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Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants

  • Jian Zhang EMAIL logo , Pengcheng Wang EMAIL logo and Qingqing Xiao
Published/Copyright: June 30, 2020
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of cadmium (Cd) chloride on the uptake of N, P, and K and evaluate the effect of Cd-resistant bacterium “N3” on reducing the adverse effect of Cd in grafted and nongrafted plants. The shoot and total dry weights of the nongrafted muskmelon plants decreased under 50 and 100 µM Cd treatments. The scion and shoot dry weights of the grafted plants increased significantly, whereas their root dry weight increased by nearly onefold compared with those of the CK-grafted plants regardless of Cd concentration. The N, P, and K contents in the nongrafted plants decreased under Cd treatments but increased under 50 µM Cd treatment when inoculated with “N3”. The N, P, and K contents in the grafted plants were lower than those treated with only Cd. The grafted and nongrafted plants exhibited low Cd accumulation in the scion or shoot part compared with the root tissues. “N3” inoculation reduced the Cd concentration in all tissues of the grafted and nongrafted plants. Our results demonstrated great variation in Cd accumulation in the grafted and nongrafted muskmelon plants, thereby promoting food safety under Cd contamination conditions.

Keywords: Burkholderia species; cadmium adsorption; growing substrate; nutrient uptake; root growth

1 Introduction

Muskmelon is a warm season crop that is cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of the world; it can be cultivated successfully in off-season [1]. China produces approximately 50% of the total amount of muskmelon globally [2]. Currently, muskmelon is one of the most important and fruity vegetables and has a huge potential demand around the world. Many studies have focused on the improvement of the muskmelon crop by breeding new cultivars and improving yields and nutritional qualities [3,4,5].

Grafting vegetable crops has become a well-developed and useful practice attributing to its horticultural advantages [6]. Currently, grafted plants are essential to vegetable production and have become a significant requirement in vegetable intensive seedling production, e.g., tomato, watermelon, muskmelon, and cucumber [7,8,9]. Grafting is widely used because of its advantages of limiting the effects of soil-borne pathogens, enhancing tolerance to abiotic stresses, contributing to the efficiency of nutrient uptake, and improving the fruit yield [10,11]. Plants must absorb enough nutrients to grow; for instance, rhizobial inoculants may induce high nutrient uptake in plants [12]. Grafting is a normal way of increasing the nutrient uptake in various horticultural plants [13]. Grafted plants exhibit better nutrient uptake because of the strong ability of the rootstock’s roots to absorb nutrients from the soil. Therefore, regulating the assimilation of nutrients in the rootstock is vital for the grafted plant growth.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals that accumulates in the soil because of the application of chemical fertilizers and industrial waste contamination [14,15]. Cd can be absorbed not only by crop plants, such as rice, wheat, and maize, but also by vegetables, such as tomato, water spinach, and muskmelon, thereby posing a threat to human health [16,17,18]. Coping with Cd contamination in vegetable crops has become ever more important because vegetables are indispensable food for human beings all over the world. Despite the variation in Cd accumulation between and within plant species, most crops retain much of the Cd in their roots [19]. Therefore, the recent research on the mechanisms regulating Cd in plants helps with the development of a strategy for preventing Cd accumulation in grafted and nongrafted muskmelon plants. In the current work, results showed that Cd can stimulate the grafted plant growth when a pumpkin was used as the rootstock. Further experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of Cd on grafted and nongrafted plants. Moreover, whether Cd in the substrate affects the uptake of nutrients in grafted plants is still largely unknown. A Cd-tolerant bacterium “N3” was used and evaluated for its promoting effect on grafted and nongrafted plants under two Cd concentrations (50 and 100 μM) to analyze the accumulation of Cd in the melon plant. Our results expand our understanding on the potential of Cd-resistant bacteria to help plants reduce the Cd uptake when grown in substrates.

The objectives of the current study were (1) to investigate the effect of CdCl2 on the uptake of N, P, and K and (2) to determine the effect of Cd-resistant bacterium “N3” on the Cd reduction and nutrient uptake in grafted and nongrafted muskmelon plants.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Growing substrate

A 3:1:1 volume ratio of peat, vermiculite, and perlite was used to prepare the seedling substrates whose pH values were adjusted to pH 6.0 by using quick lime (CaO). The properties of the substrates were as follows [20]: available nitrogen (NH4+), 0.58 g kg−1; available phosphorus (P), 0.15 g kg−1; available potassium (K), 0.69 g kg−1; bulk density, 0.25–0.30 g cm−3; and total porosity, 85.8–87.0%.

2.2 Plant materials

Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L., cultivar “Cuimi”) and a rootstock were used. The hybrid was named “white pumpkin,” which was hybridized from “Chinese pumpkin” and “yellow pumpkin” (Chinese Cucurbita moschata × Indian C. moschata). White pumpkin is a popular rootstock, and it has been used in muskmelon grafting in Anhui Province, China. Seeds of the rootstocks were sown in substrate (23 g) in 6 cm diameter plastic pots, 7–8 days earlier than the seeds of the scions. Muskmelon seeds were also sown in substrate (23 g) in 6 cm-diameter plastic pots at a temperature range of 24–28°C and a relative humidity range of 85%–90% [20]. All the pots were placed under greenhouse conditions from January 10, 2018, to May 20, 2018, at the Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

2.3 Grafting method

Tongue approach grafting was used in this study in accordance with the previously described processes [9]. Grafting must be performed after the first true leaf develops in the rootstock and scion. The hypocotyls of both the rootstock and the muskmelon scion were cut. The two hypocotyls were clipped together. Afterward, the grafted plants were placed under a plastic film at 25–30°C and at more than 90% humidity without light. The grafted plants were exposed to sunlight 2–3  hours per day until the scions grew normally after 7 days. Two concentrations of Cd solutions (50 and 100 µM) were added to the grafted plant’s pot. A Cd-resistant bacterium, “SJN3” (abbreviated as “N3”, concentration of 108 CFU mL−1), was inoculated separately twice into the 50 and 100 µM Cd(ii) substrates at an interval of 7 days. This strain belonged to Burkholderia sp., with accession number KU736928 in the GenBank database (Figure 1). More than 10 grafted plants were used with three replacements.

Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 16S rDNA sequences among neighboring species using the neighbor-joining method with MEGA version 6.0 (www.megasoftware.net). Bootstrap percentage values were obtained from 2000 resamplings. The bar represents 0.005 substitutions per nucleotide position. Sequences with high similarity scores were downloaded from the NCBI (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) database.
Figure 1

Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 16S rDNA sequences among neighboring species using the neighbor-joining method with MEGA version 6.0 (www.megasoftware.net). Bootstrap percentage values were obtained from 2000 resamplings. The bar represents 0.005 substitutions per nucleotide position. Sequences with high similarity scores were downloaded from the NCBI (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) database.

2.4 Management of melon plants under greenhouse conditions

The nongrafted and grafted plants under different treatments were transferred to the greenhouse under regular management. All the plants were cultivated through surface irrigation with day and night temperatures of 24–28°C and 15–20°C [20], respectively.

2.5 Vegetable seedling sampling

A total of ten seedling plants were collected from each treatment and washed gently to remove the adhering substrate from the roots. The root was snipped from the grafted plant, and then the seedling shoots and roots were oven dried for 3 days at 70°C. Then, the shoot and root dry weights were measured and stored for further analysis.

2.6 Determination of N, P, and K and concentration of Cd

Dried plant samples were ground separately in a Wiley mill. Then, 0.5 g of the comminuted tissues was analyzed for N and K contents in accordance with a previously described method [21]. The concentration of K was analyzed in the filtrate using a flame photometer. The total P of the plants was determined as previously reported [22]. Sulfuric acid (5 mL) was added into the digestive tract, and then 2 mL of hydrogen peroxide was added. After the intense reaction, heating was continued for 5 min to remove excess hydrogen peroxide. After cooling, the digested liquid was transferred into a 100 mL bottle. For Cd analysis, the grounded shoot and root samples were digested in a mixture of concentrated HNO3 and HClO4 (4:1, v/v). The Cd content in the grafted plants was determined with an atomic absorption spectrometer (TAS-986, Beijing, China) in accordance with the previously described procedures [23].

2.7 Statistical analysis

All data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) at p < 0.05 (*) and p < 0.01 (**), respectively, and by Duncan’s test at p < 0.01 using the SPSS software (version 19.0 Inc., USA).

  1. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Shoot and root dry weights in nongrafted plants

In this study, we explored the effect of Cd and Cd-resistant bacterium “N3” on N, P, and K uptake in grafted and nongrafted plants under the two concentrations of Cd. Cd is one of the hazardous heavy metals that restrains plant regeneration and growth [24,25,26,27]. The shoot dry weight and total dry weights of the nongrafted muskmelon plants decreased under 50 and 100 µM Cd treatments (Figure 2a). This result suggested that Cd inhibited the shoot growth of nongrafted muskmelon plants. Although the root dry weight increased by 16.07% under the 100 µM Cd treatment, the total dry weight (389.8 mg) in this treatment was still smaller than that of the control CK (400.3 mg), suggesting that Cd showed adverse effects on the growth of nongrafted muskmelon seedlings. Cd inhibits the growth and photosynthesis of melon cultivars [28] and reduces the biomass of pea plants [29].

Figure 2 Shoot and root dry weights of (a) nongrafted and (b) grafted plants grown in substrates supplemented with 50 and 100 µM Cd. Significant differences were tested at *p ≤ 0.05 and **p ≤ 0.01. Values are the means ± standard deviations of three replicates. SD, shoot dry weight; RT, root dry weight; TD, total dry weight; SSD, rootstock shoot dry weight; SCD, scion dry weight; SRD, rootstock root dry weight.
Figure 2

Shoot and root dry weights of (a) nongrafted and (b) grafted plants grown in substrates supplemented with 50 and 100 µM Cd. Significant differences were tested at *p ≤ 0.05 and **p ≤ 0.01. Values are the means ± standard deviations of three replicates. SD, shoot dry weight; RT, root dry weight; TD, total dry weight; SSD, rootstock shoot dry weight; SCD, scion dry weight; SRD, rootstock root dry weight.

Cd hinders the growth of many crops. In this study, a Cd-resistant bacterium “N3” was inoculated into the grafted and nongrafted plants. “N3” belongs to Burkholderia sp. (Figure 1) and shows a strong tolerance to Cd (100 µM Cd in liquid nutrients medium, Figure 3); it produces indole acetic acid or siderophores that can chelate irons [23,30,31]. This genus reportedly reduces the Cd toxicity and promotes the growth of tomato [32]. After inoculation with Cd-resistant bacterium “N3”, the shoot, root, and total dry weights increased by 7.54%, 29.17%, and 8.90% under the treatment of 50 µM, respectively. Although the value of OD600 decreased with the increasing concentration of Cd, this strain showed remarkable tolerance to Cd (Figure 3). When inoculated with “N3” at 100 µM, the dry weight and the total dry weight of the nongrafted plants did not increase, and the root dry weight significantly decreased (17.52%) (Figure 2a). In our work, inoculation with “N3” slightly increased the root and total dry weights in the nongrafted plants but decreased them in the grafted plants. This finding showed that under the treatment with 50 µM Cd, the inoculation with strain “N3” alleviated the suppression of nongrafted plants by Cd. However, the inoculation of strain “N3” could not alleviate the inhibitory effect of Cd on the nongrafted plants treated with 100 µM Cd. We speculated that the ability of “N3” to adsorb and immobilize Cd at 100 µM is insufficient. Our observations suggest that Cd-tolerant bacteria induce metal stress tolerance at specific Cd concentrations. Cd promoted the growth of grafted muskmelon plants, especially the root growth of rootstocks, and the effect varied at different Cd concentrations. However, at 100 µM Cd, the growth of the grafted plants was inhibited, especially the root growth of the rootstock. The total dry weights of the grafted seedling plants decreased after the inoculation of strain “N3” at the two concentrations, indicating that a part of the Cd ions was chelated by “N3”. Thus, the stimulating effect of Cd on the growth of the grafted muskmelon plants was reduced. Burkholderia sp. can reportedly cause Cd stress alleviation due to the chelating metals, thereby improving phytoextraction [33]. We confirmed that “N3” can absorb Cd, reducing the uptake of Cd in the melon plants grown in the substrate. In accordance with a previous finding that cereal plants exhibit metal stress tolerance when Cd-tolerant bacteria are applied [34], our results suggested that heavy metal–tolerant bacteria are important for the plant growth and beneficial for reducing the Cd uptake in grafted and nongrafted plants.

Figure 3 Values of OD600 nm and Log CFU of bacterium “N3” under different Cd concentrations (µM) in the liquid medium.
Figure 3

Values of OD600 nm and Log CFU of bacterium “N3” under different Cd concentrations (µM) in the liquid medium.

3.2 Shoot and root dry weights in grafted plants

The grafting seedlings were treated with Cd and compared with the CK-grafted plants. Regardless of the treatment (50 or 100 µM), the scion, shoot, root, and total dry weights of the grafted plants significantly increased, whereas the root dry weight increased by nearly onefold (Figure 2b), suggesting that grafted plants grow remarkably when exposed to Cd. Various rootstocks have been used to increase the nutrient uptake in grafted vegetables; thus, grafting improves the plant growth [11,13,30]. However, we found that Cd positively stimulated the development of the grafted plants, especially the root growth of pumpkin rootstock. The plant root is a major organ that can absorb heavy metals from soil. We demonstrated that this rootstock can tolerate Cd by increasing the root growth to cope with the toxic metal (Cd). Under the 50 µM Cd treatment, the root dry weight increased by onefold compared with the CK-grafted plants. The scion, shoot, and total dry weights of the grafted plants significantly increased by 49.90%, 23.48%, and 39.08%, respectively. The dry weight of the stock root was significantly lower (22.29%), and the total dry weight was lower (5.85%), but the total dry weight was still higher than that of the control CK (31.39%) under the 100 µM Cd treatment than under the 50 µM Cd treatment.

The root dry weight (30.13%), stem weight (35.75%), and total dry weight (18.98%) of the grafted plants treated with 100 µM Cd and inoculated with strain “N3” increased, but the dry weight of the scion (16.96%) decreased compared with those of CK. Compared with the plants treated with 50 µM Cd, the scion dry weight (75.32%), root dry weight (64.76%), and total dry weight (16.89%) significantly reduced. At the same concentration, strain “N3” adsorbed Cd, thereby reducing the stimulating effect of Cd on the grafted plants. At the same time, the dry weight of the scions (46.18%), the root dry weight (34.73%), and total dry weight (10.43%) of rootstocks also decreased compared with those treated with 100 µM Cd (Figure 2b).

The root dry weight, shoot weight, and total dry weight of the grafted plants treated with 100 µM Cd and inoculated with strain “N3” increased by 68.34%, 20.82%, and 17.35%, respectively, compared with those of the control CK. The scion dry weight decreased by 51.58% in the 50 µM Cd-treated plants and decreased by 26.38% in the 100 µM Cd treatment. Compared with the 50 µM Cd + “N3” treatment, the root dry weight significantly increased by 29.37%. In the plants treated with 100 µM Cd, strain “N3” did not adsorb Cd, thereby showing the stimulating effect of Cd on the root growth of the grafted plants (Figure 2b). Our study confirmed that inoculation with “N3” reduces the adverse effect of Cd on nongrafted plants, suggesting that “N3” with Cd-resistant ability improves the muskmelon plant growth at the two Cd concentrations. However, at 100 µM Cd, only 44–50% of the total Cd accumulated at the roots. Although most plant species retain most of the Cd in the roots to limit the transportation of Cd and to prevent excessive Cd accumulation into the shoot or seeds [19], our results suggest that Cd at excessive amounts spreads to the shoot tissues in nongrafted plants. Inoculation with “N3” reduced the Cd concentration in all plant tissues of the grafted and nongrafted plants (Figures 4a and 5a).

Figure 4 Concentrations of Cd in the shoot and root tissues of nongrafted plants. Significant differences tested according to Duncan’s test at p < 0.01. (a) Cd concentration and (b) ratio of Cd in nongrafted plants. Values are the means ± standard deviations of three replicates. SH, shoot; RT, root.
Figure 4

Concentrations of Cd in the shoot and root tissues of nongrafted plants. Significant differences tested according to Duncan’s test at p < 0.01. (a) Cd concentration and (b) ratio of Cd in nongrafted plants. Values are the means ± standard deviations of three replicates. SH, shoot; RT, root.

Figure 5 Concentrations of Cd in the shoot and root tissues of grafted plants. Significant differences tested according to Duncan’s test at p< 0.01. (a) Cd concentration and (b) ratio of Cd in grafted plants. Values are the means ± standard deviations of three replicates. SC, scion; SS, rootstock shoot; RT, root.
Figure 5

Concentrations of Cd in the shoot and root tissues of grafted plants. Significant differences tested according to Duncan’s test at p< 0.01. (a) Cd concentration and (b) ratio of Cd in grafted plants. Values are the means ± standard deviations of three replicates. SC, scion; SS, rootstock shoot; RT, root.

3.3 Uptake of N, P, and K in grafted and nongrafted plants

The N, P, and K contents in the nongrafted plants decreased after the addition of Cd. Compared with that in CK, the N in Cd50, Cd100, and Cd100 + “N3” decreased by 19.53%, 16.72%, and 11.20%, respectively, P decreased by 19.18%, 22.78%, and 10.81%, respectively, and K decreased by 20.12%, 18.19%, and 8.05%, respectively. Under the 50 µM Cd and “N3” inoculation treatments, N, P, and K increased by 1.49%, 1.48%, and 2.56%, respectively, indicating that “N3” reduced the toxic effect of Cd on the nongrafted plants. At 100 µM Cd, the inoculation of “N3” still affected the N, P, and K uptake in the nongrafted plants and decreased compared with that in the control (Table 1). In terms of the plant growth, inoculation with “N3” increased the uptake of the three elements in the nongrafted plants but reduced it in the grafted plants (Table 1).

Table 1

Total N, P, and K in grafted and nongrafted plants (mg g−1)

TreatmentCKCd50Cd50 + N3Cd100Cd100 + N3
Total NNG14.17 ± 0.2211.86 ± 0.1414.39 ± 0.1112.14 ± 0.1012.75 ± 0.12
GF13.22 ± 0.1616.46 ± 0.2315.08 ± 0.2014.74 ± 0.1713.86 ± 0.15
Total PNG2.00 ± 0.051.68 ± 0.102.03 ± 0.081.63 ± 0.041.81 ± 0.03
GF2.08 ± 0.072.61 ± 0.062.35 ± 0.092.30 ± 0.092.19 ± 0.07
Total KNG21.10 ± 0.3217.57 ± 0.1521.64 ± 0.5617.85 ± 0.1919.53 ± 0.38
GF14.72 ± 0.2117.84 ± 0.1817.13 ± 0.2616.30 ± 0.1315.37 ± 0.27

CK, control treatments without addition of Cd; NG, nongrafted plant; GF, grafted plant.

The treatment with Cd increased the N, P, and K contents of the grafted plants. Compared with that in CK, the N in Cd50, Cd50 + “N3”, Cd100, and Cd100 + “N3” increased by 24.47%, 14.02%, 11.46%, and 4.80%, respectively; P increased by 25.72%, 13.23%, 10.75%, and 5.10%, respectively; and K increased by 21.20%, 16.35%, 10.68%, and 4.38%, respectively. After the inoculation of “N3”, the N, P, and K contents of the grafted plants were lower than those of the grafted plants treated with Cd only (Table 1). In terms of the uptake of N, P, and K in the grafted and nongrafted plants, the treatment with Cd decreased the three elements in the nongrafted plants regardless of the Cd concentration. By contrast, Cd increased the uptake of the three elements in the grafted plants. A previous report proved that grafting enhances the copper tolerance of cucumber because of nutrient uptake [35]. However, the absorption of N, P, and K increased when the grafted plants were exposed to Cd, suggesting that Cd stimulates rootstock growth, especially root development. Many studies have reported that using rootstock can increase the nutrient uptake or tolerant abiotic stress in grafted plants [13,36,37,38]. The present work illustrates that the rootstock growth can also be triggered by abiotic stress factors, such as heavy metal Cd.

3.4 Cd concentration in grafted and nongrafted plants

The concentration of Cd in the seedling roots was greatly higher than that in the shoots of the nongrafted plants (Figure 4a). Compared with the nongrafted plant control, under the treatment of 50 µM Cd, the inoculation of “N3” reduced the Cd concentration in the roots and shoots of the nongrafted plants by 11.70% and 18.05%, respectively. Under the treatment of 50 µM Cd, more than 56% of the Cd accumulated at the roots of the nongrafted plants. Under the 100 µM Cd treatment, the inoculation of “N3” reduced the Cd concentration in the roots (25.51%) and shoots (42.58%) of the nongrafted plants. However, under the treatment of 100 µM Cd, only 44–50% of Cd accumulated in the roots (Figure 4b), suggesting that Cd mainly accumulates in the root part at low Cd levels. Wilhelm et al. [39] found that in all three white lupine plants, the Cd concentration in the roots was much higher than that in the shoots. Similarly, rootstock reduces the Cd transport from the root to shoot tissues [40]. Our observations are consistent with their findings even though we used a different plant, indicating that the use of rootstock is a good way to reduce the heavy metal uptake. Moreover, it has been reported that the adsorption of Cd by the roots is a vital process in overall plant Cd accumulation, and the uptake of Cd in the roots has been confirmed in different plants [41,42,43].

The Cd content in the grafted plants was similar to that in the nongrafted plants. The Cd concentration in the roots was significantly higher than those in the shoots and scions (Figure 5a). More than 53–62.60% of Cd accumulated in the roots of the pumpkin rootstock (Figure 5b). This observation is also consistent with the previous conclusions that high amounts of Cd accumulate mainly in the roots [42,43]. A recent study has pointed out that grafted watermelon plant displays a strong capacity to inhibit the Cd uptake in the aerial parts [44]. Our observations suggest that Cd accumulates not only in nongrafted roots but also in grafted plant roots. In addition to the Cd concentration, the amount of Cd accumulation in the scion was also much less than those in the shoots and roots. Under the 50 µM Cd treatment, inoculation with “N3” reduced the Cd concentration in the scions, shoots, and roots of the grafted plants by 67.52%, 13.39%, and 14.34%, respectively. Under the 100 µM treatment, the inoculation with “N3” reduced the Cd concentration in the scions, shoots, and roots of the grafted plants by 24.68%, 15.77%, and 20.70%, respectively. The accumulation of Cd decreased in the grafted and nongrafted plants when inoculated with strain “N3”. Our results clarified the potential queries regarding Cd immobilization by inoculating “N3” in the breeding substrates. We confirmed that inoculation with Cd-resistant bacterium “N3” showed potential in reducing the effects of Cd on the grafted and nongrafted plants.

4 Conclusion

Cadmium chloride stimulated the growth and the nutrient uptake of grafted muskmelon plants. Great variations in Cd accumulation existed in the grafted and nongrafted muskmelon plants under the two Cd conditions. Lower Cd accumulation was observed in the scion and shoot parts compared with that in the root tissues. Inoculation with Cd-resistant bacterium “N3” reduced the effects of Cd and decreased Cd adsorption in the grafted and nongrafted muskmelon plants. The results from the study provided insights into the impact of Cd on the N, P, and K uptake of the grafted and nongrafted muskmelon plants.

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Acknowledgments

We thank undergraduate students Jing Chen and Yu Cao from School of Horticulture in Anhui Agricultural University for their assistance in the experiment. This work was financially supported by the Anhui Key Basic Research Project (Grant No. 201904a06020004), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31701968), and the Second Level Youth Development Fund from Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

  1. Conflict of interest: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

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Received: 2019-08-03
Revised: 2020-02-07
Accepted: 2020-03-12
Published Online: 2020-06-30

© 2020 Jian Zhang et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
  4. On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0500
Keywords for this article
Burkholderia species; cadmium adsorption; growing substrate; nutrient uptake; root growth
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
  4. On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
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