Establishment of the New Zealand white rabbit animal model of fatty keratopathy associated with corneal neovascularization
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Yikui Gao
Abstract
The term fatty keratopathy is used to describe the phenomenon of fat deposition caused by corneal neovascularization, which will severely affect the eye’s beauty and vision. The purpose of this study was to establish a New Zealand white rabbit animal model of fatty keratopathy, that is, the establishment of an animal model of fatty keratopathy. The goal was achieved by the combination of a corneal neovascularization animal model and a hyperlipidemia animal model. Two groups were created according to the experimental sequence. The first group initially induced a corneal neovascularization pattern and later induced a hyperlipidemia pattern, and the second group followed the opposite sequence. The results of the two groups showed that all the significant crystalline deposits of the cornea were visible. So the animal models of fatty keratopathy were successfully established in both groups.
1 Introduction
The balanced and quiescent state of the cornea, like the transparent, vascular tissue of the eyes, is maintained by highly expressed factors that resist the growth of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, as well as a small vascular growth factor, which actively retains the characteristics of the cornea’s avascular distribution, which is an essential condition for a clear and transparent cornea and the immune-privileged site [1,2,3,4]. Corneal transparency determines the degree of visual clarity and vision [5]. Through tears, aqueous humor, and the immune cells in blood circulation, surrounding tissues and plasma can interact with the corneal dynamically to maintain normal structure and function [6,7]. Among corneal diseases worldwide, neovascularization is one of the leading causes of hypoxia and even blindness. It is estimated that 4% of people in the United States suffer from corneal neovascularization, and this problem occurs in about 1.4 million people each year, of which 12% of patients suffer from hypoxia [8]. The mechanism of corneal neovascularization has not been fully clarified. After suffering, injuries such as hypoxia, inflammatory reactions, infections, allergies, toxins, degenerative diseases, and trauma, the balanced and quiescent state of the avascular cornea may be destroyed, thereby causing corneal neovascularization [9,10,11]. This is a normal natural physiological healing process, but if an improper local tissue response is generated in response to these stimuli, a chronic and continuous excessive angiogenesis response occurs, resulting in pathological corneal neovascularization [12,13]. The immature and incomplete blood vessels can increase blood vessel permeability, which causes chronic corneal edema, fat leakage, inflammatory reactions, and scarring [14]. The cornea with vascular distribution has a bad impact on vision and aesthetics. More seriously, it may lead to blindness, and people have a reduced prognosis for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, LASIK, penetrating keratoplasty, limbal autograft transplantation, and other procedures [15]. Therefore, the treatment of corneal neovascularization has become the focus of ophthalmological research [16]. In their review they discussed the pathophysiology, investigations, and various treatment options currently being undertaken as well as future therapeutic potentials. After corneal neovascularization occurs, the fat that leaks from the blood vessels into the cornea may cause secondary fatty keratopathy [17]. The fat may be deposited on the periphery of the cornea, near the center, or at the center, which will seriously affect the appearance of the eyes, vision, and eventually may cause blindness. At present, a variety of medical or surgical treatment methods have been developed, but the effects are limited with side effects. So the disease is a major challenge in ophthalmology.
The purpose of this study was to establish a New Zealand white rabbit animal model of fatty keratopathy, that is, the establishment of an animal model of fatty keratopathy. The goal was achieved by the combination of a corneal neovascularization animal model and a hyperlipidemia animal model. In addition, two groups were created according to the experimental sequence. The first group induced a pattern of corneal neovascularization followed by a pattern of hyperlipidemia, while the second group did the opposite. Since all major crystalline deposits of the cornea were apparent in both groups’ results, the animal models of fatty Keratopathy were successfully established in both groups.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Experimental rabbit model of corneal neovascularization
A closed eye contact lens wear model was used to make this animal model. All the rabbits in the study were put under general anesthesia and had their eyes anesthetized for a week before being put on contact lenses and having the right eye haw removed. The rabbit’s right eye was fitted with a gas-impermeable contact lens (Boston PMMA gas-impermeable contact lens, 7.6 mm base curve, 13 mm diameter) one week later under general anesthesia and eye anesthetic, and an antibiotic eye ointment was used to prevent infection. To induce ocular hypoxia and neovascularization, the eyelid was briefly sutured with a 4-0 nylon suture. The temporary eyelid was removed after a week. Observations were recorded digitally, followed by the application of an antibiotic ointment and suturing of the eyelid again. All operations were performed by the same researcher to improve accuracy and consistency.
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Ethical approval: The research related to animal use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies for the care and use of animals.
2.2 Experimental rabbit model of hyperlipidemia
The establishment of an animal model of hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding experimental rabbits with cholesterol-containing diets. The research team dissolved 10 g of cholesterol (C8503-5KG, Sigma-Aldrich) in 100 g of ordinary coconut oil, then added it to 900 g of rabbit dry feed and mixed them evenly, and the 1% cholesterol feed was configured. Nine experimental rabbits in this animal model were fed freely with cholesterol-added feed to induce hyperlipidemia. The same researcher had taken blood monthly to determine cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in order to assess changes in blood lipids.
2.3 Experimental rabbit model of fatty keratopathy
It is expected that after combining corneal neovascularization, and the experimental rabbit model of hyperlipidemia, animal models of fatty keratopathy could be established. The animals were divided into two groups with two experimental rabbits in each group to compare the effect of the angiogenesis time point on fat deposition. The corneal neovascularization model was induced initially during the first four weeks, and the corneal neovascularization and hyperlipidemia models were induced simultaneously from the fifth week; the hyperlipidemia model was induced initially in the first week, and corneal neovascularization and hyperlipidemia models were induced simultaneously from the second week. The first group: the corneal neovascularization model was induced first in the first four weeks, and the corneal neovascularization and hyperlipidemia models were induced simultaneously from the fifth week; the second group: the hyperlipidemia model was induced first in the first week, and from the second week corneal neovascularization and hyperlipidemia models were induced. The operation was performed by the same researcher, and weekly observations and digital recordings were taken to evaluate the corneal neovascularization and fat distribution, which were compared by the same researcher in a single-blind experiment. After the model of fatty corneal keratopathy was established, all experimental rabbits were euthanized and the eyeballs were removed to examine histopathology.
3 Results
3.1 Experimental rabbit model of corneal neovascularization
After continuous recording and observation every week, it was found that in the first week, the corneal center had gradually produced a large range of sterile ulcers due to hypoxia and edema in and around the corneal ulcer, and that brush-shaped dense new blood vessels were generated outward from the eye wheel. Besides, the structure inside the eyeball was still clearly visible at this time. More severe corneal edema can be seen in the second week, and the new blood vessels in the eye wheel grow in a dendritic manner toward the center of the cornea. At this time, the new blood vessels began to converge with each other. Moreover, the structures inside the eyeball had begun to blur and could not be identified.
In the third week, there was significant corneal edema, and neovascularization had entirely invaded the corneal core. The peripheral neovascularization at the center was more tightly coupled, and corneal edema and neovascularization almost completely covered the structure of the eyeball. As a consequence, the structure of the eye could not be identified. At about the fourth week, new blood vessels growing to the center of the cornea could be seen. The new blood vessels helped to improve the hypoxia in the center of the cornea and began to repair the cornea effectively. Therefore, corneal edema in some experimental rabbits was significantly improved (Figure 1). This animal model was easy to manipulate and was reproducible without significant eye complications.
Observations of corneal neovascularization models.
3.2 Experimental rabbit model of hyperlipidemia
Every week, blood samples were taken from rabbits to assess their blood lipids. The concentration of triglycerides in the blood has been observed to vary, and a gradual increase was observed. When rabbits were fed a high cholesterol diet in the fifth week, their average blood concentration was about 164.4 ± 59.5 mg/dL, which was three times the reference value range (39.2 ± 19.9 mg/dL). In contrast, in the first five weeks of high cholesterol diet, the blood cholesterol concentration would rise rapidly to a peak. The average blood concentration in the fifth week was about 2687.5 ± 201.26 mg/dL, which was 45 times of the reference value range (38.8 ± 20.6 mg/dL), with a small change after the fifth week, maintaining a balanced state (Figure 2). The reference values for triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations in blood were from Yu et al. [18]. This animal model effectively established an experimental rabbit model of hyperlipidemia.
Changes in weekly blood triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations in hyperlipidemic animals.
3.3 Experimental rabbit model of fatty keratopathy-induced corneal neovascularization model
The first group induced corneal neovascularization and a model of hyperlipidemia at the same time in the fifth week, and the obvious yellow-white and crystal-reflective fat deposits at the center of the cornea were observed at week 5. Every week after that, the fat deposits became more pronounced and serious. The corneal center began to extend from the center toward the periphery. At the seventh to eighth week, granulation tissue was seen growing on the cornea of some experimental rabbits. Extensive fat deposition in the cornea was seen around the eighth week, which completely blocked the structure of the eyes and they could not be identified. In addition, after the granulation tissue subsided, the cornea covered by it showed relatively severe fat deposits (Figure 3). In the sixteenth week, the normal left eye of the experimental rabbit was found and infiltration and deposition of fat on the cornea near the eyeball and the iris was detected (Figure 4).
Results of the first group of animal models of fatty keratopathy.
Results of fat deposition in normal eyes.
The second group induced a hyperlipidemia model for one week and then induced a neovascularization and hyperlipidemia model in the second week. From the second to third week, new blood vessels started to grow from the eye wheel to the cornea. The yellow-white fat with crystal reflecting characteristics could be detected during the fourth week. It grew from the cornea’s perimeter, together with blood vessels, and gradually got deposited in the cornea’s core. A fairly extensive and diffuse fat deposit was visible at around the fifth week, which completely blocked the structure within the eye and therefore could not be identified (Figure 5). The infiltration and deposition of fat on the iris of the normal left eye of the experimental rabbit was found in the fifteenth week (Figure 4).
Results of the second group of animal models of fatty keratopathy.
4 Discussion
Fat deposits were detected around the cornea and on the iris of normal eyes during an interventional rabbit model of hyperlipidemia. This was described in the experimental rabbit model of hyperlipidemia literature. Fat deposits near the cornea and around the cornea are similar to human arcus senilis, but the difference is in the way they are deposited. Peiffer et al., (2013) summarized the anatomy and physiology of the rabbit eye from a comparative perspective [19]. The experimental rabbit had almost complete deposition from the cornea to the eye wheel, and arcus senilis also had areas without fat deposition near the eye wheel. The yellow-white fatty plaques on the iris exist between the root of the iris and the pupil, which were initially small white spots that gradually merged to form a circular plaque [20]. Shah et al. also explained the translational preclinical pharmacologic disease models for ophthalmic drug development in their review [21]. In different animal model groups of fatty keratopathy, it was found that the first group induced the corneal neovascularization and hyperlipidemia mode after inducing the corneal hypoxia mode, and that the fat deposition will be mainly centered on the cornea, and then extends from the center to the periphery [21]. It was speculated that the main reason was that the new blood vessels have grown for more than two weeks, and more than 80% of them will have pericyte covering the blood vessels, which prevented the fat from easily penetrating, allowing it only to get deposited from the end of blood vessels [22]. In contrast, the second group, which had induced the hyperlipidemia model first, and then induced corneal neovascularization and hyperlipidemia model at the same time, experienced comprehensive corneal fat deposition. It was speculated that fat leakage began before the surrounding cells were covered when new blood vessels grew from the periphery of the cornea to the centre, and the peripheral cornea also exhibited significant fat deposition. One of the experimental rabbits that rejected the high cholesterol diets could only be induced to produce new blood vessels in the cornea, but not fatty keratopathy. This indicated that the fat deposition in the cornea and iris was related to the fat content in the blood. However, blood was not collected from this experimental rabbit for blood lipid testing. So it was not possible to know the blood fat content at that time. From the above observations, it was found that there is a significant correlation between fat leakage and blood fat content, and vascular permeability, while the permeability of new blood vessels is related to VEGF and therefore impedance VEGF can cope with the disease [23,24]. For example, bevacizumab application under the conjunctiva will be the focus of future research. In this experiment, an experimental rabbit model of hyperlipidemia was used, and in conjunction with corneal neovascularization animal models, animal models of fatty keratopathy were successfully derived. These two animal models are quite easy to be repeated and executed. Therefore, the stability and reproducibility of the animal models of fatty keratopathy are excellent. I hope the animal models will be helpful for future scholars to study ways to deal with fatty keratopathy.
5 Conclusion
The results of this experiment successfully induced excellent, stable, and highly reproducible animal models of fatty keratopathy, thereby providing future research opportunities in the treatment and control of the disease. The results from both the groups demonstrated significant crystalline deposits on the cornea and thus the animal models of fatty keratopathy were successfully established in both experimental groups.
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Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.
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Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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© 2021 Yikui Gao et al., published by De Gruyter
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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- Role of MS1 homolog Ntms1 gene of tobacco infertility
- Biological characteristics and fungicide sensitivity of Pyricularia variabilis
- In silico/computational analysis of mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase gene families in Campanulids
- Identification of novel drought-responsive miRNA regulatory network of drought stress response in common vetch (Vicia sativa)
- How photoautotrophy, photomixotrophy, and ventilation affect the stomata and fluorescence emission of pistachios rootstock?
- Apoplastic histochemical features of plant root walls that may facilitate ion uptake and retention
- Ecology and Environmental Sciences
- The impact of sewage sludge on the fungal communities in the rhizosphere and roots of barley and on barley yield
- Domestication of wild animals may provide a springboard for rapid variation of coronavirus
- Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region (Ghana)
- Molecular record for the first authentication of Isaria cicadae from Vietnam
- Twig biomass allocation of Betula platyphylla in different habitats in Wudalianchi Volcano, northeast China
- Animal Sciences
- Supplementation of probiotics in water beneficial growth performance, carcass traits, immune function, and antioxidant capacity in broiler chickens
- Predators of the giant pine scale, Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius 1883; Hemiptera: Marchalinidae), out of its natural range in Turkey
- Honey in wound healing: An updated review
- NONMMUT140591.1 may serve as a ceRNA to regulate Gata5 in UT-B knockout-induced cardiac conduction block
- Radiotherapy for the treatment of pulmonary hydatidosis in sheep
- Retraction
- Retraction of “Long non-coding RNA TUG1 knockdown hinders the tumorigenesis of multiple myeloma by regulating microRNA-34a-5p/NOTCH1 signaling pathway”
- Special Issue on Reuse of Agro-Industrial By-Products
- An effect of positional isomerism of benzoic acid derivatives on antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli
- Special Issue on Computing and Artificial Techniques for Life Science Applications - Part II
- Relationship of Gensini score with retinal vessel diameter and arteriovenous ratio in senile CHD
- Effects of different enantiomers of amlodipine on lipid profiles and vasomotor factors in atherosclerotic rabbits
- Establishment of the New Zealand white rabbit animal model of fatty keratopathy associated with corneal neovascularization
- lncRNA MALAT1/miR-143 axis is a potential biomarker for in-stent restenosis and is involved in the multiplication of vascular smooth muscle cells
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Biomedical Sciences
- Research progress on the mechanism of orexin in pain regulation in different brain regions
- Adriamycin-resistant cells are significantly less fit than adriamycin-sensitive cells in cervical cancer
- Exogenous spermidine affects polyamine metabolism in the mouse hypothalamus
- Iris metastasis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma misdiagnosed as primary angle-closure glaucoma: A case report and review of the literature
- LncRNA PVT1 promotes cervical cancer progression by sponging miR-503 to upregulate ARL2 expression
- Two new inflammatory markers related to the CURB-65 score for disease severity in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: The hypersensitive C-reactive protein to albumin ratio and fibrinogen to albumin ratio
- Circ_0091579 enhances the malignancy of hepatocellular carcinoma via miR-1287/PDK2 axis
- Silencing XIST mitigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory injury in human lung fibroblast WI-38 cells through modulating miR-30b-5p/CCL16 axis and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
- Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats
- ABCB1 polymorphism in clopidogrel-treated Montenegrin patients
- Metabolic profiling of fatty acids in Tripterygium wilfordii multiglucoside- and triptolide-induced liver-injured rats
- miR-338-3p inhibits cell growth, invasion, and EMT process in neuroblastoma through targeting MMP-2
- Verification of neuroprotective effects of alpha-lipoic acid on chronic neuropathic pain in a chronic constriction injury rat model
- Circ_WWC3 overexpression decelerates the progression of osteosarcoma by regulating miR-421/PDE7B axis
- Knockdown of TUG1 rescues cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through targeting the miR-497/MEF2C axis
- MiR-146b-3p protects against AR42J cell injury in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis model through targeting Anxa2
- miR-299-3p suppresses cell progression and induces apoptosis by downregulating PAX3 in gastric cancer
- Diabetes and COVID-19
- Discovery of novel potential KIT inhibitors for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor
- TEAD4 is a novel independent predictor of prognosis in LGG patients with IDH mutation
- circTLK1 facilitates the proliferation and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma by regulating miR-495-3p/CBL axis
- microRNA-9-5p protects liver sinusoidal endothelial cell against oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury
- Long noncoding RNA TUG1 regulates degradation of chondrocyte extracellular matrix via miR-320c/MMP-13 axis in osteoarthritis
- Duodenal adenocarcinoma with skin metastasis as initial manifestation: A case report
- Effects of Loofah cylindrica extract on learning and memory ability, brain tissue morphology, and immune function of aging mice
- Recombinant Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin-1 (rBFT-1) promotes proliferation of colorectal cancer via CCL3-related molecular pathways
- Blocking circ_UBR4 suppressed proliferation, migration, and cell cycle progression of human vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis
- Gene therapy in PIDs, hemoglobin, ocular, neurodegenerative, and hemophilia B disorders
- Downregulation of circ_0037655 impedes glioma formation and metastasis via the regulation of miR-1229-3p/ITGB8 axis
- Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes population
- Circ_0013359 facilitates the tumorigenicity of melanoma by regulating miR-136-5p/RAB9A axis
- Mechanisms of circular RNA circ_0066147 on pancreatic cancer progression
- lncRNA myocardial infarction-associated transcript (MIAT) knockdown alleviates LPS-induced chondrocytes inflammatory injury via regulating miR-488-3p/sex determining region Y-related HMG-box 11 (SOX11) axis
- Identification of circRNA circ-CSPP1 as a potent driver of colorectal cancer by directly targeting the miR-431/LASP1 axis
- Hyperhomocysteinemia exacerbates ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced acute kidney injury by mediating oxidative stress, DNA damage, JNK pathway, and apoptosis
- Potential prognostic markers and significant lncRNA–mRNA co-expression pairs in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
- Gamma irradiation-mediated inactivation of enveloped viruses with conservation of genome integrity: Potential application for SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine development
- ADHFE1 is a correlative factor of patient survival in cancer
- The association of transcription factor Prox1 with the proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung cancer
- Is there a relationship between the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease and diabetic kidney disease?
- Immunoregulatory function of Dictyophora echinovolvata spore polysaccharides in immunocompromised mice induced by cyclophosphamide
- T cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and conserved surface protein of Plasmodium malariae share sequence homology
- Anti-obesity effect and mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells influence on obese mice
- Long noncoding RNA HULC contributes to paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer via miR-137/ITGB8 axis
- Glucocorticoids protect HEI-OC1 cells from tunicamycin-induced cell damage via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress
- Prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning
- Gastroprotective effects of diosgenin against HCl/ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury through suppression of NF-κβ and myeloperoxidase activities
- Silencing of LINC00707 suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells by modulating miR-338-3p/AHSA1 axis
- Successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resuscitation of patient with cardiogenic shock induced by phaeochromocytoma crisis mimicking hyperthyroidism: A case report
- Effects of miR-185-5p on replication of hepatitis C virus
- Lidocaine has antitumor effect on hepatocellular carcinoma via the circ_DYNC1H1/miR-520a-3p/USP14 axis
- Primary localized cutaneous nodular amyloidosis presenting as lymphatic malformation: A case report
- Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging analysis in the characteristics of Wilson’s disease: A case report and literature review
- Therapeutic potential of anticoagulant therapy in association with cytokine storm inhibition in severe cases of COVID-19: A case report
- Neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy for locally advanced squamous cell lung carcinoma: A case report and literature review
- Rufinamide (RUF) suppresses inflammation and maintains the integrity of the blood–brain barrier during kainic acid-induced brain damage
- Inhibition of ADAM10 ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiac remodeling by suppressing N-cadherin cleavage
- Invasive ductal carcinoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia manifesting as a collision breast tumor: A case report and literature review
- Clonal diversity of the B cell receptor repertoire in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis and type 2 diabetes
- CTLA-4 promotes lymphoma progression through tumor stem cell enrichment and immunosuppression
- WDR74 promotes proliferation and metastasis in colorectal cancer cells through regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
- Down-regulation of IGHG1 enhances Protoporphyrin IX accumulation and inhibits hemin biosynthesis in colorectal cancer by suppressing the MEK-FECH axis
- Curcumin suppresses the progression of gastric cancer by regulating circ_0056618/miR-194-5p axis
- Scutellarin-induced A549 cell apoptosis depends on activation of the transforming growth factor-β1/smad2/ROS/caspase-3 pathway
- lncRNA NEAT1 regulates CYP1A2 and influences steroid-induced necrosis
- A two-microRNA signature predicts the progression of male thyroid cancer
- Isolation of microglia from retinas of chronic ocular hypertensive rats
- Changes of immune cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radiofrequency ablation and hepatectomy, a pilot study
- Calcineurin Aβ gene knockdown inhibits transient outward potassium current ion channel remodeling in hypertrophic ventricular myocyte
- Aberrant expression of PI3K/AKT signaling is involved in apoptosis resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma
- Clinical significance of activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in apoptosis inhibition of oral cancer
- circ_CHFR regulates ox-LDL-mediated cell proliferation, apoptosis, and EndoMT by miR-15a-5p/EGFR axis in human brain microvessel endothelial cells
- Resveratrol pretreatment mitigates LPS-induced acute lung injury by regulating conventional dendritic cells’ maturation and function
- Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T promotes tumor stem cell characteristics and migration of cervical cancer cells by regulating the GRP78/FAK pathway
- Carriage of HLA-DRB1*11 and 1*12 alleles and risk factors in patients with breast cancer in Burkina Faso
- Protective effect of Lactobacillus-containing probiotics on intestinal mucosa of rats experiencing traumatic hemorrhagic shock
- Glucocorticoids induce osteonecrosis of the femoral head through the Hippo signaling pathway
- Endothelial cell-derived SSAO can increase MLC20 phosphorylation in VSMCs
- Downregulation of STOX1 is a novel prognostic biomarker for glioma patients
- miR-378a-3p regulates glioma cell chemosensitivity to cisplatin through IGF1R
- The molecular mechanisms underlying arecoline-induced cardiac fibrosis in rats
- TGF-β1-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells reciprocally regulate Th17/Treg cells by regulating the expression of IFN-γ
- The influence of MTHFR genetic polymorphisms on methotrexate therapy in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- Red blood cell distribution width-standard deviation but not red blood cell distribution width-coefficient of variation as a potential index for the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia in mid-pregnancy women
- Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma expressing alpha fetoprotein in the endometrium
- Superoxide dismutase and the sigma1 receptor as key elements of the antioxidant system in human gastrointestinal tract cancers
- Molecular characterization and phylogenetic studies of Echinococcus granulosus and Taenia multiceps coenurus cysts in slaughtered sheep in Saudi Arabia
- ITGB5 mutation discovered in a Chinese family with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome
- ACTB and GAPDH appear at multiple SDS-PAGE positions, thus not suitable as reference genes for determining protein loading in techniques like Western blotting
- Facilitation of mouse skin-derived precursor growth and yield by optimizing plating density
- 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanol ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced septic cardiac injury in a murine model
- Downregulation of PITX2 inhibits the proliferation and migration of liver cancer cells and induces cell apoptosis
- Expression of CDK9 in endometrial cancer tissues and its effect on the proliferation of HEC-1B
- Novel predictor of the occurrence of DKA in T1DM patients without infection: A combination of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and white blood cells
- Investigation of molecular regulation mechanism under the pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage
- miR-25-3p protects renal tubular epithelial cells from apoptosis induced by renal IRI by targeting DKK3
- Bioengineering and Biotechnology
- Green fabrication of Co and Co3O4 nanoparticles and their biomedical applications: A review
- Agriculture
- Effects of inorganic and organic selenium sources on the growth performance of broilers in China: A meta-analysis
- Crop-livestock integration practices, knowledge, and attitudes among smallholder farmers: Hedging against climate change-induced shocks in semi-arid Zimbabwe
- Food Science and Nutrition
- Effect of food processing on the antioxidant activity of flavones from Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce
- Vitamin D and iodine status was associated with the risk and complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China
- Diversity of microbiota in Slovak summer ewes’ cheese “Bryndza”
- Comparison between voltammetric detection methods for abalone-flavoring liquid
- Composition of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and their effects on the rheological properties of dough
- Application of culture, PCR, and PacBio sequencing for determination of microbial composition of milk from subclinical mastitis dairy cows of smallholder farms
- Investigating microplastics and potentially toxic elements contamination in canned Tuna, Salmon, and Sardine fishes from Taif markets, KSA
- From bench to bar side: Evaluating the red wine storage lesion
- Establishment of an iodine model for prevention of iodine-excess-induced thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women
- Plant Sciences
- Characterization of GMPP from Dendrobium huoshanense yielding GDP-D-mannose
- Comparative analysis of the SPL gene family in five Rosaceae species: Fragaria vesca, Malus domestica, Prunus persica, Rubus occidentalis, and Pyrus pyrifolia
- Identification of leaf rust resistance genes Lr34 and Lr46 in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum) lines of different origin using multiplex PCR
- Investigation of bioactivities of Taxus chinensis, Taxus cuspidata, and Taxus × media by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- Morphological structures and histochemistry of roots and shoots in Myricaria laxiflora (Tamaricaceae)
- Transcriptome analysis of resistance mechanism to potato wart disease
- In silico analysis of glycosyltransferase 2 family genes in duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) and its role in salt stress tolerance
- Comparative study on growth traits and ions regulation of zoysiagrasses under varied salinity treatments
- Role of MS1 homolog Ntms1 gene of tobacco infertility
- Biological characteristics and fungicide sensitivity of Pyricularia variabilis
- In silico/computational analysis of mevalonate pyrophosphate decarboxylase gene families in Campanulids
- Identification of novel drought-responsive miRNA regulatory network of drought stress response in common vetch (Vicia sativa)
- How photoautotrophy, photomixotrophy, and ventilation affect the stomata and fluorescence emission of pistachios rootstock?
- Apoplastic histochemical features of plant root walls that may facilitate ion uptake and retention
- Ecology and Environmental Sciences
- The impact of sewage sludge on the fungal communities in the rhizosphere and roots of barley and on barley yield
- Domestication of wild animals may provide a springboard for rapid variation of coronavirus
- Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region (Ghana)
- Molecular record for the first authentication of Isaria cicadae from Vietnam
- Twig biomass allocation of Betula platyphylla in different habitats in Wudalianchi Volcano, northeast China
- Animal Sciences
- Supplementation of probiotics in water beneficial growth performance, carcass traits, immune function, and antioxidant capacity in broiler chickens
- Predators of the giant pine scale, Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius 1883; Hemiptera: Marchalinidae), out of its natural range in Turkey
- Honey in wound healing: An updated review
- NONMMUT140591.1 may serve as a ceRNA to regulate Gata5 in UT-B knockout-induced cardiac conduction block
- Radiotherapy for the treatment of pulmonary hydatidosis in sheep
- Retraction
- Retraction of “Long non-coding RNA TUG1 knockdown hinders the tumorigenesis of multiple myeloma by regulating microRNA-34a-5p/NOTCH1 signaling pathway”
- Special Issue on Reuse of Agro-Industrial By-Products
- An effect of positional isomerism of benzoic acid derivatives on antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli
- Special Issue on Computing and Artificial Techniques for Life Science Applications - Part II
- Relationship of Gensini score with retinal vessel diameter and arteriovenous ratio in senile CHD
- Effects of different enantiomers of amlodipine on lipid profiles and vasomotor factors in atherosclerotic rabbits
- Establishment of the New Zealand white rabbit animal model of fatty keratopathy associated with corneal neovascularization
- lncRNA MALAT1/miR-143 axis is a potential biomarker for in-stent restenosis and is involved in the multiplication of vascular smooth muscle cells
