Startseite New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
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New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties

  • Hanan A. Althobiti und Sami A. Zabin EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 9. Juni 2020
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 18 Heft 1

Abstract

The purpose of this work was to prepare Schiff base ligands containing quinoline moiety and using them for preparing Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) complexes. Four bidentate Schiff base ligands (SL1–SL4) with quinoline hydrazine scaffold and a series of mononuclear Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) complexes were successfully prepared and characterized. The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal potential experimentation revealed that the ligands exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterial types and were inactive against the Gram-negative bacteria and the fungus strains. The metal complexes showed some enhancement in the activity against the Gram-positive bacterial strains and were inactive against the Gram-negative bacteria and the fungus strains similar to the parent ligands. The complex [Cu(SL1)2] was the most toxic compound against both Gram-positive S. aureus and E. faecalis bacteria. The in silico physicochemical investigation revealed that the ligand SL4 showed highest in silico absorption (82.61%) and the two complexes [Cu(SL4)2] and [Zn(SL4)2] showed highest in silico absorption with 56.23% for both compounds. The in silico pharmacokinetics predictions showed that the ligands have high gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and the complexes showed low GI absorption. The ligands showed a good bioavailability score of 0.55 where the complexes showed moderate to poor bioavailability.

Key words: Schiff bases; quinoline hydrazine; metal complexes; antimicrobial; in silico predictions

1 Introduction

The chemical compounds containing azomethine group called Schiff bases are an excellent class of ligands and are widely used in coordination chemistry. These chemicals have the ability to react with metal ions producing versatile coordination metal complexes, which have wide applications in different fields [1,2]. It is well established in the literature that the presence of the main functional azomethine group (–CH═N–) in the structure of the Schiff bases is a characteristic feature of these compounds and responsible for their various biological potentials and medicinal actions [3,4].

The Schiff bases containing heterocyclic systems have been a fertile area of research for a long period, and there is a vast literature work on Schiff base complexes comprising heterocyclic structures [5]. The complexes derived from quinoline and quinoline derivatives currently attracted the interest among the Schiff base ligands containing heterocyclic ring. The Schiff bases containing quinoline nucleus have more favored attention mainly due to their potential applications in the medicinal field [6,7,8,9,10].

In view of the facts and the important features of Schiff bases containing quinoline moiety as reported in the literature, we encouraged and focused our investigation to design new ligand compounds with such structures. The suggested Schiff base ligands were derived from 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide as a primary amine condensed with different aromatic aldehydes such as salicylaldehyde, o-vaniline, 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, and 3-pyridinecarbaldehyde. The synthesized ligands were used further to synthesize metal complexes with copper and zinc metal ions. All synthesized compounds were investigated in vitro for their antibacterial and antifungal potentials. Moreover, the prepared compounds were subjected to in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics investigation to predict the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) drug-likeness properties.

The targeted compounds were prepared successfully, and their antimicrobial potential was comparatively weak.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

All starting chemicals and solvents used in this study were of reagent grade, obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Luba, and BDH Chemical Companies. The primary aromatic amine compound 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide was synthesized from 8-hydroxy quinoline in our laboratory following the literature reported method [11,12].

2.2 Instrumentation and physical measurements

For characterization of the prepared ligands and their metal complexes, we used different physical and spectroscopic analysis techniques. The melting points were measured utilizing the electro-thermal IA9100 digital melting point apparatus. The micro-elemental analysis was determined using the Thermo Fisher Scientific CHN/S/O analyzer instrument (Leco Model VTF-900 CHN-S-O 932 version 1.3x USA). Metal percentage in the complexes was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). For this purpose, the instrument used was Thermo Fisher Scientific ICP-7000 plus Series ICP-OS spectrophotometer (USA). Mass spectroscopy was obtained from the Thermo Fisher Scientific-LCQ fleet ion trap mass spectrometer (USA) using the electrospray ionization (ESI) method.

UV-visible absorption spectra measurements were performed on Thermo Fisher Scientific Evolution 300 UV-visible double beam spectrophotometer (USA) using 0.001 M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution. FT-IR spectra were obtained in the range 400–4,000 cm−1 on Thermo Fisher Scientific Nicolet iS50 FT-IR spectrophotometer (USA) using attenuated total reflection (ATR) method for direct measurement of the IR spectrum for the powder solid samples. 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the ligands and the metal complexes were recorded via Bruker 400 MHz spectrometer (Germany) using DMSO as the solvent at the Faculty of Science, Suhag University, Egypt. The magnetic susceptibilities of complexes were measured by the Gouy method at room temperature using the Sherwood scientific magnetic susceptibility balance (UK) and using distilled water as the calibrant. The measurements were carried out at the Central Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt. Molar conductance of the metal complexes was measured using the Fisher Scientific AP85 Portable Waterproof PH/conductivity meter (Italy). The molar conductance measurements were performed using 0.001 M solutions of the complexes in DMSO at room temperature. Thermal analysis measurements were performed on Shimadzu thermo-analyzer TG-50H (Japan) in a nitrogen atmosphere and rate flow 20.0 mL/min at a heating rate of 10°C/min in the temperature range 25–1,000°C.

2.3 Preparation of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)actohydrazide precursor

The main primary amine compound 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide (Figure 1) was prepared in two steps following reported method by the reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline (0.02 mol) with ethyl chloroacetate (0.02 mol) in dry acetone to get ethyl ester of o-alkylated 8-hydroxyquinoline and then reacted with hydrazine hydrate (0.04 mol). The yield was 81.3% and the melting point measured 138°C similar to the reported one [11,12,13].

Figure 1 Structure of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide.
Figure 1

Structure of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide.

2.4 General method for synthesis of the Schiff base ligands (SL1–SL4)

The organic Schiff base ligands (SL1–SL4) were synthesized according to the standard methods [14]. The primary amine 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide (0.01 mol) was dissolved in ethanol and mixed with the stoichiometric quantity (0.01 mol) of the aldehydic compound dissolved in ethanol with continuous stirring using a hot-stage magnetic stirrer and refluxing the mixture for a proper time of 1–2 h. Completion of reactions was checked with thin layer chromatography (TLC), and the obtained products after cooling to room temperature were filtered, dried, and finally purified by recrystallization. Physical characteristics, elemental analysis, and percentage of yield for each prepared Schiff base are detailed in the following sections.

2.4.1 Synthesis of N′-[(E)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-2-[(quinolin-8-yl)oxy]acetohydrazide (SL1)

For the preparation of SL1 (Figure 2), a mixture of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide 0.01 mol was reacted with 0.01 mol salicylaldehyde in ethanol with stirring using a hot-stage magnetic stirrer and refluxed for nearly 2 hours. The whitish-yellow solid precipitate was filtered, washed with ethanol, dried, and finally recrystallized in hot ethanol. The yield obtained was 82%, and the measured melting point was 132°C. Elemental analysis for C18H15N3O3: cal. (found), %C 67.34 (67.02), %H 4.67 (4.77), %N 13.08 (13.36), and %O 14.95 (14.63).

Figure 2 Structure of SL1 ligand.
Figure 2

Structure of SL1 ligand.

2.4.2 Synthesis of N′-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) methylidene]-2-[(quinolin-8-yl)oxy]acetohydrazide (SL2)

For the preparation of SL2 (Figure 3), 0.01 mol of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide was mixed with 0.01 mol o-vaniline (2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) in 30 mL ethanol in a round-bottomed flask. The mixture was refluxed with continuous stirring using a hot-stage magnetic stirrer for nearly 2 hours. The off-white solid precipitate was filtered, washed with ethanol, dried, and finally recrystallized in hot ethanol. The yield obtained was 89%, and the measured melting point was 117°C.

Figure 3 Structure of SL2 ligand.
Figure 3

Structure of SL2 ligand.

Elemental analysis for C19H17N3O4: cal. (found), %C 65.01 (64.95), %H 4.84 (4.71), %N 11.97 (12.22), and %O 18.23 (17.86).

2.4.3 Synthesis of N′-[(E)-(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylidene]-2-[(quinolin-8-yl)oxy]acetohydrazide (SL3)

SL3 (Figure 4) was synthesized by condensation reaction using 0.01 mol of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and mixed with 0.01 mol 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde in 30 mL ethanol in a round-bottomed flask. The mixture was refluxed with continuous stirring using a hot-stage magnetic stirrer for nearly two and a half hours. The yellow solid precipitate was filtered, washed with ethanol, dried, and finally recrystallized in hot ethanol. The yield obtained was 94%, and the measured melting point was 180°C.

Figure 4 Structure of SL3 ligand.
Figure 4

Structure of SL3 ligand.

Elemental analysis for C22H17N3O3: cal. (found), %C 71.22 (71.63), %H 4.58 (4.54), %N 11.32 (11.59), and %O 12.94 (12.64).

2.4.4 Synthesis of N′-[(E)-(pyridin-3-yl)methylidene]-2-[(quinolin-8-yl)oxy]acetohydrazide (SL4)

SL4 (Figure 5) was synthesized by condensation reaction using 0.01 mol of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide as a primary amine and mixed with 0.01 mol pyridine-3-carboxaldehyde as an aldehydic compound in 30 mL ethanol in a round-bottomed flask. The reaction mixture was refluxed with continuous stirring using a hot-stage magnetic stirrer for nearly 2 hours. The yellowish-white (beige) solid precipitate was filtered, washed with ethanol, dried, and finally recrystallized in hot ethanol. The yield obtained was 78%, and the measured melting point was 105°C.

Figure 5 Structure of SL4 ligand.
Figure 5

Structure of SL4 ligand.

Elemental analysis for C17H14N4O2: cal. (found), %C 66.72 (66.33), %H 4.58 (4.85), %N 18.30 (18.71), and %O 10.46 (10.12).

2.5 General procedure for preparation of metal complexes

The targeted Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) metal complexes were prepared by the general reported procedure [14]. A solution of metal salt dissolved in ethanol was mixed gradually with the ethanolic solutions of the Schiff bases (SL1–SL4) obtained as mentioned before in 1:2 (metal to ligand) molar ratio. The reaction mixture was refluxed with continuous stirring using a hot-stage magnetic stirrer for 4–6 h at nearly 90°C. The precipitated compounds obtained were separated by filtration, washed with hot ethanol, and finally with diethyl ether. The compounds were dried in open air; the yield, color, mass spectra, and elemental analysis are given later. The melting points for all metal complexes were above 300°C. The elemental analysis and physical characteristics of the prepared complexes are presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Physical properties and elemental analysis of the synthesized Schiff base complexes

Metal complexMol. formulaMol. wt.ColorYield (%)Mass spectra (m/z)Elemental analysis calculated (found) (%)
CHNOMetal
[Cu(SL1)2]CuC36H28N6O6703.5Green58.8704.0061.41 (61.82)3.98 (4.15)11.94 (11.63)13.64 (13.73)9.03 (8.86)
[Zn(SL1)2]ZnC36H28N6O6705.38Off-white72.99705.0861.24 (60.98)3.96 (4.24)11.90 (11.76)13.60 (13.66)9.26 (9.11)
[Cu(SL2)2]CuC38H32N6O8655.55Turquoise green68.13763.9269.55 (70.00)4.88 (5.12)12.81 (12.34)19.52 (19.16)9.69 (9.62)
[Zn(SL2)2]ZnC38H32N6O8765.38Yellowish-white79.89765.3369.36 (69.85)4.86 (4.71)12.77 (12.70)19.47 (19.83)9.94 (9.70)
[Cu(SL3)2]CuC44H32N6O6803.55Light green87.03802.3365.70 (66.02)3.98 (4.12)10.45 (10.22)11.94 (11.50)7.90 (8.14)
[Zn(SL3)2]ZnC44H32N6O6805.38Yellowish-white87.04805.4265.55 (65.68)3.97 (4.16)10.42 (10.36)11.91 (12.35)8.11 (8.26)
[Cu(SL4)2]CuC34H26N8O4673.55Light brown76.32672.1760.57 (60.95)3.86 (4.12)16.63 (16.27)9.50 (9.17)9.43 (9.40)
[Zn(SL4)2]ZnC34H26N8O4675.38Whitish-yellow58.5675.0860.41 (60.32)3.84 (4.06)16.58 (16.92)9.47 (9.11)9.68 (9.44)

2.6 Antimicrobial activity assessment – in vitro experimentation

The microbial susceptibility of the free organic ligands and their Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) metal complexes was assessed for their antimicrobial capacity against different pathogenic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains and fungal strains. The two Gram-negative bacterial strains used in the experimentation were P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and E. coli (ATCC25922), and the two Gram-positive bacterial strains used in the experimentation were S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and E. faecalis (ATCC 29212). For antifungal experimentation potentials, we used the common pathogenic yeast C. albicans (ATCC10231). The assessment experiments were performed in vitro at the Department of Clinical Microbiology, Blood Bank Centre, Al-Baha City, KSA. The method followed was agar disk-diffusion assessment method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) [15]. Muller Hinton Agar was used as a growth medium for bacterial strains, while Sabouraud dextrose agar nutrient was used as a microbiological growth medium for fungal strains. Stock solutions of the examined compounds were prepared by dissolving 0.02 g of each compound in 5.0 mL DMSO solvent and used for experimental tests. DMSO solvent was used as the negative control. The common antibacterial amoxicillin and the antifungal fluconazole drugs were used as references for comparison. The zones of complete inhibition (in millimeters) after the incubation period were measured around every compound, which indicates the lethality of the tested compound on the microbial microorganisms in question.

2.7 In silico predictions

The prepared ligands and their metal complexes were subjected to in silico physicochemical investigation, and the number of rotatable bonds, lipophilicity, and topological polar surface area (TPSA) were calculated to understand the drug transport properties. In silico % age absorption was calculated using the reported formula [(%ABS = 109 − (0.345 × TPSA)] [16,17]. In addition, the in silico pharmacokinetic predictions were carried out to predict the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) for the targeted ligands, and their corresponding metal complexes were determined by Swiss ADME web interface (http//www.sib.swiss) [18]. The Lipinski, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge rules were applied to predict whether the targeted compounds are likely to be bioactive [19].

  1. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Synthesis and characterization

The main purpose of this research work was to synthesize and characterize new Schiff base ligands incorporating quinoline moiety and to use them for preparing metal complexes with the transition metal ions Cu2+ and Zn2+. To achieve this goal, the key primary amine compound 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide containing quinoline moiety was selected and synthesized in the laboratory following the reported procedure [11,12,13]. The structure of the key compound was confirmed before proceeding for the next step. Furthermore, the synthesized primary amine 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide was coupled with different aromatic aldehydes such as salicylaldehyde, o-vaniline, 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde, and pyridine-3-carboxaldehyde in (1:1) stoichiometric ratio to produce four different quinoline-hydrazone Schiff base ligands (SL1–SL4).

3.1.1 Characterization of the Schiff base ligands

The isolated Schiff bases were purified by recrystallization using hot ethanol and were in good yields (78–94%). They were mostly yellow colored and were soluble in hot ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The isolated Schiff base ligands were characterized, and the proposed structures were confirmed before proceeding for the preparation of the targeted Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) metal complexes step. The elemental analysis results for C, H, N, and O found were in good agreement with the theoretically calculated percentage values for the proposed molecular formulae, in favor of the expected structures of the Schiff base ligands. The obtained mass spectra (m/z) for each of the prepared ligand compounds (SL1–SL4) were also in agreement with the molecular formulae of the prepared Schiff bases.

The IR spectrum of the organic Schiff base compounds exhibited characteristic peaks (Table 2), which were helpful in proving the proposed structures of the ligands. The sharp bands appeared at 1,500, 1,502, 1,504 and 1,505 in the spectrum of the ligands SL1–SL4, respectively, designed to the characteristic azomethine group (–CH═N–), which indicates the formation of the Schiff base ligands [20]. The presence of the aromatic (–OH) group in the spectrum of the ligands exhibited peaks at 3,500, 3,513, 3,570, and 3,606 cm−1, respectively [21]. The intense bands observed in the range 1,225–1,255 in the IR spectrum of the ligands (SL1–SL3) are due to the phenolic C–O linkage [22]. The sharp transmission bands at 1,660, 1,665, 1,685, and 1,671 cm−1 in the spectra of SL1, SL2 SL3, and SL4, respectively, are due to the presence of the stretching carbonyl C═O group [9,12,23]. Weak transmission bands observed in the range 2,985–2,988 cm−1 may be assigned to the –N–H amide group [9,23]. The transmission bands observed at 1,115, 1,114, 1,110, and 1,112 cm−1 in the spectra of SL1, SL2 SL3, and SL4, respectively, can be assigned to the –N–N– linkage [24].

Table 2

Important characteristic IR bands (cm−1) of the ligands and metal complexes

CompoundsνC═NνOHνC–O (phenolic)νC═O (carbonyl)NN—HνM–NνM–Oν–N–N–
SL11,5003,5001,2251,6603,050——1,115
SL21,5023,5131,2551,6553,045——1,114
SL31,5043,5701,2421,6852,995——1,110
SL41,5053,606—1,6712,988——1,112
[Cu(SL1)2]1,534—1,2521,6533,0124805861,112
[Zn(SL1)2]1,550—1,2611,6593,0624845711,114
[Cu(SL2)2]1,541—1,2121,6842,988w4795831,110
[Zn(SL2)2]1,543—1,2231,6533,0154565771,115
[Cu(SL3)2]1,553—1,2111,6623,021w4515321,114
[Zn(SL3)2]1,557—1,2181,6843,0504625691,113
[Cu(SL4)2]1,545——1,6703,0104515681,112
[Zn(SL4)2]1,540——1,6633,024w4885421,127

w = weak band.

The observed UV-visible absorption spectra for the free organic Schiff base ligands (SL1–SL4) show two main bands. The first observed at lower wavelength bands at 295, 284, 262, and 301 nm in the spectrum of the ligands SL1, SL2, SL3, and SL4, respectively, that can be assigned to π → π* transitions within the benzene and quinoline rings [25,26]. The second bands were observed at 324, 326, 322, 317 nm in the spectrum of the ligands SL1, SL2, SL3, and SL4, respectively, which may involve π → π* and n → π* transitions of the (–C═N–) group [26].

In the 1H NMR Spectra of all the Schiff base ligands (SL1–SL4), the imine protons were observed at 8.58–8.98 ppm as a singlet. Moreover, the peaks at 11.05–12.23 ppm, which are singlets, can be attributed to aromatic –OH protons in the ligand SL1, SL2, and SL3 [27]. This shift in the position of the singlet may be due to the possibility effect of the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction. The singlets appeared in the range of 12.18–12.52 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum of all Schiff base ligands are due to the –NH– linkage [28]. The peaks due to the aromatic hydrogens appeared in the range of 7.00–8.98 ppm [29].

In 13C NMR spectra of the ligands SL1, SL2, SL3, and SL4, the peaks appeared at 148.75, 148.48, 147.62, and 145.69 ppm, respectively, are assigned to the carbon atom of the azomethine group [27]. The singlet peaks observed in the range of 164.81–169.57 ppm is due to the carbon atom of the C═O group [30]. Moreover, the peaks observed in the region 109.00–154.49 ppm are because of the carbon atoms of the aromatic ring [9].

3.1.2 Synthesis and characterization of metal complexes

Copper(ii) and Zinc(ii) from the first transition elements series of the d-block elements were chosen for the synthesis of the designed metal complexes in this research project. These metals are familiar, important metals and form interesting coordination compounds.

The targeted coordination metal complexes were prepared successfully by reacting to the metal salts of the selected metals with the prepared Schiff base ligands (SL1–SL4) in (1:2) stoichiometric ratio according to the described template method. The separated metal complexes were stable solids at room temperature and nonhygroscopic. They were solids insoluble in common organic solvents but soluble in DMF and DMSO. They were purified by recrystallization from hot DMF and DMSO solvents. All prepared metal complexes had high melting points (above 300°C).

The elemental analysis measurements suggested 1:2 metal to ligand stoichiometric ratio forming tetra-coordinate monomeric Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) metal complexes. The measured percentages of the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and metal ion are in agreement with the calculated ones according to the suggested structure of the complexes as shown in Figure 6(a–d). The Schiff base quinoline acetohydrazone ligands containing NO coordination sites behave as monobasic bidentate ligands. The general formula for the prepared complexes suggested to be [M(SL1–4)2] for all metal complexes

Figure 6 Structure of the synthesized complexes with (a) SL1, (b) SL2, (c) SL3, and (d) SL4 where M = Cu(ii) or Ni(ii).
Figure 6

Structure of the synthesized complexes with (a) SL1, (b) SL2, (c) SL3, and (d) SL4 where M = Cu(ii) or Ni(ii).

According to the above-proposed structures, the prepared Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) complexes are suggested to be mononuclear complexes. The ligands SL1–SL3 bind to metal ions through the nitrogen atom of the azomethine (–CH═N–) group and the oxygen atom of the phenolic (–OH) group forming square planar geometry. Moreover, the bidentate Schiff base ligands SL1, SL2, and SL3 forms six-membered chelate rings at the Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) acceptor centers. The ligand SL4 binds to metal ions through the N atom of –C═N– group and the O atom of the carbonyl group forming square planar geometry. The bidentate SL4 ligand forms a five-membered ring at the metal acceptor center.

To prove the proposed structures for the prepared metal complexes, we performed different analytical techniques. Mass spectrometry analysis was carried out to help in quantifying and structure elucidation of the obtained complexes and confirm the molecular weights. The measured (m/z) peaks indicated that the observed molecular peaks for all prepared metal complexes are equivalent to the theoretically calculated formula weights according to the proposed structures. These observations support and prove the suggested structures for the prepared metal complexes shown in Figure 6(a–d).

The comparison between the IR spectral data of the free organic ligands (SL1–SL4) and that of the corresponding Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) metal complexes demonstrate that the ligands were binding to the metal ions. The coordination of the ligands through the nitrogen atom of the azomethine group was indicated through the shift (blue shift) of the νC═N band in the IR spectrum of the complexes when compared with the free organic ligands. This also was supported by the appearance of the new weak band in the spectrum of the metal complexes at the range of 437–488 cm−1 attributed to the formation of M–N bonds [1]. The formation of M–N bond leads to the weakening of the C═N band due to the donation of electrons from the nitrogen atom to the vacant d-orbitals in the metal atoms, which causes the shift of the azomethine band in the metal complexes [16].

The bands (3,500, 3,513, 3,570, and 3,606 cm−1) shown in the IR spectrum of the free Schiff bases (SL1–SL3) due to the phenolic (νOH) group were disappeared in the IR spectrum of the corresponding Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) complexes. This is a sign of the binding of the oxygen atom of the phenolic group to the metal atoms [22,31]. Moreover, the intense bands observed in the IR spectrum of the ligands (SL1–SL3) due to the phenolic C–O linkage were shifted and appeared in the range of 1,211–1,265 cm−1 is another proof for the involvement of the OH group in bonding with the metal ions [22]. In addition, a weak band was observed in the IR spectrum of these complexes at the range of 542–595 cm−1 which is assigned to the νM–O mode, evidence for the formation of M–O bonds [32,33].

It was also observed that the band 1,671 cm−1 due to the νC═O of the carbonyl group in the IR spectrum of SL4 ligand was shifted slightly in the spectrum of the corresponding metal complexes, which indicate the binding of the oxygen atom to the metal ions [33].

The most important bands observed in the IR spectrum of the metal complexes are shown in Table 2.

The UV-visible and magnetic moment susceptibility (μeff) data are helpful tools to deduce the nature of the ligand field around the metal ion and the geometry of the obtained metal complexes. The observed UV-visible transmission bands for the prepared Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) complexes are shown in Table 3. The UV-visible spectra indicate that there is a relative shift to lower wavelengths (bathochromic shift) of the transmission bands due to π–π* and n–π* transitions that observed in the spectrum of the free prepared Schiff base ligand. This observation may be because of the coordination of the ligands to the metal core, which causes a change in the distribution of electrons between the ligands and the metal ions [25,26,34,35].

Table 3

UV-visible transmission bands and μeff values for the metal complexes

CompoundTransmission bands (λmax in nm)Magnetic moment μeff (B.M.)
[Cu(SL1)2]305, 385, 6611.961
[Zn(SL1)2]277, 418, 685 Diamagnetic
[Cu(SL2)2]313, 390, 6752.261
[Zn(SL2)2]305, 415, 610 Diamagnetic
[Cu(SL3)2]321, 377, 6501.924
[Zn(SL3)2]273, 428, 622 Diamagnetic
[Cu(SL4)2]345, 374, 6481.906
[Zn(SL4)2]269, 433, 612Diamagnetic

The discussion for each metal complexes is discussed in the following sections.

3.1.3 Cu(ii) metal complexes

The observed UV-visible spectra of the synthesized mononuclear copper(ii) complexes showed transmission bands in the range λmax = 648–675 nm, which may be accountable for the 2B1g → 2A1g transitions that are consistent with square-planar geometry around the Cu(ii) centers [36,37]. Moreover, the magnetic moment values (Table 3) were between 1.906 and 2.261 BM which lies within the permissible values reported for one unpaired electron, and it is an evident that supports the square-planar geometry of Cu(ii) complexes [37]. This geometry is achieved through the coordination of two bidentate ligands (SL1–SL4) to the metal center in trans-geometry with respect to each other as shown in Figure 6(a–d).

3.1.4 Zn(ii) complexes

The transmission bands observed in the range 269–277 nm in the UV-visible spectrum of Zn(ii) complexes can be assigned to the π → π* transitions. The weak bands in the range of 305–318 nm were assigned to n → π* transitions. Moreover, the bands observed in the range 423–438 nm may be attributed to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions [27,38]. The lowest energy bands at the range 610–685 nm were due to the d → d transition of Zn2+. These observations are consistent with square-planar geometry. The observed magnetic moment (Table 3) for all Zn(ii) complexes were diamagnetic, which is in support of the square-planar geometry [27,38].

The four-coordinated mononuclear complexes of Zn(ii) are achieved through the coordination of the bidentate (SL1–SL4) ligands to the metal center in trans-geometry with respect to each other as shown in Figure 6(a–d). The coordination is through two N atoms and two oxygen atoms from two same Schiff base ligands in a square-planar geometry.

The 1H NMR analysis was further performed to achieve concrete evidence of the binding of the Cu2+ and Zn2+ to the ligands. Upon complexation, the peaks due to the proton of the imine group in the Schiff base ligands were showed field up shift slightly by Δδ = 0.40–0.80 ppm. The singlet peaks due to the phenolic proton in the 1H NMR spectra of SL1, SL2, and SL3 were disappeared indicating the deprotonation of this group. These observations proved that the N atom of the azomethine (>CH=N–) group and the O atom of the phenolic (–OH) group participate in coordination and formation of the metal complexes [27]. The peaks observed for the –NH– proton did not show any shift and remained at the same position in the spectra of the metal complexes, which were an indication of no-participation of this group in bonding to the metal ions.

Thermal analysis studies of some prepared metal complexes were investigated at the heating rate of 10 (°C/min) under the nitrogen atmosphere from room temperature to 800°C. These thermogravimetric studies are helpful tools and good supports in the characterization of the prepared metal complexes.

The results of representative TG/DTA plots of the analyzed metal complexes are shown in Figure 7 and 8. The results show good harmony with the proposed chemical structures suggested from the analytical data as discussed earlier. It is obvious from the decomposition pattern that the studied metal complexes were decomposed in three successive stages. The TGA curves of anhydrous complexes do not display any mass losses up to 260°C, which indicate the thermal stability of the metal complexes and confirm the absence of water molecules in the complex structures. In Figure 7, the first step for the complex [Zn(SL1)2] (molecular weight = 706.3) started decomposition between 256 and 331°C and weight loss observed was 28.416% which is corresponding to two molecules of the salicylaldehyde part from the ligand (i.e., C14H12) (calculated weight percentage 30.02%) may be due to breaking the azomethine linkage during heating. The second step of decomposition was between 421.02 and 569.41°C with an observed weight loss of 54.243%, which can correspond to the ligand and aromatic ring (C6H4) (calculated weight percentage 54.44%). The third step on further heating above 600°C, metal complexes decompose to stable zinc oxide. In Figure 8, the first step for the decomposition of [Zn(SL3)2] (molecular weight = 806.15) started decomposition between 230 and 310°C and weight loss observed was 52.37% which is corresponding to two molecules of the amine part (i.e., C22H18O4N6) from the organic ligand (calculated weight percentage 53.35%). In the second step, the observed weight loss was 44.83% which corresponds to the organic ligand (C22H17N3O3) (calculated weight percentage = 46.02%). Final step above 630°C decompose the complex to the stable zinc oxide. In the DTA curve of the metal complexes, the heat flow in the 90–600°C temperature range was shown as endothermic peaks.

Figure 7 TGA–DTA curves of [Zn(SL1)2].
Figure 7

TGA–DTA curves of [Zn(SL1)2].

Figure 8 TGA–DTA curves of [Zn(SL3)2].
Figure 8

TGA–DTA curves of [Zn(SL3)2].

3.2 Molar conductance of the prepared metal complexes

To examine the electrolytic or nonelectrolyte nature of the prepared metal complexes, we measured the molar conductance (Λm) of freshly prepared 1.0 × 10−3 M solutions of the synthesized metal coordination compounds in DMSO at room temperature (24°C). The measured values are presented in Table 4. The molar conductance values obtained were in the range (2.16–35.4 Ω−1 cm2 mol−1) which are considered very low. It is evident from these results that the prepared Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) complexes are nonionic in nature (nonelectrolytes). Moreover, it is confirmed that the ligands are involved in the coordination sphere [38,39].

Table 4

The measured molar conductivity for the metal complexes

Metal complexMolar conductance (Ω−1 cm2 mol−1)
[Cu(SL1)2]7.22
[Zn(SL1)2]7.26
[Cu(SL2)2]6.32
[Zn(SL2)2]27.9
[Cu(SL3)2]2.16
[Zn(SL3)2]35.4
[Cu(SL4)2]12.6
[Zn(SL4)2]11.8

3.3 In vitro anti-microbial potentials

The free prepared organic ligands (SL1–SL4) and their corresponding Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes were assayed in vitro for their potential antibacterial and antifungal activities utilizing the agar disc-diffusion method. The zones of complete inhibition (in millimeters) were measured, and the observations are presented in Table 5 as arithmetic mean values.

Table 5

Antimicrobial observations for the ligands and their Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) complexes

CompoundZone of inhibition (mm)
Gram-positive bacteriaGram-negative bacteriaFungus
S. aureusE. faecalisE. coliP. aeruginosaC. albicans
SL11921700
SL22223000
SL32408000
SL42020000
[Cu(SL1)2]31321200
[Zn(SL1)2]1818000
[Cu(SL2)2]240003
[Zn(SL2)2]2528000
[Cu(SL3)2]2515600
[Zn(SL3)2]29301300
[Cu(SL4)2]2611000
[Zn(SL4)2]90000
Amoxicillin403823—17
Fluconazole3635353742

Key to interpretation: 0 = resistant, less than 10 mm = inactive, 10–15 mm = weakly active, 15–25 mm = moderately active; more than 30 mm = highly active.

The ligands (SL1–SL4) exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterial types with zones of inhibitions in the range of 8–25 mm. They showed no activity against the Gram-negative bacterial types and the fungal strain too. SL3 ligand compound showed the highest activity when compared with other ligands with a zone of inhibition of 24 mm against S. aureus. Compared to the amoxicillin and fluconazole as standards, the activity of the ligands was much lower.

The corresponding metal complexes, in general, showed some enhancement antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive S. aureus and E. faecalis bacterial strains with zones of inhibitions in the range of 18–32 mm. While similar to the parent ligands, the complexes showed no activity against the Gram-negative bacterial stains and the fungal strain. Few metal complexes showed weak activity against the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli with zones of inhibition less than 15 mm. On comparing between the metal complexes, it was observed that [Cu(SL1)2] was the most toxic compound against the Gram-positive bacteria. [Cu(SL1)2] exhibited activity with zones of inhibition of 31 and 32 mm against S. aureus and E. faecalis, respectively. On comparing the activities of the metal complexes with the standard drugs, the metal complexes exhibited less antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Based on the Tweedy’s chelation theory and Overtone’s permeability principles, the antibacterial enhancement activity of the metal complexes can be interpreted [40]. According to the chelation theory, the coordination of organic ligands with metals reduces the polarity of the metal due to overlap of the orbitals of the ligand with the metal orbitals and the generation of delocalized π-electrons over the entire coordination sphere. This enhances the liposolubity and influences the cell membrane permeability of the metal complexes into the microbial cell [1,40]. This facilitation in the lipophilicity and penetration of the metal complexes inside the microbial cell give rise to adverse effects in the cell environment and enzymes of the cell and further affects the proliferation of the microorganism [20,41]. Moreover, the possibility of the formation of hydrogen bonds through the >CH=N– group with cell components can cause and interfere with normal cell processes [31].

The higher activity of the Cu(ii) complexes compared to the Zn(ii) complexes may be interpreted on the stability of these complexes [42].

Figures 9 and 10 show some photographs of the antibacterial and antifungal tests.

Figure 9 Photographs of some antibacterial tests against S. aureus bacterial strains. (a) Shows some of the active compounds 8 = SL3, 10 = [Zn(SL3)2] and 11 = [Cu(SL3)2]; (b) shows the activity of compound 14 = [Cu(SL1)2].
Figure 9

Photographs of some antibacterial tests against S. aureus bacterial strains. (a) Shows some of the active compounds 8 = SL3, 10 = [Zn(SL3)2] and 11 = [Cu(SL3)2]; (b) shows the activity of compound 14 = [Cu(SL1)2].

Figure 10 Representative photographs for antibacterial and antifungal tests for each strain used: (a) E. faecalis, (b) E. coli, (c) P. aeruginosa, (d) C. albicans.
Figure 10

Representative photographs for antibacterial and antifungal tests for each strain used: (a) E. faecalis, (b) E. coli, (c) P. aeruginosa, (d) C. albicans.

3.4 In silico prediction

New drug discovery and development demand considerable facilities, materials, and time. For this reason, theoretical investigations have a major role in reducing these factors and predicting the possibility of prospective drug applications. It is not sufficient for a chemical to show in vitro excellent biological activities, but in addition, it is required to satisfy the pharmacokinetic parameters ADME. These parameters can be validated by the in silico investigations through computing the physicochemical criteria.

3.4.1 Physicochemical properties

The pharmacological or therapeutic effect is related to the influence of various physicochemical properties of the chemical on the biomolecules that it interacts with. Different physicochemical parameters of a drug candidate play a crucial role in their pharmacokinetic behavior [43]. In view of this, their calculation and measurement help in prioritizing compounds for screening as an efficient drug candidate and enable preliminary decisions in drug discovery [44]. The prepared ligands and their metal complexes were subjected to in silico physicochemical studies such as number of rotatable bonds, hydrogen bond acceptor, hydrogen bond donor, molecular reactivity, water-solubility, lipophilicity, and topological polar surface area (TPSA), which were calculated for understanding the drug transport properties. All results obtained are presented in Table 6. The results of in silico absorption percentage calculations indicated that the percentage of absorption was in the range of 76.90–82.61% among ligands, where the ligand SL4 was the highest with an absorption percentage of 82.61%. The in silico absorption percentage (42.84–56.23) among complexes observations showed that the complexes [Cu(SL4)2] and [Zn(SL4)2] showed the highest absorption percentage with the value of 56.23% for both complexes. On comparing the ligands and their corresponding metal complexes, it is clear that the ligands showed a much higher absorption percentage. Moreover, the obtained TPSA values for the ligands were below 140 Å2 (the accepted limit of polar surface area), indicating that ligands had considerable permeability into the cellular plasma membrane [45]. While the TPSA values for the examined metal complexes were very high (>140 Å2) marking low permeability into the cellular plasma membrane. The log S (that is the coefficient of solubility determined by the estimated solubility (ESOL) method computed on Swiss ADME) for many known drugs available in the market showed values more than −4.00 [45]. In our investigation, the obtained values of log S (Table 6) for the ligands SL1, SL2, and SL4 were little more than −4.00, indicating that these compounds are considered moderate soluble. While SL2 was having a value of (−4.81) which is less and hence this compound considered insoluble. In the case of the metal complexes, the log S values are much less than (−4.00), and hence, the metal complexes are considered highly insoluble.

Table 6

Physicochemical properties of the ligands and their complexes

Compound no.Fraction Csp3 aNo. of rotatable bondsHBAbHBDcMilogPdMolar refractivityESOL log SeTPSAfIn silico % absorption
SL10.066521.9691.05−3.6883.8180.08
SL20.117622.797.54−3.7493.0476.90
SL30.056522.61108.55−4.8183.8180.08
SL40.066511.7486.82−3.1676.4782.61
[Cu(SL1)2]0.06161020179.3−7.53173.2849.20
[Zn(SL1)2]0.06161020179.3−7.54173.2849.20
[Cu(SL2)2]0.11181220192.29−7.7191.7442.84
[Zn(SL2)2]0.11181220192.29−7.71191.7442.84
[Cu(SL3)2]0.05161020214.31−9.76173.2849.20
[Zn(SL3)2]0.05161020214.31−9.78173.2849.20
[Cu(SL4)2]0.061210236.16173.64−6.35152.9456.23
[Zn(SL4)2]0.0612102−45.4173.64−6.36152.9456.23
  1. a

    The ratio of sp3 hybridized carbons over the total carbon count of the molecule.

  2. b

    Number of hydrogen bond acceptor.

  3. c

    Number of hydrogen bond donor.

  4. d

    Lipophilicity.

  5. e

    Water solubility.

  6. f

    Topological polar surface area (0A2). ESOL = estimated solubility.

3.4.2 In silico pharmacokinetic/ADME and drug-likeness properties

Pharmacokinetics is used to investigate the time course of chemical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and determines the fate of the chemical administered to the living organisms. In this paper, we have performed in silico pharmacokinetic predictions for the prepared four Schiff base ligands (SL1–SL4) and the prepared corresponding Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) metal complexes and the obtained results are presented in Table 7. The gastrointestinal (GI) absorption score measures the extent of absorption of a chemical from the intestine, the results pointed out that all the ligands have high GI absorption and hence had excellent absorption possibility from the intestine after oral administration, while the complexes showed low GI absorption and hence had low absorption possibility from the intestine. It was very interesting that all the ligands and complexes were unable to penetrate through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) except the ligand SL4. Besides this drug-likeness is the other parameter, which gives the probability of the molecules for the drug candidate. In the light of the drug-likeness definition, the chemical has a logarithm of the partition (log P) (i.e., octanol/water partition coefficient used to predict the solubility of a probable oral drug) between −0.4 and 5.6 values [46]. The skin permeability coefficient (Kp) is a criterion that considers the octanol/water partition coefficient to be a direct effect on the transdermal movement of chemical molecules and used to quantitatively describe the potential of dermal absorption for the synthesized compounds. In our study, log Kp values for all examined ligands and complexes were in the range of −7.50 to −5.04, which are below −0.4 indicating low lipophilicity and cannot penetrate through the lipid bilayers of the cells and suggesting that the synthesized compounds have bad drug-likeness. In addition, to discriminate between the drug-like and non-drug-like chemical substances, the Lipinski (rule-of-five) that describes the relationship between pharmacokinetic and physicochemical parameters, Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge rules were applied to predict whether the target compounds are likely to be bioactive and assess qualitatively the chance of these compounds to become oral drug candidates [19]. The number of violations to these rules is listed in Table 8. All the ligands fulfilled Lipinski rule and other rules and showed zero violation against all the rules, while all the complexes showed two violations against the Lipinski rule and different violations against the other rules. All the ligands in the screening processes showed good bioavailability with a score of 0.55, which is an indication that all organic ligands reach the circulation system, whereas the complexes showed moderate to poor bioavailability with scores in the range 0.11–0.17 and hence cannot reach the circulation system easily.

Table 7

Pharmacokinetic/ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) properties of the ligands and complex compounds

Compound no.Pharmacokinetic/ADME properties
GI BBBP-gpCYP1A2CYP2C19CYP2C9CYP2D6CYP3A4log Kpi
AbsaPermeantbSubstratecInhibitordInhibitoreInhibitorfInhibitorgInhibitorh
SL1HighNoNoYesNoYesYesNo−6.29
SL2HighNoNoYesNoYesYesYes−6.49
SL3HighNoNoYesYesYesYesYes−5.7
SL4HighYesNoYesYesYesYesNo−6.7
[Cu(SL1)2]LowNoNoNoNoYesNoYes−6.2
[Zn(SL1)2]LowNoNoNoNoYesNoYes−6.21
[Cu(SL2)2]LowNoNoNoNoYesNoYes−6.61
[Zn(SL2)2]LowNoNoNoNoYesNoYes−6.62
[Cu(SL3)2]LowNoYesNoNoNoNoYes−5.04
[Zn(SL3)2]LowNoYesNoNoNoNoYes−5.05
[Cu(SL4)2]LowNoYesNoNoNoNoNo−7.49
[Zn(SL4)2]LowNoYesNoNoNoNoNo−7.5
  1. a

    Gastro intestinal absorption.

  2. b

    Blood–brain barrier permeant.

  3. c

    P-glycoprotein substrate.

  4. d

    CYP1A2: cytochrome P450 family1 subfamily A member 2(PDBHI4).

  5. e

    CYP2C19: cytochrome P450 family2 subfamily C member 19(PDB4GQS).

  6. f

    CYP2C9: cytochrome P450 family2 subfamily C member 9 (PDB1OG2).

  7. g

    CYP2D6: cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6 (PDB5TFT).

  8. h

    CYP3A4: cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A member 4 (PDB4K9T).

  9. i

    Skin permeation in cm/s.

Table 8

Drug likeness predictions of the target compounds

Compounds no.Lipinski violationsGhose violationVeber violationEgan violationMuegge violationBioavailability score
SL1000000.55
SL2000000.55
SL3000000.55
SL4000000.55
[Cu(SL1)2]232140.11
[Zn(SL1)2]232140.11
[Cu(SL2)2]232150.11
[Zn(SL2)2]232150.11
[Cu(SL3)2]242250.11
[Zn(SL3)2]242250.11
[Cu(SL4)2]232120.17
[Zn(SL4)2]232120.17

The prediction of the interaction of the tested compounds with cytochromes CYP450 major isoforms (CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) was performed in order to check which compound will cause significant pharmacokinetic interactions that lead to toxic effect through inhibition of these isoenzymes. The CYP450 inhibition prediction results (Table 7) indicated that all synthesized ligands have probable inhibition to the CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 isoforms. The ligand SL3 showed inhibition possibility for all CYP450 isoforms. The majority of metal complexes showed inhibition possibility to the CYP3A4 isoform and no inhibition to the other CYP450 isoforms. The complexes with SL4 ligand [Cu(SL4)2] and [Zn(SL4)2] showed no inhibition to all isoforms. Moreover, the probability of the compounds to be the substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was suggesting that ligands and the majority of complexes have a probability to be nonsubstrate of P-gp. The complexes obtained from SL3 and SL4 showed a probability to be the substrate of P-gp. These results suggesting the more favor of non-drug-likeness of the tested compounds.

4 Conclusion

We have successfully prepared four new Schiff base ligands (SL1–SL4) with a quinoline hydrazine scaffold. The prepared Schiff base ligands were characterized, and their structures were proved before proceeding for the next step. A series of Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) complexes were synthesized using these ligands. The chemical and spectroscopic analyses results revealed that the ligands behaved as bidentate ligands and coordinated to the Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) metal ions through the N atom of the azomethine group and the O atom of the phenolic group or the ketonic O atom in case of SL4 ligand and forming square-planar geometry. All the complexes were mononuclear and the general formula for complexes obtained from the ligands was of the type [M(SL1—4)2].

For proving the proposed structures of synthesized ligands and their corresponding metal complexes, we performed elemental analysis and various spectroscopic measurements, which showed similarities with the theoretically expected results indicating the formation of the compounds and proving their structures. Moreover, for metal complexes thermal analysis, magnetic moment and molar conductance measurements were investigated, and the results were in support of the estimated structures. Molar conductance measurement experimentation showed that the metal complexes were nonelectrolytic in nature. All synthesized ligands and complexes were screened for in vitro for testing antibacterial and antifungal activities. The organic ligands (SL1–SL4) exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacterial types with zones of inhibitions in the range of 8–25 mm, which is much less than the standard reference drug. They were inactive against the Gram-negative bacteria and fungus strains and showed no zones of inhibition. The metal complexes showed some enhancement in the activity against the Gram-positive bacterial strains and were inactive against the Gram-negative bacteria and the fungus strains similar to the parent ligands. [Cu(SL1)2] complexes were the most toxic compounds against both Gram-positive S. aureus and E. faecalis bacteria, but still less than the reference drugs.

In silico physicochemical investigation revealed that among the ligands, the ligand SL4 showed highest in silico absorption with 82.61% and [Cu(SL4)2] and [Zn(SL4)2] complexes showed highest in silico absorption percentage of 56.23% among the complexes. The in silico pharmacokinetics predictions showed that the ligands have high GI absorption and the complexes showed low GI absorption. The ligands showed a good bioavailability score of 0.55 where the complexes showed moderate to poor bioavailability.

Finally, we recommend further investigations on the Schiff base ligands containing quinoline moiety and preparation of metal complexes using other metal ions and examining their biological activities. Moreover, other investigations are going on for their applications as catalysts, corrosion inhibitors, using these Schiff base ligands as chemosensors for the detection of heavy metal ions in different sources.

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Acknowledgment

The authors are very grateful to the Head of the Chemistry Department and the Dean, Faculty of Science at Albaha University for laboratory facilities and encouragements.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that no conflict of interest exists.

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Received: 2019-12-27
Revised: 2020-04-16
Accepted: 2020-04-18
Published Online: 2020-06-09

© 2020 Hanan A. Althobiti and Sami A. Zabin, published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
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  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
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  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
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  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0085
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Schiff bases; quinoline hydrazine; metal complexes; antimicrobial; in silico predictions
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
  4. On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
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Heruntergeladen am 19.11.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2020-0085/html?lang=de
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