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Establishment of an iodine model for prevention of iodine-excess-induced thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women

  • Yuhan Zhou , Fen Chen , Lingyu Wang , Chunhui Tian , Shuo Zhang , Feifei Ding EMAIL logo and Jie Deng EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2021
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 16 Issue 1

Abstract

This study aims to explore the relationship between the iodine status and thyroid dysfunction (TD) in pregnant women and establish a model to guide them to prevent excessive iodine intake. A total of 515 pregnant women were enrolled in the study. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), thyroid hormones, and thyroid autoantibodies were measured, and then a logistic regression model was established. The median UIC of pregnant women was 174 ± 120 μg/L. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that multivitamin supplements containing iodine and frequent seafood consumption were risk factors for excessive iodine (UIC ≥500 μg/L). Besides, excessive iodine was a risk factor for TD. Iodine excess was associated with a high prevalence of TD in pregnant women, especially TPOAb-positive women (P < 0.05). A logistic regression model based on potential risk factors was established to predict the risk of excessive iodine intake among pregnant women and provide guidance to minimize the risk of excessive iodine intake, thus reducing the risk of TD.

Keywords: urinary iodine concentration; pregnant women; a logistic regression model; thyroid dysfunction

1 Introduction

The synthesis of thyroid hormones requires iodine, which plays a key role in maintaining basic metabolism and body growth. Diet and drinking water are the main sources of iodine. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is an important biomarker of iodine metabolism [1]. The iodine demand of pregnant women is 50% higher than that of nonpregnant adults because active transport of iodine through the placenta to the fetus, the increase of thyroid hormone production, and the increase of glomerular filtration. All of these will lead to iodine loss, which increases the risk of iodine deficiency in pregnant women [2,3,4]. Significant changes in iodine metabolism during pregnancy have a vital impact on thyroid function [5]. Thus, thyroid disorders are more common in pregnant women [6,7]. Insufficient iodine intake may lead to maternal thyroid dysfunction (TD) and adversely affect fetal nerve development [8].

China is known as the iodine deficiency area due to the lack of environmental resources. Xiangyang City, the second-largest city in Hubei Province, located in central China, has been proved to be an iodine-deficient area. Since the 1990s, most countries, including China, have implemented universal salt iodization (USI), which has greatly improved iodine nutrition in the world [9,10]. In the past two decades, China has almost eliminated iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) [11,12,13]. With increasing iodine levels in pregnant women in inland China, the risk of iodine excess has also attracted great attention. Though previous studies have well explained the relationship between iodine status in pregnant women and TD, there are only a few reports on how to control multiple risk factors scientifically to prevent iodine excess and TD. Clinical factors, such as iodized salt, iodine-containing supplements and dietary intake, are considered as risk factors for iodine excess. Although World Health Organization (WHO) recommends UIC to represent the iodine status in the body, the best method to assess iodine status remains controversial. Furthermore, the random urine iodine cannot fully tell us whether the amount of iodized salt or iodine-rich diet is appropriate and how to adjust the diet of pregnant women; therefore, it is meaningful to predict the high-risk group of pregnant women with more than adequate iodine or excessive iodine intake through multiple variables, especially for pregnant women who generally eat iodized salt in central China. They need to be cautious about taking iodine supplements or food to reduce the risk of TD-related iodine excess.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between iodine status and TD in Chinese pregnant women. A model was constructed to screen pregnant women with a high risk of iodine excess based on potential risk factors and help them supplement iodine properly to prevent TD-related iodine excess.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Subjects

A total of 515 pregnant women were enrolled from the obstetrics department of the No. 1 People’s Hospital of Xiangyang City, Hubei Province, China, from October 2018 to January 2020. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) no history of a primary and metastatic tumor; (2) no history of any drug influencing thyroid function; (3) no history of thyroidectomy; and (4) complete laboratory examination or questionnaire. Clinical information including age, gestational week, prepregnant body mass index (BMI), dietary habits, and exogenous iodine supplementation during pregnancy were filled in. After three experts reviewed the clarity and understanding of the questionnaire, the trained nurses collected data through face-to-face interviews.

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Hubei University of Medicine.

2.2 Iodine supplementation

Dietary habits, such as seafood (three groups: no seafood consumption; occasional: 1–2 meal containing seafood per week on average; frequent: at least three meals containing seafood per week), egg (three groups: no egg consumption; occasional: 1–2 eggs per week on average; frequent: at least three eggs per week), cow’s milk and yogurt (three groups: no consumption; occasional: 1–500 mL per week on average; frequent: at least 500 mL per week), were recorded according to the above grading rules. In 2011, the Ministry of Health issued the “iodine content of edible salt,” which stipulated that the average level of iodine content in edible salt can be 20, 25, and 30 mg/kg. One or two kinds of iodized salts can be supplied according to the iodine nutrition level of people in the province. Xiangyang Municipal governments used iodized salt with 25 mg/kg iodine standard. The iodized salt used for cooking by pregnant women is defined as the use of iodized salt, and those without iodized salt for cooking are defined as no iodized salt use. The doctor prescribed multivitamin tablets to pregnant women with vitamin deficiency. According to the doctor’s advice, pregnant women took one or two tablets daily (50 or 100 µg of iodine intake). Iodine-containing multivitamin supplements taken by pregnant women are referred to as iodine supplements. Pregnant women who do not take a multivitamin supplement or take non-iodine-containing multivitamin supplements are defined as iodine-free supplements.

2.3 Measurement of thyroid functional parameters

The blood samples of each pregnant woman were drawn into the serum separator tubes, and the serum was centrifuged. Serum-free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were measured by an automatic biochemical analyzer (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, USA). The normal values were determined by the 5th and 95th percentiles of serum measurement. Table S1 shows the reference ranges of thyroid hormones.TD was diagnosed according to the following definitions:

  1. Clinical hyperthyroidism (any one of the below criteria): decreased TSH, elevated FT4, and/or elevated FT3; patients who had a history of hyperthyroidism were receiving anti-thyroid agents.

  2. Clinical hypothyroidism: elevated TSH and decreased FT4; patients who had a history of hypothyroidism were receiving levothyroxine.

  3. Subclinical hyperthyroidism: decreased TSH and normal FT4.

  4. Subclinical hypothyroidism: elevated TSH and normal FT4.

2.4 UIC detection

A fresh spot urine sample (10 mL) from each pregnant woman was collected between 8:00 and 12:00 a.m. Urine samples were stored at 4°C and tested within 8 h after receiving the samples. They were detected in duplicate by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Self-made quality control material was used in every run and the blank solution was routinely prepared and tested to monitor potential cross-contamination in urine samples. The authors of this project participated in the External Quality Assessment organized by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. The iodine status of pregnant women is divided into four grades according to the WHO criteria, including insufficient (mUIC <150 μg/L), adequate (mUIC, 150–249 μg/L), above requirements (mUIC, 250–499 μg/L), and excessive (mUIC ≥500 μg/L) intake.

2.5 Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed by using Python software (Version 3.6) (https://www.python.org). Categorical variables were presented as numbers with proportions (%). Normal distribution was tested using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Continuous variables were shown as median with the interquartile range (IQR). The Kruskal–Wallis H test and Chi-square test were used to calculate intra-group or inter-group statistical differences. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for iodine excess or TD. A logistic regression model was established to predict the probability of iodine excess. The predictive value was evaluated through the receiver operating characteristic curve. The model was verified by random sampling of more than 10×. P-value <0.05 was deemed as a statistically significant difference.

3 Results

3.1 General characteristics of pregnant women

The median UIC of pregnant women with TD was 199 ± 121 μg/L, higher than that of pregnant women without TD (P = 0.034). The FT4 level in the TD group was significantly higher than that in the euthyroid group (P = 0.032). The proportion of TPOAb positivity in pregnant women with TD was higher than that in pregnant women with normal thyroid function (P = 0.008). Compared with the euthyroid group, the number of pregnant women who took iodine supplements in the TD group was more according to the questionnaire (P = 0.032). Pregnant women with TD consumed more iodine-rich food, such as seafood and milk, every week compared to pregnant women without TD. About 87% of pregnant women took iodized salt in this cohort (Table 1).

Table 1

General characteristics of pregnant women

TD (n = 147) Euthyroid (n = 368) P value
Age (years)* 28.0 (26.5, 31.5) 28 (26.0, 30.0) 0.322
Gestational week (weeks)* 15 (13, 16) 15 (13, 16) 0.307
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2)* 22.2 (20.5, 24.6) 22.2 (20.2, 24.2) 0.834
UIC (μg/L)* 199 (139, 264) 171 (109, 257) 0.034
FT4 (pmol/L)* 12.6 (11.3, 13.6) 12.2 (10.9, 13.3) 0.032
FT3 (pmol/L)* 4.6 (4.2, 5.0) 4.5 (4.1, 4.9) 0.419
TSH (nIU/L)* 3.8 (0.3, 5.1) 1.8 (1.1, 2.5) 0.907
TPOAb positivity 23 (15.7) 29 (7.9) 0.008
Iodized salt
 Yes 133 (90.5) 318 (86.4) 0.255
 No 14 (9.5) 50 (13.6)
Multivitamin with iodine
 Yes 54 (36.7) 100 (27.2) 0.032
 No 93 (63.3) 268 (72.8)
Seafood (fish, crab, shrimp)
 Frequent 40 (27.2) 61 (16.6) 0.011
 Occasional 89 (60.5) 270 (73.4)
 None 18 (12.2) 37 (10.1)
Egg
 Frequent 80 (54.4) 158 (42.9) 0.056
 Occasional 60 (40.8) 192 (52.2)
 None 7 (4.8) 18 (4.9)
Cow’s milk
 Frequent 110 (74.8) 173 (47.0) <0.0001
 Occasional 24 (16.3) 169 (45.9)
 None 13 (8.8) 26 (7.1)
Yogurt
 Frequent 42 (28.6) 78 (21.2) 0.057
 Occasional 64 (43.5) 202 (54.9)
 None 41 (27.9) 88 (23.9)

Categorical variables are presented as numbers with proportions (%) and are presented as median (IQR) (*).

Statistically significant difference set at P < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis H test.

3.2 Maternal iodine status and TD risk

Pregnant women whose UIC was above 500 μg/L had the lowest FT4 level and highest TSH. All functional thyroid parameters were in the normal reference ranges (Table S2). Iodine excess (UIC ≥500 μg/L) acted as a risk factor for TD (OR, 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00–1.04, P = 0.019) while iodine deficiency was not a risk factor for TD after additional adjustment for other variables (Table 2).

Table 2

Association between UIC and TD risk

UIC (μg/L) OR (95% CI) P-value
0–149 1.00 (0.98–1.01) 0.041*
150–249 Ref
250–499 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 0.018*
≥500 1.02 (1.00–1.04) 0.019*

Data presented as odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]).

*Statistically significant difference set at P < 0.05.

3.3 Risk factors for iodine excess of pregnant women

About 87.6% of pregnant women in this cohort consumed iodized salt, and a significant correlation between iodized salt intake and higher UIC was observed (P < 0.0001). The iodine-containing multivitamin supplement was significantly associated with higher UIC (P < 0.0001). Frequent seafood and milk intake contributed to higher UIC (P = 0.028 and P = 0.001, respectively) (Table S3). When we recalculated the OR value in the multivariable logistic regression model, we found that iodine supplement and seafood intake were with OR > 1 and P < 0.05 (Table S4). After additional adjustment for age, gestational week, and prepregnancy BMI, iodine-containing multivitamin supplement and frequent seafood intake were proved to be risk factors for iodine excess (Table 3).

Table 3

Multivariable logistic regression analysis of risk factors for excessive iodine intake after additional adjustment for age, gestational week, and BMI

Variables β SE Wald χ 2 OR (95.0% CI) P-value
Iodized salt 0.33 0.31 1.84 1.38 (0.27–1.77) 0.058
Iodine-containing supplements 0.41 0.36 1.78 1.51 (1.18–2.10) 0.011
Sea food 0.06 0.06 2.05 1.09 (1.02–1.56) 0.047
Egg −0.02 0.02 −2.55 0.98 (0.90–1.01) 0.967
Milk 0.03 0.04 2.31 1.03 (0.99–1.12) 0.121
Yogurt −0.13 0.16 −2.29 0.88 (0.62–0.99) 0.481

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

3.4 Prevalence of TD according to UIC

The total prevalence of TD in the iodine excess group was much higher (52.94%) than that in inadequate and more than adequate iodine groups (26.95 and 25.19%, respectively). The proportion of TD in the UIC deficiency group was relatively higher than that in the adequate and more than adequate groups though there was no statistical difference. In TPOAb-positive pregnant women, the incidence of TD was closely related to UIC. The proportion of TD in the iodine excess group was the highest among TPOAb-positive pregnant women. However, this association was not seen in TPOAb-negative groups. Subclinical hyperthyroidism was the most common disorder of TDs in the UIC deficiency group, while subclinical hypothyroidism was most common in more than adequate and excessive iodine groups (Table 4).

Table 4

Prevalence of TD according to UIC

TD n (%)
Deficiency (1) Adequate (2) More than adequate (3) Excess (4) P-value P-value P-value
n = 200 n = 167 n = 131 n = 17 (2) vs (4) (3) vs (4)
Total
 Euthyroid 140 (70.00) 122 (73.05) 98 (74.81) 8 (47.06) 0.107 0.025 0.017
 TD 60 (30.00) 45 (26.95) 33 (25.19) 9 (52.94)
TPOAb (+)
 Euthyroid 14 (7.00) 9 (5.39) 6 (4.58) 0 0.040 0.089 0.159
 TD 4 (2.00) 8 (4.79) 8 (6.11) 3 (17.65)
TPOAb (−)
 Euthyroid 25 (12.50) 16 (9.58) 15 (11.45) 2 (11.76) 0.150 0.281 0.402
 TD 18 (9.00) 29 (17.37) 21 (16.03) 1 (5.88)
Subtypes
 Hyperthyroidism 4 (2.00) 3 (1.80) 0 0 — — —
 Hypothyroidism 2 (1.00) 3 (1.80) 1 (0.76) 2 (11.76)
 Subclinical hyperthyroidism 52 (26.00) 19 (11.38) 0 0
 Subclinical hypothyroidism 2 (1.00) 20 (11.98) 32 (24.43) 7 (41.18)

Categorical variables are presented as numbers with proportions (%).

Statistically significant difference set at P < 0.05. Chi-square test for the difference among groups.

3.5 A prediction model of iodine overconsumption

A logistic regression model based on iodized salt, multivitamin supplement with iodine, and iodine-rich diet intake for predicting iodine excess was built (AUC = 0.74) (Figure 1). The feature importance of the variables in the model showed that iodine-containing multivitamin was the most important factor for iodine excess, followed by iodized salt, seafood, and milk intake (Figure S1). The model was verified by sensitivity analysis (Figures S2 and S3). Based on the model, adjustable measures such as adjusting edible salt or multivitamin supplement to non-iodized ones or reducing iodine-rich food consumption can be recommended to pregnant women to prevent excessive iodine intake (Tables 4 and Table 5).

Figure 1 A prediction model of iodine excess among pregnant women. The AUC of the model was 0.74.
Figure 1

A prediction model of iodine excess among pregnant women. The AUC of the model was 0.74.

Table 5

Clinical suggestions through the model

Score Risk Adjustment suggestions
0.56–1.0 High Not taking iodine-containing supplements and reducing iodine-rich food intake according to the model
0.26–0.55 Medium Replacing iodized salt to non-iodized salt or reducing iodine-rich food intake according to the model
0.0–0.25 Low Monitor UIC

4 Discussion

Since the implementation of USI in China in 1996, iodine nutrition has been greatly improved [14,15]. However, some regions in China still indicate the need to strengthen iodine supplementation to reach the WHO’s benchmark of 150 μg/L [16,17]. This study showed that the median UIC of pregnant women was 174 ± 120 μg/L in an iodine-deficient area, which was similar to the value previously reported in China [18,19]. About 87% of pregnant women in this cohort took iodized salt, which directly affected the increase of UIC of pregnant women in this inland area. Besides, the intake of iodine-rich food and multivitamin (iodine-containing) supplements was also closely associated with elevated UIC in pregnant women. Iodine excess caused by iodized salt in some areas may lead to TD in mothers and infants [20].

TD is the most common endocrine disorder during pregnancy [7]. We observed TD in 147 (28.54%) pregnant women. The proportion of pregnant women with iodine excess in the TD group was 4.76%, which was higher than 2.72% in the normal thyroid function group, indicating that iodine excess in pregnant women was associated with abnormal thyroid function. Our results showed that more TPOAb positivity was found in the TD group. Among pregnant women with TD, the number of people who like to eat seafood and milk was higher. We observed that long-term consumption of iodine-rich food was not related to elevated FT4, but daily consumption of iodized salt was negatively related to a decrease in FT4 levels. About 52.94% of the patients in the iodine excess group harbored TD, which was higher than that in the iodine adequate and more than adequate groups. TSH was found to have a positive correlation with UIC. Consistent with these, subclinical hypothyroidism was the most common disorder of TDs in the UIC excess group, while subclinical hyperthyroidism was most common in the UIC deficiency group. Especially in the TPOAb-positive pregnant women, the occurrence of TD was closely related to UIC. Generally, when the UIC level was higher than or even exceeded the requirement, TD was more likely to occur. In the iodine excess group, the proportion of pregnant women with TD was the highest. However, when pregnant women were negative for TPOAb, there was no linear correlation between TD and UIC. To sum up, these results showed that the intake of iodized salt and long-term consumption of iodine-rich food was helpful to improve the UIC of pregnant women and avoided the occurrence of IDDs, but at the same time, high UIC caused by exogenous iodine supplementation would directly affect the thyroid function of pregnant women. Therefore, in central China, where iodized salt is widely used, iodine supplementation during pregnancy should be done cautiously because excessive iodine will not only adversely affect the thyroid function of mothers but also affect the growth and development of newborns [21,22]. In response to the call of the Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China, who stipulates that the average level of iodine content in edible salt can be 20, 25, and 30 mg/kg. Xiangyang municipal government chose 25 mg/kg as the standard. Whether this dose is appropriate for each individual is still unknown. We calculated the OR value in the multivariable logistic regression model and found that two variables, multivitamin supplement with iodine and frequent seafood intake, with OR > 1 and P < 0.05, were regarded as risk factors for excessive iodine (UIC ≥500 μg/L).

The spot urine iodine test cannot fully reflect the iodine status in the body, nor can it suggest that it is appropriate to eat iodized salt or iodine-rich food. Therefore, it is meaningful to predict the high-risk population of iodine excess through multiple variables. Especially, pregnant women in central China generally eat iodized salt, so they need to pay attention to the amount of iodine-containing supplements or food to prevent excess. We suggest that the combination of multiple risk factors is more effective in predicting risk than a single biomarker such as random spot urinary iodine. To better guide the supplementation of iodine and avoid excessive iodine, we established a monitoring model. Taking the amount of iodine-containing supplements, the intake of iodized salt, and eating habits as variables, the risk level was deduced from the output value of the model. Pregnant women should replace iodine-containing supplements or salt with non-iodized-containing ones or reduce the frequency of iodine-rich food intake to prevent iodine excess, and the corresponding adjusted dose and frequency according to the risk range can be the output. For a pregnant woman whose UIC was above adequate, the model can evaluate the possible causes of high iodine status together with the UIC value and give adjustment measures. For a pregnant woman whose UIC was still in the normal range, the model can predict whether the pregnant woman is at risk of iodine excess based on her current iodine intake. Especially for TPOAb-positive pregnant women, this model can help them avoid iodine excess and minimize the occurrence of TD. These results show that adequate iodine intake and avoiding excessive iodine intake are of great significance for clinical monitoring of thyroid function in pregnant women. However, there are some limitations to this study. First, the sample from a certain region was relatively small. Second, when samples were collected at one time point, one test cannot represent the iodine status of the whole pregnancy, which would affect the statistical analysis. In a future study, a larger sample size is needed to verify these results.

5 Conclusion

In central China, where iodized salt is widely used, iodine-containing multivitamin supplements and seafood intake were the main risk factors for iodine excess. Iodine excess was associated with a high prevalence of TD in pregnant women, especially TPOAb-positive women. A model was established to help clinicians provide corresponding suggestions for rational iodine supplementation for pregnant women, especially TPOAb-positive women.

These authors contributed equally.

tel: +86-0710-3420098; fax: +86-0710-3420176

Acknowledgments

The authors are particularly grateful to all the participants in this research.

  1. Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: Yuhan Zhou and Jie Deng: study design; Fen Chen, Lingyu Wang, and Chunhui Tian: collection of samples and questionnaires; and Shuo Zhang and Feifei Ding: dealing with the data and writing the manuscript. All authors listed above participated in the processing of patients’ information. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2021-06-09
Revised: 2021-11-08
Accepted: 2021-11-21
Published Online: 2021-12-31

© 2021 Yuhan Zhou et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  9. Silencing XIST mitigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory injury in human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells through modulating miR-30b-5p/CCL16 axis and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
  10. Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats
  11. ABCB1 polymorphism in clopidogrel-treated Montenegrin patients
  12. Metabolic profiling of fatty acids in Tripterygium wilfordii multiglucoside- and triptolide-induced liver-injured rats
  13. miR-338-3p inhibits cell growth, invasion, and EMT process in neuroblastoma through targeting MMP-2
  14. Verification of neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on chronic neuropathic pain in a chronic constriction injury rat model
  15. Circ_WWC3 overexpression decelerates the progression of osteosarcoma by regulating miR-421/PDE7B axis
  16. Knockdown of TUG1 rescues cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through targeting the miR-497/MEF2C axis
  17. MiR-146b-3p protects against AR42J cell injury in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis model through targeting Anxa2
  18. miR-299-3p suppresses cell progression and induces apoptosis by downregulating PAX3 in gastric cancer
  19. Diabetes and COVID-19
  20. Discovery of novel potential KIT inhibitors for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor
  21. TEAD4 is a novel independent predictor of prognosis in LGG patients with IDH mutation
  22. circTLK1 facilitates the proliferation and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma by regulating miR-495-3p/CBL axis
  23. microRNA-9-5p protects liver sinusoidal endothelial cell against oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury
  24. Long noncoding RNA TUG1 regulates degradation of chondrocyte extracellular matrix via miR-320c/MMP-13 axis in osteoarthritis
  25. Duodenal adenocarcinoma with skin metastasis as initial manifestation: A case report
  26. Effects of Loofah cylindrica extract on learning and memory ability, brain tissue morphology, and immune function of aging mice
  27. Recombinant Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin-1 (rBFT-1) promotes proliferation of colorectal cancer via CCL3-related molecular pathways
  28. Blocking circ_UBR4 suppressed proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression of human vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis
  29. Gene therapy in PIDs, hemoglobin, ocular, neurodegenerative, and hemophilia B disorders
  30. Downregulation of circ_0037655 impedes glioma formation and metastasis via the regulation of miR-1229-3p/ITGB8 axis
  31. Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes population
  32. Circ_0013359 facilitates the tumorigenicity of melanoma by regulating miR-136-5p/RAB9A axis
  33. Mechanisms of circular RNA circ_0066147 on pancreatic cancer progression
  34. lncRNA myocardial infarction-associated transcript (MIAT) knockdown alleviates LPS-induced chondrocytes inflammatory injury via regulating miR-488-3p/sex determining region Y-related HMG-box 11 (SOX11) axis
  35. Identification of circRNA circ-CSPP1 as a potent driver of colorectal cancer by directly targeting the miR-431/LASP1 axis
  36. Hyperhomocysteinemia exacerbates ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced acute kidney injury by mediating oxidative stress, DNA damage, JNK pathway, and apoptosis
  37. Potential prognostic markers and significant lncRNA–mRNA co-expression pairs in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
  38. Gamma irradiation-mediated inactivation of enveloped viruses with conservation of genome integrity: Potential application for SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine development
  39. ADHFE1 is a correlative factor of patient survival in cancer
  40. The association of transcription factor Prox1 with the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer
  41. Is there a relationship between the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease and diabetic kidney disease?
  42. Immunoregulatory function of Dictyophora echinovolvata spore polysaccharides in immunocompromised mice induced by cyclophosphamide
  43. T cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and conserved surface protein of Plasmodium malariae share sequence homology
  44. Anti-obesity effect and mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells influence on obese mice
  45. Long noncoding RNA HULC contributes to paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer via miR-137/ITGB8 axis
  46. Glucocorticoids protect HEI-OC1 cells from tunicamycin-induced cell damage via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress
  47. Prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning
  48. Gastroprotective effects of diosgenin against HCl/ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury through suppression of NF-κβ and myeloperoxidase activities
  49. Silencing of LINC00707 suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells by modulating miR-338-3p/AHSA1 axis
  50. Successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resuscitation of patient with cardiogenic shock induced by phaeochromocytoma crisis mimicking hyperthyroidism: A case report
  51. Effects of miR-185-5p on replication of hepatitis C virus
  52. Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis
  53. Primary localized cutaneous nodular amyloidosis presenting as lymphatic malformation: A case report
  54. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging analysis in the characteristics of Wilson’s disease: A case report and literature review
  55. Therapeutic potential of anticoagulant therapy in association with cytokine storm inhibition in severe cases of COVID-19: A case report
  56. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy for locally advanced squamous cell lung carcinoma: A case report and literature review
  57. Rufinamide (RUF) suppresses inflammation and maintains the integrity of the blood–brain barrier during kainic acid-induced brain damage
  58. Inhibition of ADAM10 ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiac remodeling by suppressing N-cadherin cleavage
  59. Invasive ductal carcinoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia manifesting as a collision breast tumor: A case report and literature review
  60. Clonal diversity of the B cell receptor repertoire in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis and type 2 diabetes
  61. CTLA-4 promotes lymphoma progression through tumor stem cell enrichment and immunosuppression
  62. WDR74 promotes proliferation and metastasis in colorectal cancer cells through regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  63. Down-regulation of IGHG1 enhances Protoporphyrin IX accumulation and inhibits hemin biosynthesis in colorectal cancer by suppressing the MEK-FECH axis
  64. Curcumin suppresses the progression of gastric cancer by regulating circ_0056618/miR-194-5p axis
  65. Scutellarin-induced A549 cell apoptosis depends on activation of the transforming growth factor-β1/smad2/ROS/caspase-3 pathway
  66. lncRNA NEAT1 regulates CYP1A2 and influences steroid-induced necrosis
  67. A two-microRNA signature predicts the progression of male thyroid cancer
  68. Isolation of microglia from retinas of chronic ocular hypertensive rats
  69. Changes of immune cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation and hepatectomy, a pilot study
  70. Calcineurin Aβ gene knockdown inhibits transient outward potassium current ion channel remodeling in hypertrophic ventricular myocyte
  71. Aberrant expression of PI3K/AKT signaling is involved in apoptosis resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma
  72. Clinical significance of activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in apoptosis inhibition of oral cancer
  73. circ_CHFR regulates ox-LDL-mediated cell proliferation, apoptosis, and EndoMT by miR-15a-5p/EGFR axis in human brain microvessel endothelial cells
  74. Resveratrol pretreatment mitigates LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating conventional dendritic cells’ maturation and function
  75. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T promotes tumor stem cell characteristics and migration of cervical cancer cells by regulating the GRP78/FAK pathway
  76. Carriage of HLA-DRB1*11 and 1*12 alleles and risk factors in patients with breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  77. Protective effect of Lactobacillus-containing probiotics on intestinal mucosa of rats experiencing traumatic hemorrhagic shock
  78. Glucocorticoids induce osteonecrosis of the femoral head through the Hippo signaling pathway
  79. Endothelial cell-derived SSAO can increase MLC20 phosphorylation in VSMCs
  80. Downregulation of STOX1 is a novel prognostic biomarker for glioma patients
  81. miR-378a-3p regulates glioma cell chemosensitivity to cisplatin through IGF1R
  82. The molecular mechanisms underlying arecoline-induced cardiac fibrosis in rats
  83. TGF-β1-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells reciprocally regulate Th17/Treg cells by regulating the expression of IFN-γ
  84. The influence of MTHFR genetic polymorphisms on methotrexate therapy in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  85. Red blood cell distribution width-standard deviation but not red blood cell distribution width-coefficient of variation as a potential index for the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in mid-pregnancy women
  86. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma expressing alpha fetoprotein in the endometrium
  87. Superoxide dismutase and the sigma1 receptor as key elements of the antioxidant system in human gastrointestinal tract cancers
  88. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic studies of Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia multiceps coenurus cysts in slaughtered sheep in Saudi Arabia
  89. ITGB5 mutation discovered in a Chinese family with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome
  90. ACTB and GAPDH appear at multiple SDS-PAGE positions, thus not suitable as reference genes for determining protein loading in techniques like Western blotting
  91. Facilitation of mouse skin-derived precursor growth and yield by optimizing plating density
  92. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanol ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced septic cardiac injury in a murine model
  93. Downregulation of PITX2 inhibits the proliferation and migration of liver cancer cells and induces cell apoptosis
  94. Expression of CDK9 in endometrial cancer tissues and its effect on the proliferation of HEC-1B
  95. Novel predictor of the occurrence of DKA in T1DM patients without infection: A combination of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and white blood cells
  96. Investigation of molecular regulation mechanism under the pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage
  97. miR-25-3p protects renal tubular epithelial cells from apoptosis induced by renal IRI by targeting DKK3
  98. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  99. Green fabrication of Co and Co3O4 nanoparticles and their biomedical applications: A review
  100. Agriculture
  101. Effects of inorganic and organic selenium sources on the growth performance of broilers in China: A meta-analysis
  102. Crop-livestock integration practices, knowledge, and attitudes among smallholder farmers: Hedging against climate change-induced shocks in semi-arid Zimbabwe
  103. Food Science and Nutrition
  104. Effect of food processing on the antioxidant activity of flavones from Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce
  105. Vitamin D and iodine status was associated with the risk and complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China
  106. Diversity of microbiota in Slovak summer ewes’ cheese “Bryndza”
  107. Comparison between voltammetric detection methods for abalone-flavoring liquid
  108. Composition of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and their effects on the rheological properties of dough
  109. Application of culture, PCR, and PacBio sequencing for determination of microbial composition of milk from subclinical mastitis dairy cows of smallholder farms
  110. Investigating microplastics and potentially toxic elements contamination in canned Tuna, Salmon, and Sardine fishes from Taif markets, KSA
  111. From bench to bar side: Evaluating the red wine storage lesion
  112. Establishment of an iodine model for prevention of iodine-excess-induced thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women
  113. Plant Sciences
  114. Characterization of GMPP from Dendrobium huoshanense yielding GDP-D-mannose
  115. Comparative analysis of the SPL gene family in five Rosaceae species: Fragaria vesca, Malus domestica, Prunus persica, Rubus occidentalis, and Pyrus pyrifolia
  116. Identification of leaf rust resistance genes Lr34 and Lr46 in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum) lines of different origin using multiplex PCR
  117. Investigation of bioactivities of Taxus chinensis, Taxus cuspidata, and Taxus × media by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  118. Morphological structures and histochemistry of roots and shoots in Myricaria laxiflora (Tamaricaceae)
  119. Transcriptome analysis of resistance mechanism to potato wart disease
  120. In silico analysis of glycosyltransferase 2 family genes in duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) and its role in salt stress tolerance
  121. Comparative study on growth traits and ions regulation of zoysiagrasses under varied salinity treatments
  122. Role of MS1 homolog Ntms1 gene of tobacco infertility
  123. Biological characteristics and fungicide sensitivity of Pyricularia variabilis
  124. In silico/computational analysis of mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase gene families in Campanulids
  125. Identification of novel drought-responsive miRNA regulatory network of drought stress response in common vetch (Vicia sativa)
  126. How photoautotrophy, photomixotrophy, and ventilation affect the stomata and fluorescence emission of pistachios rootstock?
  127. Apoplastic histochemical features of plant root walls that may facilitate ion uptake and retention
  128. Ecology and Environmental Sciences
  129. The impact of sewage sludge on the fungal communities in the rhizosphere and roots of barley and on barley yield
  130. Domestication of wild animals may provide a springboard for rapid variation of coronavirus
  131. Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region (Ghana)
  132. Molecular record for the first authentication of Isaria cicadae from Vietnam
  133. Twig biomass allocation of Betula platyphylla in different habitats in Wudalianchi Volcano, northeast China
  134. Animal Sciences
  135. Supplementation of probiotics in water beneficial growth performance, carcass traits, immune function, and antioxidant capacity in broiler chickens
  136. Predators of the giant pine scale, Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius 1883; Hemiptera: Marchalinidae), out of its natural range in Turkey
  137. Honey in wound healing: An updated review
  138. NONMMUT140591.1 may serve as a ceRNA to regulate Gata5 in UT-B knockout-induced cardiac conduction block
  139. Radiotherapy for the treatment of pulmonary hydatidosis in sheep
  140. Retraction
  141. Retraction of “Long non-coding RNA TUG1 knockdown hinders the tumorigenesis of multiple myeloma by regulating microRNA-34a-5p/NOTCH1 signaling pathway”
  142. Special Issue on Reuse of Agro-Industrial By-Products
  143. An effect of positional isomerism of benzoic acid derivatives on antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli
  144. Special Issue on Computing and Artificial Techniques for Life Science Applications - Part II
  145. Relationship of Gensini score with retinal vessel diameter and arteriovenous ratio in senile CHD
  146. Effects of different enantiomers of amlodipine on lipid profiles and vasomotor factors in atherosclerotic rabbits
  147. Establishment of the New Zealand white rabbit animal model of fatty keratopathy associated with corneal neovascularization
  148. lncRNA MALAT1/miR-143 axis is a potential biomarker for in-stent restenosis and is involved in the multiplication of vascular smooth muscle cells
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2021-0142
Keywords for this article
urinary iodine concentration; pregnant women; a logistic regression model; thyroid dysfunction
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Research progress on the mechanism of orexin in pain regulation in different brain regions
  3. Adriamycin-resistant cells are significantly less fit than adriamycin-sensitive cells in cervical cancer
  4. Exogenous spermidine affects polyamine metabolism in the mouse hypothalamus
  5. Iris metastasis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma misdiagnosed as primary angle-closure glaucoma: A case report and review of the literature
  6. LncRNA PVT1 promotes cervical cancer progression by sponging miR-503 to upregulate ARL2 expression
  7. Two new inflammatory markers related to the CURB-65 score for disease severity in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: The hypersensitive C-reactive protein to albumin ratio and fibrinogen to albumin ratio
  8. Circ_0091579 enhances the malignancy of hepatocellular carcinoma via miR-1287/PDK2 axis
  9. Silencing XIST mitigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory injury in human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells through modulating miR-30b-5p/CCL16 axis and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
  10. Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats
  11. ABCB1 polymorphism in clopidogrel-treated Montenegrin patients
  12. Metabolic profiling of fatty acids in Tripterygium wilfordii multiglucoside- and triptolide-induced liver-injured rats
  13. miR-338-3p inhibits cell growth, invasion, and EMT process in neuroblastoma through targeting MMP-2
  14. Verification of neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on chronic neuropathic pain in a chronic constriction injury rat model
  15. Circ_WWC3 overexpression decelerates the progression of osteosarcoma by regulating miR-421/PDE7B axis
  16. Knockdown of TUG1 rescues cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through targeting the miR-497/MEF2C axis
  17. MiR-146b-3p protects against AR42J cell injury in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis model through targeting Anxa2
  18. miR-299-3p suppresses cell progression and induces apoptosis by downregulating PAX3 in gastric cancer
  19. Diabetes and COVID-19
  20. Discovery of novel potential KIT inhibitors for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor
  21. TEAD4 is a novel independent predictor of prognosis in LGG patients with IDH mutation
  22. circTLK1 facilitates the proliferation and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma by regulating miR-495-3p/CBL axis
  23. microRNA-9-5p protects liver sinusoidal endothelial cell against oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury
  24. Long noncoding RNA TUG1 regulates degradation of chondrocyte extracellular matrix via miR-320c/MMP-13 axis in osteoarthritis
  25. Duodenal adenocarcinoma with skin metastasis as initial manifestation: A case report
  26. Effects of Loofah cylindrica extract on learning and memory ability, brain tissue morphology, and immune function of aging mice
  27. Recombinant Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin-1 (rBFT-1) promotes proliferation of colorectal cancer via CCL3-related molecular pathways
  28. Blocking circ_UBR4 suppressed proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression of human vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis
  29. Gene therapy in PIDs, hemoglobin, ocular, neurodegenerative, and hemophilia B disorders
  30. Downregulation of circ_0037655 impedes glioma formation and metastasis via the regulation of miR-1229-3p/ITGB8 axis
  31. Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes population
  32. Circ_0013359 facilitates the tumorigenicity of melanoma by regulating miR-136-5p/RAB9A axis
  33. Mechanisms of circular RNA circ_0066147 on pancreatic cancer progression
  34. lncRNA myocardial infarction-associated transcript (MIAT) knockdown alleviates LPS-induced chondrocytes inflammatory injury via regulating miR-488-3p/sex determining region Y-related HMG-box 11 (SOX11) axis
  35. Identification of circRNA circ-CSPP1 as a potent driver of colorectal cancer by directly targeting the miR-431/LASP1 axis
  36. Hyperhomocysteinemia exacerbates ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced acute kidney injury by mediating oxidative stress, DNA damage, JNK pathway, and apoptosis
  37. Potential prognostic markers and significant lncRNA–mRNA co-expression pairs in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
  38. Gamma irradiation-mediated inactivation of enveloped viruses with conservation of genome integrity: Potential application for SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine development
  39. ADHFE1 is a correlative factor of patient survival in cancer
  40. The association of transcription factor Prox1 with the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer
  41. Is there a relationship between the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease and diabetic kidney disease?
  42. Immunoregulatory function of Dictyophora echinovolvata spore polysaccharides in immunocompromised mice induced by cyclophosphamide
  43. T cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and conserved surface protein of Plasmodium malariae share sequence homology
  44. Anti-obesity effect and mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells influence on obese mice
  45. Long noncoding RNA HULC contributes to paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer via miR-137/ITGB8 axis
  46. Glucocorticoids protect HEI-OC1 cells from tunicamycin-induced cell damage via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress
  47. Prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning
  48. Gastroprotective effects of diosgenin against HCl/ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury through suppression of NF-κβ and myeloperoxidase activities
  49. Silencing of LINC00707 suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells by modulating miR-338-3p/AHSA1 axis
  50. Successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resuscitation of patient with cardiogenic shock induced by phaeochromocytoma crisis mimicking hyperthyroidism: A case report
  51. Effects of miR-185-5p on replication of hepatitis C virus
  52. Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis
  53. Primary localized cutaneous nodular amyloidosis presenting as lymphatic malformation: A case report
  54. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging analysis in the characteristics of Wilson’s disease: A case report and literature review
  55. Therapeutic potential of anticoagulant therapy in association with cytokine storm inhibition in severe cases of COVID-19: A case report
  56. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy for locally advanced squamous cell lung carcinoma: A case report and literature review
  57. Rufinamide (RUF) suppresses inflammation and maintains the integrity of the blood–brain barrier during kainic acid-induced brain damage
  58. Inhibition of ADAM10 ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiac remodeling by suppressing N-cadherin cleavage
  59. Invasive ductal carcinoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia manifesting as a collision breast tumor: A case report and literature review
  60. Clonal diversity of the B cell receptor repertoire in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis and type 2 diabetes
  61. CTLA-4 promotes lymphoma progression through tumor stem cell enrichment and immunosuppression
  62. WDR74 promotes proliferation and metastasis in colorectal cancer cells through regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
  63. Down-regulation of IGHG1 enhances Protoporphyrin IX accumulation and inhibits hemin biosynthesis in colorectal cancer by suppressing the MEK-FECH axis
  64. Curcumin suppresses the progression of gastric cancer by regulating circ_0056618/miR-194-5p axis
  65. Scutellarin-induced A549 cell apoptosis depends on activation of the transforming growth factor-β1/smad2/ROS/caspase-3 pathway
  66. lncRNA NEAT1 regulates CYP1A2 and influences steroid-induced necrosis
  67. A two-microRNA signature predicts the progression of male thyroid cancer
  68. Isolation of microglia from retinas of chronic ocular hypertensive rats
  69. Changes of immune cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation and hepatectomy, a pilot study
  70. Calcineurin Aβ gene knockdown inhibits transient outward potassium current ion channel remodeling in hypertrophic ventricular myocyte
  71. Aberrant expression of PI3K/AKT signaling is involved in apoptosis resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma
  72. Clinical significance of activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in apoptosis inhibition of oral cancer
  73. circ_CHFR regulates ox-LDL-mediated cell proliferation, apoptosis, and EndoMT by miR-15a-5p/EGFR axis in human brain microvessel endothelial cells
  74. Resveratrol pretreatment mitigates LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating conventional dendritic cells’ maturation and function
  75. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T promotes tumor stem cell characteristics and migration of cervical cancer cells by regulating the GRP78/FAK pathway
  76. Carriage of HLA-DRB1*11 and 1*12 alleles and risk factors in patients with breast cancer in Burkina Faso
  77. Protective effect of Lactobacillus-containing probiotics on intestinal mucosa of rats experiencing traumatic hemorrhagic shock
  78. Glucocorticoids induce osteonecrosis of the femoral head through the Hippo signaling pathway
  79. Endothelial cell-derived SSAO can increase MLC20 phosphorylation in VSMCs
  80. Downregulation of STOX1 is a novel prognostic biomarker for glioma patients
  81. miR-378a-3p regulates glioma cell chemosensitivity to cisplatin through IGF1R
  82. The molecular mechanisms underlying arecoline-induced cardiac fibrosis in rats
  83. TGF-β1-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells reciprocally regulate Th17/Treg cells by regulating the expression of IFN-γ
  84. The influence of MTHFR genetic polymorphisms on methotrexate therapy in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  85. Red blood cell distribution width-standard deviation but not red blood cell distribution width-coefficient of variation as a potential index for the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in mid-pregnancy women
  86. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma expressing alpha fetoprotein in the endometrium
  87. Superoxide dismutase and the sigma1 receptor as key elements of the antioxidant system in human gastrointestinal tract cancers
  88. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic studies of Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia multiceps coenurus cysts in slaughtered sheep in Saudi Arabia
  89. ITGB5 mutation discovered in a Chinese family with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome
  90. ACTB and GAPDH appear at multiple SDS-PAGE positions, thus not suitable as reference genes for determining protein loading in techniques like Western blotting
  91. Facilitation of mouse skin-derived precursor growth and yield by optimizing plating density
  92. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanol ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced septic cardiac injury in a murine model
  93. Downregulation of PITX2 inhibits the proliferation and migration of liver cancer cells and induces cell apoptosis
  94. Expression of CDK9 in endometrial cancer tissues and its effect on the proliferation of HEC-1B
  95. Novel predictor of the occurrence of DKA in T1DM patients without infection: A combination of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and white blood cells
  96. Investigation of molecular regulation mechanism under the pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage
  97. miR-25-3p protects renal tubular epithelial cells from apoptosis induced by renal IRI by targeting DKK3
  98. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  99. Green fabrication of Co and Co3O4 nanoparticles and their biomedical applications: A review
  100. Agriculture
  101. Effects of inorganic and organic selenium sources on the growth performance of broilers in China: A meta-analysis
  102. Crop-livestock integration practices, knowledge, and attitudes among smallholder farmers: Hedging against climate change-induced shocks in semi-arid Zimbabwe
  103. Food Science and Nutrition
  104. Effect of food processing on the antioxidant activity of flavones from Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce
  105. Vitamin D and iodine status was associated with the risk and complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China
  106. Diversity of microbiota in Slovak summer ewes’ cheese “Bryndza”
  107. Comparison between voltammetric detection methods for abalone-flavoring liquid
  108. Composition of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and their effects on the rheological properties of dough
  109. Application of culture, PCR, and PacBio sequencing for determination of microbial composition of milk from subclinical mastitis dairy cows of smallholder farms
  110. Investigating microplastics and potentially toxic elements contamination in canned Tuna, Salmon, and Sardine fishes from Taif markets, KSA
  111. From bench to bar side: Evaluating the red wine storage lesion
  112. Establishment of an iodine model for prevention of iodine-excess-induced thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women
  113. Plant Sciences
  114. Characterization of GMPP from Dendrobium huoshanense yielding GDP-D-mannose
  115. Comparative analysis of the SPL gene family in five Rosaceae species: Fragaria vesca, Malus domestica, Prunus persica, Rubus occidentalis, and Pyrus pyrifolia
  116. Identification of leaf rust resistance genes Lr34 and Lr46 in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum) lines of different origin using multiplex PCR
  117. Investigation of bioactivities of Taxus chinensis, Taxus cuspidata, and Taxus × media by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
  118. Morphological structures and histochemistry of roots and shoots in Myricaria laxiflora (Tamaricaceae)
  119. Transcriptome analysis of resistance mechanism to potato wart disease
  120. In silico analysis of glycosyltransferase 2 family genes in duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) and its role in salt stress tolerance
  121. Comparative study on growth traits and ions regulation of zoysiagrasses under varied salinity treatments
  122. Role of MS1 homolog Ntms1 gene of tobacco infertility
  123. Biological characteristics and fungicide sensitivity of Pyricularia variabilis
  124. In silico/computational analysis of mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase gene families in Campanulids
  125. Identification of novel drought-responsive miRNA regulatory network of drought stress response in common vetch (Vicia sativa)
  126. How photoautotrophy, photomixotrophy, and ventilation affect the stomata and fluorescence emission of pistachios rootstock?
  127. Apoplastic histochemical features of plant root walls that may facilitate ion uptake and retention
  128. Ecology and Environmental Sciences
  129. The impact of sewage sludge on the fungal communities in the rhizosphere and roots of barley and on barley yield
  130. Domestication of wild animals may provide a springboard for rapid variation of coronavirus
  131. Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region (Ghana)
  132. Molecular record for the first authentication of Isaria cicadae from Vietnam
  133. Twig biomass allocation of Betula platyphylla in different habitats in Wudalianchi Volcano, northeast China
  134. Animal Sciences
  135. Supplementation of probiotics in water beneficial growth performance, carcass traits, immune function, and antioxidant capacity in broiler chickens
  136. Predators of the giant pine scale, Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius 1883; Hemiptera: Marchalinidae), out of its natural range in Turkey
  137. Honey in wound healing: An updated review
  138. NONMMUT140591.1 may serve as a ceRNA to regulate Gata5 in UT-B knockout-induced cardiac conduction block
  139. Radiotherapy for the treatment of pulmonary hydatidosis in sheep
  140. Retraction
  141. Retraction of “Long non-coding RNA TUG1 knockdown hinders the tumorigenesis of multiple myeloma by regulating microRNA-34a-5p/NOTCH1 signaling pathway”
  142. Special Issue on Reuse of Agro-Industrial By-Products
  143. An effect of positional isomerism of benzoic acid derivatives on antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli
  144. Special Issue on Computing and Artificial Techniques for Life Science Applications - Part II
  145. Relationship of Gensini score with retinal vessel diameter and arteriovenous ratio in senile CHD
  146. Effects of different enantiomers of amlodipine on lipid profiles and vasomotor factors in atherosclerotic rabbits
  147. Establishment of the New Zealand white rabbit animal model of fatty keratopathy associated with corneal neovascularization
  148. lncRNA MALAT1/miR-143 axis is a potential biomarker for in-stent restenosis and is involved in the multiplication of vascular smooth muscle cells
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