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The effect of the stress distribution of anchorage and stress in the textured layer on the durability of new anchorages

  • Dariusz Tomaszewicz EMAIL logo , Agnieszka Jablonska-Krysiewicz and Jerzy K. Szlendak
Published/Copyright: July 21, 2020
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 10 Issue 1

Abstract

The paper estimated the effect of the distribution of edge and shear stresses occurring in the façade texture layer of three-layer walls of large slab panel buildings, as well as the variability of these stresses depending on the anchorage strength of the anchorage. Bonded anchors with seven different diameters M8 ÷ M30, selected based on catalogues, were analysed. The traction stress was determined based on the destructive force, which is determined by the catalogues of manufacturers of bonded anchors. Depending on the choice of the method of repairing the connections between the textured layer and the structural layer, we give the three-layer walls a new character of work. One of the methods of strengthening the textured layer is the popular COPY-ECO system in Poland. It is a system of two anchors (horizontal and diagonal), reflecting the shape of the work of existing hangers. The article also analyses the variants of oblique anchorages for the M12 anchor with inclination angles of 30∘, 45∘ and 60∘. The extent to which the anchorage inclination angle has been assessed influences the higher parameters of the anchor’s bearing capacity due to the shearing of the textured layer.

Keywords: Bonded anchors; shear stress; adhesion stress; diagonal anchors; textured layer

1 Introduction

The technical condition of façade cladding of the textured layers as well as the layers themselves requires treatments to improve their durability. Large slab panel buildings, contrary to some opinions, are safe, and their state whenit comes to spatial development does not raise major objections. Additional fasteners are used in the form of bonded anchors. The manager of the housing estate is choosing the type of anchorage. However, cases of the detachment of the external textured layer caused that it was necessary to think about how to prevent such events. In case of elements connecting layers of external walls with each other, i.e. the hangers problem wastheir corrosion. Hanger could crack when exposed to the weight of the textured layer. In the case of hangers with smaller diameters than ø12 mm and with the use of a protective coating (latexcement, asphalt-cement, zinc coating with a protective layer thickness), the problem wasnot so serious. Constructional hangers without a protective coating, based on conducting expert reports with pits to the places of critical panel joints, in this way it was possible to determine the speed of the carbonation process,which leads to corrosion of the reinforcement and weathering of concrete. This process is very dangerous for the durability of façade textured layers because the hanger rods rust and swell, thus causing the concentration of high stresses around the hangers, any defects must be repaired before the thermo modernisation phase [20]. After the works in the large-panel buildings are carried out periodically, mandatory technical checks and inspections of their current status [1, 2].

In this article, the topic of the use of new bonded anchors and the adhesive stress caused by their presence in the structural layer of a three-layer wall and edge stresses in the façade textured layer, which occur as a result of the dead load of the textured layer of bonded anchors.

Many authors consider the issues of adhesion stress both analytically [3], experimental [4, 5, 6, 7], as well as numerically modelling [9, 10, 16, 17, 18]. All considerations are based on European ETAG Guidelines [11], Technical Report EOTA TR 023 [11] and British Guidelines [13, 14, 15].

The authors of this manuscript, in addition to the obvious and most important from the point of durability, anchorage depth [7], also focused on the transmission of stress through the bonded anchor in the internal structural layer to the external textured layer in the walls of three-layer large slab panel buildings, constituting apartments for about 12 million people in Poland.

The article [8] proposes theoretical models, developed on the basis of experimental research carried out on field.

According to the ITB guidelines, if the designer provided the original two hangers (for slabs with a short under-window) or three hangers for slabs with a long under-window and confirmed in preliminary tests, it is recommended to strengthen the walls before the insulation, regardless of the condition of hangers and other elements slabs.

This article describes the theoretical estimation of stresses occurring during operation of new adhesive anchors.

2 The genesis of the durability of the textured layer

One of the main factors that ensure the correct functioning of the external walls of a prefabricated building is the proper condition of joining connections. They are subject to external influences, which include: wind, atmospheric precipitation, temperature variability and their derivatives, for example, concrete contraction. An additional factor that acts destructively on weakened hangers is the weight of the textured layer slab panels.

Other factors contributing to the faster degradation of connections are errors at the stage of making elements in prefabrication plants and errors during the construction of large slab panel objects.

The basis for estimating the stresses occurring both in the anchor in the structural layer and the edge stresses in the façade textured layer were the input data of the building made in large slab panel technology according to the OWT-67/N system. The input data are summarised in Table 1.

Table 1

The juxtaposition of input data.

Name of the façade slabSlab dimensions l × hSteady load GdSlab weight GwDead load cwpCalculated wind pressure weCalculated moment Mc
[m][N][kN][kg][kN/m2][kN/m2][kNm]
textured layer of the gable wall4.97 × 27616922.2516.9217251.236.6317.82
textured layer of slab short under-window2.68 × 1.294151.594.15423.21.205.744.62
textured layer of slab long under-window5.38 × 1.297581.177.58772.81.095.749.28
textured layer of a balcony slab5.38 × 1.296723.776.72685.40.975.749.28
textured layer of the staircase slab2.68 × 2767536.047.54768.21.026.634.62
Name of the façade slabRadius of anchor rMoment of inertia IpMaximum and minimum temperature affecting the façade of the textured layer [∘C]
[mm][mm]Tx(max)Tx(min)
textured layer of the gable wall48.7164.419.2
textured layer of slab short under-window50.4865.619
textured layer of slab long under-window60.9665.619
textured layer of a balcony slab80.9665.619
textured layer of the staircase slab100.9665.619

2.1 External effect affecting the durability of the textured layer

External influences are listed in point 2. Parameters affecting the durability of the textured layer, including factors such as wind pressure force, or thermal influences have been selected to determine edge stresses for a building implemented in the OWT-67/N system according to [22].

The effect of variable loads over time, which have a large impact on the durability of the façade textured layer, was estimated based on Eurocodes, according to the following relationships:

Calculated wind pressure on the external surfaces of the structure:

(1)we=qp(ze)·cpe,[kN⧸m2]

In case of thermal loads, the average temperatures occurring in Poland and cases of extreme weatherconditions were taken into account at the same time.

(2)Tx=Tin−RxRtot⋅Tin−Tout

where:

Tin – indoor air temperature

R(x) – thermal resistance on the inner surface and the element from the inner surface above point x

(3)Rx=Rin+∑ihiλi

where:

Rin – heat transfer resistance on the internal surface,

[m2K/W]

hi – layer thickness i, [m]

λi – heat transfer coefficient, [W/mK]

Rtot – the total thermal resistance of the element, taking into account the resistance of both surfaces, [m2K/W]

(4)Rtot=Rin+∑ihiλi+Rout

where:

Tout – external environment temperature, [∘C]

Rout – heat transfer resistance on the outer surface, [m2K/W]

3 Prediction of anchoring stresses and stresses occurring in the textured layer

3.1 Stresses in anchorages

Tension in the anchorages, otherwise called the adhesion stress, can be determined based on [20] from dependence (5):

(5)τpr=PU⋅lz;MPa

where:

τpr – adhesion stress, [MPa]

P – the force of pull-out anchors from concrete, [kN]

U – circuit created after breaking the anchor, [mm]

hef = lz – anchorage length, [mm]

To asses the stresses in the walls of three-layer large slab panel buildings, the least favourable anchoring parameters were adopted, which are summarised in Table 2.

Table 2

Anchoring parameters for anchoring depth 6 x d according to the manufacturer’s catalogue.

Anchor symbolM8M10M12M16M20M24M30
total length160190220260300300380
of the anchor
lf [mm]
effective607080100120140165
anchorages
anchor depth
hef [mm]

Based on dependence (1), the adhesion stresses for seven anchor diameters were determined: M8, M10, M12, M16, M20, M24 and M30. Interpretation of the increase in adhesion stress depending on the diameter of the anchor and, as a result, the effective anchorage length is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Increase in the value of adhesion stresses depending on the size of the anchor.
Figure 1

Increase in the value of adhesion stresses depending on the size of the anchor.

3.2 Edge stresses of the textured layer

In order to estimate the value of edge stresses in a single slab panel of the textured layer, the influence of factors that significantly has contributed to the degradation of the façade of the textured layer was taken into account. Edge stresses in a single slab panel of the textured layer can be determined from the dependence (6):

(6)σctop=cwp+we+∫0hefMEd⋅rIp⋅TxmaxTxmin;MPa

where:

σctop – edge stress, [MPa]

cwp – a dead load of a single textured layer calculated for 1m2 of surface, [kN/m2]

we – calculated wind pressure on the external surfaces of the structure, [kN/m2]

hef – effective anchorages anchor depth, [mm]

Mc – the calculated moment from the steady load for a given slab of the textured layer, [kNm]

r – the radius of the anchor, [mm]

Ip – moment of inertia of the cross-section of the slab, [m4]

T(x) max / min – maximum and minimum temperature affecting the façade of the textured layer, [∘C].

Figures 2-6 present the relationships between edge stresses in the outer slabs of the textured layer and the adhesion stresses of individual anchorages.

Figure 2 Dependency edge stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in the gable wall.
Figure 2

Dependency edge stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in the gable wall.

Figure 3 Dependency edge stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in slab short under-window.
Figure 3

Dependency edge stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in slab short under-window.

Figure 4 Dependency edge stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in slab long under-window.
Figure 4

Dependency edge stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in slab long under-window.

Figure 5 Dependency edge stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in a balcony slab.
Figure 5

Dependency edge stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in a balcony slab.

Figure 6 Dependency edge stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in the stairwell slab.
Figure 6

Dependency edge stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in the stairwell slab.

The factor determining the differences in calculating the values are the dimensions (area) of the slab panels and their dead load.

3.3 Shear stresses of the textured layer

The shear stress of the textured layer results directly from the edge stresses (2) and it is the most important factor determining the durability of connections in the walls of three-layer large slab panel buildings, both existing joints (hangers) and new bonded anchors.

Weakness caused by the process of degradation of hangers connecting external walllayers in large slab panel buildings with each other layers, and therefore is the high probability of shearing (vertical displacement) of the textured layer in relation to other layers is the main reason for using new bonded anchors.

The shear stresses of the textured layer are determined in the middle of the length of the slab panel and can be determined according to formula (7):

(7)τmax=12⋅lh⋅∫0lσctop,MPa

where:

τmax – shear stress, [MPa]

l – length of the textured slab, [m]

h – the height of the textured slab, [m]

σctop – edge stress, [kN/m2]

Figures 7-11 present the relationships between stresses in only the textured layer.

Figure 7 Dependency shear stress – edge stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in the gable wall.
Figure 7

Dependency shear stress – edge stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in the gable wall.

Figure 8 Dependency shear stress – edge stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in slab short under-window.
Figure 8

Dependency shear stress – edge stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in slab short under-window.

Figure 9 Dependency shear stress – edge stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in slab long under-window.
Figure 9

Dependency shear stress – edge stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in slab long under-window.

Figure 10 Dependency shear stress – edge stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in a balcony slab.
Figure 10

Dependency shear stress – edge stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in a balcony slab.

Figure 11 Dependency shear stress – edge stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in the stairwell slab.
Figure 11

Dependency shear stress – edge stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in the stairwell slab.

Other examples of the work of the three-layer system of external walls in large slab panel buildings are shown in Figures 12-16, depending on the distribution of shear stresses and adhesion stresses. These are the most important relations in the correct work of the façade of the textured layer via anchorages.

Figure 12 Dependency shear stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in the gable wall.
Figure 12

Dependency shear stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in the gable wall.

Figure 13 Dependency shear stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in slab short under-window.
Figure 13

Dependency shear stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in slab short under-window.

Figure 14 Dependency shear stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in slab long under-window.
Figure 14

Dependency shear stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in slab long under-window.

Figure 15 Dependency shear stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in a balcony slab.
Figure 15

Dependency shear stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in a balcony slab.

Figure 16 Dependency shear stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in the stairwell slab.
Figure 16

Dependency shear stress – adhesion stress for M8 ÷ M30 anchors in the stairwell slab.

According to the dependence (3), calculations were made for the gable peak texture layer and the remaining plate elements in the entire facility. If the anchors are mounted at the angle, the relationship between the stress of adhesion of such anchors and the stresses created in the façade texture layers, are shown in Figures 17 and 18. The presented dependencies are only for M12 anchors.

Figure 17 Dependency edge stress – adhesion stress for diagonal anchors.
Figure 17

Dependency edge stress – adhesion stress for diagonal anchors.

Figure 18 Dependency shear stress – adhesion stress for diagonal anchors.
Figure 18

Dependency shear stress – adhesion stress for diagonal anchors.

The values of the destructive force needed to determine the values of the adhesion stresses were adopted on the basis of experimental investigations. How complex the problem of durability of external textured layers is presented, among others, in the works [19, 22].

4 The two- and three anchorages system based on the COPY-ECO system

The inspiration for the tests of such groups wasthe bonded anchors system, called COPY-ECO system, which was very popular in Poland. The idea of this system were two anchors: horizontal and diagonal, mounted at the angle of 30 degrees in slab panel wall.

Variants of two- and three-anchorages considered in the article are a change in the angle of the diagonal anchorages in relation to the concrete surface, i.e. their additional installation at 45 and 60 degrees angles.

The use of diagonal anchors significantly increases the effective length of the anchor and increases the durability of fixing the façade textured layer.

5 Results and discussion

In addition to the obvious factors affecting the durability of the façade textured anchor, i.e. anchor diameter, anchor depth and resin strength parameters, the decisive mechanisms supporting the durability of joints are: panel dimensions, distance between anchors, steel anchor diameters and epoxy resin adhesion stress.

As the diameter of the steel anchor increases, all the strength parameters of steel adhesive joints increases: shear stress, adhesion stress and edge stress.

The results shown in Figure 17 and Figure 18 shows that increasing the angle of inclination of the steel diagonal anchor generates smaller stress values in the textured layer.

6 Conclusions

The article confirmed the fact that the selection of the diameter of anchors bonded, regardless of the resin parameters and the concrete base concrete class together with the increase of the anchor diameter and at the same time the effective anchorage depth hef influences the increase of adhesion stress τp´sr.

The relationship between the values of edge stresses and shear stresses is shaped linearly.

The most-loaded textured slabs concentrate shear stresses depending on the adhesion stresses are the textured layers of long under-window slabs and balcony slabs.

In case of individual diagonal anchors, the best results of stress dependence on each other in terms of the durability of the bonded anchors were obtained at the angle of inclination of 30∘.

Acknowledgement

The paper was prepared at Bialystok University of Technology within a framework of the S/WBiIŚ/2/2017 project sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

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Received: 2019-07-24
Accepted: 2020-05-14
Published Online: 2020-07-21

© 2020 D. Tomaszewicz et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0079
Keywords for this article
Bonded anchors; shear stress; adhesion stress; diagonal anchors; textured layer
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  5. Design and development of ultra-light front and rear axle of experimental vehicle
  6. Enhancement of cured cement using environmental waste: particleboards incorporating nano slag
  7. Evaluating ERP System Merging Success In Chemical Companies: System Quality, Information Quality, And Service Quality
  8. Accuracy of boundary layer treatments at different Reynolds scales
  9. Evaluation of stabiliser material using a waste additive mixture
  10. Optimisation of stress distribution in a highly loaded radial-axial gas microturbine using FEM
  11. Analysis of modern approaches for the prediction of electric energy consumption
  12. Surface Hardening of Aluminium Alloy with Addition of Zinc Particles by Friction Stir Processing
  13. Development and refinement of the Variational Method based on Polynomial Solutions of Schrödinger Equation
  14. Comparison of two methods for determining Q95 reference flow in the mouth of the surface catchment basin of the Meia Ponte river, state of Goiás, Brazil
  15. Applying Intelligent Portfolio Management to the Evaluation of Stalled Construction Projects
  16. Disjoint Sum of Products by Orthogonalizing Difference-Building ⴱ
  17. The Development of Information System with Strategic Planning for Integrated System in the Indonesian Pharmaceutical Company
  18. Simulation for Design and Material Selection of a Deep Placement Fertilizer Applicator for Soybean Cultivation
  19. Modeling transportation routes of the pick-up system using location problem: a case study
  20. Pinless friction stir spot welding of aluminium alloy with copper interlayer
  21. Roof Geometry in Building Design
  22. Review Articles
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  24. RZ Line Coding Scheme With Direct Laser Modulation for Upgrading Optical Transmission Systems
  25. LOGI Conference 2019
  26. Autonomous vans - the planning process of transport tasks
  27. Drivers ’reaction time research in the conditions in the real traffic
  28. Design and evaluation of a new intersection model to minimize congestions using VISSIM software
  29. Mathematical approaches for improving the efficiency of railway transport
  30. An experimental analysis of the driver’s attention during train driving
  31. Risks associated with Logistics 4.0 and their minimization using Blockchain
  32. Service quality of the urban public transport companies and sustainable city logistics
  33. Charging electric cars as a way to increase the use of energy produced from RES
  34. The impact of the truck loads on the braking efficiency assessment
  35. Application of virtual and augmented reality in automotive
  36. Dispatching policy evaluation for transport of ready mixed concrete
  37. Use of mathematical models and computer software for analysis of traffic noise
  38. New developments on EDR (Event Data Recorder) for automated vehicles
  39. General Application of Multiple Criteria Decision Making Methods for Finding the Optimal Solution in City Logistics
  40. The influence of the cargo weight and its position on the braking characteristics of light commercial vehicles
  41. Modeling the Delivery Routes Carried out by Automated Guided Vehicles when Using the Specific Mathematical Optimization Method
  42. Modelling of the system “driver - automation - autonomous vehicle - road”
  43. Limitations of the effectiveness of Weigh in Motion systems
  44. Long-term urban traffic monitoring based on wireless multi-sensor network
  45. The issue of addressing the lack of parking spaces for road freight transport in cities - a case study
  46. Simulation of the Use of the Material Handling Equipment in the Operation Process
  47. The use of simulation modelling for determining the capacity of railway lines in the Czech conditions
  48. Proposals for Using the NFC Technology in Regional Passenger Transport in the Slovak Republic
  49. Optimisation of Transport Capacity of a Railway Siding Through Construction-Reconstruction Measures
  50. Proposal of Methodology to Calculate Necessary Number of Autonomous Trucks for Trolleys and Efficiency Evaluation
  51. Special Issue: Automation in Finland
  52. 5G Based Machine Remote Operation Development Utilizing Digital Twin
  53. On-line moisture content estimation of saw dust via machine vision
  54. Data analysis of a paste thickener
  55. Programming and control for skill-based robots
  56. Using Digital Twin Technology in Engineering Education – Course Concept to Explore Benefits and Barriers
  57. Intelligent methods for root cause analysis behind the center line deviation of the steel strip
  58. Engaging Building Automation Data Visualisation Using Building Information Modelling and Progressive Web Application
  59. Real-time measurement system for determining metal concentrations in water-intensive processes
  60. A tool for finding inclusion clusters in steel SEM specimens
  61. An overview of current safety requirements for autonomous machines – review of standards
  62. Expertise and Uncertainty Processing with Nonlinear Scaling and Fuzzy Systems for Automation
  63. Towards online adaptation of digital twins
  64. Special Issue: ICE-SEAM 2019
  65. Fatigue Strength Analysis of S34MnV Steel by Accelerated Staircase Test
  66. The Effect of Discharge Current and Pulse-On Time on Biocompatible Zr-based BMG Sinking-EDM
  67. Dynamic characteristic of partially debonded sandwich of ferry ro-ro’s car deck: a numerical modeling
  68. Vibration-based damage identification for ship sandwich plate using finite element method
  69. Investigation of post-weld heat treatment (T6) and welding orientation on the strength of TIG-welded AL6061
  70. The effect of nozzle hole diameter of 3D printing on porosity and tensile strength parts using polylactic acid material
  71. Investigation of Meshing Strategy on Mechanical Behaviour of Hip Stem Implant Design Using FEA
  72. The effect of multi-stage modification on the performance of Savonius water turbines under the horizontal axis condition
  73. Special Issue: Recent Advances in Civil Engineering
  74. The effects of various parameters on the strengths of adhesives layer in a lightweight floor system
  75. Analysis of reliability of compressed masonry structures
  76. Estimation of Sport Facilities by Means of Technical-Economic Indicator
  77. Integral bridge and culvert design, Designer’s experience
  78. A FEM analysis of the settlement of a tall building situated on loess subsoil
  79. Behaviour of steel sheeting connections with self-drilling screws under variable loading
  80. Resistance of plug & play N type RHS truss connections
  81. Comparison of strength and stiffness parameters of purlins with different cross-sections of profiles
  82. Bearing capacity of floating geosynthetic encased columns (GEC) determined on the basis of CPTU penetration tests
  83. The effect of the stress distribution of anchorage and stress in the textured layer on the durability of new anchorages
  84. Analysis of tender procedure phases parameters for railroad construction works
  85. Special Issue: Terotechnology 2019
  86. The Use of Statistical Functions for the Selection of Laser Texturing Parameters
  87. Properties of Laser Additive Deposited Metallic Powder of Inconel 625
  88. Numerical Simulation of Laser Welding Dissimilar Low Carbon and Austenitic Steel Joint
  89. Assessment of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings on the Ti13Nb13Zr Alloy
  90. Characteristics of selected measures of stress triaxiality near the crack tip for 145Cr6 steel - 3D issues for stationary cracks
  91. Assessment of technical risk in maintenance and improvement of a manufacturing process
  92. Experimental studies on the possibility of using a pulsed laser for spot welding of thin metallic foils
  93. Angular position control system of pneumatic artificial muscles
  94. The properties of lubricated friction pairs with diamond-like carbon coatings
  95. Effect of laser beam trajectory on pocket geometry in laser micromachining
  96. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference
  97. The Employability Skills Needed To Face the Demands of Work in the Future: Systematic Literature Reviews
  98. Enhancing Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Vocational Education through Scaffolding-Problem Based Learning
  99. Technology-Integrated Project-Based Learning for Pre-Service Teacher Education: A Systematic Literature Review
  100. A Study on Water Absorption and Mechanical Properties in Epoxy-Bamboo Laminate Composite with Varying Immersion Temperatures
  101. Enhancing Students’ Ability in Learning Process of Programming Language using Adaptive Learning Systems: A Literature Review
  102. Topical Issue on Mathematical Modelling in Applied Sciences, III
  103. An innovative learning approach for solar power forecasting using genetic algorithm and artificial neural network
  104. Hands-on Learning In STEM: Revisiting Educational Robotics as a Learning Style Precursor
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