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Diabetes and COVID-19

  • Zohair Jamil Gazzaz EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 25. März 2021
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Open Life Sciences
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Life Sciences Band 16 Heft 1

Abstract

Several factors are linked with a higher risk of mortality from Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), including male gender, increased age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer. Hyperglycemic COVID-19 patients have severe clinical problems, increased ICU admittance, machine-driven ventilation, and a substantial rise in inflammatory markers. Among all patients, those with diabetes or hyperglycemia have a two- to four-fold increase in mortality and severity of COVID-19 than those without diabetes. The primary cause of mortality in COVID-19 patients with diabetes is compromised immune response to viral infections. Increased blood sugar level probably affects intracellular degradation of bacteria, neutrophil chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, thus improving viral binding affinity and entry and decreasing virus clearance. In addition, it has significant effects on the proteins by inducing glycosylation and altering the composition of complements, and glycosylation renders cells susceptible to viral inflammation and damage. The treatment of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes requires an integrated team approach to minimize the risk of medical complications and mortality. Moreover, physicians should adopt proactive strategies to care for persons with comorbidities. This strategy would help reduce the frequency of complications and mortality among patients and load on the healthcare system.

Keywords: diabetes mellitus; COVID-19; ACE2; cytokine storm; CVD

1 Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly influenced the economic outlook and psychosocial well-being worldwide. The global economy and tourism are predicted to struggle a lot in the years to come. Millions have been unemployed, industries are down, and virtually every part of life has been affected [1].

Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China was the starting point of this viral pandemic [2]. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a part of the Coronaviridae family that has also previously caused the SARS epidemic in 2002 and MERS epidemic in 2008, killing 774 and 858 people, respectively [2,3].

The Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome [4,5]. SARS-CoV-2 is structurally different from other viruses, consisting transmembrane crown-like glycoprotein spikes [6]. The virus reaches the host cells using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor [7]. Once inside, the virus captures the host cell’s genetic system to make viral proteins and their genetic material. After replication is complete, the virus leaves the cell through exocytosis; the stress of the virus triggers apoptosis of the cell [8]. The apoptosis or necrosis of the virally infected cells triggers an inflammatory response via the activation of proinflammatory cytokines. These high amounts of cytokines eventually lead to a “cytokine storm” in the body [9]. The cytokine storm causes multiple organ failure and hyper-inflammation [10,11].

A recent study from UAE reported 10% mortality among COVID-19 patients with diabetes [12]. For newly diagnosed diabetic cases, mortality and mechanical ventilation needs were considerably higher relative to people with pre-existing diabetes. Patients with COVID-19 infection are negatively impacted by uncontrolled hyperglycemia. A potential risk of complications is recently diagnosed and previously undiagnosed hyperglycemia [12].

Glycemia adjustment in hospitalized patients is vital in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and screening to identify undiagnosed cases of diabetes is markedly important [12]. A meta-analysis reported a 9.7% prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in COVID-19 patients in China [13], which is comparable to the DM prevalence in China. A UK study described hospital death of 23,804 COVID-19 patients, of which 32% had type 2 DM and 1.5% had type 1 DM, with 2.03- and 3.5-fold risk of death in hospital relative to non-DM patients, respectively [14]. A retrospective Chinese study suggested that COVID-19 patients with diabetes had a higher incidence of hypertension (56.9%), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (20.9%), and cerebrovascular disease (7.8%) compared to non-DM patients (28.8, 11.1, and 1.3%, respectively) [15]. A population-based cohort study from England reported a greater possibility of death from COVID-19 in patients with diabetes (either type 1 or type 2 DM) with HbA 1c > 10% relative to those with HbA 1c < 6.5% [16].

2 COVID-19 and comorbidities

The dynamics of pathophysiology are still being recognized around the world. Elderly COVID-19 patients with comorbidities have severe and fatal issues [17,18]. A nationwide analysis conducted on 1,590 laboratory-confirmed patients in China had a mean age of 49 years, with 399 (25.1%) patients had at least one comorbid disease. Hypertension was the most predominant (16.9%), followed by DM (8.2%). A small number of patients, 130 (8.2%), had two or more comorbidities. The findings suggest that COVID-19 patients with some comorbidity had worse clinical results compared to those without an associated condition, and more comorbidities were also associated with poorer clinical outcomes [19]. In another case series that had 5,700 confirmed cases of COVID-19, the commonly prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (3,026; 56.6%), obesity (1,737; 41.7%), and DM (1,808; 33.8%), who were hospitalized in the New York City region [20].

One Chinese meta-analysis involved 1,527 patients and considered hypertension to be the most frequent cardiovascular comorbidity in COVID-19 (17.7%), cardio-cerebrovascular disease (16.4%), and DM (9.7%). Furthermore, diabetic or hypertensive patients had a two-fold increased risk of developing serious complications or requiring ICU admissions. In contrast, cardio-cerebrovascular illness patients had a three-fold rise [13].

3 How COVID-19 impacts DM patients

DM is a metabolic disease illustrated by chronic high circulating blood glucose concentration in the body [21]. The worldwide prevalence of DM has increased drastically, with 463 million people suffering from the disease globally in 2019, with 95% of type 2 DM [21]. Currently, many patients who have diabetes remain undiagnosed with the disease. The therapeutic intervention has reduced disease complications, making it necessary to detect diabetes early on in its course. DM occurs throughout the world, but it is found explicitly in the more developed countries, where the majority of the patients are in the age group between 45 and 64 years. A relationship has been clinically recognized between diabetic individuals and infections [22]. A virus that causes pneumonia, particularly influenza, is prevalent and presents a much more profound threat in older patients with type 2 DM [23,24].

There is a higher chance of poor prognosis and death for COVID-19 patients with diabetes. With the high global incidence of diabetes, these individuals constitute a significant portion of the population susceptible to COVID-19. Several factors are linked with a higher risk of mortality from COVID-19, including male gender, increased age, hypertension, DM, obesity, CVDs, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer [25].

Reports from countries such as China [13,17,19], Italy [26], and the City of New York [20] have shown that older age and chronic diseases such as DM, hypertension, and extreme obesity are now considered to augment morbidity and death in COVID-19 patients. It is indistinct whether DM leads individually to elevated risk, but blood glucose and DM predict morbidity and death in SARS patients [27].

An American study reported that in 1,122 patients admitted in hospital for COVID-19, the rate of mortality during hospital stays of those suffering from diabetes or hyperglycemia was four-fold higher (28.8%) than that of patients with normal glucose level (6.2%) [28]. A reduced chance of complications and the all-cause death rate were also linked with good glycemic regulation [29]. Al Hayek et al. investigated the factors that may raise the risk of hospital admission of COVID-19 patients with diabetes. They reported patients’ hospitalization was independently associated with a high HbA1c level in Saudi patients [30].

A Chinese meta-analysis reported that high HbA1c is a predictor of the in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients [31]. Individuals with elevated HbA1c are at high risk for COVID-19. They should comply with the doctor’s recommendation and precisely track and regulate glucose metabolism regularly [31]. It has been proposed that diabetes could potentiate the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection via diverse routes that eventually contribute to advanced glycation end products, glucose toxicity, endotheliitis, vital organ injury, and fatality [32].

It is reported that ACE2 receptors mediate the SARS-CoV-2 effects in the host cells. ACE2 receptors are present in the respiratory system, type 1 and 2 alveolar cells of the lungs, hearts, kidney tubules, enterocytes, and pancreas. Studies conducted on rodent models of DM have demonstrated that there has been an augmented manifestation of ACE2 receptors in the lungs, heart, kidney, and pancreas [33,34]. Furthermore, a randomized study found that increased lung ACE2 expression was linked with DM [35]. Furthermore, DM patients have higher circulating Furin levels, a cellular protease that cleaves S1 and S2 domains of spike protein, facilitating the access of SARS-CoV-2 [36]. These studies support that DM patients present a higher COVID-19 risk, and diabetic individuals infected with the disease have impaired virus clearance [37]. ACE2 helps in the catalytic conversion of angiotensin 2 to angiotensin 1–7 or angiotensin 1–9. This conversion is essential as it has a protective effect on the lungs against ARDS [38]. This protective action is because of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action of angiotensin 1–7 and angiotensin 1–9. Unfortunately, once the SARS-CoV-2 virus binds with ACE2, it is degraded, preventing any protective action toward the lung parenchyma. This allows angiotensin 2 to cause lung injury [39].

Furthermore, there is more potassium loss in the urine and increased aldosterone secretion by the virus [17]. Nevertheless, more studies need to be conducted to assess the full potential effects of ACE2 expression concerning diabetes and COVID-19. Predictions and decisions can be made if angiotensin receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, TZDs, GLP-1 agonists, and statins reduce ACE2 appearance in COVID patients.

DM also causes impairment in the activation of the adaptive immune response by inhibiting stimulation of Th1 cell-mediated immunity, thereby leading to a delayed hyperinflammatory reaction in diabetic patients [40]. A study that examined DM effects in mouse models of MERS-Cov infectivity showed that the infection was further prolonged and severe in diabetic male mice. This was because of the variations in CD4+ T cell counts and aberrant cytokine responses [41]. This finding is fairly consistent with SARS-CoV-2 patients, with peripheral counts of CD4+ and CD8T cell counts being abnormally low but subsequently having higher levels of proinflammatory Th17 cells and elevated cytokine count [42,43]. This demonstrated that DM patients have a severely blunted anti-viral response compared to a fairly accentuated inflammatory response because of delayed activation of Th1/Th17 [42]. The SARS-CoV-2 productively infects β-cell and can trigger acute insulin secretion impairment or β-cells loss, which can initiate diabetes [44].

To understand the possible causal association between chronic untreated hyperglycemia and higher death rates in COVID-19 patients, certain biological pathways have been suggested. The primary cause of mortality in COVID-19 patients with diabetes is an inadequate immune response to viral infections [45]. The increased blood sugar level is expected to substantially affect the intracellular degradation of bacteria, neutrophil chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, thus improving viral binding affinity and entry and decreasing virus clearance [46]. In addition, it has significant effects on the proteins by inducing glycosylation and altering the composition of complements [47,48], and glycosylation renders cells susceptible to viral inflammation and damage [49,50]. In addition, endotheliitis may be a potential pathway that triggers organ dysfunction that causes essential COVID-19 disease, aggravated by endothelial dysfunction coupled with chronic hyperglycemia [51].

Multiple variables are associating diabetes with infection severity. The acute inflammatory response can be triggered, intensified, or prolonged by hyperglycemia [52]. It also induces a coagulation and fibrinolysis mismatch, resulting in elevated coagulation factors and relative fibrinolytic system inhibition, fostering a pro-coagulant state [53]. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 is suspected to be using the ACE2 as the entry receptors on the Langerhans islets. This can lead to moderate to dawning of these cells, leading to moderate hyperglycemia to life-endangering diabetic ketoacidosis [50].

Diabetic people’s vulnerability during a public health epidemic turns out to be evident in the COVID-19 pandemic because of their at least twice higher risk of severe illness or death, particularly in people with poorly regulated diabetes and comorbidities, or both. The pressure on healthcare organizations and the world economy because of COVID-19, compounded by chronic diseases like diabetes, has been enormous [21] (Table 1).

Table 1

Outcome risks among COVID-19 patients with diabetes

Authors Article type Study population Prevalence of diabetes Outcome Risk
Parohan et al. [25] Meta-analysis 27,352 — Mortality 2.41 (1.05–5.51)
Zhu et al. [31] Meta-analysis 1,180 — Mortality 2.3 (1.679–3.150)
Kumar et al. [55] Meta-analysis 16,003 9.8% Mortality 1.9 (1.37–2.64)
Wei et al. [56] Prospective 167 6.59% Severity 10.12 (2.742–37.347)
Simonnet et al. [57] Retrospective 124 23% Invasive mechanical ventilation 2.45 (0.67–3.49)
Wu et al. [58] Retrospective 201 10.9 ARDS 2.34 (1.35–4.05)
Wu et al. [58] Retrospective 201 10.9% Mortality 1.58 (0.80–3.13)
Mo et al. [59] Retrospective 155 9.7% Refractory COVID-19 2.138 (0.483–9.471)
Huang et al. [60] Meta-analysis 6,452 26.48% Mortality 2.12 (1.44–3.11)
Huang et al. [60] Meta-analysis 6,452 26.48% ARDS 4.64 (1.86–11.58)
Huang et al. [60] Meta-analysis 6,452 26.48% Severe COVID-19 2.45 (1.79–3.35)
Tian et al. [61] Meta-analysis 4,659 23.8% Mortality 2.0 (1.7–2.3)

  1. ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome.

An extensive survey showed that respondents had a low knowledge score regarding COVID-19. In this respect, it becomes more important to be aware of COVID-19 and its consequences on human health [54]. Establishing a valid association between DM and COVID-19 is imperative in treating DM patients. It would also help in DM care in the present conditions and assist in similar outbreaks in the future. It is also essential to take care of the comorbidities of DM patients while treating DM. Now that the COVID-19 vaccine is available, we need to get vaccinated to save ourselves from this highly infectious disease and save other society members.

The community must also implement social distancing guidelines and protocols to protect those who are more susceptible to morbidity from this disease, such as comorbid individuals or older aged people. Comorbid individuals are those who are more severely being infected by the virus. Patients with chronic illnesses like diabetes, hypertension, and respiratory diseases are more threatened by the virus than those without any underlying conditions.

The treatment of COVID-19 patients with diabetes requires an integrated team approach to minimize the risk of medical complications and mortality [44]. Besides, doctors should incorporate pragmatic measures to treat patients with comorbidities. This strategy would help reduce the frequency of complications, mortality among patients, and the healthcare system’s overall load.

4 Conclusion

COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic with new information concerning the disease continually emerging. Diabetes is an essential comorbid factor for COVID-19, and diabetic patients must take the necessary steps to prevent them from becoming infected. More research is required to cater a clearer understanding of the prevalence of morbidity, mortality, and pathophysiology of COVID-19 in diabetic patients.

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  1. Funding: The author states no funding involved.

  2. Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

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Received: 2020-12-07
Revised: 2021-01-24
Accepted: 2021-02-10
Published Online: 2021-03-25

© 2021 Zohair Jamil Gazzaz, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Research progress on the mechanism of orexin in pain regulation in different brain regions
  3. Adriamycin-resistant cells are significantly less fit than adriamycin-sensitive cells in cervical cancer
  4. Exogenous spermidine affects polyamine metabolism in the mouse hypothalamus
  5. Iris metastasis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma misdiagnosed as primary angle-closure glaucoma: A case report and review of the literature
  6. LncRNA PVT1 promotes cervical cancer progression by sponging miR-503 to upregulate ARL2 expression
  7. Two new inflammatory markers related to the CURB-65 score for disease severity in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: The hypersensitive C-reactive protein to albumin ratio and fibrinogen to albumin ratio
  8. Circ_0091579 enhances the malignancy of hepatocellular carcinoma via miR-1287/PDK2 axis
  9. Silencing XIST mitigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory injury in human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells through modulating miR-30b-5p/CCL16 axis and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
  10. Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats
  11. ABCB1 polymorphism in clopidogrel-treated Montenegrin patients
  12. Metabolic profiling of fatty acids in Tripterygium wilfordii multiglucoside- and triptolide-induced liver-injured rats
  13. miR-338-3p inhibits cell growth, invasion, and EMT process in neuroblastoma through targeting MMP-2
  14. Verification of neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on chronic neuropathic pain in a chronic constriction injury rat model
  15. Circ_WWC3 overexpression decelerates the progression of osteosarcoma by regulating miR-421/PDE7B axis
  16. Knockdown of TUG1 rescues cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through targeting the miR-497/MEF2C axis
  17. MiR-146b-3p protects against AR42J cell injury in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis model through targeting Anxa2
  18. miR-299-3p suppresses cell progression and induces apoptosis by downregulating PAX3 in gastric cancer
  19. Diabetes and COVID-19
  20. Discovery of novel potential KIT inhibitors for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor
  21. TEAD4 is a novel independent predictor of prognosis in LGG patients with IDH mutation
  22. circTLK1 facilitates the proliferation and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma by regulating miR-495-3p/CBL axis
  23. microRNA-9-5p protects liver sinusoidal endothelial cell against oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury
  24. Long noncoding RNA TUG1 regulates degradation of chondrocyte extracellular matrix via miR-320c/MMP-13 axis in osteoarthritis
  25. Duodenal adenocarcinoma with skin metastasis as initial manifestation: A case report
  26. Effects of Loofah cylindrica extract on learning and memory ability, brain tissue morphology, and immune function of aging mice
  27. Recombinant Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin-1 (rBFT-1) promotes proliferation of colorectal cancer via CCL3-related molecular pathways
  28. Blocking circ_UBR4 suppressed proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression of human vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis
  29. Gene therapy in PIDs, hemoglobin, ocular, neurodegenerative, and hemophilia B disorders
  30. Downregulation of circ_0037655 impedes glioma formation and metastasis via the regulation of miR-1229-3p/ITGB8 axis
  31. Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes population
  32. Circ_0013359 facilitates the tumorigenicity of melanoma by regulating miR-136-5p/RAB9A axis
  33. Mechanisms of circular RNA circ_0066147 on pancreatic cancer progression
  34. lncRNA myocardial infarction-associated transcript (MIAT) knockdown alleviates LPS-induced chondrocytes inflammatory injury via regulating miR-488-3p/sex determining region Y-related HMG-box 11 (SOX11) axis
  35. Identification of circRNA circ-CSPP1 as a potent driver of colorectal cancer by directly targeting the miR-431/LASP1 axis
  36. Hyperhomocysteinemia exacerbates ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced acute kidney injury by mediating oxidative stress, DNA damage, JNK pathway, and apoptosis
  37. Potential prognostic markers and significant lncRNA–mRNA co-expression pairs in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
  38. Gamma irradiation-mediated inactivation of enveloped viruses with conservation of genome integrity: Potential application for SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine development
  39. ADHFE1 is a correlative factor of patient survival in cancer
  40. The association of transcription factor Prox1 with the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer
  41. Is there a relationship between the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease and diabetic kidney disease?
  42. Immunoregulatory function of Dictyophora echinovolvata spore polysaccharides in immunocompromised mice induced by cyclophosphamide
  43. T cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and conserved surface protein of Plasmodium malariae share sequence homology
  44. Anti-obesity effect and mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells influence on obese mice
  45. Long noncoding RNA HULC contributes to paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer via miR-137/ITGB8 axis
  46. Glucocorticoids protect HEI-OC1 cells from tunicamycin-induced cell damage via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress
  47. Prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning
  48. Gastroprotective effects of diosgenin against HCl/ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury through suppression of NF-κβ and myeloperoxidase activities
  49. Silencing of LINC00707 suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells by modulating miR-338-3p/AHSA1 axis
  50. Successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resuscitation of patient with cardiogenic shock induced by phaeochromocytoma crisis mimicking hyperthyroidism: A case report
  51. Effects of miR-185-5p on replication of hepatitis C virus
  52. Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis
  53. Primary localized cutaneous nodular amyloidosis presenting as lymphatic malformation: A case report
  54. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging analysis in the characteristics of Wilson’s disease: A case report and literature review
  55. Therapeutic potential of anticoagulant therapy in association with cytokine storm inhibition in severe cases of COVID-19: A case report
  56. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy for locally advanced squamous cell lung carcinoma: A case report and literature review
  57. Rufinamide (RUF) suppresses inflammation and maintains the integrity of the blood–brain barrier during kainic acid-induced brain damage
  58. Inhibition of ADAM10 ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiac remodeling by suppressing N-cadherin cleavage
  59. Invasive ductal carcinoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia manifesting as a collision breast tumor: A case report and literature review
  60. Clonal diversity of the B cell receptor repertoire in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis and type 2 diabetes
  61. CTLA-4 promotes lymphoma progression through tumor stem cell enrichment and immunosuppression
  62. WDR74 promotes proliferation and metastasis in colorectal cancer cells through regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  63. Down-regulation of IGHG1 enhances Protoporphyrin IX accumulation and inhibits hemin biosynthesis in colorectal cancer by suppressing the MEK-FECH axis
  64. Curcumin suppresses the progression of gastric cancer by regulating circ_0056618/miR-194-5p axis
  65. Scutellarin-induced A549 cell apoptosis depends on activation of the transforming growth factor-β1/smad2/ROS/caspase-3 pathway
  66. lncRNA NEAT1 regulates CYP1A2 and influences steroid-induced necrosis
  67. A two-microRNA signature predicts the progression of male thyroid cancer
  68. Isolation of microglia from retinas of chronic ocular hypertensive rats
  69. Changes of immune cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation and hepatectomy, a pilot study
  70. Calcineurin Aβ gene knockdown inhibits transient outward potassium current ion channel remodeling in hypertrophic ventricular myocyte
  71. Aberrant expression of PI3K/AKT signaling is involved in apoptosis resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma
  72. Clinical significance of activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in apoptosis inhibition of oral cancer
  73. circ_CHFR regulates ox-LDL-mediated cell proliferation, apoptosis, and EndoMT by miR-15a-5p/EGFR axis in human brain microvessel endothelial cells
  74. Resveratrol pretreatment mitigates LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating conventional dendritic cells’ maturation and function
  75. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T promotes tumor stem cell characteristics and migration of cervical cancer cells by regulating the GRP78/FAK pathway
  76. Carriage of HLA-DRB1*11 and 1*12 alleles and risk factors in patients with breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  77. Protective effect of Lactobacillus-containing probiotics on intestinal mucosa of rats experiencing traumatic hemorrhagic shock
  78. Glucocorticoids induce osteonecrosis of the femoral head through the Hippo signaling pathway
  79. Endothelial cell-derived SSAO can increase MLC20 phosphorylation in VSMCs
  80. Downregulation of STOX1 is a novel prognostic biomarker for glioma patients
  81. miR-378a-3p regulates glioma cell chemosensitivity to cisplatin through IGF1R
  82. The molecular mechanisms underlying arecoline-induced cardiac fibrosis in rats
  83. TGF-β1-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells reciprocally regulate Th17/Treg cells by regulating the expression of IFN-γ
  84. The influence of MTHFR genetic polymorphisms on methotrexate therapy in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  85. Red blood cell distribution width-standard deviation but not red blood cell distribution width-coefficient of variation as a potential index for the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in mid-pregnancy women
  86. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma expressing alpha fetoprotein in the endometrium
  87. Superoxide dismutase and the sigma1 receptor as key elements of the antioxidant system in human gastrointestinal tract cancers
  88. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic studies of Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia multiceps coenurus cysts in slaughtered sheep in Saudi Arabia
  89. ITGB5 mutation discovered in a Chinese family with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome
  90. ACTB and GAPDH appear at multiple SDS-PAGE positions, thus not suitable as reference genes for determining protein loading in techniques like Western blotting
  91. Facilitation of mouse skin-derived precursor growth and yield by optimizing plating density
  92. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanol ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced septic cardiac injury in a murine model
  93. Downregulation of PITX2 inhibits the proliferation and migration of liver cancer cells and induces cell apoptosis
  94. Expression of CDK9 in endometrial cancer tissues and its effect on the proliferation of HEC-1B
  95. Novel predictor of the occurrence of DKA in T1DM patients without infection: A combination of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and white blood cells
  96. Investigation of molecular regulation mechanism under the pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage
  97. miR-25-3p protects renal tubular epithelial cells from apoptosis induced by renal IRI by targeting DKK3
  98. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  99. Green fabrication of Co and Co3O4 nanoparticles and their biomedical applications: A review
  100. Agriculture
  101. Effects of inorganic and organic selenium sources on the growth performance of broilers in China: A meta-analysis
  102. Crop-livestock integration practices, knowledge, and attitudes among smallholder farmers: Hedging against climate change-induced shocks in semi-arid Zimbabwe
  103. Food Science and Nutrition
  104. Effect of food processing on the antioxidant activity of flavones from Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce
  105. Vitamin D and iodine status was associated with the risk and complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China
  106. Diversity of microbiota in Slovak summer ewes’ cheese “Bryndza”
  107. Comparison between voltammetric detection methods for abalone-flavoring liquid
  108. Composition of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and their effects on the rheological properties of dough
  109. Application of culture, PCR, and PacBio sequencing for determination of microbial composition of milk from subclinical mastitis dairy cows of smallholder farms
  110. Investigating microplastics and potentially toxic elements contamination in canned Tuna, Salmon, and Sardine fishes from Taif markets, KSA
  111. From bench to bar side: Evaluating the red wine storage lesion
  112. Establishment of an iodine model for prevention of iodine-excess-induced thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women
  113. Plant Sciences
  114. Characterization of GMPP from Dendrobium huoshanense yielding GDP-D-mannose
  115. Comparative analysis of the SPL gene family in five Rosaceae species: Fragaria vesca, Malus domestica, Prunus persica, Rubus occidentalis, and Pyrus pyrifolia
  116. Identification of leaf rust resistance genes Lr34 and Lr46 in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum) lines of different origin using multiplex PCR
  117. Investigation of bioactivities of Taxus chinensis, Taxus cuspidata, and Taxus × media by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  118. Morphological structures and histochemistry of roots and shoots in Myricaria laxiflora (Tamaricaceae)
  119. Transcriptome analysis of resistance mechanism to potato wart disease
  120. In silico analysis of glycosyltransferase 2 family genes in duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) and its role in salt stress tolerance
  121. Comparative study on growth traits and ions regulation of zoysiagrasses under varied salinity treatments
  122. Role of MS1 homolog Ntms1 gene of tobacco infertility
  123. Biological characteristics and fungicide sensitivity of Pyricularia variabilis
  124. In silico/computational analysis of mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase gene families in Campanulids
  125. Identification of novel drought-responsive miRNA regulatory network of drought stress response in common vetch (Vicia sativa)
  126. How photoautotrophy, photomixotrophy, and ventilation affect the stomata and fluorescence emission of pistachios rootstock?
  127. Apoplastic histochemical features of plant root walls that may facilitate ion uptake and retention
  128. Ecology and Environmental Sciences
  129. The impact of sewage sludge on the fungal communities in the rhizosphere and roots of barley and on barley yield
  130. Domestication of wild animals may provide a springboard for rapid variation of coronavirus
  131. Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region (Ghana)
  132. Molecular record for the first authentication of Isaria cicadae from Vietnam
  133. Twig biomass allocation of Betula platyphylla in different habitats in Wudalianchi Volcano, northeast China
  134. Animal Sciences
  135. Supplementation of probiotics in water beneficial growth performance, carcass traits, immune function, and antioxidant capacity in broiler chickens
  136. Predators of the giant pine scale, Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius 1883; Hemiptera: Marchalinidae), out of its natural range in Turkey
  137. Honey in wound healing: An updated review
  138. NONMMUT140591.1 may serve as a ceRNA to regulate Gata5 in UT-B knockout-induced cardiac conduction block
  139. Radiotherapy for the treatment of pulmonary hydatidosis in sheep
  140. Retraction
  141. Retraction of “Long non-coding RNA TUG1 knockdown hinders the tumorigenesis of multiple myeloma by regulating microRNA-34a-5p/NOTCH1 signaling pathway”
  142. Special Issue on Reuse of Agro-Industrial By-Products
  143. An effect of positional isomerism of benzoic acid derivatives on antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli
  144. Special Issue on Computing and Artificial Techniques for Life Science Applications - Part II
  145. Relationship of Gensini score with retinal vessel diameter and arteriovenous ratio in senile CHD
  146. Effects of different enantiomers of amlodipine on lipid profiles and vasomotor factors in atherosclerotic rabbits
  147. Establishment of the New Zealand white rabbit animal model of fatty keratopathy associated with corneal neovascularization
  148. lncRNA MALAT1/miR-143 axis is a potential biomarker for in-stent restenosis and is involved in the multiplication of vascular smooth muscle cells
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2021-0034
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
diabetes mellitus; COVID-19; ACE2; cytokine storm; CVD
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Research progress on the mechanism of orexin in pain regulation in different brain regions
  3. Adriamycin-resistant cells are significantly less fit than adriamycin-sensitive cells in cervical cancer
  4. Exogenous spermidine affects polyamine metabolism in the mouse hypothalamus
  5. Iris metastasis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma misdiagnosed as primary angle-closure glaucoma: A case report and review of the literature
  6. LncRNA PVT1 promotes cervical cancer progression by sponging miR-503 to upregulate ARL2 expression
  7. Two new inflammatory markers related to the CURB-65 score for disease severity in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: The hypersensitive C-reactive protein to albumin ratio and fibrinogen to albumin ratio
  8. Circ_0091579 enhances the malignancy of hepatocellular carcinoma via miR-1287/PDK2 axis
  9. Silencing XIST mitigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory injury in human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells through modulating miR-30b-5p/CCL16 axis and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
  10. Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats
  11. ABCB1 polymorphism in clopidogrel-treated Montenegrin patients
  12. Metabolic profiling of fatty acids in Tripterygium wilfordii multiglucoside- and triptolide-induced liver-injured rats
  13. miR-338-3p inhibits cell growth, invasion, and EMT process in neuroblastoma through targeting MMP-2
  14. Verification of neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on chronic neuropathic pain in a chronic constriction injury rat model
  15. Circ_WWC3 overexpression decelerates the progression of osteosarcoma by regulating miR-421/PDE7B axis
  16. Knockdown of TUG1 rescues cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through targeting the miR-497/MEF2C axis
  17. MiR-146b-3p protects against AR42J cell injury in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis model through targeting Anxa2
  18. miR-299-3p suppresses cell progression and induces apoptosis by downregulating PAX3 in gastric cancer
  19. Diabetes and COVID-19
  20. Discovery of novel potential KIT inhibitors for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor
  21. TEAD4 is a novel independent predictor of prognosis in LGG patients with IDH mutation
  22. circTLK1 facilitates the proliferation and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma by regulating miR-495-3p/CBL axis
  23. microRNA-9-5p protects liver sinusoidal endothelial cell against oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury
  24. Long noncoding RNA TUG1 regulates degradation of chondrocyte extracellular matrix via miR-320c/MMP-13 axis in osteoarthritis
  25. Duodenal adenocarcinoma with skin metastasis as initial manifestation: A case report
  26. Effects of Loofah cylindrica extract on learning and memory ability, brain tissue morphology, and immune function of aging mice
  27. Recombinant Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin-1 (rBFT-1) promotes proliferation of colorectal cancer via CCL3-related molecular pathways
  28. Blocking circ_UBR4 suppressed proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression of human vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis
  29. Gene therapy in PIDs, hemoglobin, ocular, neurodegenerative, and hemophilia B disorders
  30. Downregulation of circ_0037655 impedes glioma formation and metastasis via the regulation of miR-1229-3p/ITGB8 axis
  31. Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes population
  32. Circ_0013359 facilitates the tumorigenicity of melanoma by regulating miR-136-5p/RAB9A axis
  33. Mechanisms of circular RNA circ_0066147 on pancreatic cancer progression
  34. lncRNA myocardial infarction-associated transcript (MIAT) knockdown alleviates LPS-induced chondrocytes inflammatory injury via regulating miR-488-3p/sex determining region Y-related HMG-box 11 (SOX11) axis
  35. Identification of circRNA circ-CSPP1 as a potent driver of colorectal cancer by directly targeting the miR-431/LASP1 axis
  36. Hyperhomocysteinemia exacerbates ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced acute kidney injury by mediating oxidative stress, DNA damage, JNK pathway, and apoptosis
  37. Potential prognostic markers and significant lncRNA–mRNA co-expression pairs in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
  38. Gamma irradiation-mediated inactivation of enveloped viruses with conservation of genome integrity: Potential application for SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine development
  39. ADHFE1 is a correlative factor of patient survival in cancer
  40. The association of transcription factor Prox1 with the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer
  41. Is there a relationship between the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease and diabetic kidney disease?
  42. Immunoregulatory function of Dictyophora echinovolvata spore polysaccharides in immunocompromised mice induced by cyclophosphamide
  43. T cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and conserved surface protein of Plasmodium malariae share sequence homology
  44. Anti-obesity effect and mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells influence on obese mice
  45. Long noncoding RNA HULC contributes to paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer via miR-137/ITGB8 axis
  46. Glucocorticoids protect HEI-OC1 cells from tunicamycin-induced cell damage via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress
  47. Prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning
  48. Gastroprotective effects of diosgenin against HCl/ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury through suppression of NF-κβ and myeloperoxidase activities
  49. Silencing of LINC00707 suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells by modulating miR-338-3p/AHSA1 axis
  50. Successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resuscitation of patient with cardiogenic shock induced by phaeochromocytoma crisis mimicking hyperthyroidism: A case report
  51. Effects of miR-185-5p on replication of hepatitis C virus
  52. Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis
  53. Primary localized cutaneous nodular amyloidosis presenting as lymphatic malformation: A case report
  54. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging analysis in the characteristics of Wilson’s disease: A case report and literature review
  55. Therapeutic potential of anticoagulant therapy in association with cytokine storm inhibition in severe cases of COVID-19: A case report
  56. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy for locally advanced squamous cell lung carcinoma: A case report and literature review
  57. Rufinamide (RUF) suppresses inflammation and maintains the integrity of the blood–brain barrier during kainic acid-induced brain damage
  58. Inhibition of ADAM10 ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiac remodeling by suppressing N-cadherin cleavage
  59. Invasive ductal carcinoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia manifesting as a collision breast tumor: A case report and literature review
  60. Clonal diversity of the B cell receptor repertoire in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis and type 2 diabetes
  61. CTLA-4 promotes lymphoma progression through tumor stem cell enrichment and immunosuppression
  62. WDR74 promotes proliferation and metastasis in colorectal cancer cells through regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  63. Down-regulation of IGHG1 enhances Protoporphyrin IX accumulation and inhibits hemin biosynthesis in colorectal cancer by suppressing the MEK-FECH axis
  64. Curcumin suppresses the progression of gastric cancer by regulating circ_0056618/miR-194-5p axis
  65. Scutellarin-induced A549 cell apoptosis depends on activation of the transforming growth factor-β1/smad2/ROS/caspase-3 pathway
  66. lncRNA NEAT1 regulates CYP1A2 and influences steroid-induced necrosis
  67. A two-microRNA signature predicts the progression of male thyroid cancer
  68. Isolation of microglia from retinas of chronic ocular hypertensive rats
  69. Changes of immune cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation and hepatectomy, a pilot study
  70. Calcineurin Aβ gene knockdown inhibits transient outward potassium current ion channel remodeling in hypertrophic ventricular myocyte
  71. Aberrant expression of PI3K/AKT signaling is involved in apoptosis resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma
  72. Clinical significance of activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in apoptosis inhibition of oral cancer
  73. circ_CHFR regulates ox-LDL-mediated cell proliferation, apoptosis, and EndoMT by miR-15a-5p/EGFR axis in human brain microvessel endothelial cells
  74. Resveratrol pretreatment mitigates LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating conventional dendritic cells’ maturation and function
  75. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T promotes tumor stem cell characteristics and migration of cervical cancer cells by regulating the GRP78/FAK pathway
  76. Carriage of HLA-DRB1*11 and 1*12 alleles and risk factors in patients with breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  77. Protective effect of Lactobacillus-containing probiotics on intestinal mucosa of rats experiencing traumatic hemorrhagic shock
  78. Glucocorticoids induce osteonecrosis of the femoral head through the Hippo signaling pathway
  79. Endothelial cell-derived SSAO can increase MLC20 phosphorylation in VSMCs
  80. Downregulation of STOX1 is a novel prognostic biomarker for glioma patients
  81. miR-378a-3p regulates glioma cell chemosensitivity to cisplatin through IGF1R
  82. The molecular mechanisms underlying arecoline-induced cardiac fibrosis in rats
  83. TGF-β1-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells reciprocally regulate Th17/Treg cells by regulating the expression of IFN-γ
  84. The influence of MTHFR genetic polymorphisms on methotrexate therapy in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  85. Red blood cell distribution width-standard deviation but not red blood cell distribution width-coefficient of variation as a potential index for the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in mid-pregnancy women
  86. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma expressing alpha fetoprotein in the endometrium
  87. Superoxide dismutase and the sigma1 receptor as key elements of the antioxidant system in human gastrointestinal tract cancers
  88. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic studies of Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia multiceps coenurus cysts in slaughtered sheep in Saudi Arabia
  89. ITGB5 mutation discovered in a Chinese family with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome
  90. ACTB and GAPDH appear at multiple SDS-PAGE positions, thus not suitable as reference genes for determining protein loading in techniques like Western blotting
  91. Facilitation of mouse skin-derived precursor growth and yield by optimizing plating density
  92. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanol ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced septic cardiac injury in a murine model
  93. Downregulation of PITX2 inhibits the proliferation and migration of liver cancer cells and induces cell apoptosis
  94. Expression of CDK9 in endometrial cancer tissues and its effect on the proliferation of HEC-1B
  95. Novel predictor of the occurrence of DKA in T1DM patients without infection: A combination of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and white blood cells
  96. Investigation of molecular regulation mechanism under the pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage
  97. miR-25-3p protects renal tubular epithelial cells from apoptosis induced by renal IRI by targeting DKK3
  98. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  99. Green fabrication of Co and Co3O4 nanoparticles and their biomedical applications: A review
  100. Agriculture
  101. Effects of inorganic and organic selenium sources on the growth performance of broilers in China: A meta-analysis
  102. Crop-livestock integration practices, knowledge, and attitudes among smallholder farmers: Hedging against climate change-induced shocks in semi-arid Zimbabwe
  103. Food Science and Nutrition
  104. Effect of food processing on the antioxidant activity of flavones from Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce
  105. Vitamin D and iodine status was associated with the risk and complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China
  106. Diversity of microbiota in Slovak summer ewes’ cheese “Bryndza”
  107. Comparison between voltammetric detection methods for abalone-flavoring liquid
  108. Composition of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and their effects on the rheological properties of dough
  109. Application of culture, PCR, and PacBio sequencing for determination of microbial composition of milk from subclinical mastitis dairy cows of smallholder farms
  110. Investigating microplastics and potentially toxic elements contamination in canned Tuna, Salmon, and Sardine fishes from Taif markets, KSA
  111. From bench to bar side: Evaluating the red wine storage lesion
  112. Establishment of an iodine model for prevention of iodine-excess-induced thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women
  113. Plant Sciences
  114. Characterization of GMPP from Dendrobium huoshanense yielding GDP-D-mannose
  115. Comparative analysis of the SPL gene family in five Rosaceae species: Fragaria vesca, Malus domestica, Prunus persica, Rubus occidentalis, and Pyrus pyrifolia
  116. Identification of leaf rust resistance genes Lr34 and Lr46 in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum) lines of different origin using multiplex PCR
  117. Investigation of bioactivities of Taxus chinensis, Taxus cuspidata, and Taxus × media by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  118. Morphological structures and histochemistry of roots and shoots in Myricaria laxiflora (Tamaricaceae)
  119. Transcriptome analysis of resistance mechanism to potato wart disease
  120. In silico analysis of glycosyltransferase 2 family genes in duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) and its role in salt stress tolerance
  121. Comparative study on growth traits and ions regulation of zoysiagrasses under varied salinity treatments
  122. Role of MS1 homolog Ntms1 gene of tobacco infertility
  123. Biological characteristics and fungicide sensitivity of Pyricularia variabilis
  124. In silico/computational analysis of mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase gene families in Campanulids
  125. Identification of novel drought-responsive miRNA regulatory network of drought stress response in common vetch (Vicia sativa)
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Heruntergeladen am 18.11.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/biol-2021-0034/html
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