Startseite Technik RZ Line Coding Scheme With Direct Laser Modulation for Upgrading Optical Transmission Systems
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RZ Line Coding Scheme With Direct Laser Modulation for Upgrading Optical Transmission Systems

  • Hazem M. El-Hageen , Aadel M. Alatwi und Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 10. Juni 2020
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Aus der Zeitschrift Open Engineering Band 10 Heft 1

Abstract

This study reports the efficient use of a direct laser modulated response measured with the return-to-zero coding scheme in optical transmission systems. The measured direct laser modulated response has a bit rate of 1.2 Gbps for an optical fiber cable of a transmission length of 10 km. The eye diagram analyzer is used to calculate the maximum quality factor and minimum bit error rate of the proposed model. The maximum quality factor is 531.2, and the minimum bit error rate tends to zero for the same optical fiber channel length compared with that of the previous model. The proposed model provides better results than the previous model. The figures of the proposed model are more stable than those of its previous counterpart. Bit error rate approximately tends to zero in the proposed model.

Keywords: Max. Q-factor; Optical fiber channel; Laser response; Return-to-zero coding; Cable length

1 Related works

Many recent studies have proposed designs to enhance transmission capacity to meet end-user demand for broadband services in social networking, high definition video-on-demand, and cloud storage and computing. To meet this goal, optical injection technology has emerged to serve as multiple wavelength-division–multiplexed (WDM) transmitters. WDM passive optical networks (WDN-PONs) are considered a promising solution for broadband PONs, in which the capacity of optical networks is enlarged by transmitting different wavelengths at the same time. Cavity design was considered for matching the need for the dense wavelength-division–multiplexed channel spacing in high speed optical networks [1]. Return-to-zero (RZ) and non-return-to-zero (NRZ) data and its encoding response have been investigated [2, 3, 4]. Although substantial efforts focusing on long-haul access networks are underway, the transmission distance is limited to approximately 20 km at a data rate of 10 Gb/s because of the chromatic dispersion related to direct modulation [5].

Therefore, transmission distance was accounted for in these studies. Light source devices, especially tunable injection lasers, play the most important role in this field [6, 7, 8]. In general, two kinds of devices are used as light sources: lasers and light-emitting diodes. In addition, light can be produced in twoways: by spontaneous emission [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14] and simulated emission. Laser light is an example of the simulated emission of radiation used for light amplification, whereas fluorescent light is an example of spontaneous emission of radiation. There are many types of lasers, including semiconductor laser diodes, fiber lasers, and gas lasers [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. Semiconductor laser diodes are unsuitable for application over extended distances or for wavelength multiplexing. Fiber lasers exhibit important characteristics such as high power output, low noise, and preselected wavelength. A gas laser is a simple type of laser, but it is not used in modern communications [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. Stimulated emission by a recombination of injected carriers has been encouraged for semiconductor injection lasers [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. The provision of an optical cavity in the crystal structure provides photon feedback [15, 31, 32, 33]. This characteristic provides numerous advantages for injection lasers over other semiconductor laser sources. Good spatial coherence allows the output to be focused by a lens onto a spot with a greater intensity than dispersed unfocused emission [34, 35, 36, 37]. This permits efficient coupling of the optical output power into the fiber even when it has a low numerical aperture. Spatial fold matching to the optical fiber can be obtained with the laser source but not with an incoherent emitter [38, 39, 40].

2 Model description and research method

The previous model [13] comprises three main parts, namely a transmitter with a laser rate equation as the optical source, a pseudo-random bit sequence as a generator, and an NRZ pulse code. In the proposed model, we replace the laser rate equation with two directly modulated lasers passing through a wavelength-division multiplexing multiplexer (WDM MUX 2 × 1). We also replace the NRZ pulse code with the RZ pulse code, and the pseudo-random bit sequence is substituted by a user-defined bit sequence generator. The receiver of the previous model contains a photodetector PIN and low-pass Bessel filter [13], but in the proposed model we replace the photodetector PIN with a photodetector avalanche photodiode (APD) and the Bessel filter with a low-pass Butterworth filter.

An eye diagram analyzer is used to calculate the maximum quality factor (max Q-factor) and the minimum bit rate (BER). To calculate these two parameters, we must connect the three inputs of the eye diagram analyzer. In this system, we connect the first input with the user-defined bit sequence generator at the transmitter. The second input is connected with the RZ pulse code (also at the transmitter), and the third input is connected with the low-pass Butterworth filter at the receiver.

3 Performance analysis with discussions

The simulation results are obtained using the clarified simulation parameters in Table 1. Figure 1 shows the differences between the proposed and previous models. The proposed model comprises three parts. The first part is composed of a transmitter that contains a user-defined bit sequence generator with a bit rate of 1.2 Gbps and direct laser modulation source operated at 1552.52 nm (i.e., a third-generation fiber optics system) as the optical source.

Figure 1 Simulation model used in this work.
Figure 1

Simulation model used in this work.

Table 1

List of operating simulation parameters for this study.

Value/unitMain parametersComponents
1552.52 nmOperating wavelengthDirectly Modulated Laser Measured
10 dBmOperating power
10 dBExtinction ratio
300 mAMaximum current
1.2 GbpsBit rateUser-defined bit sequence generator
ExponentialRectangle shapeRZ pulse code
10 GHzBandwidthWDM MUX 2×1
10 kmLengthOptical fiber
0.2 dB/kmAttenuation
1552.52 nmReference wavelength
16.75 Ps/nm/kmDispersion
3GainAPD
10 nADark current
1 A/WResponsivity
0 dBLossLow Pass Butterworth Filter
100 dBDepth

The system supports a bit rate of up to 5 Gbps with the RZ pulse code. These ingredients of the transmitter will repeat to pass it with the other ingredients in a cascade through a WDM MUX 2 × 1. The transmitter passes through a 10-km–long optical fiber that serves as the channel. The chosen length provides a good result.

The receiver contains the photodetector APD, which converts the light signal into electrical signals. It is operated at a gain of 3 and is connected to the low-pass Butterworth filter, which is used to remove any ripples from the main signal. The eye diagram analyzer is used with the low-pass Butterworth filter to remove the ripples from the electrical signal originating from the avalanche light detector. The second input is taken from the RZ pulse code, and the third input is sourced from the data generator (the user-defined bit sequence generator). The eye diagram analyzer is used to calculate the max Q-factor and the minimum BER. The simulation variables used in this study are provided in Table 1.

Figure 2 clarifies the relation between the max Q-factor and the fiber cable length. When the cable length increases, the max Q-factor clearly decreases. Moreover, the direct modulated laser source provides a better result than the laser rate equations for the same fiber length. The results indicate that the max Q-factor is 531.12 and the minimum BER tends to zero for a fiber length of 10 km. The max Q-factor is 387.17 and the minimum BER tends to zero for a fiber length of 15 km. The max Q-factor is 260.169 and the minimum BER tends to zero when the fiber length equals 20 km. At a fiber length of 25 km, the max Q-factor is 239.715, and the minimum BER tends to zero. The max Q-factor is 148.3 and the minimum BER tends to zero when the fiber length is 30 km.

Figure 2 Max Q-factor versus cable length as per the previous and proposed models.
Figure 2

Max Q-factor versus cable length as per the previous and proposed models.

Figure 3 shows the results of the calculations by the eye diagram analyzer with the directly modulated laser source along a cable length of 10 km. The max Q-factor is 531.12, and the minimum BER tends to zero. Both results apply to a cable length of 10 km as well as to a light source bit rate of 1.2 Gbps. Figure 4 displays the results of the calculations by the eye diagram analyzer and the directly modulated laser source for a cable length of 15 km. The max Q-factor is 348.17, and the minimum BER tends to zero. These results apply for a cable length of 15 km at a bit rate of 1.2 Gbps for the generator of a transmitter that passed through the optical source to the receiver within the fiber optical cable.

Figure 3 Results of the eye diagram analyzer with the directly modulated laser source along a cable length of 10 km.
Figure 3

Results of the eye diagram analyzer with the directly modulated laser source along a cable length of 10 km.

Figure 4 Results of the eye diagram analyzer with the directly modulated laser source along a cable length of 15 km.
Figure 4

Results of the eye diagram analyzer with the directly modulated laser source along a cable length of 15 km.

Figure 5 shows the max Q-factor calculated by the eye diagram analyzer. The max Q-factor is 260.169, and the minimum BER tends to zero. These values apply to a cable length of 20 km. Thus, the system provides good results at a length of 20 km. Figure 6 displays the results of the calculations by the eye diagram analyzer with the directly modulated laser source along a cable length of 25 km. The max Q-factor is 239.715, and the minimum BER is 0. These results apply for a cable length of 25 km, and the bit rate of the generator at the transmitter is 1.2 Gbps.

Figure 5 Results of the eye diagram analyzer with the directly modulated laser source along a cable length of 20 km.
Figure 5

Results of the eye diagram analyzer with the directly modulated laser source along a cable length of 20 km.

Figure 6 Results of the eye diagram analyzer with the directly modulated laser source along a cable length of 25 km.
Figure 6

Results of the eye diagram analyzer with the directly modulated laser source along a cable length of 25 km.

Figure 7 presents the results of the calculations by the eye diagram analyzer with the directly modulated laser source for a cable length of 30 km. The max Q-factor is 148.3 and the minimum BER tends to zero. These results apply to a cable length of 30 km and a bit rate of 1.2 Gbps.

Figure 7 Results of the eye diagram analyzer with the directly modulated laser source along a cable length of 30 km.
Figure 7

Results of the eye diagram analyzer with the directly modulated laser source along a cable length of 30 km.

The proposed model thus outperforms the previous model with respect to the max Q-factor for a cable length of 30 km. These results are calculated by an electrical visualizer, namely the eye diagram analyzer,which uses the electrical signal filtered by the low-pass Butterworth filter.

Figure 8 shows how the max Q-factor varies by fiber cable length for lengths of up to 270 km. The results indicate that the max Q-factor degrades with the increase in cable length. The max Q-factor is approximately 7.543 for long distances (of up to 270 km), indicating the need for optical amplifiers. The dependence of the max Q-factor on cable length is displayed in Table 2 for the proposed and previous models.

Figure 8 Max Q-factor versus fiber optic cable length for the proposed model.
Figure 8

Max Q-factor versus fiber optic cable length for the proposed model.

Table 2

Max. Q-factor dependence on cable length.

Max. Q factor

(Proposed model)		Max. Q factor

(Previous model [5])		Cable length
531.1216.5910 km
348.1710.8515 km
260.168.12520 km
239.717.46825 km
148.34.62530 km

4 Conclusion

This study demonstrated the efficient employment of a directly modulated laser source with the RZ coding scheme to upgrade an optical transmission system with respect to the max Q-factor and minimum BER. The max Q-factor for the proposed simulation model reached 148.3,whereas that of the previous model was 4.625 for the same optic fiber channel length (up to 30 km). The proposed model allows the cable fiber length to be extended to up to 270 km, the corresponding max Q-factor and minimum BER being 7.543 and 2.543 × 10−12, respectively.

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Received: 2020-03-30
Accepted: 2020-05-20
Published Online: 2020-06-10

© 2020 H. M. El-Hageen et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0066
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Max. Q-factor; Optical fiber channel; Laser response; Return-to-zero coding; Cable length
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Fabrication of aluminium covetic casts under different voltages and amperages of direct current
  3. Inhibition effect of the synergistic properties of 4-methyl-norvalin and 2-methoxy-4-formylphenol on the electrochemical deterioration of P4 low carbon mold steel
  4. Logistic regression in modeling and assessment of transport services
  5. Design and development of ultra-light front and rear axle of experimental vehicle
  6. Enhancement of cured cement using environmental waste: particleboards incorporating nano slag
  7. Evaluating ERP System Merging Success In Chemical Companies: System Quality, Information Quality, And Service Quality
  8. Accuracy of boundary layer treatments at different Reynolds scales
  9. Evaluation of stabiliser material using a waste additive mixture
  10. Optimisation of stress distribution in a highly loaded radial-axial gas microturbine using FEM
  11. Analysis of modern approaches for the prediction of electric energy consumption
  12. Surface Hardening of Aluminium Alloy with Addition of Zinc Particles by Friction Stir Processing
  13. Development and refinement of the Variational Method based on Polynomial Solutions of Schrödinger Equation
  14. Comparison of two methods for determining Q95 reference flow in the mouth of the surface catchment basin of the Meia Ponte river, state of Goiás, Brazil
  15. Applying Intelligent Portfolio Management to the Evaluation of Stalled Construction Projects
  16. Disjoint Sum of Products by Orthogonalizing Difference-Building ⴱ
  17. The Development of Information System with Strategic Planning for Integrated System in the Indonesian Pharmaceutical Company
  18. Simulation for Design and Material Selection of a Deep Placement Fertilizer Applicator for Soybean Cultivation
  19. Modeling transportation routes of the pick-up system using location problem: a case study
  20. Pinless friction stir spot welding of aluminium alloy with copper interlayer
  21. Roof Geometry in Building Design
  22. Review Articles
  23. Silicon-Germanium Dioxide and Aluminum Indium Gallium Arsenide-Based Acoustic Optic Modulators
  24. RZ Line Coding Scheme With Direct Laser Modulation for Upgrading Optical Transmission Systems
  25. LOGI Conference 2019
  26. Autonomous vans - the planning process of transport tasks
  27. Drivers ’reaction time research in the conditions in the real traffic
  28. Design and evaluation of a new intersection model to minimize congestions using VISSIM software
  29. Mathematical approaches for improving the efficiency of railway transport
  30. An experimental analysis of the driver’s attention during train driving
  31. Risks associated with Logistics 4.0 and their minimization using Blockchain
  32. Service quality of the urban public transport companies and sustainable city logistics
  33. Charging electric cars as a way to increase the use of energy produced from RES
  34. The impact of the truck loads on the braking efficiency assessment
  35. Application of virtual and augmented reality in automotive
  36. Dispatching policy evaluation for transport of ready mixed concrete
  37. Use of mathematical models and computer software for analysis of traffic noise
  38. New developments on EDR (Event Data Recorder) for automated vehicles
  39. General Application of Multiple Criteria Decision Making Methods for Finding the Optimal Solution in City Logistics
  40. The influence of the cargo weight and its position on the braking characteristics of light commercial vehicles
  41. Modeling the Delivery Routes Carried out by Automated Guided Vehicles when Using the Specific Mathematical Optimization Method
  42. Modelling of the system “driver - automation - autonomous vehicle - road”
  43. Limitations of the effectiveness of Weigh in Motion systems
  44. Long-term urban traffic monitoring based on wireless multi-sensor network
  45. The issue of addressing the lack of parking spaces for road freight transport in cities - a case study
  46. Simulation of the Use of the Material Handling Equipment in the Operation Process
  47. The use of simulation modelling for determining the capacity of railway lines in the Czech conditions
  48. Proposals for Using the NFC Technology in Regional Passenger Transport in the Slovak Republic
  49. Optimisation of Transport Capacity of a Railway Siding Through Construction-Reconstruction Measures
  50. Proposal of Methodology to Calculate Necessary Number of Autonomous Trucks for Trolleys and Efficiency Evaluation
  51. Special Issue: Automation in Finland
  52. 5G Based Machine Remote Operation Development Utilizing Digital Twin
  53. On-line moisture content estimation of saw dust via machine vision
  54. Data analysis of a paste thickener
  55. Programming and control for skill-based robots
  56. Using Digital Twin Technology in Engineering Education – Course Concept to Explore Benefits and Barriers
  57. Intelligent methods for root cause analysis behind the center line deviation of the steel strip
  58. Engaging Building Automation Data Visualisation Using Building Information Modelling and Progressive Web Application
  59. Real-time measurement system for determining metal concentrations in water-intensive processes
  60. A tool for finding inclusion clusters in steel SEM specimens
  61. An overview of current safety requirements for autonomous machines – review of standards
  62. Expertise and Uncertainty Processing with Nonlinear Scaling and Fuzzy Systems for Automation
  63. Towards online adaptation of digital twins
  64. Special Issue: ICE-SEAM 2019
  65. Fatigue Strength Analysis of S34MnV Steel by Accelerated Staircase Test
  66. The Effect of Discharge Current and Pulse-On Time on Biocompatible Zr-based BMG Sinking-EDM
  67. Dynamic characteristic of partially debonded sandwich of ferry ro-ro’s car deck: a numerical modeling
  68. Vibration-based damage identification for ship sandwich plate using finite element method
  69. Investigation of post-weld heat treatment (T6) and welding orientation on the strength of TIG-welded AL6061
  70. The effect of nozzle hole diameter of 3D printing on porosity and tensile strength parts using polylactic acid material
  71. Investigation of Meshing Strategy on Mechanical Behaviour of Hip Stem Implant Design Using FEA
  72. The effect of multi-stage modification on the performance of Savonius water turbines under the horizontal axis condition
  73. Special Issue: Recent Advances in Civil Engineering
  74. The effects of various parameters on the strengths of adhesives layer in a lightweight floor system
  75. Analysis of reliability of compressed masonry structures
  76. Estimation of Sport Facilities by Means of Technical-Economic Indicator
  77. Integral bridge and culvert design, Designer’s experience
  78. A FEM analysis of the settlement of a tall building situated on loess subsoil
  79. Behaviour of steel sheeting connections with self-drilling screws under variable loading
  80. Resistance of plug & play N type RHS truss connections
  81. Comparison of strength and stiffness parameters of purlins with different cross-sections of profiles
  82. Bearing capacity of floating geosynthetic encased columns (GEC) determined on the basis of CPTU penetration tests
  83. The effect of the stress distribution of anchorage and stress in the textured layer on the durability of new anchorages
  84. Analysis of tender procedure phases parameters for railroad construction works
  85. Special Issue: Terotechnology 2019
  86. The Use of Statistical Functions for the Selection of Laser Texturing Parameters
  87. Properties of Laser Additive Deposited Metallic Powder of Inconel 625
  88. Numerical Simulation of Laser Welding Dissimilar Low Carbon and Austenitic Steel Joint
  89. Assessment of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings on the Ti13Nb13Zr Alloy
  90. Characteristics of selected measures of stress triaxiality near the crack tip for 145Cr6 steel - 3D issues for stationary cracks
  91. Assessment of technical risk in maintenance and improvement of a manufacturing process
  92. Experimental studies on the possibility of using a pulsed laser for spot welding of thin metallic foils
  93. Angular position control system of pneumatic artificial muscles
  94. The properties of lubricated friction pairs with diamond-like carbon coatings
  95. Effect of laser beam trajectory on pocket geometry in laser micromachining
  96. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference
  97. The Employability Skills Needed To Face the Demands of Work in the Future: Systematic Literature Reviews
  98. Enhancing Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Vocational Education through Scaffolding-Problem Based Learning
  99. Technology-Integrated Project-Based Learning for Pre-Service Teacher Education: A Systematic Literature Review
  100. A Study on Water Absorption and Mechanical Properties in Epoxy-Bamboo Laminate Composite with Varying Immersion Temperatures
  101. Enhancing Students’ Ability in Learning Process of Programming Language using Adaptive Learning Systems: A Literature Review
  102. Topical Issue on Mathematical Modelling in Applied Sciences, III
  103. An innovative learning approach for solar power forecasting using genetic algorithm and artificial neural network
  104. Hands-on Learning In STEM: Revisiting Educational Robotics as a Learning Style Precursor
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© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 12.12.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2020-0066/html
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