Startseite Technik The effects of various parameters on the strengths of adhesives layer in a lightweight floor system
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The effects of various parameters on the strengths of adhesives layer in a lightweight floor system

  • Jacek Karpiesiuk und Tadeusz Chyzy
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 10. Juni 2020
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Abstract

The article presents the results of shear and tensile strength of deformable cement adhesives, reinforced by fiberglass mesh with a different weight in a lightweight floor system without screeds. The substrate under adhesive was EPS and XPS thermal insulation. Tests were carried out in dry, wet conditions as well as during freezing and thawing. On their basis, it can be concluded that the larger contact surface of the EPS thermal insulation with the deformable adhesive C2S1 increases the adhesive’s tensile strength. This surface is not important using C2S2 adhesives or when the substrate is made from rough insulation XPS. It was generally found that the higher weight of the fibreglass mesh in deformable cement adhesives has a more favorable effect on their shear strength. Water absorption does not significantly affect the adhesion of terracotta, and in some configurations of components in this system increases it. The adhesive with the symbol C2S2 compared to C2S1 has a higher tensile and shear strength using the same materials. Frost conditions do not allow for long-term use of this type of floor construction in snow and ice protection systems. This experimental research shows that an economical solution with optimal strength consists of XPS insulation, 205 g/m2 mesh, C2S1 adhesive.

Keywords: light floor; tensile strength; shear strength; deformable adhesives

1 Introduction

At the moment, the light floor system is not a commonly used solution. It is worth popularizing due to many advantages, including:

  1. the low weight of a light floor allows installation it on ceilings with low load-bearing capacities (e.g. wooden) or where permanent loads should be reduced,

  2. the small thickness of the floor (no screeds, thicknesses 5-6cm in the light floor system) is important when renovating or modernizing rooms, due to the minimum dimension in the door light,

  3. the system is can be used for underfloor heating, in which, due to the lack of screed, we have lower thermal inertia of the floor, and this effects increasing the heat density flux (thermal efficiency), what confirmed in [1],

  4. due to the high efficiency and low thermal inertia, this type of floor is a universal heating and cooling model, which, as described in [2] should be the result of the latest research of scientists. These features are useful in devices using renewable energy sources (RES),

  5. there is no long process of binding concrete (floor no require screed), and this accelerates the commissioning of the investment.

The use of two components - adhesive and mesh layer as a replacement for cement or anhydrite screeds is a characteristic feature of this floor construction. Previous investigations of the layer system shown in Figure 1 and described in [3] have proved the need to use a glass fibre mesh.

Figure 1 Cross-section of a light floor without screeds with XPS or EPS thermal insulation
Figure 1

Cross-section of a light floor without screeds with XPS or EPS thermal insulation

Building boards are characterized by a similar construction used as thermal insulation under ceramic tiles. They are made on the core of extruded XPS polystyrene with a two-sided coating of modified cement mortar, reinforced with a fabric or a glass fibre mesh. Building boards are placed on the market based on European Technical Assessments [4] and National Technical Approvals [5]. In accordance with the assessment, or technical approval procedure, two strength tests are carried out, confirming the required technical and useful properties, before placing the product on the market:

  1. compressive strength at 10% deformation,

  2. tensile strength, perpendicular to the face.

Declared properties depend on the product manufacturer, and they reach an amount not less than 0.20 MPa [6] in the case of compressive stresses and tensile strength. Made in 2017/2018 and described in [3, 7], tests of the mechanical light-floor system’s strength were carried out using one type of C2 TE S1 cement adhesive and mesh with 335 g/m2 weight. Through this procedure, the necessary information regarding the shear and tensile stress of the commonly available cement adhesive (not modified by the mortar manufacturers), was obtained. Standard [8] gives the adhesive the symbol C2, describing it as cement adhesive with increased parameters. Normally bonding adhesive are marked with the symbol C1. According to the standard [8], their minimum adhesion is ≥ 0.5 MPa. The cement adhesive type C2 must meet the additional high adhesion requirements of ≥ 1.0 MPa. It is important to emphasize that these values refer to the placement of ceramic tiles on a concrete substrate, in accordance with the standard [9]. Special requirements are characterized for adhesives with the symbols S1 and S2, where S1 is a deformable adhesive within the limits of ≥ 2.5mm and < 5mm, and S2 is an adhesive with a high deformability ≥ 5mm. In the experimental tests described here, only C2 cement adhesive was adopted on the non-standard EPS and XPS thermal insulation substrates, with variable formability of S1 or S2. The article publishes the latest results of experimental research, where it was decided to check whether the use of cement adhesive mortar with the highest deformability (type C2S2) and various types of glass fibre mesh would have a significant impact on the selected parameters of the mechanical strength of the floor, without screeds.

For statistical purposes, the tests of adhesion and shear strength of the C2S1 adhesive, with the so-called "armored" mesh and a weight of 320 g/m2, were repeated. In addition, the influence of other fibreglass mesh weights on the possible changes in strength properties of the C2S1 mortar was checked. Apart from tests in dry conditions, all panels were tested 21 days in water, in accordance with the standard [9]. In addition, frost resistance tests of 5×5cm terracotta tiles attached to rough thermal insulation XPS 300, using C2S2 adhesive on fibreglass mesh, and weighing 145 and 205 g/m2, were conducted. These tests were carried out after 25 and 50 cycles (3 samples each) of freezing and thawing, in accordance with the procedure described in [3]. This was done in order to initially verify the possibility of using this type of adhesive in the winter on a critical substrate, in the form of thermal insulation boards.

2 Research methodology

The plates shown in Figure 2 were fabricated for research in the Elektra Kardo Białystok. After 28 days of seasoning at a temperature of approximately 20∘C, they were transported to the Sika Poland laboratory for strength tests.

Figure 2 An example of a research stand, for adhesion measurements, using the pull-off method and shear strength tests, by PressoMess
Figure 2

An example of a research stand, for adhesion measurements, using the pull-off method and shear strength tests, by PressoMess

The measurements of the tensile and shear strength of stuck terracotta samples were carried out in accordance with the stated procedure. This was done on the machines described in [3]. The substrate consisted of XPS 300 insulating boards with a rough surface of 600 × 1250mm and an EPS 200 hydro with 500 × 1000mm. Terracotta tiles were attached on one half of each panel, using C2S1 cement mortar and C2S2 on the other, with reinforcement on both plates from the fibreglass mesh. The pull-off method was made in accordance with the recommendations of the standard [9], and the measurements of shear strength from PressoMess manufacturer’s instructions. Because three types of mesh were used, the following 6 test sets were prepared with adhesives C2S1 Ceram 255, and C2S2 Schonox Q12:

  1. 3 pieces XPS board (rough) with 145, 205 and 320 g/m2 glass fibre mesh

  2. 3 pieces EPS hydro board with 145, 205 and 320 g/m2 glass fibre mesh

The photos of the preparing and measuring stands during tests are shown in Figure 3 and 4. Cross-sections of the lightweight floor stand are placed with the insulation boards (XPS and EPS), and a ceramic tiled floor, in order to research potential detachment and shear forces in the two adhesives, as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 3 Preparing the stand to measure an adhesion
Figure 3

Preparing the stand to measure an adhesion

Figure 4 PressoMess for shear strength testing
Figure 4

PressoMess for shear strength testing

Figure 5 Cross-sections of the lightweight floor stand with insulation boards EPS and XPS with ceramic tile floor, in order to research of detachment and shear forces in two adhesives C2S1 & C2S2 and three fibreglass meshes
Figure 5

Cross-sections of the lightweight floor stand with insulation boards EPS and XPS with ceramic tile floor, in order to research of detachment and shear forces in two adhesives C2S1 & C2S2 and three fibreglass meshes

3 The research results

All test results are presented in the following tables. Table 1 – dry and wet tests:

Table 1

Test results in a dry and wet condition

Model As,n – results σs and σn based on EPS with C2S1 &

C2S2,

Model Bs,n – results σs and σn based on XPS with C2S1 & C2S2,

Model Cs – results τs based on EPS with C2S1 & C2S2,

Model Ds – results τs based on XPS with C2S1 & C2S2.

Table 2 – frost resistance tests in 25 and 50 cycles freezing and thawing:

Table 2

The results of frost resistance tests

Model Am (with XPS insulation)
– C2S2, with glass fibre mesh 145 g/m2, 25 cycles
[MPa]
Sample Nr
Adhesive separation of glue1. σm = 0.14
cement mortar from terracotta tile,2. σm = 0.16
average force 0.32 kN3. σm = 0.09
Average result
σm = 0.13
– C2S2, with glass fibre mesh 205 g/m2, 50 cycles
[MPa]
Sample Nr
Adhesive separation of glue1. σm = 0.04
cement mortar from terracotta tile,2. σm = 0.07
average force 0.15 kN3. σm = 0.06
Average result
σm = 0.06

Model Am – results σm based on XPS with C2S2, where:

σs – tensile strength, dry condition

σn – tensile strength, wet condition

σm – tensile strength, frost resistance

τs – shear strength

Description in tables all forces [kN] only in a dry state.

– C2S2, with glass fibre mesh 205 g/m2 [MPa] Sample Nr

The terracotta tensile strength results for the various types of glass fibre mesh, insulation base and adhesives are shown in Figures 6-9, and the shear strength in Figures 10-11.

Figure 6 Average results of the pull-off method; comparing the same EPS insulation to different mesh & adhesive & conditions (dry-wet)
Figure 6

Average results of the pull-off method; comparing the same EPS insulation to different mesh & adhesive & conditions (dry-wet)

Figure 7 Average results of the pull-off method; comparing the same XPS insulation to different mesh & adhesive & conditions (dry-wet-frost)
Figure 7

Average results of the pull-off method; comparing the same XPS insulation to different mesh & adhesive & conditions (dry-wet-frost)

Figure 8 Average results of the pull-off method; comparing the same adhesive C2S1 to different mesh & insulation
Figure 8

Average results of the pull-off method; comparing the same adhesive C2S1 to different mesh & insulation

Figure 9 Average results of the pull-off method; comparing the same adhesive C2S2 to different mesh & insulation
Figure 9

Average results of the pull-off method; comparing the same adhesive C2S2 to different mesh & insulation

Figure 10 Average results of the shear strength tests; comparing the same EPS insulation to different mesh & adhesive
Figure 10

Average results of the shear strength tests; comparing the same EPS insulation to different mesh & adhesive

Figure 11 Average results of the shear strength tests; comparing the same XPS insulation to different mesh & adhesive
Figure 11

Average results of the shear strength tests; comparing the same XPS insulation to different mesh & adhesive

The difference in tensile strength in various EPS or XPS insulation bases, using the same weight of fibreglass mesh in C2S1 adhesive and C2S2, is in the range of 5-10%, as shown in Figure 6 and 7. A 20% greater discrepancy and higher adhesion were noticed only when using a 320 g/m2 mesh on an XPS substrate. This is confirmed in [3]. Figure 8 and 9 show how the use of different types of C2S1 or C2S2 adhesive influences identical undercoats and reinforcing meshes. Differences in stress during the detachment of samples are 15-26%, and cement adhesive C2S2 has better adhesion. Only with a mesh weight of 205 g/m2, deviations are smaller 3-7%.

Interestingly, the amount of adhesive tensile strength may depend on the total area of the gaps in the fibreglass mesh used for EPS insulation (dry conditions). It amounts to 1590, 1710 and 1430 mm2 for 145, 205 and 320 g/m2 respectively (Figure 12-14). In a mesh 320 g/m2, the contact surface of the adhesive and thermal insulation is the least. This can affect the fact that in EPS thermal insulation, with a larger contact surface between the adhesive and thermal insulation, the tensile force is higher. This is

Figure 12 The total area of the gaps is equal to 1590 mm2 (for 145 g/m2 the fibreglass mesh)
Figure 12

The total area of the gaps is equal to 1590 mm2 (for 145 g/m2 the fibreglass mesh)

Figure 13 The total area of the gaps is equal to 1710 mm2 (for 205 g/m2 the fibreglass mesh)
Figure 13

The total area of the gaps is equal to 1710 mm2 (for 205 g/m2 the fibreglass mesh)

Figure 14 The total area of the gaps is equal to 1430 mm2 (for 320 g/m2 the fibreglass mesh)
Figure 14

The total area of the gaps is equal to 1430 mm2 (for 320 g/m2 the fibreglass mesh)

confirmed by the results of research using various types of mesh on EPS insulation in the article [10], where it was found that the use of 320 g/m2 mesh (armored mesh) does not increase the system’s tensile strength. The results of the present article show that this phenomenon does not occur in XPS insulation with a different material surface structure than EPS and for adhesives with higher C2S2 deformability. Here the surface of the gaps in mesh does not affect significant changes in the tensile strength of cement adhesives (Figure 6-9).

When comparing experimental conditions, generally, the absorbability of light floors does not have a major impact on their strength, and even in a moist environment, the tensile strength is increased by 20%, as noted in Figure 7, using an XPS board, the 320 g/m2 mesh, and a C2S2 adhesive. A significant decrease in tensile strength during frost resistance tests is shown in Figure 7. Standard tensile tests with 25 cycles of freezing and thawing have half this strength in relation to dry conditions. When we apply non-standard 50 cycles, the strength drops to 0.06 MPa.

Higher mesh weight generally increases the shear strength of deformable cementitious adhesives. This can be seen in figures 10 and 11 in C2S1 adhesives on EPS insulation and C2S2 on XPS insulation. During shear stress tests, the EPS substrate had 2 times the higher bond strength, using C2S2 adhesive relative to C2S1, independent of the meshes as shown in Figure 10. The same result was obtained by comparing the EPS and XPS insulation, in favor of the latter in the C2S1 adhesive. Smaller differences in stresses occur in the C2S2 adhesives and XPS insulation - 15-20%. Only when applying the 320 g/m2 mesh, the disproportion increases by a multiple of 2, and the shear strength is 2 MPa, as depicted in Figure 11.

4 Conclusions

The presented results of the terracotta tensile strength tests in a light floor system prove that:

  1. Absorbability does not significantly affect the adhesion of terracotta, and in some configurations increases it,

  2. Frost conditions contribute to a significant 2-times the reduction of this strength on C2S2 adhesive, which is also confirmed by the results obtained in [3] using C2S1. The the standard test proves sufficient adhesion of tiles according to [11], but non-standard tests with 50 cycles of freezing and thawing do not meet the technical conditions. This does not allow for long-term, trouble-free use of this type of floor construction in snow and ice protection systems,

  3. Twice the better shear strength is a result of using identical materials (XPS, C2S1, 320 g/m2), described in this article in relation to [7], proving that the precise application of the tile assembly rules, adhesive application, and the structure of the insulating base, all have a significant impact on strength parameters of light floors,

  4. The same is confirmed by the results of the pull-off method, where the results described in this article compared to [7] are 30% higher for EPS and 60% greater for XPS,

  5. The tensile strength of C2S1 adhesive is higher when the gaps of the fibreglass mesh used have a larger contact surface with EPS insulation. This is not important when using C2S2 adhesives or the substrate is from rough insulation XPS.

  6. Generally, it can be stated that the higher grammage of the fibreglass mesh in deformable cement adhesives on the EPS and XPS insulation substrate contributes to the increase of shear strength of these adhesives.

  7. An adhesive with the symbol C2S2 in relation to C2S1 has a higher tensile and shear strength with the same mesh weight or type of base insulating.

Optimal light floor model for testing tension strength

We achieve the best results by using:

  1. EPS insulation, 145 g/m2 mesh, C2S2 adhesive = 0.31 MPa,

The worst results when using:

– EPS insulation, 320 g/m2 mesh, C2S1 adhesive = 0.20 MPa.

For the optimal solution (economically profitable with a good result, meeting the criteria of pull-off strength, and equal to 0.26 MPa) the floor constructions consisting of:

1. XPS insulation, 205 g/m2mesh, C2S1 adhesive.

Optimal light floor model for testing shear strength

We achieve the best results by using:

  1. XPS insulation, 320 g/m2 mesh, C2S2 adhesive = 2.00 MPa,

The worst results when using:

  1. EPS insulation, 145 g/m2 mesh, C2S1 adhesive, = 0.53 MPa.

For the optimal solution (economically profitable with a good result, meeting even the criteria for stronger dispersion adhesives acc. [6], equal to 1.27 MPa) a floor construction composed of the following can be considered:

1. XPS insulation, 205 g/m2 mesh, C2S1 adhesive.

After analyzing the tests of tensile and shear strength, it can be concluded that the optimal lightweight floor construction consists of rough XPS thermal insulation boards, on which terracotta tiles were directly attached, using cement adhesive type C2S1 with an embedded mesh of 205 g/m2 weight.

The authors would like to thank Mr. Kamil Psyk and Wojciech Ziemliński from Sika Poland for providing laboratory spaces to conduct research and testing.

The research was carried out as part of my own work from Bialystok University of Technology No. W/WBIIŚ/15/2019, financed from the subsidy provided by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

References

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Received: 2019-07-15
Accepted: 2019-12-03
Published Online: 2020-06-10

© 2020 J. Karpiesiuk and T. Chyzy, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0057
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
light floor; tensile strength; shear strength; deformable adhesives
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  33. Charging electric cars as a way to increase the use of energy produced from RES
  34. The impact of the truck loads on the braking efficiency assessment
  35. Application of virtual and augmented reality in automotive
  36. Dispatching policy evaluation for transport of ready mixed concrete
  37. Use of mathematical models and computer software for analysis of traffic noise
  38. New developments on EDR (Event Data Recorder) for automated vehicles
  39. General Application of Multiple Criteria Decision Making Methods for Finding the Optimal Solution in City Logistics
  40. The influence of the cargo weight and its position on the braking characteristics of light commercial vehicles
  41. Modeling the Delivery Routes Carried out by Automated Guided Vehicles when Using the Specific Mathematical Optimization Method
  42. Modelling of the system “driver - automation - autonomous vehicle - road”
  43. Limitations of the effectiveness of Weigh in Motion systems
  44. Long-term urban traffic monitoring based on wireless multi-sensor network
  45. The issue of addressing the lack of parking spaces for road freight transport in cities - a case study
  46. Simulation of the Use of the Material Handling Equipment in the Operation Process
  47. The use of simulation modelling for determining the capacity of railway lines in the Czech conditions
  48. Proposals for Using the NFC Technology in Regional Passenger Transport in the Slovak Republic
  49. Optimisation of Transport Capacity of a Railway Siding Through Construction-Reconstruction Measures
  50. Proposal of Methodology to Calculate Necessary Number of Autonomous Trucks for Trolleys and Efficiency Evaluation
  51. Special Issue: Automation in Finland
  52. 5G Based Machine Remote Operation Development Utilizing Digital Twin
  53. On-line moisture content estimation of saw dust via machine vision
  54. Data analysis of a paste thickener
  55. Programming and control for skill-based robots
  56. Using Digital Twin Technology in Engineering Education – Course Concept to Explore Benefits and Barriers
  57. Intelligent methods for root cause analysis behind the center line deviation of the steel strip
  58. Engaging Building Automation Data Visualisation Using Building Information Modelling and Progressive Web Application
  59. Real-time measurement system for determining metal concentrations in water-intensive processes
  60. A tool for finding inclusion clusters in steel SEM specimens
  61. An overview of current safety requirements for autonomous machines – review of standards
  62. Expertise and Uncertainty Processing with Nonlinear Scaling and Fuzzy Systems for Automation
  63. Towards online adaptation of digital twins
  64. Special Issue: ICE-SEAM 2019
  65. Fatigue Strength Analysis of S34MnV Steel by Accelerated Staircase Test
  66. The Effect of Discharge Current and Pulse-On Time on Biocompatible Zr-based BMG Sinking-EDM
  67. Dynamic characteristic of partially debonded sandwich of ferry ro-ro’s car deck: a numerical modeling
  68. Vibration-based damage identification for ship sandwich plate using finite element method
  69. Investigation of post-weld heat treatment (T6) and welding orientation on the strength of TIG-welded AL6061
  70. The effect of nozzle hole diameter of 3D printing on porosity and tensile strength parts using polylactic acid material
  71. Investigation of Meshing Strategy on Mechanical Behaviour of Hip Stem Implant Design Using FEA
  72. The effect of multi-stage modification on the performance of Savonius water turbines under the horizontal axis condition
  73. Special Issue: Recent Advances in Civil Engineering
  74. The effects of various parameters on the strengths of adhesives layer in a lightweight floor system
  75. Analysis of reliability of compressed masonry structures
  76. Estimation of Sport Facilities by Means of Technical-Economic Indicator
  77. Integral bridge and culvert design, Designer’s experience
  78. A FEM analysis of the settlement of a tall building situated on loess subsoil
  79. Behaviour of steel sheeting connections with self-drilling screws under variable loading
  80. Resistance of plug & play N type RHS truss connections
  81. Comparison of strength and stiffness parameters of purlins with different cross-sections of profiles
  82. Bearing capacity of floating geosynthetic encased columns (GEC) determined on the basis of CPTU penetration tests
  83. The effect of the stress distribution of anchorage and stress in the textured layer on the durability of new anchorages
  84. Analysis of tender procedure phases parameters for railroad construction works
  85. Special Issue: Terotechnology 2019
  86. The Use of Statistical Functions for the Selection of Laser Texturing Parameters
  87. Properties of Laser Additive Deposited Metallic Powder of Inconel 625
  88. Numerical Simulation of Laser Welding Dissimilar Low Carbon and Austenitic Steel Joint
  89. Assessment of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings on the Ti13Nb13Zr Alloy
  90. Characteristics of selected measures of stress triaxiality near the crack tip for 145Cr6 steel - 3D issues for stationary cracks
  91. Assessment of technical risk in maintenance and improvement of a manufacturing process
  92. Experimental studies on the possibility of using a pulsed laser for spot welding of thin metallic foils
  93. Angular position control system of pneumatic artificial muscles
  94. The properties of lubricated friction pairs with diamond-like carbon coatings
  95. Effect of laser beam trajectory on pocket geometry in laser micromachining
  96. Special Issue: Annual Engineering and Vocational Education Conference
  97. The Employability Skills Needed To Face the Demands of Work in the Future: Systematic Literature Reviews
  98. Enhancing Higher-Order Thinking Skills in Vocational Education through Scaffolding-Problem Based Learning
  99. Technology-Integrated Project-Based Learning for Pre-Service Teacher Education: A Systematic Literature Review
  100. A Study on Water Absorption and Mechanical Properties in Epoxy-Bamboo Laminate Composite with Varying Immersion Temperatures
  101. Enhancing Students’ Ability in Learning Process of Programming Language using Adaptive Learning Systems: A Literature Review
  102. Topical Issue on Mathematical Modelling in Applied Sciences, III
  103. An innovative learning approach for solar power forecasting using genetic algorithm and artificial neural network
  104. Hands-on Learning In STEM: Revisiting Educational Robotics as a Learning Style Precursor
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Heruntergeladen am 30.1.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2020-0057/html
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