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Experimental investigation on tensile behavior of CFRP bolted joints subjected to hydrothermal aging

  • Hui Chen , Mingjie Li , Zhao Shen , Yitao Zhang , Youhua Zhu and Ye Wu EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 13, 2024
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e-Polymers
From the journal e-Polymers Volume 24 Issue 1

Abstract

With the help of bolted joints to assemble a complex structure, carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite (CFRP) is widely used in various fields. However, stress concentration around holes at the bolted joints leads to a decrease in bearing capacity. Composites often result in mechanical degradation subjected to a complex hydrothermal environment. Therefore, to study the tensile behavior of CFRP bolted joints subjected to hydrothermal aging, the tensile tests are conducted carefully. The influence of aging time and temperature on tensile strength is investigated based on the response history, strain contour, and failure morphology. The failure mechanism is revealed via digital image correlation technology. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the bearing capacity of the structure in hydrothermal aging decreases significantly. Compared with the unaged specimens, the peak force of the specimens aged for 6 weeks at 25°C and 65°C is reduced by 22.79% and 35.63%, respectively. Under both the unaged and aged, the same bearing failure is found in the tensile tests of CFRP single-bolt single-lap joints.

Keywords: CFRP; hydrothermal aging; bolted joints; failure mechanism; DIC

1 Introduction

Owing to the performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite such as light weight, high strength, outstanding corrosion resistance, excellent fatigue resistance, and designability, it is widely used in aerospace, marine, and building materials (1–3). To meet the extensive use, a complex CFRP structure is assembled with the help of mechanical joints (4–6). However, stress concentration around holes at the mechanical joints leads to a decrease in bearing capacity because bolt holes are usually the weakest link in the structure (7). In the meantime, composites are often subjected to a complex hydrothermal environment, which results in mechanical degradation (8).

Connection technology of composite materials involves adhesively bonded joints (9,10), bolted joints (5–7), and bonded/bolted hybrid joints (11,12). Bolted joints are applied extensively due to their advantages such as ease of disassembly, greater load transfer, safety, and reliability (13–15). As shown in Figure 1, the common failure modes of bolted joints include tensile, shear, cleave, and bearing failure. A sharp decline in the bearing capacity of the specimens with tensile, shear, and cleave failure leads to sudden and catastrophic failures (16). However, owing to the structure keeping a certain bearing capacity and early-warning failure during bearing failure, designers want bearing failure as a mode of structural failure (17,18).

Figure 1 Failure modes of bolted joints in tensile tests.
Figure 1

Failure modes of bolted joints in tensile tests.

In recent years, many researchers have studied the mechanical properties of composite materials aged in hydrothermal environments. Song et al. (19) investigated the effect of hydrothermal aging on the properties of composite materials. The results show that the compressive strength of composite laminates under impact loading after aging decreases significantly. Wang et al. (20) discussed the influence of stacking sequences on the moisture absorption and tensile behaviors of composites in hydrothermal environments. Guermazi et al. (21) found that moisture and temperature in hydrothermal environments will induce plasticization of the matrix, resulting in the deterioration of their mechanical performance. The effect of hydrothermal aging on the mechanical properties of CFRP laminates was investigated by Mamalis et al. (22). The results indicate that significant decrease in 90° tensile strength, as well as longitudinal and transverse shear strength of CFRP laminates because the properties of matrix and fiber–resin interface are disrupted in hydrothermal aging. Xu et al. (23) studied the influence of different hydrothermal environments on the open-hole properties of epoxy resin composites.

The strain of tensile failure decreases with a temperature rise and the decrease tends to be flattened, while the effect of humidity is not significant (24). According to the ultimate load under all kinds of hydrothermal aging, Kumar et al. (25) evaluated the mechanical properties of CFRP bolted joints with varying preloads. Further, Singh et al. (26) suggested that the tensile and flexural strength of the composites in hydrothermal aging degenerate such as their tensile and flexural strength retention rate is 60% and 63%, respectively, after 42 days of hydrothermal aging. To study the evolution of fiber-reinforced polymer composites under various hydrothermal aging, Guo et al. (27) tried to conduct multi-scale modeling and mechanical behavior analysis based on the three-dimensional (3D) Hashin failure criterion and improved traction separation laws.

At present, scholars have reported the influence of hydrothermal aging on the mechanical properties of CFRP laminates (28–30), but there is little research on the tensile behaviors of CFRP bolted joints in hydrothermal aging. Therefore, we employ digital image correlation technology (DIC) to conduct the tensile tests of CFRP bolted joints after various hydrothermal aging. Finally, the effect of aging time and temperature on tensile behaviors is investigated and the failure mechanism is revealed with the help of the typical response history, strain contour, and damage morphologies.

2 Experiment

2.1 Fabrication of specimens

CFRP laminates are used to fabricate by vacuum-assisted resin infusion, and the progress of fabrication is shown in Figure 2. The unidirectional carbon fiber stacked sequentially 90° and 0° directions with a total of ten layers of ([90/0]5), and standard bolted joints are manufactured according to ASTM D5961/5961M-17. Diversion nets, release cloths, and carbon fiber are laid on the tile layer-by-layer, and then they are sealed by a vacuum bag and sealant glue. In the process of resin injection, the resin can flow evenly through a vacuum pump and be cured at room temperature for 24 h. Finally, the cured laminates are cut via the stone-cutting machine. The length L, the width W, the thickness t, the hole diameter D, and the end distance E of the laminate are 135, 36, 2.8, 6, and 18 mm, respectively.

Figure 2 Fabrication of specimens.
Figure 2

Fabrication of specimens.

2.2 Hydrothermal aging treatment

Specimens are aged in a climatic chamber (SY/GS, Xi’an, China) as shown in Figure 3, which can provide the temperature and humidity at the same time. The specimens are divided into two groups for the aging of water bath in both 25°C room temperature and 65°C high temperature for 1–6 weeks with the same relative humidity of 85%. At each temperature, at least five samples are taken from the chambers for tensile testing.

Figure 3 (a) Climatic chamber for hydrothermal aging, (b) experimental setup, and (c) schematic diagram of the fixture.
Figure 3

(a) Climatic chamber for hydrothermal aging, (b) experimental setup, and (c) schematic diagram of the fixture.

2.3 Tensile tests

After hydrothermal aging of CFRP bolted joints via CSS-44100 electronic universal testing machine, according to ASTM D5961/5961M-17, uniaxial tensile tests at a speed of 2 mm·min−1 are performed. The experimental setup and schematic diagram of the fixture are pictured in Figure 3, and the bolt torque is standardized at 2 N·m−1. Moreover, in order to analyze the deformation behavior as well as failure and fracture mechanism of specimens, DIC (form Xintuo 3D Technology Co., Shenzhen, China) instead of an extensometer to measure the real-time strain distribution and attain the strain contour of specimens during the tensile tests.

3 Experimental results and discussion

3.1 Analysis of failure modes of CFRP bolted joints in tensile tests after hydrothermal aging

A–B where A and B denote, respectively, temperature and time of hydrothermal aging such as 0–0 means the unaged specimen and 25–1 means the aged specimen in hydrothermal aging at 25°C and 1 week. The failure morphologies and force–displacement curves of the unaged specimen and the aged specimen at 25°C and 1 week are compared carefully in Figure 4. Overall, the same bearing failure is found in both the unaged and aged specimens under single-bolt single-lap tensile tests. Further, the overall trend of their force–displacement curves can be divided into four stages. (1) The slip stage: owing to no close contact between the bolt-hole edge and bolt as well as the load transfer mainly relies on the friction between the specimen and the fixture, the specimens will overcome the friction and slip. (2) The linear stage: when the bolt is in intimate contact with the bolt-hole edge, the load is transferred mainly to the specimen through the bolt. Further, steady linear force–displacement curves in this stage are obtained because of uniform and slight damage distribution throughout the specimen. (3) The damage stage continues until the peak force is reached in curves. In these morphologies, we can see significant deformation and bearing damage along the load direction of the bolt-hole edge, such as a mass of interlaminar delamination and initial fiber/matrix cracks. Besides, the damage tends to concentrate on the centerline of the specimens, and no obvious deformation of the hole is observed in the opposite direction of loading. (4) The failure stage: after the peak force, the stress is released and decreases gradually due to fiber/matrix crack, and the force decreases as the increase of displacement in the curves. Overall, compared with the unaged specimens, the aging specimens suffer more severe bearing deformation and interlaminar delamination, as well as the peak force is also lower.

Figure 4 Comparison of the unaged specimen and the aged specimen on (a) the failure morphology and (b) force–displacement curves.
Figure 4

Comparison of the unaged specimen and the aged specimen on (a) the failure morphology and (b) force–displacement curves.

With the help of the DIC system, the strain evolution in the strain of specimens unaged and aged at 25°C and 1 week is shown in Figure 5. Overall, the maximum tensile strain is found clearly in the center region of the specimen below the hole. With the increase of displacement and contact force, the region of maximum tensile strain increases until it reaches the peak force. Compared to the unaged specimen, the bearing strain is more concentrated above the hole, where aged specimens suffer more severe damage and deformation. It is verified by the failure morphologies.

Figure 5 Strain evolution of (a) the unaged specimens and (b) the aged specimen via DIC.
Figure 5

Strain evolution of (a) the unaged specimens and (b) the aged specimen via DIC.

Due to the bolt profile as well as clearance between the bolt and bolt hole, some force–displacement curves will have an inflection point shown in Figure 5(b) between points B and C. Specifically in the tensile tests, the dip angle of bolts and deformation around bolt-hole edge increases with the displacement, as shown in Figure 6. However, the increasing trend of the force in the specimen changes suddenly to decreasing because of the clearance. Subsequently, the specimen and the bolt work together as well as the force in the curve rises again, so an inflection point above is shown clearly.

Figure 6 Comparison of the bolt in both (a) the virgin case and (b) the case after tilting on dip angle.
Figure 6

Comparison of the bolt in both (a) the virgin case and (b) the case after tilting on dip angle.

3.2 Effect of hydrothermal aging on tensile properties of CFRP bolted joints

It is presented meticulously in Figures 7–10 that the experimental results of CFRP bolted joints in a variety of hydrothermal aging conclude the failure morphologies, the force–displacement curves, the peak force, and the strain evolution of 0° direction, respectively. Compared with the aged specimens, the peak force and failure displacement of the unaged ones reach the maximum value of 6.23 kN and the minimum value, respectively. Further, the crucial information on aged specimens, including the peak force and ratio of peak force decline in aged to unaged cases, are listed in Table 1. Whether the aging temperature is at 25°C or 65°C, with the increase of aging time, the peak force and failure displacement increase and decrease, respectively. However, aging time has a limited effect on their peak force, whose decrease at 6 weeks of aging is only twice as great as at 1 week or less. It is worth noting that the peak force of aged specimens for 1 week at 65°C is lower than that for 6 weeks at 25°C, which can be concluded that elevated aging temperatures significantly accelerate degradation of mechanical properties. Besides, their failure mode is all typical bearing failure. It draws a conclusion that aging does not change the failure mode.

Figure 7 Failure morphologies of CFRP bolted joints in a variety of hydrothermal aging.
Figure 7

Failure morphologies of CFRP bolted joints in a variety of hydrothermal aging.

Figure 8 Force–displacement curves of CFRP bolted joints in aging temperature at (a) 25°C and (b) 65°C.
Figure 8

Force–displacement curves of CFRP bolted joints in aging temperature at (a) 25°C and (b) 65°C.

Figure 9 Comparison of CFRP bolted joints in a variety of hydrothermal aging on peak force.
Figure 9

Comparison of CFRP bolted joints in a variety of hydrothermal aging on peak force.

Figure 10 Strain evolution of CFRP bolted joints in a variety of hydrothermal aging.
Figure 10

Strain evolution of CFRP bolted joints in a variety of hydrothermal aging.

Table 1

Crucial information of aged specimens subjected to various hydrothermal aging

1 week 2 weeks 3 weeks 4 weeks 5 weeks 6 weeks
25°C Peak force (kN) 5.55 5.25 5.19 5.00 4.96 4.81
% of peak force decline in aged to unaged cases 10.91 15.73 16.70 19.74 20.39 22.79
65°C Peak force (kN) 4.79 4.67 4.62 4.53 4.22 4.01
% of peak force decline in aged to unaged cases 23.11 25.04 25.84 27.28 32.26 35.63

Further, we observe the failure contour with the help of DIC technology. Overall, the strain contours are little different on the whole because of the bearing failure of all specimens. However, the tensile and bearing strain of aged specimens at 65°C are larger than those of aged specimens at 25°C, which is verified by the strain range. The strain of aged specimens at the same temperature increases marginally as the increment of aging time. In addition, the tensile strain is all concentrated in the center region of the specimen below the hole. Bearing strain concentration around the hole where the failure occurred is consistent with the experimental results.

4 Conclusion

To investigate the effect of aging time and aging temperature on the mechanical behavior of CFRP bolted joints, uniaxial tensile testing is conducted carefully. Further, the typical response history, critical failure morphologies, and the contour of strain evolution are obtained. Based on the experimental results, the following conclusions can be drawn:

  1. In the curve of CFRP bolted joints in a variety of hydrothermal aging, the overall trend can be categorized into the slip, linear, damage, and failure stages. Besides, the failure mode is only bearing failure.

  2. Due to the bolt profile and the clearance between the bolt and bolt hole, some force–displacement curves of CFRP bolt joints will have inflection points in tensile tests.

  3. At the same aging temperature, the bearing capacity decreases with the increase of aging time. However, aging time has a limited effect on their peak force, whose decrease at 6 weeks of aging is only twice as great as at 1 week or less.

  4. Compared with the unaged specimen, the peak force of ones at 25°C and 65°C for 6 weeks decreased by 22.79% and 35.63%, respectively. At the same aging time, the peak force of the specimens at 65°C is reduced by a maximum of 16.63% than that at 25°C. Therefore, elevated aging temperatures significantly accelerate the degradation of mechanical properties.

  5. The strain contours are little different overall in a variety of hydrothermal aging because of the bearing failure of all specimens. The strain of aged specimens increases marginally with the increment of aging time and temperature. The tensile strain and bearing strain are, respectively, concentrated below the hole and around the hole, which is consistent with the experimental results.

  1. Funding information: Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (grant number 20202BAB201007), Foundation of Jiangxi Province of China Educational Committee (grant number GJJ201907, GJJ2201503, GJJ211910).

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2023-11-25
Revised: 2023-12-19
Accepted: 2023-12-20
Published Online: 2024-04-13

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2023-0183
Keywords for this article
CFRP; hydrothermal aging; bolted joints; failure mechanism; DIC
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