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Electrospun polyacrylonitrile/regenerated cellulose/citral nanofibers as active food packagings

  • Cheng Wenjin , Cheng Wangkai EMAIL logo , Zhang Lulu and Li Nannan
Published/Copyright: December 27, 2024
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 24 Issue 1

Abstract

The production of food packaging membranes with antibacterial activity is of great significance because it can inactivate bacteria in food and protect the human body from food-borne diseases. Herein, a novel polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/cellulose acetate (CA) composite nanofibers membrane with citral as an antibacterial agent was fabricated by utilizing electrospinning technology. Subsequently, the PAN/regenerated cellulose (RC)/citral composite nanofibers membrane was obtained through an alkaline hydrolysis process and citral grafting modification strategy. At the same time, the preservation efficacy of this membrane in refrigerated chicken breast was investigated. Results indicate that the PAN/RC/citral composite nanofibers membrane, modified by grafting citral, exhibits uniform fiber diameter, favorable morphology, and excellent mechanical properties. Moreover, citral crosslinks with RC components in fiber membranes significantly reduce the total bacterial count and total volatile basic nitrogen value in chicken breast during the packaging and storage process, thereby extending the shelf life of refrigerated chicken breast. This research provides a new approach to the production of antibacterial food packaging films and demonstrates their broad potential application value in the field of food packaging.

Keywords: electrospinning; regenerated cellulose; citral; nanofiber membrane; freshness preservation

1 Introduction

It is well known that food is rich in nutrients and favors the growth of microorganisms. The biggest problem faced during food storage is the multiplication of bacteria and microorganisms leading to product deterioration and damage. Numerous studies have shown that the use of antimicrobial materials for food packaging can effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms in the process of food storage and prevent secondary contamination, thereby extending the shelf life of food (1). In recent years, many domestic and foreign researchers have widely used new technologies and materials to prepare food antibacterial packaging films, improving the antibacterial performance of food packaging (2). Among them, the electrospun is an effective and versatile technique to manufacture continuous nanofiber membranes and nonwovens that exhibit high molecular orientation, high porosity, and large specific surface area. Benefitting from these outstanding and intriguing features, electrospun nanofibers have been employed as a promising candidate for the fabrication of food packaging materials. Moreover, we noted that the electrospun nanofiber membranes encapsulate antimicrobial agents within or on the surface of nanofibers, better preserving their antimicrobial activity and ensuring food quality and safety (3–10).

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is a polymer prepared by polymerization of acrylonitrile monomers, which is widely used in industries such as textiles, food packaging, and environmental protection. However, due to its low strength, poor wear resistance, fatigue resistance, and poor hydrophilicity, PAN fibers also limit their application range (11,12). Many studies have been conducted both domestically and internationally to address these shortcomings, mainly focusing on the hydrolysis modification of conventional diameter PAN or the preparation of composite spinning solutions containing functional polymers for electrospinning (13–16). However, these methods usually improve the single performance of PAN and have limited effectiveness. This scheme utilizes electrospinning to prepare PAN/cellulose acetate (CA) composite fibers, and through hydrolysis modification, PAN/RC composite nanofiber membranes are prepared, effectively improving the hydrophilicity of PAN. CA, also known as cellulose acetate, is an acetate of cellulose, commonly used in filtration equipment, packaging materials, electronic films, and other fields. Although CA membrane has advantages such as good hydrophilicity, large specific surface area, and good plasticity, its application fields are often limited due to its low mechanical strength, susceptibility to biological erosion, and lack of acid and alkali resistance. In this scheme, the composite spinning of PAN and CA can not only improve the strength and acid and alkali resistance of CA but also fully utilize the advantages of CA. By introducing numerous functional groups such as hydroxyl and carbonyl groups into the fibers through modification, the composite nanofiber membranes have multi-functionality. Citral, a colorless or pale-yellow liquid with a strong lemon fragrance, exhibits antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant bioactivities. In the food industry, citral has shown significant antibacterial and antifungal activities, which are widely used for antimicrobial preservation and the field of food packaging (17–19).

To effectively enhance the antibacterial performance of existing food packaging materials, in this study, the PAN/CA nanofibers membrane was efficiently and stably prepared by using electrospinning processes. Thereafter, the prepared composite nanofiber membrane was treated with NaOH solution to induce the hydrolysis of CA to produce regenerated cellulose (RC) with abundant hydroxyl groups. The PAN/RC membrane was then modified with citral as an antibacterial agent to form PAN/RC/citral composite nanofiber membranes, and its preservation effect in chicken breast freshness was evaluated, providing a reference for the application research of antimicrobial packaging materials. At the same time, the preservation efficacy of this membrane in refrigerated chicken breast was investigated. Moreover, the apparent morphology and chemical structure of designed nanofiber membranes were characterized in detail through SEM and FTIR testing. This research provides a new approach to the production of antibacterial food packaging films and demonstrates their broad potential application value in the field of food packaging.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials and reagents

PAN (molecular weight 90,000) and CA (molecular weight 131,900) were purchased from China National Medicines Corporation Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Citral, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), NaOH, and nutrient broth medium were obtained from Shanghai McCalin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd.

2.2 Fabrication of PAN/RC nanofibers membrane

A certain amount of PAN and CA (mass ratio 6:4) were dissolved in DMF to prepare a mixed spinning solution with a total mass fraction of 11%. The solution was stirred at 40°C for 8 h on a magnetic stirrer. The prepared uniform spinning solution was placed in the spinning container. PAN/CA nanofibers membrane was prepared by JDF05 electrospinning machine under the conditions of 18 kV voltage, 12 cm of receiving distance, and 1.0 mL·h−1 of spinning solution rate for 10 h. The obtained nanofiber membrane was dried in a 40°C oven and then soaked in a 0.05 mol·L−1 NaOH solution for 24 h. After being washed with distilled water, it was soaked in a 0.1 mol·L−1 NaOH solution for another 24 h, washed with deionized water, and dried to obtain the PAN/RC nanofiber membrane.

2.3 Preparation of PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membrane

First, a citral solution (the mass fraction of the solution is 20%) was prepared, and then, the PAN/RC nanofiber membrane was immersed in the citral solution for different periods (30, 50, 70, and 90 min). After the reaction was completed, it was taken out and dried in a 40°C oven to obtain the PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membranes.

2.4 Antibacterial performances of nanofiber membrane

First, Escherichia coli was inoculated into 10 mL of nutrient broth medium and cultured at 37°C in a shaking incubator for 12 h. The culture was diluted with sterile water to 107 CFU·mL−1 and set aside. The same weight of PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membrane was irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light for 30 min and then placed into 20 mL of nutrient broth medium, inoculated with indicator bacteria, and cultured at 37°C. E. coli culture liquid served as a negative control, and the culture liquid without a nanofiber membrane added served as a blank control. Samples were taken at 0, 6, 18, 24, and 48 h of culture, and the OD value of the culture liquid was measured at a wavelength of 600 nm. The antibacterial ability of the cellulose membrane was determined by comparing the changes in OD values at different time periods.

The nanofiber membrane was cut into samples with a radius of 1 cm, exposed to UV light for 30 min, and then placed at the center of an agar plate coated with E. coli. The samples were incubated in a constant temperature incubator at 37°C for 24 h. The size of the inhibition zones and the growth condition of the bacterial colonies in the petri dishes were subsequently observed.

2.5 Measurement and characterization

According to the different test requirements, numerous types of nanofiber membranes were prepared. Before conducting microscopic morphology observation, different composite nanofiber membranes were sputtered with gold. The microstructure of the nanofiber membrane was observed using the S-4800 field emission scanning electron microscope. IRPrestige-21 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical structure changes in different composite fiber membranes. The nanofiber membrane sample is to be tested using the KBr pellet method to determine the FTIR spectrum with a scan range of 4,000–500 cm−1. The specific surface area and pore size distribution of various nanofiber membranes are to be measured using a specific surface area and pore size analyzer at –196°C. According to the hydrophilicity test requirements, various composite nanofiber membranes were prepared and tested using a DSA-25 optical contact angle measuring instrument to determine the static contact angle of the nanofiber membrane and analyze its hydrophilicity. Each sample was tested five times, and the average value was taken. According to the fiber strength performance test requirements, the composite nanofiber membrane samples with a length of 5 cm and a width of 1 cm were prepared. The mechanical properties of various nanofiber membranes were measured using an INSTRON1185 tensile strength tester. Each sample was tested five times, and the average value was taken.

2.6 Application of nanofiber membrane in chicken storage

First, the fresh chicken breast was cut into pieces of 25–30 g, wrapped with commercial polyethylene (PE) film and PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membrane, respectively, and stored in a 4°C refrigerator. Then, different samples were taken regularly (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days) to measure the total colony count and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N). The total colony count was determined in accordance with GB/T4789.2-2016 “National Food Safety Standard-Microbiological Examination of Food-Determination of Colony Count” (20). The volatile basic nitrogen was determined using the semi-micro Kjeldahl method as described in GB5009.228-2016 “National Food Safety Standard-Determination of Volatile Basic Nitrogen in Food” (21).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Fabrication of PAN/RC/citral nanofibers membrane

In this work, the PAN/RC nanofiber membranes were efficiently and stably prepared by using electrospinning processes and hydrolysis modification methods. Subsequently, the PAN/RC/citral composite nanofiber membranes were rapidly and efficiently prepared through citral grafting modification. In this research, scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of PAN/CA, PAN/RC, and PAN/RC/citral, and the result is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 SEM images of composite nanofiber membranes.
Figure 1

SEM images of composite nanofiber membranes.

As depicted in Figures 1 and 2, the electrospun PAN/CA composite nanofiber membrane exhibits good microscopic fiber morphology, uniform diameter, and smooth surface. After treatment with NaOH solution and citral solution, the apparent morphology of the prepared composite nanofiber membranes remains stable without damaging the nanofiber morphology, but the surface of the PAN/RC composite nanofiber membrane appears slightly rough and a consequent enlargement in fiber diameter (from approximately 170 to 230 nm), which is due to the hydrolysis reaction of CA molecules in the PAN/CA composite nanofiber after alkali treatment, resulting in the formation of a large number of hydroxyl groups on the nanofiber surface and thus damaging the smooth surface of the microfibers. Meanwhile, some fibers that are in close proximity have experienced adhesion. However, upon citral treatment in the PAN/RC/citral composite nanofiber membrane, citral effectively penetrates and fills within the fibers, restoring their smoothness.

Figure 2 Fiber diameter distribution of nanofiber membranes.
Figure 2

Fiber diameter distribution of nanofiber membranes.

3.2 Chemical structure analysis of composite nanofiber membranes

The chemical structure of PAN/CA, PAN/RC, and PAN/RC/citral composite nanofiber membranes was determined using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, with the results shown in Figure 3. The results indicate that the absorption peak near the wavelength of 2,241 cm−1 is the characteristic C≡N vibration peak of PAN, the absorption peak near 3,473 cm−1 is the O–H stretching vibration peak of CA, the absorption peak around 1,743 cm−1 is the stretching vibration peak of ester carbonyl C═O, and the stretching vibration peak around 1,244 cm−1 is the stretching vibration peak of acetyl ester (–COCH3) bond.

Figure 3 Infrared spectra of different composite nanofiber membranes.
Figure 3

Infrared spectra of different composite nanofiber membranes.

Comparing the infrared images of PAN/CA, PAN/RC, and PAN/RC/citral composite nanofiber membranes, it is evident that the changes in the vibration peaks near the wavelengths of 1,743 and 1,244 cm−1 are quite significant. The PAN/CA composite nanofiber membrane exhibits a stronger absorption peak, while the absorption peaks of the PAN/RC and PAN/RC/citral composite nanofiber membranes are relatively weaker. The main reason for this phenomenon is that CA in the PAN/CA composite nanofiber membrane undergoes a hydrolysis reaction after alkaline treatment, resulting in a decrease in the number of aldehyde groups. Moreover, Figure 3 shows that the acetyl ester bond absorption peak of the PAN/RC/citral composite nanofiber membrane significantly weakens around 1,244 cm−1, indicating that citral has successfully crosslinked with hydroxyl groups in RC.

3.3 Hydrophilic performances of composite nanofiber membranes

As we all know, the static contact angle is commonly used to characterize the hydrophilicity of materials. In actual testing, the static contact angle represents the angle formed between the droplet and the material surface. When external conditions are the same, the static contact angle formed by the sample and the droplet is inversely proportional to its hydrophilicity (22). The static contact angle images and test data for the composite nanofiber membrane and the modified PAN/RC nanofiber membrane are shown in Figure 4 and Table 1.

Figure 4 Static contact angle test image of PAN/CA (a) and PAN/RC (b) nanofibers membrane.
Figure 4

Static contact angle test image of PAN/CA (a) and PAN/RC (b) nanofibers membrane.

Table 1

Static contact angle test data of the composite nanofiber membranes

Sample 1 2 3 4 5 Average
PAN/CA nanofiber membrane (°) 122.6 124.1 119.4 124.4 122.5 122.8
PAN/RC nanofiber membrane (°) 93.7 94.2 92.8 91.5 90.8 92.6

From Figure 4, it can be seen that the PAN/CA composite nanofiber membrane, due to the absence of hydrophilic groups in the fibers, has a static contact angle of 122.8°, showing certain hydrophobic properties of the nanofibers. When the composite nanofiber membrane is treated with a low concentration of sodium hydroxide solution, its static contact angle decreases from the original 122.8° to 92.6°. It can be seen that the hydrophilicity of the PAN/RC composite nanofiber prepared by hydrolysis modification has been improved to some extent. The reason for this phenomenon is that after the composite nanofiber membrane is treated with the NaOH solution, the CA component in the fiber undergoes a hydrolysis reaction, resulting in the formation of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the nanofiber.

3.4 Mechanical property of nanofiber membranes

The mechanical properties of the different composite nanofiber membranes were determined using an INSTRON1185 tensile strength tester, with the stress–strain curves shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 The stress–strain curve of nanofibers membranes.
Figure 5

The stress–strain curve of nanofibers membranes.

From Figure 5, it can be observed that the tensile strengths of PAN/RC, PAN/CA, and CA nanofiber membranes are 3.40 ± 0.18, 2.83 ± 0.17, and 1.09 ± 0.08 MPa, respectively. The elongation at break for three nanofiber membranes is 42.59 ± 1.42, 40.58 ± 2.02, and 4.39 ± 0.11%, respectively. The tensile stress and elongation at break of PAN/RC and PAN/CA nanofiber membranes are significantly higher than those of the CA nanofiber membranes, indicating that the composite nanofibers with added PAN components have better mechanical properties.

3.5 Antibacterial properties of nanofiber membranes

The prepared PAN/RC nanofiber membranes were immersed in citral solution for graft modification, and various PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membranes (PRC30, PRC50, PRC70, and PRC90 refer to soaking times of 30, 50, 70, and 90 min, respectively) were obtained at different reaction times. Meanwhile, the antibacterial properties of different nanofiber membranes were evaluated by comparing PAN/RC nanofiber membranes, and the experimental results are shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Antibacterial properties of different composite nanofiber membranes.
Figure 6

Antibacterial properties of different composite nanofiber membranes.

It can be observed from Figure 6 that during the initial 0–4 h, due to the lag phase of E. coli, there is not much difference in the number of bacterial cells in the culture medium. After 4 h of culture, E. coli begins to grow in each test tube. The slope of the OD value curve indicates that the slope is greatest for the PAN/RC membrane test tube, which is attributed to the lack of antibacterial properties of the PAN/RC membrane, allowing normal bacterial growth and a rapid increase in cell count. In contrast, the slope of the OD value curve for the modified nanofibers membrane test tubes is reduced to varying degrees, indicating that the PAN/RC membrane has varying degrees of antibacterial ability after citral crosslinking modification. Additionally, it can be seen from Figure 6 that during the 4–12 h culture periods, the slope of the OD value curve for citral crosslinking modified membrane culture medium decreases in the order of PRC30, PRC50, PRC70, and PRC90. This phenomenon suggests that the antibacterial ability of the PAN/RC/citral membrane increases with the extension of modification time under the same conditions. Since the slopes of the OD value curves for PRC70 and PRC90 are not significantly different, the appropriate citral crosslinking modification time is 70 min.

Figure 7 shows the antibacterial activity of PAN/CA, PAN/RC, and PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membranes against E. coli. As can be seen from Figure 7, the PAN/CA and PAN/RC nanofiber membranes exhibit no antibacterial effect on E. coli, whereas the PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membrane demonstrates a certain degree of inhibitory activity. This indicates that the PAN/RC nanofiber membrane acquires antibacterial properties after being modified with citral through cross-linking.

Figure 7 Antibacterial activity of nanofiber membranes on an agar plate: (a) PAN/CA nanofiber membrane; (b) PAN/RC nanofiber membrane; and (c) PAN/RC/Citral nanofiber membrane).
Figure 7

Antibacterial activity of nanofiber membranes on an agar plate: (a) PAN/CA nanofiber membrane; (b) PAN/RC nanofiber membrane; and (c) PAN/RC/Citral nanofiber membrane).

3.6 Storage performances of PAN/RC/citral nanofibers membrane for chicken meat

The total colony count is utilized to assess the extent of contamination in meat products and also reflects the growth and proliferation of microorganisms within them (23). In this study, PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membranes and commercial PE film were used as food packaging materials to investigate their storage performance on chicken. The variation in the total number of chicken colonies during refrigeration is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8 Impact of PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membrane on total viable counts of chicken.
Figure 8

Impact of PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membrane on total viable counts of chicken.

As illustrated in Figure 8, the total colony count of the chicken in all experimental groups gradually increased over time throughout the storage period, with the chicken wrapped in PE film showing a more rapid increase in total colony count. We noted that the initial bacterial count in the chicken was 3.32 log CFU·g−1. After 8 days of storage, the total colony count of the chicken wrapped in PE membrane reached 6.73 log CFU·g−1, whereas the chicken wrapped in PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membrane only had a total colony count of 4.77 log CFU·g−1. According to food storage standards (24), the total colony count for first-grade fresh meat should not exceed 4 log CFU·g−1, for second-grade fresh meat, it ranges from 4 to 6 log CFU·g−1, and for spoiled meat, it is greater than 6 log CFU·g−1. The chicken wrapped in PE membrane had become spoiled after 8 days of storage, while the chicken wrapped in PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membrane is still considered second-grade fresh meat. Therefore, the PAN/RC/citral composite nanofiber membrane can inhibit the growth of microorganisms, thereby delaying the spoilage of chicken.

3.7 Impact of PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membrane on the TVB-N content of refrigerated chicken

TVB-N is one of the important indicators for assessing the freshness of meat products, primarily consisting of basic substances or amines produced by the microbial decomposition of protein (25). The change in TVB-N content during the storage of chicken is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9 Impact of PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membrane on TVB-N of chicken.
Figure 9

Impact of PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membrane on TVB-N of chicken.

As shown in Figure 9, the TVB-N content of chicken in all experimental groups showed a gradually increasing trend during the storage period, which is strongly correlated with the total colony count. The food safety standard stipulates that the TVB-N value in edible pork should be less than or equal to 15 mg/100 g(17). When the chicken was stored until the 5th day, the TVB-N content of chicken wrapped in PE film had risen to 17.58 mg/100 g, which is considered not fresh. However, the chicken wrapped in PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membrane, when stored for up to 8 days, had a TVB-N content of 11.13 mg/100 g, still below the food safety standard. Therefore, the PAN/RC/citral nanofiber membranes can effectively inhibit the increase of TVB-N, extending the shelf life of refrigerated chicken.

4 Conclusion

In summary, we have successfully developed a novel composite nanofiber membrane consisting of PAN, RC, and citral, which demonstrates significant antibacterial properties. This membrane was fabricated through a combination of electrospinning and post-treatment processes, and its efficacy in extending the shelf life of refrigerated chicken breast has been thoroughly evaluated. In comparison with the conventional PE film, the newly fabricated PAN/RC/citral fiber membrane has successfully extended the preservation time of chicken meat from 5 days to more than 8 days, substantially enhancing the food preservation period. Therefore, the PAN/RC/citral composite nanofiber membranes not only enhance the antibacterial activity but also improve the hydrophilicity of the PAN fibers, addressing previous limitations in terms of material compatibility and functionality. This provides a sustainable and effective solution for extending the shelf life of food using a simple process.

  1. Funding information: This work was funded by the Natural Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province (2023AH052376), 2023 Anhui Provincial Department of Education Discipline Leader Cultivation Project, 2022 School level talent engineering project (rc2022gjms02), and 2021 School level Talent Engineering Project (Academic and Technical Leaders).

  2. Author contributions: Cheng Wenjin: conceptualization, investigation, writing – original draft, and formal analysis; Cheng Wangkai: writing – review and editing, project administration, resources, and supervision; Zhang Lulu: writing – original draft, formal analysis, visualization, and methodology; Li Nannan: writing – review & editing, formal analysis, and resources.

  3. Conflict of interest: All authors have declared no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Data will be made available on request.

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Received: 2024-06-18
Revised: 2024-11-03
Accepted: 2024-11-05
Published Online: 2024-12-27

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  26. Structure and transition behavior of crosslinked poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethylmethacrylate-co-(ethyleneglycol) methacrylate) gel film on cellulosic-based flat substrate
  27. Mechanical properties and thermal stability of high-temperature (cooking temperature)-resistant PP/HDPE/POE composites
  28. Preparation of itaconic acid-modified epoxy resins and comparative study on the properties of it and epoxy acrylates
  29. Synthesis and properties of novel degradable polyglycolide-based polyurethanes
  30. Fatigue life prediction method of carbon fiber-reinforced composites
  31. Thermal, morphological, and structural characterization of starch-based bio-polymers for melt spinnability
  32. Robust biaxially stretchable polylactic acid films based on the highly oriented chain network and “nano-walls” containing zinc phenylphosphonate and calcium sulfate whisker: Superior mechanical, barrier, and optical properties
  33. ARGET ATRP of styrene with low catalyst usage in bio-based solvent γ-valerolactone
  34. New PMMA-InP/ZnS nanohybrid coatings for improving the performance of c-Si photovoltaic cells
  35. Impacts of the calcinated clay on structure and gamma-ray shielding capacity of epoxy-based composites
  36. Preparation of cardanol-based curing agent for underwater drainage pipeline repairs
  37. Preparation of lightweight PBS foams with high ductility and impact toughness by foam injection molding
  38. Gamma-ray shielding investigation of nano- and microstructures of SnO on polyester resin composites: Experimental and theoretical study
  39. Experimental study on impact and flexural behaviors of CFRP/aluminum-honeycomb sandwich panel
  40. Normal-hexane treatment on PET-based waste fiber depolymerization process
  41. Effect of tannic acid chelating treatment on thermo-oxidative aging property of natural rubber
  42. Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel copolymer gel particles for water-plugging applications
  43. Influence of 1,1′-Azobis(cyclohexanezonitrile) on the thermo-oxidative aging performance of diolefin elastomers
  44. Characteristics of cellulose nanofibril films prepared by liquid- and gas-phase esterification processes
  45. Investigation on the biaxial stretching deformation mechanism of PA6 film based on finite element method
  46. Simultaneous effects of temperature and backbone length on static and dynamic properties of high-density polyethylene-1-butene copolymer melt: Equilibrium molecular dynamics approach
  47. Research on microscopic structure–activity relationship of AP particle–matrix interface in HTPB propellant
  48. Three-layered films enable efficient passive radiation cooling of buildings
  49. Electrospun nanofibers membranes of La(OH)3/PAN as a versatile adsorbent for fluoride remediation: Performance and mechanisms
  50. Preparation and characterization of biodegradable polyester fibers enhanced with antibacterial and antiviral organic composites
  51. Preparation of hydrophobic silicone rubber composite insulators and the research of anti-aging performance
  52. Surface modification of sepiolite and its application in one-component silicone potting adhesive
  53. Study on hydrophobicity and aging characteristics of epoxy resin modified with nano-MgO
  54. Optimization of baffle’s height in an asymmetric twin-screw extruder using the response surface model
  55. Effect of surface treatment of nickel-coated graphite on conductive rubber
  56. Experimental investigation on low-velocity impact and compression after impact behaviors of GFRP laminates with steel mesh reinforced
  57. Development and characterization of acetylated and acetylated surface-modified tapioca starches as a carrier material for linalool
  58. Investigation of the compaction density of electromagnetic moulding of poly(ether-ketone-ketone) polymer powder
  59. Experimental investigation on low-velocity-impact and post-impact-tension behaviors of GFRP T-joints after hydrothermal aging
  60. The repeated low-velocity impact response and damage accumulation of shape memory alloy hybrid composite laminates
  61. Exploring a new method for high-performance TPSiV preparation through innovative Si–H/Pt curing system in VSR/TPU blends
  62. Large-scale production of highly responsive, stretchable, and conductive wrapped yarns for wearable strain sensors
  63. Preparation of natural raw rubber and silica/NR composites with low generation heat through aqueous silane flocculation
  64. Molecular dynamics simulation of the interaction between polybutylene terephthalate and A3 during thermal-oxidative aging
  65. Crashworthiness of GFRP/aluminum hybrid square tubes under quasi-static compression and single/repeated impact
  66. Review Articles
  67. Recent advancements in multinuclear early transition metal catalysts for olefin polymerization through cooperative effects
  68. Impact of ionic liquids on the thermal properties of polymer composites
  69. Recent progress in properties and application of antibacterial food packaging materials based on polyvinyl alcohol
  70. Additive manufacturing (3D printing) technologies for fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials: A review on fabrication methods and process parameters
  71. Rapid Communication
  72. Design, synthesis, characterization, and adsorption capacities of novel superabsorbent polymers derived from poly (potato starch xanthate-graft-acrylamide)
  73. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
  74. Development of smart core–shell nanoparticles-based sensors for diagnostics of salivary alpha-amylase in biomedical and forensics
  75. Thermoplastic-polymer matrix composite of banana/betel nut husk fiber reinforcement: Physico-mechanical properties evaluation
  76. Special Issue: Electrospun Functional Materials
  77. Electrospun polyacrylonitrile/regenerated cellulose/citral nanofibers as active food packagings
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2024-0062
Keywords for this article
electrospinning; regenerated cellulose; citral; nanofiber membrane; freshness preservation
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  18. Cellulose acetate filter rods tuned by surface engineering modification for typical smoke components adsorption
  19. A blue fluorescent waterborne polyurethane-based Zn(ii) complex with antibacterial activity
  20. Experimental investigation on damage mechanism of GFRP laminates embedded with/without steel wire mesh under low-velocity-impact and post-impact tensile loading
  21. Preparation and application research of composites with low vacuum outgassing and excellent electromagnetic sealing performance
  22. Assessing the recycling potential of thermosetting polymer waste in high-density polyethylene composites for safety helmet applications
  23. Mesoscale mechanics investigation of multi-component solid propellant systems
  24. Preparation of HTV silicone rubber with hydrophobic–uvioresistant composite coating and the aging research
  25. Experimental investigation on tensile behavior of CFRP bolted joints subjected to hydrothermal aging
  26. Structure and transition behavior of crosslinked poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethylmethacrylate-co-(ethyleneglycol) methacrylate) gel film on cellulosic-based flat substrate
  27. Mechanical properties and thermal stability of high-temperature (cooking temperature)-resistant PP/HDPE/POE composites
  28. Preparation of itaconic acid-modified epoxy resins and comparative study on the properties of it and epoxy acrylates
  29. Synthesis and properties of novel degradable polyglycolide-based polyurethanes
  30. Fatigue life prediction method of carbon fiber-reinforced composites
  31. Thermal, morphological, and structural characterization of starch-based bio-polymers for melt spinnability
  32. Robust biaxially stretchable polylactic acid films based on the highly oriented chain network and “nano-walls” containing zinc phenylphosphonate and calcium sulfate whisker: Superior mechanical, barrier, and optical properties
  33. ARGET ATRP of styrene with low catalyst usage in bio-based solvent γ-valerolactone
  34. New PMMA-InP/ZnS nanohybrid coatings for improving the performance of c-Si photovoltaic cells
  35. Impacts of the calcinated clay on structure and gamma-ray shielding capacity of epoxy-based composites
  36. Preparation of cardanol-based curing agent for underwater drainage pipeline repairs
  37. Preparation of lightweight PBS foams with high ductility and impact toughness by foam injection molding
  38. Gamma-ray shielding investigation of nano- and microstructures of SnO on polyester resin composites: Experimental and theoretical study
  39. Experimental study on impact and flexural behaviors of CFRP/aluminum-honeycomb sandwich panel
  40. Normal-hexane treatment on PET-based waste fiber depolymerization process
  41. Effect of tannic acid chelating treatment on thermo-oxidative aging property of natural rubber
  42. Design, synthesis, and characterization of novel copolymer gel particles for water-plugging applications
  43. Influence of 1,1′-Azobis(cyclohexanezonitrile) on the thermo-oxidative aging performance of diolefin elastomers
  44. Characteristics of cellulose nanofibril films prepared by liquid- and gas-phase esterification processes
  45. Investigation on the biaxial stretching deformation mechanism of PA6 film based on finite element method
  46. Simultaneous effects of temperature and backbone length on static and dynamic properties of high-density polyethylene-1-butene copolymer melt: Equilibrium molecular dynamics approach
  47. Research on microscopic structure–activity relationship of AP particle–matrix interface in HTPB propellant
  48. Three-layered films enable efficient passive radiation cooling of buildings
  49. Electrospun nanofibers membranes of La(OH)3/PAN as a versatile adsorbent for fluoride remediation: Performance and mechanisms
  50. Preparation and characterization of biodegradable polyester fibers enhanced with antibacterial and antiviral organic composites
  51. Preparation of hydrophobic silicone rubber composite insulators and the research of anti-aging performance
  52. Surface modification of sepiolite and its application in one-component silicone potting adhesive
  53. Study on hydrophobicity and aging characteristics of epoxy resin modified with nano-MgO
  54. Optimization of baffle’s height in an asymmetric twin-screw extruder using the response surface model
  55. Effect of surface treatment of nickel-coated graphite on conductive rubber
  56. Experimental investigation on low-velocity impact and compression after impact behaviors of GFRP laminates with steel mesh reinforced
  57. Development and characterization of acetylated and acetylated surface-modified tapioca starches as a carrier material for linalool
  58. Investigation of the compaction density of electromagnetic moulding of poly(ether-ketone-ketone) polymer powder
  59. Experimental investigation on low-velocity-impact and post-impact-tension behaviors of GFRP T-joints after hydrothermal aging
  60. The repeated low-velocity impact response and damage accumulation of shape memory alloy hybrid composite laminates
  61. Exploring a new method for high-performance TPSiV preparation through innovative Si–H/Pt curing system in VSR/TPU blends
  62. Large-scale production of highly responsive, stretchable, and conductive wrapped yarns for wearable strain sensors
  63. Preparation of natural raw rubber and silica/NR composites with low generation heat through aqueous silane flocculation
  64. Molecular dynamics simulation of the interaction between polybutylene terephthalate and A3 during thermal-oxidative aging
  65. Crashworthiness of GFRP/aluminum hybrid square tubes under quasi-static compression and single/repeated impact
  66. Review Articles
  67. Recent advancements in multinuclear early transition metal catalysts for olefin polymerization through cooperative effects
  68. Impact of ionic liquids on the thermal properties of polymer composites
  69. Recent progress in properties and application of antibacterial food packaging materials based on polyvinyl alcohol
  70. Additive manufacturing (3D printing) technologies for fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials: A review on fabrication methods and process parameters
  71. Rapid Communication
  72. Design, synthesis, characterization, and adsorption capacities of novel superabsorbent polymers derived from poly (potato starch xanthate-graft-acrylamide)
  73. Special Issue: Biodegradable and bio-based polymers: Green approaches (Guest Editors: Kumaran Subramanian, A. Wilson Santhosh Kumar, and Venkatajothi Ramarao)
  74. Development of smart core–shell nanoparticles-based sensors for diagnostics of salivary alpha-amylase in biomedical and forensics
  75. Thermoplastic-polymer matrix composite of banana/betel nut husk fiber reinforcement: Physico-mechanical properties evaluation
  76. Special Issue: Electrospun Functional Materials
  77. Electrospun polyacrylonitrile/regenerated cellulose/citral nanofibers as active food packagings
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