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Large-scale production of highly responsive, stretchable, and conductive wrapped yarns for wearable strain sensors

  • Linyu Wang , Lei Mao EMAIL logo , Wei Wei , Lanlan Kong , Kuikui Zong and Chenying Xia
Published/Copyright: December 27, 2024
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 24 Issue 1

Abstract

Stretchable conductive yarns have received crucial attention in the direction of wearable electronics. Integration of ordinary yarns with conductive phase endows additional functions such as strain sensing. Herein, highly responsive, stretchable, conductive wrapped yarns with different wrapping densities were prepared, using elastane filament as core, co-wrapped with silver-plated nylon filament (SPNF) and polyester filament. It was found that a wrapping density of 750 T·m−1 was an optimal alternative, taking into account tensile and elastic-related properties, keeping the elastane draw ratio constant. By virtue of the helical-interlaced structure and spiral configuration of wrapping components, the optimized yarn can bear up to nearly 200% strain and exhibit larger-strain cyclic robustness. By incorporating SPNF into the wrapped yarn, it can serve as a stretchable conductor, and it is also able to precisely detect body motion (e.g. finger bending) with high responsiveness (shorter response time). Such functional yarns hold tremendous prospects for wearable electronics.

Keywords: stretchable conductive wrapped yarn; hollow-spindle wrap spinning; wrapping density; strain sensors; wearable electronics

1 Introduction

With the development of wearable technology and intelligence, textile-based wearable electronics have attracted increasing attention mainly due to their potential applications in personal thermal management, monitoring of human body movement, rehabilitation, communication, and esthetic design (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8). However, integrating rigid electronics into textiles usually causes wear discomfort (9). Therefore, a paradigm shift in the materials applicable to wearable electronics, from hard and rigid to soft and compliant, becomes a mainstream direction (10,11). One interesting application is their use as a wearable resistive strain sensor. For comparison, yarn-based strain sensors have more advantages than fabric-based sensors, such as easy structure control and rapid processing. Excellent stretchability and superior conductivity robustness are two key factors in preparing yarn-based strain sensors (12). As a result, there is an urgent need to explore highly elastic, conductive yarn as a base sensing element from the perspective of materials selection and fabrication strategy.

Recently, a number of studies have investigated and developed different types of stretchable and conductive yarns. On the fiber level, extruding elastic filaments loaded with conductive particles (such as carbon black, silver, gold, and nickel) is a prominent example (13,14,15,16). However, these approaches have limitations. The fabrication procedures are complex and often involve chemical components that are not economical for mass production. On the yarn level, spinning is a preferred method. For example, Guo et al. prepared a hybrid yarn consisting of a conductive yarn that wraps an elastic core yarn using a direct twisting machine (17). Schwarz et al. fabricated elastic and conductive yarns combining a rubber band and metallic filaments based on wrap spinning (18,19). However, the core rubber band was too thick, and the winding metallic filaments were too stiff and uncomfortable at the tactile level. Wang et al. prepared elastic-conductive composite yarns based on a modified ring-spun frame. The yarns were prepared using an elastane filament (EF) as the core and a stainless steel wire combined with rayon roving as helical winding around the core (20). More recently, Wang et al. proposed an elastic thermochromic wrapped yarn fabrication strategy via a hollow-spindle wrap spinning system, using stainless steel wire as a conducting material within such yarn (21). On the fabric level, decorating elastic fabrics with conductive materials is an effective approach (22,23). Many conductive materials have been incorporated, such as intrinsic conducting polymers, metal fibers and/or filaments, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXene) (24,25,26,27,28,29). Similarly, the fabrication process is relatively complex and may involve chemical components that are not suitable for large-scale production.

Surface-plated conductive yarns such as silver-plated nylon multifilament have excellent inherent conductivity, and such nylon in multifilament form will cause changes in the contact area among individual fibers inside under various mechanical deformation conditions (e.g., tensile strain and bending), making it as a sensitive resistive sensing material for wearable uses. Moreover, compared with other spinning methods, hollow-spindle wrap spinning has a unique advantage in the redesign of yarn structure. However, to the best of our knowledge, little work has been performed to fabricate wearable yarn strain sensors based on a wrap-spinning system. To this end, in this work, we reported a straightforward and scalable fabrication strategy for manufacturing highly responsive, stretchable, and conductive wrapped yarns based on the hollow-spindle wrap spinning system. Objectively speaking, many factors may influence the strain sensing properties of such yarns, such as wrapping density, the first–second-layer wrapping ratio, elastane draw ratio, as well as environmental factors such as relative humidity and testing temperature. Herein, we focus on the effect of wrapping density on the yarn structure and the final performances, including the electricity of yarns. Five yarn samples with different wrapping densities of 600, 750, 900, 1,050, and 1,200 T·m−1 were prepared, and the indexes such as breaking strength, extension at break, and elastic recovery ratio of the results yarns were systematically studied. Then, an optimal wrapping density parameter was determined. Further, the cyclic stability of yarn was determined by extending it to different tensile extensions (e.g., 100% and 200%). The conductivity of yarn during stretch was also demonstrated. More importantly, the strain-sensing behavior was evaluated by detecting the resistance variation of human finger bending. Such yarn is an ideal candidate in the wearable smart field, not only its robust strain-sensing behavior and aesthetic appearance but also its possibly flexible transformation from one-dimensional to multi-dimensional complex structures only by conventional means such as weaving, knitting, and/or embroidery.

2 Experimental

2.1 Raw materials

In this work, three raw materials were used to fabricate stretchable conductive wrapped yarns, that is, EF (1680 D), silver-plated nylon filament (SPNF, 140 D/48F), and yellow-color polyester filament (PET, 300D/72F). The typical tensile force vs strain curves and surface morphologies of the three materials are shown in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1a, the EF has excellent stretchability of up to above 600% and lower initial modulus, providing an elastic base for the as-prepared wrapped yarns. As shown in Figure 1b and c, the SPNF and PET have similar viscoelastic features; they both have inherent inelasticity, but the final failure modes are a bit different. By contrast, the PET has a relatively higher tensile force than that of SPNF.

Figure 1 Typical tensile curves and surface morphologies of (a) EF, (b) SPNF, and (c) PET.
Figure 1

Typical tensile curves and surface morphologies of (a) EF, (b) SPNF, and (c) PET.

2.2 Preparation of stretchable conductive wrapped yarns

In this work, the stretchable conductive wrapped yarns were manufactured on a modified hollow-spindle wrap spinning frame, retrofitting with positive feed rollers, as illustrated in Figure 2a. The fabrication procedure of such yarns was illustrated, which uses EF as the core and the SPNF and PET as the first and second winding components around the core, respectively. More specifically, the EF core was fed in through positive feed rollers and located in the center of the lower hollow tube, and the draw ratio of EF can be precisely controlled by controlling the difference between the positive feed rollers and the out-put roller. Based on our preliminary trials, the elastane draw ratio of 3.0 was considered an optimized processing parameter, taking into account the tensile and elastic-related properties of the resultant wrapped yarns. The SPNF wrapped on the surface of a lower hollow spindle was unwound and jointed with the EF core. Subsequently, the PET wrapped on the surface of a higher hollow spindle was unwound and helically wrapped, forming an “X” configuration. Finally, the stretchable conductive-wrapped yarns were successfully prepared. It should be noted that since the SPNF and PET were wrapped in opposite directions, creating a distinctive helical interlaced structure, which, in turn, ensures a relatively stable yarn tail in the tension-free state.

Figure 2 (a) Schematic of the fabrication procedure of stretchable conductive wrapped yarns with “X” configuration. (b) Structural evolution of the yarn sample during stretch. (c) Surface morphology of the yarn before and after cyclic abrasion. (d) A Chinese knot.
Figure 2

(a) Schematic of the fabrication procedure of stretchable conductive wrapped yarns with “X” configuration. (b) Structural evolution of the yarn sample during stretch. (c) Surface morphology of the yarn before and after cyclic abrasion. (d) A Chinese knot.

Consider a stretchable conductive wrapped yarn spun with a draw ratio of 3.0 and a wrapping density of 750 T·m−1 as an example. As shown in Figure 2b, the yarn with an initial length of 3 cm can be stretched to about 9 cm. That is to say, it can be stretched up to a high strain of about 200%. In addition, it can be reversibly stretched without obviously pulling out, irrespective of the tensile strain considered. The above results indicate the super and robust stretchability of such a yarn sample. Furthermore, the surface morphology of the yarn before and after abrasion was observed, as shown in Figure 2c. The original yarn was less hairy, and the yarn became more hairy following 250 times abrasion. However, the conductive component (i.e., SPNF) did not break, mainly due to its inner wrapping location within a yarn, indicating that the as-prepared yarn can meet the needs of daily use. In addition, the yarn sample can be made into any desirable pattern (e.g., Chinese knot), revealing the flexibility and processability of the as-prepared wrapped yarns.

2.3 Characterization and measurements

2.3.1 Tensile properties

The tensile properties of yarns with different wrapping densities were measured using a YG(B)021DL tensile tester. At least 20 measurements were conducted for each yarn sample. The gauge length is 50 mm, and the testing speed is 500 mm·min−1.

2.3.2 Cyclic tensile properties

A universal mechanical machine (PT-1198GTD-C) was used to characterize the cyclic tensile behavior of the yarn. The detailed experimental procedure was as follows: first, the yarn was extended to the established strains (e.g., 100% and 200% strain), and then, it was unloaded to the initial position. Five cyclic tests were carried out for each group. Similarly, the gauge length was 50 mm, and the testing speed was 500 mm·min−1.

2.3.3 Elastic properties

The elastic properties of yarns with different wrapping densities were measured, and the detailed experimental procedure was as follows (30): first, a wrapped yarn sample with an initial length of 25 cm was determined, and the position was marked as L0. Then, 50% of yarn breaking strength was established as the applied weight, and the yarn was held for 60 s with this weight, and the corresponding position was marked as L1. After that, the weight was unloaded for 120 s relaxation, and then the position was marked as L2. Finally, the elastic recovery ratio (=(L1 − L2)/(L1 − L0) × 100%) was obtained.

2.3.4 Surface morphology observation

The surface morphologies of the wrapped yarn sample, both in the initial unstretched state and during the stretch, were captured using a USB microscope.

2.3.5 Recording of sensing signals

The wrapped yarn can be fixed onto the human body to detect the deformations. Herein, it was fixed onto a finger knuckle as an example. The electrical signals of finger motion with two bending angles (e.g., 60° and 90°) were collected and recorded in real time using a wireless digital source meter (LinkZill-01RC).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Effect of wrapping density on the mechanical behavior of yarns

As for wrapped yarn, the wrapping density plays an important role in determining the yarn structure and the final behavior. Therefore, herein, the effect of wrapping density on the tensile and elastic properties of the resultant wrapped yarns was investigated. Figure 3a depicts the schematic of yarn structures with different wrapping densities. The higher the wrapping density, the denser the yarn structure. The captured photographs of yarns with wrapping densities of 600, 900, and 1,200 T·m−1 further verified the viewpoint. The effect of wrapping density on the tensile properties of yarns is shown in Figure 3b. As can be seen, the tensile properties (e.g., breaking strength and extension at break) of yarns increased first to a maximum value with an increase of wrapping density, and then it decreased obviously with a further increase. The following reasons may interpret this trend: on the one hand, the dense packing effect of yarns occurs with an increase in the wrapping density. The effective radial centrifugal pressure can be formed via the spiral winding of yarn components, and it becomes higher during stretch. Also, the cohesion force and friction between individual fibers with a yarn sample are effectively enhanced. All these factors are positively responsible for the wrapping density-enhanced tensile strength. On the other hand, the surface helix twist angle of the wrapped yarn increases with a further increase of the wrapping density, which indicates that the longitudinal force component (i.e., force along the yarn axis) decreases consequently. That is, the above factor makes a passive contribution to the final yarn strength. As a result, the wrapping density-dependent yarn tensile behavior presents earlier an increasing and later a decreasing trend. The box-whisker plots of yarn strength with different wrapping densities are shown in Figure 3c, which is completely consistent with the results in Figure 3b. Further, evaluating the elastic-related properties is also of importance for a stretchable conductive wrapped yarn. The effect of wrapping density on the elastic recovery ratio of the resultant yarns is shown in Figure 3d. As can be seen, the wrapping density affects the elastic recovery ratio of the yarn on the whole, but the change is relatively lower. With an increase in the wrapping density, the elastic recovery ratio of the yarn first increased to a maximum value of 750 T·m−1, and then it decreased gradually with a further increase of the wrapping density.

Figure 3 (a) Structural evolution of wrapped yarns with different wrapping densities. (b) Effect of wrapping density on the tensile behavior of yarns. (c) Box and whisker plots of the yarn strength. (d) Effect of wrapping density on the elastic properties of yarns.
Figure 3

(a) Structural evolution of wrapped yarns with different wrapping densities. (b) Effect of wrapping density on the tensile behavior of yarns. (c) Box and whisker plots of the yarn strength. (d) Effect of wrapping density on the elastic properties of yarns.

To sum up, for preparing stretchable conductive wrapped yarns, a wrapping density of 750 T·m−1 was selected as an optimal value after comprehensively taking into account the breaking strength, extension at break, and elastic recovery ratio of yarns.

3.2 Service stability evaluation of the wrapped yarn

Evaluating cyclic service stability is also of importance for a stretchable and conductive yarn. It should be noted that the spiral geometrical configuration of yarn’s constituents (i.e., SPNF and PET) and the predetermined draw ratio of EF are mainly responsible for the exceptional stretchability of yarn. Since the optimized technological parameters of fabricating such yarn are a wrapping density of 750 T·m−1 and an elastane draw ratio of 3.0, in this case, the optimized yarn can bear up to nearly 200% strain and shows cyclic robustness. Therefore, herein, two extensions (e.g., 100% and 200%) of wrapped yarn that stand for middle and high tensile strain levels, respectively, were conducted. Figure 4a and b shows the cyclic tensile curves of the yarn at extensions of 100% and 200%, respectively. As can be visibly seen, the shapes of all these curves following different cycles and the areas of the corresponding hysteretic loops are almost the same, except for the 1st tensile cycle. Furthermore, the maximum tensile strength achieved at consecutive cycles decreased marginally. By contrast, yarn with elevated larger tensile extensions is more prone to produce instability (e.g., 200%), which is primarily due to the more apparent relaxation phenomenon of the wrapped yarn occurring following cyclic tests, especially at a higher tensile extension. In addition, there are almost no obvious residual strains within a wrapped yarn during the return process (i.e., after removing the applied stresses). In short, it can be concluded that the prepared stretchable conductive wrapped yarn has excellent service stability.

Figure 4 Cyclic tensile performances of the wrapped yarn spun with optimum wrapping density at extensions of (a) 50% and (b) 200%. (c) Service stability prediction of the yarn with 200% strain following cyclic tests. (d) Yarn at the 50th cycle with 100% strain.
Figure 4

Cyclic tensile performances of the wrapped yarn spun with optimum wrapping density at extensions of (a) 50% and (b) 200%. (c) Service stability prediction of the yarn with 200% strain following cyclic tests. (d) Yarn at the 50th cycle with 100% strain.

Further, based on the experimental data of the peak strength in each cycle (Figure 4b), the service stability of the yarn following a cyclic strain of 200% was determined, and the results are shown in Figure 4c. As can be visibly seen, the exponential decay analytical model turns out to be appropriate for predicting the service stability of the yarn following a cyclic stretch. Also, it can be inferred from the predictive model that the peak yarn strength, even at the 100th cycle with 200% strain, was reduced by 13.35% compared with the second peak strength, revealing the acceptable service stability of our as-prepared wrapped yarn. In addition, Figure 4d shows the actual strength of the yarn at the 50th cycle. It was found that the relative error (Δδ) between the actual strength and theoretical strength obtained from Figure 4c was only 1.5%, which also confirms the reliability of the proposed predictive model.

4 Application demonstration

4.1 Highly deformable, stretchable conductor

As for stretchable conductive wrapped yarns, maintaining electric conductivity during the stretch is vitally important. Herein, to characterize the electric conductivity of the as-prepared wrapped yarn under different stretches, a simple circuit by bridging a power supply and one electrical contact of a flexible display showing “YCPC” with a yarn sample of 2 cm initial length was constructed, and the yarn was stretched at different strains, such as 50%, 100%, 150%, and 200%. The captured photographs are displayed in Figure 5. As can be seen, a voltage of 5 V was applied, and when the other contact between the flexible display and power supply was made, the “YCPC” pattern turned on immediately, and the brightness was almost unchanged with an increase of tensile strain, revealing the stable conductive reliability with high flexibility and elasticity of the as-fabricated wrapped yarn during stretch, which is a prerequisite for its potential use in wearable electronics. It should be noted that the lowest voltage applied onto such a display without the yarn inserted in series is about 3.27 V. Thus, a voltage of 5 V was chosen as a proof-of-concept considering the inherent resistance of the wrapped yarn (with a length of 2 cm).

Figure 5 (a) Schematic diagram of experimental setup for characterizing the conductive behavior of yarn during stretch; (b) The as-prepared wrapped yarn has acceptable electric conductivity under different tensile strains up to 200%.
Figure 5

(a) Schematic diagram of experimental setup for characterizing the conductive behavior of yarn during stretch; (b) The as-prepared wrapped yarn has acceptable electric conductivity under different tensile strains up to 200%.

4.2 Human motion detection

The high sensitivity as well as the large and subtle strain sensing range enable the strain sensor to monitor broad-spectrum human body motions. The wearable performance of the as-prepared stretchable conductive wrapped yarn was investigated, and the relative resistance variation can be reflected through different degrees of tensile deformation. Since the SPNF component existing in a multifilament form served as the first wrapping layer within a wrapped yarn, it is highly conductive, making it very sensitive to various mechanical deformations such as tensile strain and bending. The variable contact resistance of the yarn in a deformed state (e.g., stretching and bending) is primarily responsible for the excellent strain sensing performance of SPNF, which in turn makes the as-prepared wrapped yarn containing SPNF a highly sensitive yarn strain sensor. As a proof-of-concept, the wrapped yarn was fixed onto the finger knuckle to test its response to the bending of the finger, as graphically illustrated in Figure 6a. As can be seen in Figure 6b and c, the value of ΔR/R 0 remained nearly zero when the finger was straight. When the finger was bent at angles of 60° and 90°, the ΔR/R 0 value changed accordingly, and the peak value increased with the increase in the bending angle of the finger. By contrast, the larger the bending angle, the larger the variation value of ΔR/R 0, indicating that the value of ΔR/R 0 variation is positively related to the bending angle of the finger.

Figure 6 (a) A wrapped yarn was fixed onto the finger of the human body. (b) and (c) Change in the resistance value of a yarn-based strain sensor at 90° and 60° bending angles of finger. (d) Response time of the yarn strain sensor with one stretching/releasing cycle.
Figure 6

(a) A wrapped yarn was fixed onto the finger of the human body. (b) and (c) Change in the resistance value of a yarn-based strain sensor at 90° and 60° bending angles of finger. (d) Response time of the yarn strain sensor with one stretching/releasing cycle.

To further evaluate the stability of the yarn sensor, ΔR/R 0 with cyclic finger bending was investigated. As shown in Figure 6b and c, the resistance variance of the yarn sensor reached almost the same maximum of about 16% and 11% under each stretching/releasing cycle. The adaptivity of the as-prepared yarn strain sensor is crucial in wearable applications as a reliable response ensures reliability. Also, the response time of such a yarn strain sensor following one stretching/releasing cycle is relatively smaller, and the corresponding times are only 0.605 and 1.194 s, respectively, as shown in Figure 6d.

Overall, the above results indicate that the as-prepared stretchable conductive wrapped yarns can be employed as strain sensors, having promising prospects for detecting the various deformation motions of the human body.

5 Conclusions

Smart textile yarns and textiles are active fields of research nowadays, primarily due to their potential applications in flexible and wearable electronics. Integrating conductive materials within a conventional textile yarn renders additional functions, such as human movement monitoring, flexible conductors, and smart textiles for personal thermal management. In this research, we report a low-cost and scalable fabrication strategy for manufacturing highly responsive, stretchable, and conductive wrapped yarns based on a wrap spinning system. The as-prepared yarns comprise EFs as the core, co-wrapped with SPNF and PET. The effect of wrapping density on the tensile and elastic properties of yarns was systematically investigated, and the results demonstrate that a wrapping density of 750 T·m−1 was considered an optimal alternative while keeping the elastane draw ratio constant (3.0). Moreover, it was found that the optimized yarn could be extended up to nearly 200% strain and exhibited cyclic robustness even under larger strains (e.g., 200%), mainly due to the helical-interlaced structure of the yarn and configuration of wrapping components. More importantly, such a wrapped yarn could be used as a highly stretchable conductor to charge a flexible display and a strain sensor to rapidly and responsively monitor human body movements. It is promising that this type of stretchable conductive wrapped yarn can be integrated into various fabrics and used in future wearable devices and electronic skin.

In our future research work, more stretchable and conductive-wrapped yarns will be purposively prepared by selecting and optimizing the types of conductive components as the first wrapping layer of the wrapped yarn. Moreover, the factors that may influence strain-sensing behavior should be systematically investigated in order to realize the optimized and purposive design of the yarn structure. In addition, the fabrication strategy of the wet-adaptive wrapped yarn-based strain sensor should be explored since the resistance response of the yarn proposed in this work is not stable in wetting or water conditions. Such fundamental work is very useful for further development of yarn-based wearable electronics.

  1. Funding information: This research work was financially supported by Key Technology Innovation Platform for Flameretardant Fiber and Functional Textiles in Jiangsu Province (2022JMRH003); Production-School-Research Cooperation Project of Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology (BY20221314); Brand Major Construction Project of International Talent Training in Colleges and Universities-Modern Textile Technology Major (Jiangsu Foreign Cooperation Exchange Education 2022. No. 8); Jiangsu Province Higher Vocational Education High-level Major Group Construction Project-Modern Textile Technology Major Group (Jiangsu Vocational Education 2020. No. 31); and Integration Platform of Industry and Education of Jiangsu Higher Vocational Education (Jiangsu Vocational Education 2019. No. 26).

  2. Author contributions: Wang Linyu: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing – original draft, data curation, and funding acquisition. Mao Lei: methodology, writing – review & editing, funding acquisition, and supervision. Wei Wei, Kong Lanlan, Zong Kuikui, and Xia Chenying: investigation. The authors have used the SDC approach for the sequence of authors.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

  4. Data availability statement: The authors declare that all data related to this study are available within the paper or can be obtained from the authors on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-09-10
Revised: 2024-11-22
Accepted: 2024-11-28
Published Online: 2024-12-27

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

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  2. Flame-retardant thermoelectric responsive coating based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiphene) modified metal–organic frameworks
  3. Highly stretchable, durable, and reversibly thermochromic wrapped yarns induced by Joule heating: With an emphasis on parametric study of elastane drafts
  4. Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental study on the mechanical properties of PET nanocomposites filled with CaCO3, SiO2, and POE-g-GMA
  5. Multifunctional hydrogel based on silk fibroin/thermosensitive polymers supporting implant biomaterials in osteomyelitis
  6. Marine antifouling coating based on fluorescent-modified poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) resin
  7. Preparation and application of profiled luminescent polyester fiber with reversible photochromism materials
  8. Determination of pesticide residue in soil samples by molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction method
  9. The die swell eliminating mechanism of hot air assisted 3D printing of GF/PP and its influence on the product performance
  10. Rheological behavior of particle-filled polymer suspensions and its influence on surface structure of the coated electrodes
  11. The effects of property variation on the dripping behaviour of polymers during UL94 test simulated by particle finite element method
  12. Experimental evaluation on compression-after-impact behavior of perforated sandwich panel comprised of foam core and glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid facesheets
  13. Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of a pH-responsive molecular imprinted polymer for Matrine as an intelligent drug delivery system
  14. Twist-related parametric optimization of Joule heating-triggered highly stretchable thermochromic wrapped yarns using technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution
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  18. Cellulose acetate filter rods tuned by surface engineering modification for typical smoke components adsorption
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  58. Investigation of the compaction density of electromagnetic moulding of poly(ether-ketone-ketone) polymer powder
  59. Experimental investigation on low-velocity-impact and post-impact-tension behaviors of GFRP T-joints after hydrothermal aging
  60. The repeated low-velocity impact response and damage accumulation of shape memory alloy hybrid composite laminates
  61. Exploring a new method for high-performance TPSiV preparation through innovative Si–H/Pt curing system in VSR/TPU blends
  62. Large-scale production of highly responsive, stretchable, and conductive wrapped yarns for wearable strain sensors
  63. Preparation of natural raw rubber and silica/NR composites with low generation heat through aqueous silane flocculation
  64. Molecular dynamics simulation of the interaction between polybutylene terephthalate and A3 during thermal-oxidative aging
  65. Crashworthiness of GFRP/aluminum hybrid square tubes under quasi-static compression and single/repeated impact
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  70. Additive manufacturing (3D printing) technologies for fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials: A review on fabrication methods and process parameters
  71. Rapid Communication
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  73. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
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https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2024-0091
Keywords for this article
stretchable conductive wrapped yarn; hollow-spindle wrap spinning; wrapping density; strain sensors; wearable electronics
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Flame-retardant thermoelectric responsive coating based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiphene) modified metal–organic frameworks
  3. Highly stretchable, durable, and reversibly thermochromic wrapped yarns induced by Joule heating: With an emphasis on parametric study of elastane drafts
  4. Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental study on the mechanical properties of PET nanocomposites filled with CaCO3, SiO2, and POE-g-GMA
  5. Multifunctional hydrogel based on silk fibroin/thermosensitive polymers supporting implant biomaterials in osteomyelitis
  6. Marine antifouling coating based on fluorescent-modified poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene) resin
  7. Preparation and application of profiled luminescent polyester fiber with reversible photochromism materials
  8. Determination of pesticide residue in soil samples by molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction method
  9. The die swell eliminating mechanism of hot air assisted 3D printing of GF/PP and its influence on the product performance
  10. Rheological behavior of particle-filled polymer suspensions and its influence on surface structure of the coated electrodes
  11. The effects of property variation on the dripping behaviour of polymers during UL94 test simulated by particle finite element method
  12. Experimental evaluation on compression-after-impact behavior of perforated sandwich panel comprised of foam core and glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid facesheets
  13. Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of a pH-responsive molecular imprinted polymer for Matrine as an intelligent drug delivery system
  14. Twist-related parametric optimization of Joule heating-triggered highly stretchable thermochromic wrapped yarns using technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution
  15. Comparative analysis of flow factors and crystallinity in conventional extrusion and gas-assisted extrusion
  16. Simulation approach to study kinetic heterogeneity of gadolinium catalytic system in the 1,4-cis-polyisoprene production
  17. Properties of kenaf fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 composites
  18. Cellulose acetate filter rods tuned by surface engineering modification for typical smoke components adsorption
  19. A blue fluorescent waterborne polyurethane-based Zn(ii) complex with antibacterial activity
  20. Experimental investigation on damage mechanism of GFRP laminates embedded with/without steel wire mesh under low-velocity-impact and post-impact tensile loading
  21. Preparation and application research of composites with low vacuum outgassing and excellent electromagnetic sealing performance
  22. Assessing the recycling potential of thermosetting polymer waste in high-density polyethylene composites for safety helmet applications
  23. Mesoscale mechanics investigation of multi-component solid propellant systems
  24. Preparation of HTV silicone rubber with hydrophobic–uvioresistant composite coating and the aging research
  25. Experimental investigation on tensile behavior of CFRP bolted joints subjected to hydrothermal aging
  26. Structure and transition behavior of crosslinked poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethylmethacrylate-co-(ethyleneglycol) methacrylate) gel film on cellulosic-based flat substrate
  27. Mechanical properties and thermal stability of high-temperature (cooking temperature)-resistant PP/HDPE/POE composites
  28. Preparation of itaconic acid-modified epoxy resins and comparative study on the properties of it and epoxy acrylates
  29. Synthesis and properties of novel degradable polyglycolide-based polyurethanes
  30. Fatigue life prediction method of carbon fiber-reinforced composites
  31. Thermal, morphological, and structural characterization of starch-based bio-polymers for melt spinnability
  32. Robust biaxially stretchable polylactic acid films based on the highly oriented chain network and “nano-walls” containing zinc phenylphosphonate and calcium sulfate whisker: Superior mechanical, barrier, and optical properties
  33. ARGET ATRP of styrene with low catalyst usage in bio-based solvent γ-valerolactone
  34. New PMMA-InP/ZnS nanohybrid coatings for improving the performance of c-Si photovoltaic cells
  35. Impacts of the calcinated clay on structure and gamma-ray shielding capacity of epoxy-based composites
  36. Preparation of cardanol-based curing agent for underwater drainage pipeline repairs
  37. Preparation of lightweight PBS foams with high ductility and impact toughness by foam injection molding
  38. Gamma-ray shielding investigation of nano- and microstructures of SnO on polyester resin composites: Experimental and theoretical study
  39. Experimental study on impact and flexural behaviors of CFRP/aluminum-honeycomb sandwich panel
  40. Normal-hexane treatment on PET-based waste fiber depolymerization process
  41. Effect of tannic acid chelating treatment on thermo-oxidative aging property of natural rubber
  42. Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel copolymer gel particles for water-plugging applications
  43. Influence of 1,1′-Azobis(cyclohexanezonitrile) on the thermo-oxidative aging performance of diolefin elastomers
  44. Characteristics of cellulose nanofibril films prepared by liquid- and gas-phase esterification processes
  45. Investigation on the biaxial stretching deformation mechanism of PA6 film based on finite element method
  46. Simultaneous effects of temperature and backbone length on static and dynamic properties of high-density polyethylene-1-butene copolymer melt: Equilibrium molecular dynamics approach
  47. Research on microscopic structure–activity relationship of AP particle–matrix interface in HTPB propellant
  48. Three-layered films enable efficient passive radiation cooling of buildings
  49. Electrospun nanofibers membranes of La(OH)3/PAN as a versatile adsorbent for fluoride remediation: Performance and mechanisms
  50. Preparation and characterization of biodegradable polyester fibers enhanced with antibacterial and antiviral organic composites
  51. Preparation of hydrophobic silicone rubber composite insulators and the research of anti-aging performance
  52. Surface modification of sepiolite and its application in one-component silicone potting adhesive
  53. Study on hydrophobicity and aging characteristics of epoxy resin modified with nano-MgO
  54. Optimization of baffle’s height in an asymmetric twin-screw extruder using the response surface model
  55. Effect of surface treatment of nickel-coated graphite on conductive rubber
  56. Experimental investigation on low-velocity impact and compression after impact behaviors of GFRP laminates with steel mesh reinforced
  57. Development and characterization of acetylated and acetylated surface-modified tapioca starches as a carrier material for linalool
  58. Investigation of the compaction density of electromagnetic moulding of poly(ether-ketone-ketone) polymer powder
  59. Experimental investigation on low-velocity-impact and post-impact-tension behaviors of GFRP T-joints after hydrothermal aging
  60. The repeated low-velocity impact response and damage accumulation of shape memory alloy hybrid composite laminates
  61. Exploring a new method for high-performance TPSiV preparation through innovative Si–H/Pt curing system in VSR/TPU blends
  62. Large-scale production of highly responsive, stretchable, and conductive wrapped yarns for wearable strain sensors
  63. Preparation of natural raw rubber and silica/NR composites with low generation heat through aqueous silane flocculation
  64. Molecular dynamics simulation of the interaction between polybutylene terephthalate and A3 during thermal-oxidative aging
  65. Crashworthiness of GFRP/aluminum hybrid square tubes under quasi-static compression and single/repeated impact
  66. Review Articles
  67. Recent advancements in multinuclear early transition metal catalysts for olefin polymerization through cooperative effects
  68. Impact of ionic liquids on the thermal properties of polymer composites
  69. Recent progress in properties and application of antibacterial food packaging materials based on polyvinyl alcohol
  70. Additive manufacturing (3D printing) technologies for fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials: A review on fabrication methods and process parameters
  71. Rapid Communication
  72. Design, synthesis, characterization, and adsorption capacities of novel superabsorbent polymers derived from poly (potato starch xanthate-graft-acrylamide)
  73. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
  74. Development of smart core–shell nanoparticles-based sensors for diagnostics of salivary alpha-amylase in biomedical and forensics
  75. Thermoplastic-polymer matrix composite of banana/betel nut husk fiber reinforcement: Physico-mechanical properties evaluation
  76. Special Issue: Electrospun Functional Materials
  77. Electrospun polyacrylonitrile/regenerated cellulose/citral nanofibers as active food packagings
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