Home Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
Article Open Access

Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed

  • Dominika Barbara Matuszek EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: August 26, 2020
Download Article (PDF)
Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

This paper presents the results of the mixing of a multicomponent feed for cattle. Three types of mixtures with different proportions of individual components and granulometric composition were selected. After the mixing process, the fraction of the key component (tracer) was determined. Tracer consisted of crushed grains of yellow maize, which was wet treated with a 0.01% solution of Rhodamine B. A tracer with two different average particle sizes d1 = 2.0 mm and d2 = 1.25 mm was introduced into the mixture. Then, the sample was illuminated with UV light, and the content of the tracer in the sample was evaluated using the computer image analysis. In addition, the tracer was separated to determine its fraction using a laboratory scale. From the obtained results, the high reliability of the fluorescence optical method for the evaluation of the homogeneity of granular multicomponent mixtures was proved. It was also observed that slightly better results were obtained for a tracer with a larger average particle size (d = 2.0 mm), although the comparative analysis did not indicate a significant statistical difference in the results in each series of tests.

Keywords: fluorescence; tracer; multicomponent granular mixtures; mixing of granular components

1 Introduction

The theoretical basis about the mixing of granular materials has been described since the 1940s [1,2,3,4]. This process takes place through a chaotic and random movement of the grains; however, many other behavioral conditions of grains are observed at the microscale level [4,5]. The behavior of the granular particles depends on their characteristics such as size, density, humidity, shape, and angle of repose, on the morphology of surface that has contact with the grains, and on the parameters of the mixing process itself [2,4,5,6,7,8,9]. The appropriate degree of mixing of granular components is an important parameter of the quality of the final product (e.g. in the context of nutrition) [10,11]. Therefore, it seems to be important to continuously develop the tools aimed at a better understanding of this complex and multifaceted process.

Homogeneity of the grain mixtures can be determined by degrees and indexes of mixing based on the content of a given component in samples [4,12,13]. In studies on the homogeneity of the grain mixtures, the correct sampling and analysis are important. The samples taken should be representative, and their quantity and size should be appropriate to the volume of the mixed material. The problem of sampling has been studied by many scientists [14,15,16,17]. The size of an individual sample also depends on the methodology adopted for determining the homogeneity of the mixture. For feeds, the reference method was based on the content of the active substance (e.g. tyrosine) [18]. However, research in this area, carried out for many years, has allowed the development and implementation of new research tools based on tracking the behavior of various types of tracers [19]. One of them is the method of assessing the homogeneity of feed, especially industrial feed, based on Mictracer® or Microgrids content [12,20,21,22]. There is also a continuous development of methods based on tracking individual particles using computer image analysis. Most such solutions were tested in the mixing of binary systems, where whole grains of different origin (biological materials, plastic materials, glass and steel balls, or chemical materials such as aluminum oxide balls and others) were mixed. Additionally, these ingredients differed in color [23,24,25,26,27,28]. In the methods based on image analysis, a component whose fraction was estimated was often colored. In the research conducted by the author of this paper, substances featuring fluorescence under the influence of ultraviolet radiation (Tinopal, Rhodamine B, Uranine, Eosine) were used for dyeing [29,30,31,32].

This paper presents one of the stages of research conducted by the author for several years. So far, a series of tests have been performed mainly with the use of granular multicomponent mixtures containing whole grains [29,31,32]. Recent studies, including those presented below, concern the mixing of components after fineness [29]. In this aspect, a research problem has been addressed to verify the possibility of using fluorescence to assess the homogeneity of multicomponent mixtures subjected to the grinding process. Due to the high degree of fineness of the tested mixtures (M = 0.54–0.58 mm), it was necessary to use a tracer with a different average of particle size than before, namely 1.25 and 2.00 mm. This resulted from a certain assumption, namely, the desire to develop a method that would allow to determine the quality of the mixtures based on the content of a key component having the characteristics of mixed material, due to which the implemented experiments have a more practical character.

2 Methods

The studies were carried out for three multicomponent feeds for cattle obtained from the feed factory. The basic characteristics of these mixtures are listed in Table 1. Mixes no. 1 and 3 consisted of eight ingredients, while mix no. 2 – seven. The degree of fineness of mixtures (based on PN-R-64798: 2009-Feed. Determination of comminution) was in the range M = 0.54–0.58 mm. The mixing process was carried out using a laboratory flow mixer, which is built of two identical tanks (height of the cylindrical part – 200 mm, internal diameter 150 mm, and internal diameter of the outlet – 30 mm) placed in the construction (one above the other) enabling easy changes of their places. Mixing was carried out during 10 flows. It was proved that 10 flows in this type of mixer are enough to get the random state of mixture [33]. After the set time, 10 samples (N = 10) were taken from the entire volume of the mixed bed. This was possible by the modular design of the receiving tank (10 rings) and that’s why 10 samples. The information about the flow mixer was presented in detail in earlier works [33,34].

Table 1

Composition and degree of fineness of the analyzed mixtures

Types of componentsPercentage of components
Mixture 1Mixture 2Mixture 3
Fodder chalk1.528
Barley——2
Maize36.53010
Triticale15——
Soya meal9560
Rape meal27357
Dry corn decoction1025—
Sodium chloride 0.50.53
Phosphate——3
Premix0.52.55
Number of components878
Fineness degree,a M (mm)0.540.570.58
  1. a

    Calculated based on PN-R-64798:2009.

The key component (tracer), i.e. yellow maize, was ground with different mesh sizes in a cereal mill. In this way, maize with two average particle sizes d1 = 2.00 mm and d2 = 1.25 mm was obtained. The component prepared in this way was then wet treated with a 0.01% solution of Rhodamine B (C28H31ClN2O3, excitation area 553 nm). Prior to mixing, 100 g of tracer (10% of the whole mixture) was introduced to the mixer in the same way. The remaining part of the mixed bed (90%, 900 g) was the compound feed. After the mixing process was completed, 10 g of single sample was taken and placed in a chamber equipped with two ultraviolet lamps. There was a digital camera in the upper part of the test station. In this way, images with a resolution of 1,600 × 1,200 pixels were obtained. The images were then analyzed using Patan software; this program was based on the RGB-256 scale. In the area of the acquired images, the colors responsible for the key component and background were determined. Exactly three classes were determined; 1-tracer, and 2 and 3-background. The designation of the two classes defining the background was due to the multicolor of the sample, due to which the obtained results were more reliable. Image post-processing consisted of assigning a color suitable for a given class (1, 2 or 3, first stage) to each of the pixels of the image and then determining the surface occupied by this class (second stage). The error in the first step of procedure equals to 256−3 = 5.9 × 10−8; so, it is negligible, and during the second step, it equals 5.2 × 10−8; so, it can be omitted in further calculations too. The information about the percentage share of individual classes in the analyzed area was obtained. In the following, the results of 1 class (tracer) participation were used.

Additionally, the fraction of the key component was evaluated by the control method, called as method 2 in this paper. This method was based on the manual separation of fluorescent maize from samples subjected to image analysis and then weighing on a laboratory balance with an accuracy of ±0.01 g. The separation of grains, for example, by sieves is, or rather was, the commonly used method (most important and known) to assess the content and then the parameters of chosen components of the mixture. In this way, the content of the introduced tracer (ground maize grains with average particle size d1 = 2.00 mm and d2 = 1.25 mm) was analyzed by two methods:

  1. Fluorescent method based on computer image analysis (Figure 1).

  2. Weighing method.

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the setup of the optical fluorescent method.
Figure 1

Schematic representation of the setup of the optical fluorescent method.

Three series of tests were performed for each tracer (maize d1 = 2.00 mm and d2 = 1.25 mm), obtaining 10 samples from each test; each series test was repeated three times.

These two methods were necessary for verification purposes. Based on the results obtained, the basic statistical parameters, the magnitude of the difference between the results obtained by the two methods (as a module of x − x0/x, where x is the share of tracer assess by method 1 and x0 is the share of tracer assess by method 2), and the coefficient of variation (as 100 × standard deviation/mean) were calculated. The percentage of the coefficient of variation, in this case, was used to assess the homogeneity of the multicomponent feed. Additionally, a statistical comparative analysis was performed based on parametric and nonparametric comparative tests depending on the normality of variable distribution (Shapiro–Wilk test verification) and homogeneity of variance (Levene test verification). The significance level α = 0.05 was adopted for calculations.

  1. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

The results of the share of tracer with two degrees of fineness obtained by the two methods are listed in Tables 2 and 3. The graphical interpretation of the tracer share obtained by the fluorescent method (marked as blue square) and weight method (marked as orange square) is presented in Figure 2 (for tracer 2.00 mm) and in Figure 3 (for tracer 1.25 mm), respectively. Figure 4 presents the value of difference obtained in relation to the control method for a tracer with diameters 2.00 and 1.25 mm and three mixtures (mix no. 1: blue square; mix no. 2: orange square; and mix no. 3: green square).

Table 2

Results of mixing of compound feeds for cattle using a tracer with an average particle size d1 = 2.00 mm

Series of testsTracer share (%)Differencec (%)
Method 1aMethod 2b
Mixture 1
19.36 ± 2.399.22 ± 2.144.35 ± 2.62
29.80 ± 1.039.66 ± 1.183.40 ± 2.0
39.42 ± 0.849.47 ± 0.872.78 ± 1.35
Mean, %9.52 ± 1.629.45 ± 1.533.51 ± 2.19
CV, %14.99 ± 7.4914.85 ± 6.028.9 ± 4.45
Mixture 2
19.08 ± 0.869.08 ± 0.932.99 ± 1.44
29.33 ± 1.179.40 ± 1.163.13 ± 1.16
39.10 ± 1.149.05 ± 1.293.55 ± 1.93
Mean, %9.17 ± 1.099.17 ± 1.143.22 ± 1.60
CV, %11.52 ± 1.4411.88 ± 2.095.68 ± 4.27
Mixture 3
18.93 ± 1.008.87 ± 0.933.08 ± 1.45
29.16 ± 1.239.01 ± 1.324.01 ± 2.55
39.01 ± 0.919.07 ± 1.002.37 ± 1.39
Mean, %9.03 ± 1.088.98 ± 1.123.15 ± 2.02
CV, %11.58 ± 1.4112.02 ± 1.837.40 ± 0.70
  1. a

    Arithmetic mean of the percentage of the tracer obtained by computer image analysis ± standard deviation.

  2. b

    Arithmetic mean of the percentage of the tracer obtained by weighting ± standard deviation.

  3. c

    Difference in results obtained by the two methods ± standard deviation.

Table 3

Results of mixing of compound feed for cattle using a tracer with an average particle size of d2 = 1.25 mm

Series of testsTracer share (%)Differencec (%)
Method 1aMethod 2b
Mixture 1
18.65 ± 1.178.79 ± 1.066.93 ± 4.01
29.07 ± 1.528.99 ± 1.307.53 ± 5.39
39.10 ± 0.909.30 ± 0.965.68 ± 3.95
Mean, %8.94 ± 1.269.03 ± 1.156.71 ± 4.64
CV, %13.38 ± 2.7912.26 ± 1.7010.68 ± 5.01
Mixture 2
18.87 ± 1.078.73 ± 0.979.98 ± 10.77
28.82 ± 1.328.84 ± 1.068.06 ± 5.41
38.81 ± 0.948.72 ± 1.049.93 ± 2.85
Mean, %8.83 ± 1.148.76 ± 1.049.32 ± 7.33
CV, %12.58 ± 1.8111.67 ± 0.4114.49 ± 7.11
Mixture 3
18.76 ± 0.998.84 ± 0.8311.29 ± 5.93
29.73 ± 1.229.66 ± 1.009.25 ± 6.27
39.48 ± 1.289.59 ± 1.219.95 ± 6.74
Mean, %9.32 ± 1.269.36 ± 1.1110.16 ± 6.49
CV, %12.43 ± 0.8710.76 ± 1.3516.32 ± 6.60
  1. a

    Arithmetic mean of the percentage of the tracer obtained by computer image analysis ± standard deviation.

  2. b

    Arithmetic mean of the percentage of the tracer obtained by weighting ± standard deviation.

  3. c

    Difference in results obtained by the two methods ± standard deviation.

Figure 2 A box plot graph of the share of the tracer (maize d = 2.00 mm) obtained by two methods for the three mixtures analyzed (point: mean, box: mean ± standard error, whiskers: mean ± 2 × standard deviation).
Figure 2

A box plot graph of the share of the tracer (maize d = 2.00 mm) obtained by two methods for the three mixtures analyzed (point: mean, box: mean ± standard error, whiskers: mean ± 2 × standard deviation).

Figure 3 A box plot graph of the share of the tracer (maize d = 1.25 mm) obtained by two methods for the three mixtures analyzed (point: mean, box: mean ± standard error, whiskers: mean ± 2 × standard deviation).
Figure 3

A box plot graph of the share of the tracer (maize d = 1.25 mm) obtained by two methods for the three mixtures analyzed (point: mean, box: mean ± standard error, whiskers: mean ± 2 × standard deviation).

Figure 4 A box plot graph of the difference between the results obtained by the two methods for the average size of the tracer d1 = 2.00 and d2 = 1.25 mm (point: mean, box: mean ± standard error, whiskers: mean ± 2 × standard deviation).
Figure 4

A box plot graph of the difference between the results obtained by the two methods for the average size of the tracer d1 = 2.00 and d2 = 1.25 mm (point: mean, box: mean ± standard error, whiskers: mean ± 2 × standard deviation).

Based on the results listed in Tables 2 and 3 and their graphical interpretations in Figures 2 and 3, a small variability can be observed in the share of the tracer estimated by the two methods. The lack of significance of these differences was proved by statistical comparative analysis. This observation is similar for a series of tests using maize with a finer (d2 = 1.25 mm) and a larger average of particle size (d1 = 2.00 mm). However, it can be observed (Tables 2, 3 and Figure 4) that for the tracer with an average of particle size of d1 = 2.00 mm, a lower level of difference in results (method 1) was obtained when compared with the control method (method 2). In addition, it seems that the deviation of the share of key components for mix no. 1 (mixing using tracer with 1.25 mm) is greater (9.52 ± 1.62% for method 1 and 9.45 ± 1.53% for method 2). The explanation of this is extremely difficult because of the course of the mixing process, and thus, the location of the tracer in a mixed bed depends on many factors such as the number and share of individual components or their features such as dimension, density, humidity, shape, and others. The lowest level of difference was 2.37 ± 1.39% and the highest was 4.35 ± 2.62%. The average range of the difference was 3.15–3.51%. For a series of tests involving maize with an average particle size of d2 = 1.25 mm, the differences obtained were greater. The lowest value of this difference was 5.68 ± 3.95% and the highest was 11.29 ± 5.93%, with mean values ranging between 9.32 and 10.68. This difference is particularly noticeable in Figure 4. Similar observations were made in relation to the obtained results of the coefficient of variation. In mixing with fluorescent maize d1 = 2.00 mm, the average difference amount is in the range of 5.68–8.90%. However, in tests with d2 = 1.25 mm, the value was obtained in the range of 10.68–16.32%.

The significance of differences in the results obtained by the two methods was verified based on the relevant statistical tests. For this purpose, the Student’s t-test and U Mann–Whitney’s test for the significance level α = 0.05 were used. The non-parametric (U Mann–Whitney) test was used for one case where verification did not confirm the normal distribution of variables. In other cases, the parametric test was used. The results of the relevant tests are summarized in Table 4 and its graphical interpretation is shown in Figure 4.

Table 4

Results of statistical comparative analysis of the tracer’s share obtained by the two methods

Mixture no.Statistical test resultp
Tracer d = 2.00 mm
1a0.180.85628
2a0.020.98343
3a0.330.73940
Tracer d = 1.25 mm
1a−0.280.77791
2a0.240.81212
3b0.120.90163
  1. a

    Parametric Student’s t-test. Normal distribution of variables, homogeneity of variance.

  2. b

    Nonparametric U Mann–Whitney test. No normal distribution of variables, homogeneity of variance.

The results of statistical comparative analysis (Table 4) indicate that there are no significant statistical differences between the results obtained by the two methods. Therefore, the previously observed larger deviations of the results compared to the control method for d2 = 1.25 mm maize are not statistically significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of the fluorescence phenomenon in the assessment of the content of the Rhodamine B-coated tracer with two different levels of fineness (d1 = 2.00 mm and d2 = 1.25 mm) gives reliable results.

The multicomponent granular mixtures analyzed did not differ significantly in terms of the number of components or granulometric composition (Table 1). Therefore, it was not possible to determine whether these parameters affect the results obtained. To determine this correlation, it is necessary to have more results, which is a further stage of the tests conducted by the author.

The presented method used the computer image analysis and the phenomenon of fluorescence. The combination of these two elements allowed for a quick assessment of the tracer’s share eliminating possible distortions in the analysis. These disturbances result from the properties of loose materials, such as the ability to cover the tracer, which may cause the underestimation of its share. The excitation of the fluorescent maize for lighting eliminated this problem. Of course, the issue of sampling still remains. This is a disadvantage of the proposed solution. However, compared with online methods, it does not require more advanced equipment with quite complicated operation [35,36,37,38]. These types of methods also have limitations, such as the need to provide a window for observing mixed materials [39]. Author developed a simple tool, whose operation was improved by the use of fluorescence in the ultraviolet. Moreover, no similar tool for assessing the homogeneity of loose mixtures has yet been developed.

So far, the method has been tested only in laboratory conditions. However, it is worth noting that industrial feeds were mixed and the tracer was maize (normally used as feed component). Due to the properties of the fluorescent substance Rhodamine B (chemical substance with irritant properties), the method has limits in application to industrial conditions. In addition, the fluorescent dye can be rinsed out of the tracer when liquid additives are added to the mixer, which is sometimes practiced in feed production. However, it is possible that the use of appropriate models will allow transferring of the results obtained in laboratory conditions on a larger scale.

4 Conclusions

  • Lower values of the differences in the results obtained by the two methods were observed when maize grains with an average particle size d1 = 2.00 mm were used. However, the results of statistical comparative analysis do not indicate significant differences between the results obtained by the two methods: (1) the method of computer image analysis and (2) weight method for a tracer with two levels of fineness (2.00 and 1.25 mm).

  • The use of a fluorescent substance and its excitation to light under ultraviolet light allowed for accurate estimation of the tracer’s share against the background of the multicomponent mixture.

  • The method based on the assessment of the fluorescent-coated component (Rhodamine B) can be used to monitor the share of the tracer in samples of high fineness multicomponent granular mixtures M = 0.54–0.58 mm. Therefore, the proposed solution can be used to assess the homogeneity of such mixtures.

  1. Conflict of interest: The author declares no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Rose HE. A suggested equation relating to the mixing of powders and its application to the study of the performance of certain types of machine. Trans Inst Chem Eng. 1959;37:47–64.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Bridgwater J. Fundamental powder mixing mechanisms. Powder Technol. 1976;15:215–36.10.1016/0032-5910(76)80051-4Search in Google Scholar

[3] Wiliams JC. The segregation of the particle materials. a reviev. Powder Technol. 1976;15:245–51.10.1016/0032-5910(76)80053-8Search in Google Scholar

[4] Boss J. Mixing of granular materials. Warszawa: Polskie Wydawnictwo Naukowe Warsaw; 1987 (in Polish).Search in Google Scholar

[5] Królczyk JB. Metrological changes in the surface morphology of cereal grains in the mixing process. Int Agrophys. 2016;30(2):193–202.10.1515/intag-2015-0090Search in Google Scholar

[6] Królczyk JB. Analysis of kinetics of multicomponent, heterogeneous granular mixtures – laminar and turbulent flow approach. Chem Process Eng-Inz. 2016;37(2):161–73. 10.1515/cpe-2016-0015.Search in Google Scholar

[7] Królczyk JB. Homogeneity assessment of multi-element heterogeneous granular mixtures by using multivariate analysis of variance. Teh Vjesn. 2016;23(2):383–8. 10.17559/TV-20151031183255.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Królczyk JB. The effect of mixing time on the homogeneity of multi-component granular systems. Trans FAMENA. 2016;XV(1):45–56.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Jain N, Ottino JM, Lueptow RM. Regimes of segregation and mixing in combined size and density granular systems: an experimental study. Granul Matter. 2005;7:69–81. 10.1007/s10035-005-0198-x.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Jarray A, Shi H, Scheper BJ, Habibi M, Luding S. Cohesion-driven mixing and segregation of dry granular media. Sci Rep. 2019;9:13480. 10.1038/s41598-019-49451-z.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Matuszek D, Królczyk JB. Aspects of safety in production of feeds – a review. Anim Nutr Feed Techn. 2017;17:367–85. 10.5958/0974-181X.2017.00036.1.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Zawiślak K, Grochowicz J, Sobczak P. The analysis of mixing degree of granular products with the use of microtracers. TEKA Kom Mot i Energ Roln – OL PAN. 2011;11c:335–42.Search in Google Scholar

[13] Meng C, Malin L, Tianjin L, Yaping T, Rongzheng L, Yuanyun W, et al. A novel mixing index and its application in particle mixing behavior study in multiple-spouted bed. Powder Technol. 2018;339:167–81. 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.08.036.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Heidenreich E, Strauch W. Decisive factors for solids mixing process in compound feed production. Part 2. Feed Mag. 2000;7–8:286–92.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Laurent BFC, Bridgwater J, Parker DJ. Convection and segregation in a horizontal mixer. Powder Technol. 2002;123:9–18. 10.1016/S0032-5910(01)00396-5.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Muzzio FJ, Goodridgea CL, Alexandera A, Arratiaa P, Yanga H, Sudaha O, et al. Sampling and characterization of pharmaceutical powders and granular blends. Int J Pharm. 2003;250:51–64. 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00481-7.Search in Google Scholar

[17] Królczyk J. Determination of the sample size in assessing the quality of multicomponent heterogeneous granular systems. Inżynieria Rolnicza. 2012;2(136):139–47 (in Polish).Search in Google Scholar

[18] Kwiatek K, Przeniosło-Siwczyńska M. Instructions for testing the homogeneity of medicated feeds and intermediate products on the basis of testing the degree of mixing of the active substance. Puławy: Państwowy Instytut Weterynaryjny; 2007 (in Polish).Search in Google Scholar

[19] Hernández LG, García Pérez J, Gaytán-Martínez M. Tracers used in granular systems: review. Powder Technol. 2019;340:274–89. 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.09.025.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Eisenberg S, Eisenberg D. Closer to perfection. Feed Manag. 1992;11:8–20.Search in Google Scholar

[21] Matuszek D. Analysis of homogeneity of the industrial compound feed for cattle. J Res Appl Agric Eng. 2013;58(1):118–21 (in Polish).Search in Google Scholar

[22] Królczyk JB. Industrial conditions of the granular material manufacturing process. Appl Mech Mater. 2014;693:267–72. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.693.267.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Lai CK, Holt D, Leung JC, Cooney CL, Raju GK, Hansen P. Real time and noninvasive monitoring of dry powder blend homogeneity. AIChE J. 2001;47(11):2618–22.10.1002/aic.690471124Search in Google Scholar

[24] Realpe A, Velazqez C. Image processing and analysis for determination of cencentrations of powder mixtures. Powder Technol. 2003;134(3):193–200. 10.1016/S0032-5910(03)00138-4.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Tukiendorf M. Characteristics of mixing granular materials achieved by using methods of variance analysis and geostatistical functions. EJPAU. 2003;6(1). http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume6/issue1/engineering/abs-03.html.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Daumann B, Nirschl H. Assesment of the mixing efficiency of solid mixtures by means of image analysis. Powder Technol. 2008;182:415–23. 10.1016/j.powtec.2007.07.006.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Obregón L, Realpe A, Velázquez C. Mixing of granular materials, part II: effect of particle size under periodic shear. Powder Technol. 2010;201(3):193–200. 10.1016/j.powtec.2010.03.006.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Matuszek D. Modelling selected parameters of granular elements in the mixing process. Int Agrophys. 2015;29:75–81. 10.1515/intag-2015-0002.Search in Google Scholar

[29] Matuszek D, Biłos Ł. Use of fluorescent tracers for the assessment of the homogeneity of multicomponent granular feed mixtures. Przem Chem. 2017;96(11):2356–9. 10.15199/62.2017.11.27.Search in Google Scholar

[30] Matuszek D, Wojtkiewicz K. Assessment of the content of fluorescent tracer in granular feed mixture. J AOAC Int. 2018;101(6):1752–6. 10.5740/jaoacint.17-0114.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[31] Matuszek BD. The use of UV-induced fluorescence for the assessment of homogeneity of granular mixtures. Open Chem. 2019;17:485–91. 10.1515/chem-2019-0058.Search in Google Scholar

[32] Matuszek D, Wojtkiewicz K. Application of fluorescent markers for homogeneity assessment of grain mixtures based on maize content, Chem Process Eng-Inz. 2017;38:505–12. 10.1515/cpe-2017-0039.Search in Google Scholar

[33] Boss J, Tukiendorf M. The influence of some granular parameters on dynamic system during discharge method mixing. Zesz Nauk Politechniki Łódzkiej Inżynieria Chemiczna. 1990;16:29–36 (in Polish).Search in Google Scholar

[34] Matuszek D, Tukiendorf M. Computer image analysis in the assessment of mixing the granular systems (funnel-flow system). Inżynieria Rolnicza. 2007;2(90):183–8 (in Polish).Search in Google Scholar

[35] Muerza S, Berthiaux H, Massol-Chaudeur S, Thomas G. A dynamic study of static mixing using on-line image analysis. Powder Technol. 2002;128:195–204. 10.1016/S0032-5910(02)00197-3.Search in Google Scholar

[36] De Beer TRM, Bodson C, Dejaegher B, Walczak B, Vercruysse P, Burggraeve A. Raman spectroscopy as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for the in-line monitoring and understanding of a powder blending process. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2008;48:772–9. 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.07.023.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[37] Koller DM, Posch A, Hörl G, Voura C, Radl S, Urbanetz N. Continuous quantitative monitoring of powder mixing dynamics by near-infrared spectroscopy. Powder Technol. 2011;205:87–96. 10.1016/j.powtec.2010.08.070.Search in Google Scholar

[38] Ammarcha C, Gatumel C, Dirion JL, Cabassud M, Berthiauxa H. Continuous powder mixing of segregating mixtures under steady and unsteady state regimes: homogeneity assessment by real-time on-line image analysis. Powder Technol. 2017;315:39–52. 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.02.010.Search in Google Scholar

[39] Nadeem H, Heindel TJ. Review of noninvasive methods to characterize granular mixing. Powder Technol. 2018;332:331–50. 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.03.035.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2020-02-24
Revised: 2020-05-19
Accepted: 2020-06-11
Published Online: 2020-08-26

© 2020 Dominika Barbara Matuszek, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
  4. On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0145
Keywords for this article
fluorescence; tracer; multicomponent granular mixtures; mixing of granular components
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
  4. On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 3.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2020-0145/html
Scroll to top button