Startseite MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
Artikel Open Access

MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders

  • Galina Laputková EMAIL logo , Ivan Talian , Vladimíra Schwartzová und Zuzana Schwartzová
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 21. September 2020
Artikel downloaden (PDF)
Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 18 Heft 1

Abstract

This research aimed to identify differences in polypeptide/protein profiles of the unstimulated whole saliva between patients with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) and healthy individuals. A fraction of the polypeptides/proteins (<30 kDa) was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The spectra were recovered from methanoic acid/acetonitrile salivary samples overlaid with an α-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid matrix in positive linear mode at an interval of 1,500–20,000 m/z mass acquisition range. The data were analyzed for the selection of characteristic peaks by using the ClinProTools 3.0 software. Discriminative classification models were generated by using a quick classifier, supervised neural network, and genetic algorithms. From the 23 peaks exhibiting the highest discriminatory power, the ten top-scored peaks with the area under the receiver operating characteristic >0.8 were selected. A panel of salivary markers that predicted the patients with TMDs was selected (2728.0, 4530.2, 5174.2, 5193.3, 6303.4, 6886.7, 8141.7, 8948.7, 10663.2, 10823.7 and 11009.0 m/z). Although carried out on relatively small datasets, the classification algorithm used in this study allows the differentiation between salivary samples from subjects with TMDs and healthy individuals and confirms the usefulness of a proteomic profiling approach in the monitoring of the disease.

Keywords: saliva; temporomandibular joint disorders; MALDI-TOF MS; proteomics

1 Introduction

Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) represent a heterogeneous group of pathologies associated with morphological and functional orofacial deformities [1,2,3]. Common symptoms include dysfunctions of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), inflammation, dislocation, developmental anomalies, and neoplasia accompanied by orofacial pain [4,5]. Subjective and clinical signs of TMD are manifested in surrounding muscles, ligaments, bones, synovial capsules, connective tissues, and teeth. It has been found that multiple degenerative changes associated with TMD involve a number of proteins. Studies [6,7,8,9] have shown that various cytokines including interleukin-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the synovial fluid (SF) of TMD patients can promote processes leading to inflammation and degeneration of bone and cartilage of the TMJ. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that IL-1β-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression is a key factor in the initiation of cartilage destruction by Wnt-5A [10]. Further, activated protein C can act as a trigger of MMPs expression in the SF of patients with osteoarthritis, thus being a factor involved in cartilage breakdown [11]. The function of endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor/prokineticin-1 and typical chemokine receptor 2 (D6) in the development of TMD has also been discussed [12].

In clinical research, the whole saliva provides several advantages over the SF, mainly due to its easy and noninvasive collection. Moreover, it has been shown that a multitude of proteins with similar functions might be found in common among different body fluids [13,14]. Saliva is a complex mixture of the secretions from the salivary glands, which also provides valuable information about proteins of mucosal exudates, proteins derived from the gingival crevicular fluid [15], and exogenous oral microflora [16,17] and shares proteins transported from blood plasma [18].

TMD may induce pain extending over the pathological anatomic structure. The option of obtaining samples for TMD biomarker research such as saliva is more attractive than the lumbar puncture of cerebrospinal fluid or biopsy from the trigeminal nerve [19].

Novel evidence was provided that levels of the proinflammatory peptides found in saliva showed a significant elevation in the saliva of TMD patients. Increased salivary IL-1β levels regardless of a fibromyalgia diagnosis were observed [20]. There is therefore a persuasive rationale for exploring saliva as an alternative diagnostic and prognostic medium in the TMD research [16,21].

In recent years, studies on the human salivary proteome aiming to identify both potential clinically relevant biomarkers and drug targets have provided a unique opportunity for improving the prediction of the risk of developing several disorders [22,23,24]. In particular, the detection of TMD can benefit from a preventive examination and the prediction of the outcomes and effectiveness of clinical treatment. In such a way, understanding the pathophysiology of TMD can also be increased.

Currently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in combination with advanced bioinformatics tools has made available the development of a faster, more efficient, and cost-saving untargeted proteomic method that relies on the identification of characteristic MS fingerprints for profiling potential biomarkers [25].

The project solution focuses specifically on monitoring the expression of the low molecular weight components of the salivary proteome in the mass range of 1,500–20,000 Da, which represents a promising source of potential biomarkers directly related to the TMD etiology. Due to the above-mentioned reasons, mass spectrometric analysis of the prefractionated saliva was the method of choice for the present study.

The MALDI-TOF technique was used to establish a rapid screening protocol for the differentiation between individuals with TMD and subjects without clinical manifestations of TMD. The protein profile of the saliva helped to indicate the risk of developing the disease during a preventive examination, could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments, and might provide additional insights into the molecular mechanism of TMD and reveal potential salivary biomarkers.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Patients and sample preparation

All salivary samples were collected from the 1st Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik between January 1st, 2018, and May 30th, 2019. The 17 control samples of the unstimulated whole saliva were obtained from healthy donors with an average age of 31.4 years (range: 19–61 years). Saliva samples of the TMD group were obtained from 18 patients with an average age of 35.2 years (range: 19–67 years). The saliva samples from the TMD patients and the controls were randomized, and the identity of the subjects was protected.

2.2 Samples and handling procedures

Approximately 5 mL of the unstimulated whole saliva was accumulated by expectoration into a sterile tube. Volunteers were instructed to not perform any oral hygiene, eating, or drinking for at least one hour before saliva collection. Saliva secretion, during the collection of the sample, was not stimulated mechanically or chemically. During the collection, the whole saliva was kept on ice. Immediately after collection, the saliva was cleaned up by centrifugation at 12,000 × g for 30 min at 4°C. The supernatant was immediately processed or frozen and stored at −80°C until analysis.

2.3 Salivary sample processing for the MALDI-TOF MS profiling

Saliva samples were prepared according to the procedure adapted [26]. A 1 mL sample of clear saliva was processed with a centrifugation filter device (Amicon® Ultra 30K device, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) at 12,000 × g for 30 min at room temperature. For each 800 µL of saliva filtrate, 3,600 µL of precooled ethanol was added and mixed. The sample was briefly vortexed and pelleted by centrifugation at 12,000 × g for 15 min at room temperature followed by brief centrifugation of the pellet at 12,000 × g for 2 min. After drying at room temperature, 50 µL of 70% methanoic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; methanoic acid/H2O, 70:30, v/v) was added and vortexed until complete dissolution of the pellet. After that, 50 µL of acetonitrile (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added to the sample, and again it was vortexed. Next, the sample was centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 2 min at room temperature to remove any insoluble material. The supernatant of each sample was saved for spotting.

2.4 Matrix preparation

A ready-made Bruker Biotyper MALDI-TOF MS (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Germany) protocol was adopted for the matrix preparation. A volume of 1 µL of salivary protein sample was placed onto an MTP 384 polished steel target (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Germany) and air-dried at room temperature before being overlaid with 1 µL of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid solution (saturated matrix solution in acetonitrile/water, 1:1, v/v prepared with 2.5% trifluoroacetic acid) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Each sample was spotted twice onto the target.

2.5 MALDI-TOF MS

All samples were subjected to MALDI-TOF MS (MALDI TOF/TOF MS, UltrafleXtreme, Bruker Daltonic GmbH, Germany) analysis. Mass spectra were gained in positive linear ion mode at an interval of 1,500–20,000 m/z mass acquisition range. The parameters were set as follows: matrix suppression, m/z 0–1,000; laser shots, 2 × 1,000; and calibrated between samples with a protein standard (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Germany).

2.6 Data analysis and model generation

The ClinProTools (version 3.0; Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Germany) was employed for data analysis. The software provides an analytic framework for the design of models for the automatic classification derived from differences in MALDI-TOF MS spectra from both patient and control cohorts and recognition of the potential biomarkers that are indicative of a specific disease state.

The peak list calculation was performed within the range from 1,500 to 20,000 m/z. To define the optimal model allowing the discrimination of the saliva samples, at first, raw data were pretreated as follows: baseline subtraction – top hat baseline, 10% minimal baseline width; smoothing – Savitzky Golay smoothing filter, width set to 4 m/z, smoothing cycles, 20; recalibration – 1,000 ppm maximal peak shift, 10% match to calibrant peaks, exclusion of not recalibrated spectra; total average spectra calculation – resolution, 300; peak picking on total average peak list − signal-to-noise threshold, 4; peak calculation – intensities. The pretreatment procedures applied to samples were executed automatically using default values without user involvement. A total average spectrum calculated from the preliminarily processed spectra improved the signal-to-noise ratio for a peak picking procedure as well as for allowing taking into account the peaks that might be neglected on single spectra. The pretreated data were later used for visualization, statistical analysis, pattern determination, evaluation, and spectra classification as well as for identification of particular peaks to differentiate between the examined groups.

The peak intensity differences were evaluated based on their statistical significance, from either a Student’s t-test (for normal variable distribution) or a Wilcoxon test (for nonnormal variable distribution) as the statistical methods to select discriminative peaks. The Anderson–Darling test was used for testing for a normal distribution of peak intensities. In all experiments, the cut-off of statistical significance was considered to be p ≤ 0.05.

Furthermore, the discriminatory quality for each assumed biomarker of the salivary polypeptide/protein ions was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) that graphically represents the specificity versus the sensitivity of a putative differential peak.

For the classification of mass spectra from the model generation classes of control and diseased saliva samples, the following mathematical algorithms were employed: quick classifier (QC), genetic algorithm (GA), and supervised neural network (SNN). A total of 20 peaks in the averaged spectra were used in the model generation. A GA for the generation of a model for the analysis of mass spectra contained the following parameters: ≤50 generations, ≤20 peaks in the model, 0.2 mutation rate, 0.5 crossover rate, varying random seed, and 5 neighbors. SNN parameters were used for model analyses and the selection of polypeptide/protein peaks accommodated ≤2,000 generations with the number of prototypes set to 5. A univariate sorting algorithm of a QC used the automatic detection procedure to pick the optimal number of peaks to be incorporated into the model. For prediction models, cross-validation and recognition capability as criteria of the robustness of the generated models were calculated. For all models being generated, the cross-validation rate was set to random mode with 5% spectra to leave out.

3 Results

A total of 35 samples of the whole saliva of individuals, including 18 patients with TMD and 17 healthy controls, were recruited for the MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Polypeptide/protein mass fingerprints of each sample at a mass to charge ratio (m/z) from 1,500–20,000 were generated and loaded into ClinProTools and processed (Figure 1).

Figure 1 The average mass spectra of the salivary samples from TMD patients (green line graph) and healthy control (red line graph). x-axis, mass-to-charge ratio (m/z); y-axis, relative intensity.
Figure 1

The average mass spectra of the salivary samples from TMD patients (green line graph) and healthy control (red line graph). x-axis, mass-to-charge ratio (m/z); y-axis, relative intensity.

After filtering the noise and clustering, a total of 104 unique protein peak clusters were identified. In a univariate statistical analysis, the top-scored 24 peaks exhibited significant differences between the two sets of samples ranked by p values from the nonparametric Wilcoxon test. The ROC curves were used to analyze the diagnostic capacity of these 24 peaks further. AUC for the evaluation of the discrimination of the groups was calculated. The 10 top-scored peaks (AUC  >  0.8) were selected (Table 1).

Table 1

ClinProTools peak statistical analyses of the most discriminating polypeptide/protein ions determined in the saliva of TMD patients and the control group

IndexMasspW-valuepAD-valueControl (mean ± SD)TMD (mean ± SD)AUC
455174.20.003300.008970.96 ± 0.401.79 ± 0.700.866013
8810823.70.003860.003240.28 ± 0.070.49 ± 0.200.852941
799057.90.00386<0.0000010.71 ± 0.882.29 ± 1.990.852941
9712621.60.00442<0.0000010.27 ± 0.110.59 ± 0.440.843137
10213568.50.00703<0.0000010.30 ± 0.210.55 ± 0.360.830065
747847.20.00988<0.0000010.87 ± 0.451.99 ± 1.900.816993
495535.30.01030<0.0000012.36 ± 1.166.50 ± 5.890.813275
758141.70.01230<0.0000010.35 ± 0.110.89 ± 0.680.807190
697453.30.013700.00001340.83 ± 0.331.59 ± 0.860.800654
8911009.00.00330<0.0000010.65 ± 0.461.92 ± 1.920.800654

pW, p-value obtained through a Wilcoxon test; pAD, p-value obtained through an Anderson–Darling test; intensities of the control and TMD data sets (mean ± SD); AUC, area under the ROC curve.

Cluster analysis by 2D peak distribution for the best separating peaks for healthy control subjects and TMD patients at 5174.2 and 10823.7 m/z, respectively, was plotted according to peak intensity (Figure 2). Distribution of the peaks at m/z 5174.2 and m/z 10823.7 manifests their discriminating capability between samples from TMD patients and healthy subjects.

Figure 2 ClinProTools 2D peak distribution of polypeptide/protein with m/z 5174.2 (x-axis) and 10823.7 (y-axis) between healthy control subjects and TMD patients (in red and green, respectively). The discriminating attributes of the first two peaks from the list of p values. Ellipses correspond to 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 2

ClinProTools 2D peak distribution of polypeptide/protein with m/z 5174.2 (x-axis) and 10823.7 (y-axis) between healthy control subjects and TMD patients (in red and green, respectively). The discriminating attributes of the first two peaks from the list of p values. Ellipses correspond to 95% confidence intervals.

The ROC curves for the best separating peaks for healthy control subjects and TMD patients at 5174.2 and 10823.7 m/z are further illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Plots of ROC curves representing the relationship between sensitivity and specificity of m/z peaks 5174.2 and 10823.7. Areas under the ROC curves (AUC) are 0.866013 and 0.852941, respectively.
Figure 3

Plots of ROC curves representing the relationship between sensitivity and specificity of m/z peaks 5174.2 and 10823.7. Areas under the ROC curves (AUC) are 0.866013 and 0.852941, respectively.

Three algorithms: QC, GA, and SNN were tested for the generation of recognition models for the classification of the TMD patients to discriminate them from the healthy control individuals. The highest recognition capability and cross-validation values were critical in the selection of models with the best performance power (Table 2).

Table 2

Cross-validation and recognition capability of algorithms for the differentiation of the TMD from the control set in the whole saliva samples

AlgorithmPeaks for model generationGenerated peaksCross-validation (%)Recognition capability (%)
QC20175.883.2
SNN201184.397.2
GA201073.591.3

The SNN model exhibited a recognition capability of 97.2%, which is higher than 91.3% for the GA. The testing of the QC algorithm resulted in the lowest recognition capability of 83.2%. Both the QC and the GA classification models presented almost identical cross-validation at 75.8% and 73.5%, respectively. The SNN algorithm presented the highest cross-validation of 84.3%. Thus, the model created using the SNN algorithm showed the best performance parameters compared to QC and GA and was consequently selected to find the most relevant series of discriminatory peaks.

The SNN model automatically selected 11 mass peaks from a total of 104 identified unique protein peak clusters in the m/z 2728.0–11009.0 range (Figure 4). In the analysis of neural networks, the integration regions matching peaks included in the model are represented by blue bars, excluded ones are depicted by gray bars. The eleven differential peaks/regions incorporated into the model are represented by red bars. Changes in signal intensities between the TMD group (green) and control group (red) of all specific peaks/integration regions generated by the SNN model are depicted on small graphs placed around the perimeter.

Figure 4 Location of discriminating peak masses (m/z 2728.0, 4530.2, 5174.2, 5193.3, 6303.4, 6886.7, 8141.7, 8948.7, 10663.2, 10823.7, and 11009.0) determined by the SNN. Red and green denote the control and TMD groups, respectively.
Figure 4

Location of discriminating peak masses (m/z 2728.0, 4530.2, 5174.2, 5193.3, 6303.4, 6886.7, 8141.7, 8948.7, 10663.2, 10823.7, and 11009.0) determined by the SNN. Red and green denote the control and TMD groups, respectively.

The Anderson–Darling test was used to answer the question of whether the data passed the normality test. All eleven peaks showed p values ≤0.05, indicating that the data do not follow a normal distribution. Therefore, the Wilcoxon test was preferred over the t-test to assess peaks as statistically significant, indicating their discrimination power. Finally, the peaks/integration regions put into the classification models for discrimination of TMD status are shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Combinations of peaks (m/z) included in the generated classification models

QCSNNGA
Peak/integration regionm/zPeak/integration regionm/zPeak/integration regionm/z
455174.2212728.0455174.2
364530.2465193.3
455174.2606303.4
465193.3656828.5
606303.4697453.3
666886.7758141.7
758141.78710663.2
788948.78810823.7
8710663.29512472.4
8810823.79712621.6
8911009.0

4 Discussion

The ideal method for identifying TMD should be quick and effective, which is crucial for adequate curative management of TMD and could overcome several shortcomings of conventional approaches [27]. Recent reports have shown that MALDI-TOF MS profiling is a noninvasive, simple, and low-cost tool to characterize distinctive salivary peptide biomarkers from patients with e.g., s-ECC [28,29] and identifying candidates with accelerating tooth movement [30] or chronic periodontitis, oral cancer, and oral lichen planus [31].

In the present work, we aimed to recognize patients with TMD for the first time employing an arrangement that depends upon the automated use of MALDI-TOF MS coupled with statistical analysis to generate a salivary protein fingerprint reflecting the disease status.

We showed preliminary evidence of the feasibility of applying the MALDI-TOF MS technique for comparative analysis of the salivary protein profiles of healthy individuals and TMD patients.

The ClinProTools software was used for all data interpretation steps, including the generation of spectra pattern recognition models, which helped us to prove the specificity of the salivary spectra of TMD individuals in comparison with those of healthy subjects. This fact was supported by a set of peaks that represent the MS patterns of both groups. A total of 104 unique protein peak clusters were significantly differentially expressed. The best predictive SNN model provided eleven peptide ion signatures (m/z 2728.0, 4530.2, 5174.2, 5193.3, 6303.4, 6886.7, 8141.7, 8948.7, 10663.2, 10823.7, and 11009.0) with a recognition capability of 97.2% and cross-validation of 84.3%. As a diagnostic panel, there are mainly two peaks of 5174.2 and 10823.7 m/z with an AUC value of 0.866013 and 0.852941, respectively, representing good accuracy in discriminating the diseased state. These findings point to the possibility of the application of this classification model as a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool and to reduce the complexity of classifiers, decreasing the possible interlaboratory variations and allowing for more feasible clinical strategies.

To our knowledge, no previous studies have employed MALDI-TOF MS-based proteomic techniques to research the association between saliva and TMD. None of the potential biomarker peaks have been previously reported or validated for the saliva of TMD patients.

The several drawbacks of this research must also be noted. Because of the relatively small size of the groups of subjects involved, follow-up studies are necessary to confirm the results and facilitate their evaluation and validation. Moreover, the study is limited by the absence of sequence identification of the peptides from the discriminating peaks that will specify the protein biomarker candidates involved in the MS pattern changes caused by TMD, which needs to be conducted in future investigations.

Extending the MS saliva spectrum database, it can become a part of the Bruker MALDI Biotyper System (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Germany) and used for the rapid classification of TMDs.

tel: +421-55-642-9055, VoIP: +421-55-234-3481

Acknowledgments

This research was conducted with the support of the Agency of the Slovak Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic for the Structural Funds of the EU, under the project: ITMS 26220220153 and the Scientific Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic, under the grant 1/0196/20.

  1. Ethical approval: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Košice (permission 2017/EK/11025). All experiments were done in accordance with recognized ethical principles in medical research involving human subjects, including the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Each participant provided signed informed consent.

  2. Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Stegenga B. Nomenclature and classification of temporomandibular joint disorders. J Oral Rehabil. 2010;37(10):760–5. 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02146.x.Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Slade GD, Ohrbach R, Greenspan JD, Fillingim RB, Bair E, Sanders AE, et al. Painful temporomandibular disorder: decade of discovery from OPPERA studies. J Dent Res. 2016;95(10):1084–92. 10.1177/0022034516653743.Suche in Google Scholar

[3] Fernández-de-las-Penas C, Svensson P. Myofascial temporomandibular disorder. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2016;12(1):40–54. 10.2174/1573397112666151231110947.Suche in Google Scholar

[4] Pinto Fiamengui LMS, Furquim BD, De la Torre Canales G, Fonseca Carvalho Soares F, Poluha RL, Palanch Repeke CE, et al. Role of inflammatory and pain genes polymorphisms in temporomandibular disorder and pressure pain sensitivity. Arch Oral Biol. 2020;118:104854. 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104854.Suche in Google Scholar

[5] Pauli N, Mejersjö C, Fagerberg-Mohlin B, Finizia C. Temporomandibular disorder in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy: Clinical findings and patient-reported symptoms. Head Neck. 2019;41(10):3570–6. 10.1002/hed.25878.Suche in Google Scholar

[6] Sakamaki H, Ogura N, Kujiraoka H, Akiba M, Abiko Y, Nagura H. Activities of plasminogen activator, plasmin and kallikrein in synovial fluid from patients with temporomandibular joint disorders. Int J Clin Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001;30(4):323–8. 10.1054/ijom.2001.0053.Suche in Google Scholar

[7] Kellesarian SV, AL-Kheraif AA, Vohra F, Ghanem A, Malmstrom H, Romanos GE, et al. Cytokine profile in the synovial fluid of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review. Cytokine. 2016;77:98–106. 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.11.005.Suche in Google Scholar

[8] De Bont LG, Stegenga B. Pathology of temporomandibular joint internal derangement and osteoarthrosis. Int J Clin Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993;22(2):71–4. 10.1016/S0901-5027(05)80805-7.Suche in Google Scholar

[9] Sorenson A, Hresko K, Butcher S, Pierce S, Tramontina V, Leonardi R, et al. Expression of Interleukin-1 and temporomandibular disorder: Contemporary review of the literature. Cranio. 2018;36(4):268–72. 10.1080/08869634.2017.1342890.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Ge XP, Gan YH, Zhang CG, Zhou CY, Ma KT, Meng JH, et al. Requirement of the NF-κB pathway for induction of Wnt-5A by interleukin-1β in condylar chondrocytes of the temporomandibular joint: functional crosstalk between the Wnt-5A and NF-κB signaling pathways. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2011;19(1):111–7. 10.1016/j.joca.2010.10.016.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[11] Jackson MT, Moradi B, Smith MM, Jackson CJ, Little CB. Activation of matrix metalloproteinases 2, 9, and 13 by activated protein C in human osteoarthritic cartilage chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 2014;66(6):1525–36. 10.1002/art.38401.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Herr MM, Fries KM, Upton LG, Edsberg LE. Potential biomarkers of temporomandibular joint disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(1):41–7. 10.1016/j.joms.2010.05.013.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[13] Zhao M, Yang Y, Guo Z, Shao C, Sun H, Zhang Y, et al. A comparative proteomics analysis of five body fluids: plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, and saliva. Proteom Clin Appl. 2018;12(6):1800008. 10.1002/prca.201800008.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] Hirtz C, Vialaret J, Nowak N, Gabelle A, Deville de Périère D, Lehmann S. Absolute quantification of 35 plasma biomarkers in human saliva using targeted MS. Bioanalysis. 2016;8(1):43–53. 10.4155/bio.15.228.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[15] Barros SP, Williams R, Offenbacher S, Morelli T. Gingival crevicular fluid as a source of biomarkers for periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2016;70(1):53–64. 10.1111/prd.12107.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[16] Castagnola M, Scarano E, Passali GC, Messana I, Cabras T, Iavarone F, et al. Salivary biomarkers and proteomics: future diagnostic and clinical utilities. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2017;37(2):94–101. 10.14639/0392-100X-1598.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[17] Grassl N, Kulak NA, Pichler G, Geyer PE, Jung J, Schubert S, et al. Ultra-deep and quantitative saliva proteome reveals dynamics of the oral microbiome. Genome Med. 2016;8(1):44. 10.1186/s13073-016-0293-0.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[18] Loo JA, Yan W, Ramachandran P, Wong DT. Comparative human salivary and plasma proteomes. J Dent Res. 2010;89(10):1016–23. 10.1177/0022034510380414.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[19] Zhang X, Leung SM, Morris CR, Shigenaga MK. Evaluation of a novel, integrated approach using functionalized magnetic beads, bench-top MALDI-TOF-MS with prestructured sample supports, and pattern recognition software for profiling potential biomarkers in human plasma. J Biomol Tech. 2004;15(3):167–75. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2291685/.Suche in Google Scholar

[20] Doshi TL, Nixdorf DR, Campbell CM, Raja SN. Biomarkers in temporomandibular disorder and trigeminal neuralgia: a conceptual framework for understanding chronic pain. Can J Pain. 2020;4(1):1–18. 10.1080/24740527.2019.1709163.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[21] Kobayashi FY, Gavião MBD, Marquezin MCS, Fonseca FLA, Montes ABM, Barbosa TS, et al. Salivary stress biomarkers and anxiety symptoms in children with and without temporomandibular disorders. Braz Oral Res. 2017;31:e78. 10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2017.vol31.0078.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[22] Wang X, Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Wong DT. Salivary biomarkers in cancer detection. Med Oncol. 2017;34(1):7. 10.1007/s12032-016-0863-4.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[23] Lorenzo-Pouso AI, Pérez-Sayáns M, Bravo SB, López-Jornet P, García-Vence M, Alonso-Sampedro M, et al. Protein-based salivary profiles as novel biomarkers for oral diseases. Dis Markers. 2018;2018:6141845. 10.1155/2018/6141845.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[24] Baldini C, Ferro F, Elefante E, Bombardieri S. Biomarkers for Sjögren’s syndrome. Biomark Med. 2018;12(3):275–86. 10.2217/bmm-2017-0297.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[25] Barreiro BB, Cê PS, Silva R, Oliveira RB, Heitz C, Campos MM. Salivary levels of interleukin-1β in temporomandibular disorders and fibromyalgia. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;48(Suppl 1):167. 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.03.516.Suche in Google Scholar

[26] Gao L, Gu Y, Chen F, Ma QW. Optimal matrix preparation methods for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry profiling of low molecular weight peptides in human saliva and serum samples. Chin J Dent Res. 2018;21(1):51–61. 10.3290/j.cjdr.a39918.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[27] Talmaceanu D, Lenghel LM, Bolog N, Hedesiu M, Buduru S, Rotar H, et al. Imaging modalities for temporomandibular joint disorders: an update. Clujul Med. 2018;91(3):280–7. 10.15386/cjmed-970.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[28] Sun X, Huang X, Tan X, Si Y, Wang X, Chen F, et al. Salivary peptidome profiling for diagnosis of severe early childhood caries. J Transl Med. 2016;14(1):240. 10.1186/s12967-016-0996-4.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[29] Si Y, Ao S, Wang W, Chen F, Zheng S. Magnetic bead-based salivary peptidome profiling analysis for severe early childhood caries. Caries Res. 2015;49(1):63–9. 10.1159/000360868.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[30] Wu JQ, Jiang JH, Xu L, Liang CH, Wang XJ, Bai Y. Magnetic bead-based salivary peptidome profiling for accelerated osteogenic orthodontic treatments. Chin J Dent Res. 2018;21(1):41–9. 10.3290/j.cjdr.a39917.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[31] Chaiyarit P, Taweechaisupapong S, Jaresitthikunchai J, Phaonakrop N, Roytrakul S. Comparative evaluation of 5–15 kDa salivary proteins from patients with different oral diseases by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(3):729–37. 10.1007/s00784-014-1293-3.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2020-05-30
Revised: 2020-08-20
Accepted: 2020-08-29
Published Online: 2020-09-21

© 2020 Galina Laputková et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
  4. On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0174
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
saliva; temporomandibular joint disorders; MALDI-TOF MS; proteomics
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
  4. On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 18.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2020-0174/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen