for bismuth oxide using Na2CO3. These data are in accordance with JCPDS database number 41-1449 for α-Bi2O3.

The presence of β-Bi2O3 is indicated by peaks at 2θ of 27.784, 32.930 and 46.116 for bismuth oxide using H2C2O4- settling agent and at 2θ of 30.003, 32.740 and 46.442 for bismuth oxide with Na2CO3-settling agent. These data are in accordance with JCPDS database number 27-0050 for β-Bi2O3. While the existence of Bi2O4 on bismuth oxide synthesized using Na2CO3 is indicated by X-ray diffractogram peaks at 2θ of 29.084, 29.289, and 29.643 in accordance with JCPDS database number 50-0864 for Bi2O4.

3.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

SEM images of bismuth oxide synthesized by precipitation method using H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 can be seen in Figure 5.

Figure 5 SEM images of bismuth oxide synthesized using H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as precipitation agents. The morphology appearance of bismuth oxide synthesized using H2C2O4 at magnification of a) 250 times and b) 5000 times and of bismuth oxide synthesized using Na2CO3 at magnification of c) 200 times and d) 1000 times.
Figure 5

SEM images of bismuth oxide synthesized using H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as precipitation agents. The morphology appearance of bismuth oxide synthesized using H2C2O4 at magnification of a) 250 times and b) 5000 times and of bismuth oxide synthesized using Na2CO3 at magnification of c) 200 times and d) 1000 times.

The SEM images indicated the morphology of resulting bismuth oxide of both bismuth oxide synthesized using H2C2O4 and Na2CO3. It can be seen in Figure 5a and 5b that bismuth oxide synthesized using H2C2O4 has irregular shape, porous with the size of about 28-85μm, while bismuth oxide synthesized using Na2CO3 (Figure 5c and 5d) show also irregular shape but larger with the size of about 40-115μm.

3.2.4 Diffuse Reflectance Spectrocopy-UltraViolet

DRS-UV analysis, depicted in Figure 6, showed that bismuth oxide prepared with H2C2O4 had a higher band gap energy (2.67 eV) compared to that prepared with Na2CO3 (2.52 eV). A band gap of 2.67 eV and 2.52 eV is in accordance with the band gap energy of α-Bi2O3 [13] and of β-Bi2O3 [18, 19], respectively. Both Bi2O3 polymorphs exhibited higher photocatalytic activity compared to other Bi2O3 polymorphs [20, 21]. Compared to TiO2 absorbing almost only the ultraviolet light (l = 200-400 nm) owing to its high band gap energy (3,2 eV) [22]. Bi2O3 has demonstrated to be a valuable alternative photocatalyst to TiO2 as it has suitable direct band gap energy less than 3.0 eV [23, 24].

Figure 6 DR-UV spectra of bismuth oxide synthesised using (a) H2C2O4-settling agent and (b) Na2CO3-setteling agent.
Figure 6

DR-UV spectra of bismuth oxide synthesised using (a) H2C2O4-settling agent and (b) Na2CO3-setteling agent.

3.3 Photocatalytic Activity

Bismuth oxide is a photocatalyst capable of degrading organic compounds that are harmful to the environment into relatively simple and safe compounds. Photocatalytic activity test was performed to determine photocatalytic activity of bismuth oxide on methyl orange degradation as a pollutant model. The test was performed by variations of time 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 hours with light irradiation and 2 hours without light irradiation.

Determination of MO absorbance using UV-Vis spectrophotometer was performed at the maximum wavelength of 462 nm. MO degradation percentage was obtained based on the following equation [25]:

(6)%Degradation=Co-Ct/Cox100

where, C0 is the initial concentration of methyl orange and Ct is the concentration of methyl orange at different irradiation times.

Figure 7 shows that after addition of bismuth oxide synthesized with both H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as precipitation agents, degradation process of MO increased along with the increase of photocatalysis time. The percentages of MO degradation after 2 hours using bismuth oxide synthesized with H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 without light irradiation were 3.68% and 12.58%, respectively. While the percentages of MO degradation on bismuth oxide with H2C2O4 settling agent after 2 hours and 4 hours of irradiation with ultraviolet light were 7.36% and 15.03%, whereas on bismuth oxide with Na2CO3 settling agent were 15.58% and 20.25%. These results indicated that the photocatalytic activity of bismuth oxide with Na2CO3- settling agent after 2 hours and 4 hours irradiation was greater than that of bismuth oxide with H2C2O4 settling agent. The next results showed that the photocatalytic activity of bismuth oxide with H2C2O4 settling agent after 6 and 10 hours of irradiation was greater than that of bismuth oxide with Na2CO3-settling agent with the values of 35.29%, and 57.70% for H2C2O4-bismuth oxide, respectively and 31.92%, and 51.87% for Na2CO3-bismuth oxide, respectively. Meanwhile, after 8 hours irradiation, photocatalytic activity of bismuth oxide using Na2CO3- settling agent is a little higher than that of using H2C2O4- settling agent.

Figure 7 Photodegradation of methyl orange in presence of Bi2O3 with precipitation agents variation.
Figure 7

Photodegradation of methyl orange in presence of Bi2O3 with precipitation agents variation.

According to Liu et al. [12], reaction kinetics of bismuth oxide in the degradation process of MO follow a 1st order reaction, where the rate constant of the reaction can be determined based on the plotting of ln Ct vs t. Figure 7 is graph of ln Ct vs t further used to determine the rate constants (k) of the MO degradation. The results showed that bismuth oxide synthesized using H2C2O4 had higher kinetic rate constant of 2.35x10-5 s-1 than Bi2O3 synthesized using Na2CO3 with the rate constant of 1.81x10-5 s-1. It can be concluded that the higher the value of the reaction rate constant obtained, the higher the photocatalytic activity. The reason for the higher photocatalytic activity of H2C2O4-bismuth oxide is that its particle size is smaller than that of Na2CO3-bismuth oxide as depicted in Figure 5. The smaller the particle size, the higher the surface area which is effective for photocatalyt to have contact with MO. Consequently, more MO was degraded. In addition, the presence of Bi2O4 (see Figure XRD) in Na2CO3-bismuth oxide may influence this activity since it indicates impurity in this product. Moroever, band gap energy of H2C2O4- bismuth oxide as presented in Fig. DRS UV is attributed to α-Bi2O3 which has higher photocatalytic activity than β- Bi2O3 [13, 26].

Figure 8 Kinetic linear simulation curves of the degradation of methyl orange in presence of bismuth oxide particles synthesized using H2C2O4- and Na2CO3-pprecipitating agents.
Figure 8

Kinetic linear simulation curves of the degradation of methyl orange in presence of bismuth oxide particles synthesized using H2C2O4- and Na2CO3-pprecipitating agents.

4 Conclusion

The use of different precipitating agents affected the physicochemical properties and photocatalytic activity of bismuth oxide. Oxalic acid (H2C2O4) resulted in bismuth oxide consisting of a mixture of both α-Bi2O3 (monoclinic) and β-Bi2O3 (tetragonal) crystal structures, porous with the size of about 28-85 μm. In the meantime, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) led to bismuth oxide containing a mixture of α-Bi2O3 (monoclinic), β-Bi2O3 (tetragonal), and Bi2O4 crystal structures, with the particle size larger than that of bismuth oxide synthesized using oxalic acid. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of bismuth oxide synthesized using H2C2O4 showed better photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange than that of Na2CO3 with the degradation rate constants of 2.35x10-5 s-1 and 1.81x10-5 s-1, respectively. This is related to the acidity level of the two reagents of which H2C2O4 is weak acid while Na2CO3 consists of CO3‑ ion derived from strong acids. When H2C2O4 is dissolved in water, it is not completely dissolved into H + and C2O42- ions; on the other hand, when Na2CO3 is dispersed in water, it changes to H2CO3 and dissolves into Na+, H + and CO32- ions. The different abundance of these ions affect the reaction with Bi3+ ions which further have an impact on the formation of bismuth oxide (physicochemical properties such as particle size, shape and crystal structure). Therefore, this difference in the level of acidity produces bismuth oxide products with different photocatalytic capabilities.

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank Diponegoro University for financial support with the grant no. 831.1-05/UN7.P4.3/PP/2017 through Riset Publikasi Internasional (RPI) 2017-2018.

  1. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

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Received: 2018-08-27
Accepted: 2019-08-23
Published Online: 2020-03-10

© 2020 Yayuk Astuti et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0013
Keywords for this article
Bismuth oxide; photocatalyst; precipitation; precipitating agents; oxalic acid; sodium carbonate
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
  4. On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
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