Startseite Testing the relationship between the technical condition of motorcycle shock absorbers determined on the diagnostic line and their characteristics
Artikel Open Access

Testing the relationship between the technical condition of motorcycle shock absorbers determined on the diagnostic line and their characteristics

  • Krzysztof Podosek EMAIL logo , Marek Jaśkiewicz und Andrzej Zuska
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 16. Mai 2023
Artikel downloaden (PDF)
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill
Manuskript einreichen Informationen für Autor*innen
Open Engineering
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Engineering Band 13 Heft 1

Abstract

The article presents the results of research on the relationship between the technical condition of motorcycle shock absorbers determined on the diagnostic line and their damping characteristics. The basic division of shock absorber tests was characterized, which includes tests of shock absorbers installed in the motorcycle and disassembled, carried out on a test stand made of MTS components. The results of two sets of shock absorbers tested using the EUSAMA and THETA methods, as well as tested on a stand for testing shock absorbers removed from a motorcycle, are discussed. Based on the obtained results, the best method of diagnosing shock absorbers was indicated.

Keywords: shock absorbers; shock absorber test methods; diagnostics and operation of the motorcycle suspension; characteristics of damping; safety of motorcyclists

1 Introduction

The suspension of a motorcycle is a complex mechanism consisting of numerous cooperating and interrelated elements, which include control, guiding, springing, and damping elements. These elements are responsible for the proper contact of the tire with the road surface and the damping of vibrations of the sprung and unsprung masses [1–4]. The main source of vibrations is the uneven road surface, and the most important vibration-absorbing element is the shock absorbers. These are mechanisms with high damping properties and usually with asymmetrical work characteristics. The efficiency of shock absorbers has a large impact on ride comfort (vibration comfort), motorcycle handling, and active safety, which is determined by the correct contact of the tire with the road surface [5–8].

Taking care of the proper contact of the tire with the road surface, shock absorbers affect the proper operation of systems such as ABS. Among the symptoms of the deteriorating technical condition of shock absorbers, one can notice accelerated tire wear, longer braking distances, steering wheel vibrations, and unstable cornering [9–12].

The choice of shock absorbers is a difficult issue due to the conflicting issues of comfort and safety. The conflict lies in the different resonant frequencies of the sprung and unsprung masses of the motorcycle. The first range determines the comfort of riding, and the second determines the safety of riding a motorcycle [13–15]. Although vibration comfort is regulated by standards, the issue itself is still debatable due to its very subjective nature. Drivers have different perceptions of what they find comfortable. And the selection of shock absorbers in terms of safety is also difficult due to the variable excitation of the road surface affecting the motorcycle [16–19].

The operational wear of shock absorbers is a slow and gradual process. Like any other part of a motorcycle, shock absorbers also wear out and well performed technical inspections allow for early detection of damage [20–23]. Damping efficiency can be tested in two ways: testing the shock absorbers installed on the motorcycle and testing the shock absorbers removed from the motorcycle. In the first type, there is a method of free vibrations and forced vibrations. The test results are primarily influenced by the air pressure in the tires, the sprung mass, and the friction force in the suspension [24–27].

2 Test bench

A universal testing module is used to test shock absorbers removed from motorcycles, which includes:

  • electrohydraulic pulsator model 244.12,

  • servo valve model 244.12,

  • hydraulic power system model Silent Flow 505.20,

  • Controller Model 407 control system,

  • mounting system of the tested shock absorbers.

The task of the electrohydraulic pulsator model 244.12 (Figure 1) is to apply a mechanical load to the tested shock absorber. The pulsator enables the measurement of displacement and force [1,7].

Figure 1 Test stand for shock absorbers.
Figure 1

Test stand for shock absorbers.

A universal structure, anchored to the technological plate (1) with an electrohydraulic actuator, was used to fasten the tested elements. During the tests, the cross beam (2) is locked in the upper position. A handle with adjustable length (3) is installed on the beam, to which a force sensor (4) is attached. The test stand allows you to recreate the actual working parameters of shock absorbers in motorcycles. The basic technical parameters of the operation of the pulsator assembly are presented in Table 1 [2,7,28].

Table 1

Basic technical parameters of the pulsator assembly

Technical parameters Values
Piston rod load − 25 kN ÷ 25 kN
Piston rod stroke − 75 mm ÷ 75 mm
The frequency of movements 100 Hz
Output signal voltage range − 10 V ÷ 10 V

The shock absorbers installed in the motorcycle were tested on the Bosch Beissbarth diagnostic line (Figure 2). The line is designed to measure the damping efficiency using two methods: EUSAMA SA640 and THETA SAT690 [1,15,27].

Figure 2 Beissbarth diagnostic line: (a) THETA SAT690 device and (b) EUSAMA SA640 device.
Figure 2

Beissbarth diagnostic line: (a) THETA SAT690 device and (b) EUSAMA SA640 device.

On the diagnostic line, shock absorbers are assessed using the EUSAMA and THETA methods. The technical data of the stands are presented in Table 2 (THETA SAT 690) and Table 3 (EUSAMA SA 640) [1,27].

Table 2

Basic parameters of THETA SAT 690 stand

Technical parameters Values
Maximum axle load 2,200 kg
Station dimensions 800 × 2,350 × 286 mm
Station weight 500 kg
Vibration amplitude 3.5 mm
Vibration frequency 10 Hz
Indication range 0 & ÷ 0.35
Indication accuracy ± 2 %
Engine power 2 × 1.1 kW
Table 3

Basic parameters of the EUSAMA SA 640 stand

Measurement range Values
Adhesion 0 ÷ 24 Hz
przyczepność 0 ÷ 100 %
Maximum axle loads 2,500 kg
Engine power 2 × 2.5 kW
Power 5 × 2.5 mm 2
Power protection 3 × 20 A

The EUSAMA method consists in excitation of a tire wheel to vertical vibrations with an amplitude of 3 mm and a frequency of 25 Hz to zero. The evaluation of the shock absorber damping effectiveness using this method is made based on the index (WE) [4,29].

The adopted evaluation criterion is as follows:

  1. WE = 0 ÷ 19% – poor technical condition of shock absorbers (insufficient damping value),

  2. WE = 20 ÷ 39% – permissible damping value - the shock absorber needs to be checked,

  3. WE = 40 ÷ 59% – good damping value,

  4. WE = 60 ÷ 100% – very good damping value.

Tests of the effectiveness of damping suspension vibrations for light vehicles raise doubts. The Hoffman company proposes a solution to this problem by dividing the vehicles into three groups depending on the weight [30].

Group I – higher class vehicles weighing more than 1,400 kg receive the following assessment criteria presented in Table 4.

Table 4

Group I – vehicles weighing more than 1,400 kg

Indicator value WE Shock absorber condition assessment
0 ÷ 29% Insufficient
30 ÷ 49% Sufficient
50 ÷ 69% Good
70 ÷ 100% Very good

Group II – medium class vehicles weighing from 900 to 1,399 kg receive the following assessment criteria presented in Table 5.

Table 5

Group II – vehicles weighing from 900 to 1,399 kg

Indicator value WE Shock absorber condition assessment
0 ÷ 19% Insufficient
20 ÷ 39% Sufficient
40 ÷ 59% Good
60 ÷ 100% Very good

Group III – light class vehicles weighing less than 899 kg receive the following assessment criteria presented in Table 6.

Table 6

Group III – vehicles weighing less than 899 kg

Indicator value WE Shock absorber condition assessment
0 ÷ 19% Insufficient
20 ÷ 29% Sufficient
30 ÷ 59% Good
60 ÷ 100% Very good

In the case of testing motorcycles using the EUSAMA method, the shock absorber assessment criterion for group III was adopted.

THETA method uses forced vibrations to assess the damping properties of shock absorbers. The engine in the test stand, accelerated to a rotational speed, causes vertical vibrations of the overrun plate with a frequency of 10 Hz, and then the drive is turned off, which contributes to the free coasting of vibrations of the stand. The assessment of the damping effectiveness of shock absorbers with this method is made based on the dimensionless vibration coefficient ( D ) [1,31].

3 Course of research

The subject of the tests were two sets of motorcycle shock absorbers for the Yamaha Virago XV 125 motorcycle:

  • oil plugs factory-installed in a Yamaha motorcycle with a mileage of 35,000 kilometers (Figure 3(a)),

  • oil – by YSS Suspension (Figure 3(b)).

Selected new shock absorbers are dedicated as replacements for the factory shock absorbers found in the Yamaha Virago 125 motorcycle, in accordance with the guidelines provided on the manufacturer’s website [20,32].

Figure 3 View of the tested elements: (a) shock absorber and spring assembly factory-installed in the vehicle and (b) YSS suspension shock absorber and spring assembly.
Figure 3

View of the tested elements: (a) shock absorber and spring assembly factory-installed in the vehicle and (b) YSS suspension shock absorber and spring assembly.

The shock absorbers were first tested on the Bosch Beissbarth diagnostic line, and then they were removed from the motorcycle to check their damping effectiveness on a test stand built based on MTS components. The diagnostic line was equipped with stands for testing the suspension control of the axle operating based on the EUSAMA and THETA methods.

Considering the disadvantages of the EUSAMA method, which includes, among others, the impact of tire pressure and the sprung mass of the tested motorcycle on the shock absorber effectiveness evaluation results, before each measurement, the tire weight and pressure were controlled. The weight of the motorcycle taking part in the tests with the driver was 220 kg (150 kg curb weight of the motorcycle plus the driver’s weight of 70 kg), while the air pressure in the front and rear tires was 0.17 and 0.2 MPa, respectively.

At the stand for the identification of the damping coefficient (built based on MTS components), shock absorbers dismounted from the motorcycle and previously tested on the diagnostic line were tested. Their purpose was to determine the work diagrams, based on which the damping characteristics were prepared, and then the damping coefficients of the shock absorbers were determined, which are the direction coefficients of the regression line of the linear characteristic. The shock absorbers were tested with a constant stroke of 20 mm and a variable excitation velocity of 0.2 to 0.8 m/s.

4 Analysis of test results

The article presents exemplary results of testing shock absorbers installed in a motorcycle and exemplary results for bench tests of shock absorbers removed from a motorcycle.

Figure 4 presents a research motorcycle prepared for the suspension test on the Bosch Beissbarth diagnostic line.

Figure 4 The motorcycle before the suspension test on the Bosch Beissbarth diagnostic line.
Figure 4

The motorcycle before the suspension test on the Bosch Beissbarth diagnostic line.

The results of the shock absorber damping effectiveness tests using the EUSAMA and THETA methods are shown in Figures 5 and 6. Graphs of the vibration waveforms obtained on the diagnostic line using the EUSAMA and THETA methods are shown in Figures 7 and 8. Figure 9 shows the graphs of the adhesion test of the suspension test using the EUSAMA method for two types of shock absorbers.

Figure 5 Test result of oil shock absorbers factory-installed in a motorcycle using the method: (a) EUSAMA and (b) THETA.
Figure 5

Test result of oil shock absorbers factory-installed in a motorcycle using the method: (a) EUSAMA and (b) THETA.

Figure 6 Test result of new oil shock absorbers installed in a motorcycle using the method: (a) EUSAMA and (b) THETA.
Figure 6

Test result of new oil shock absorbers installed in a motorcycle using the method: (a) EUSAMA and (b) THETA.

Figure 7 Suspension vibration diagram for a motorcycle with factory-installed oil shock absorbers, tested using the method: (a) EUSAMA and (b) THETA.
Figure 7

Suspension vibration diagram for a motorcycle with factory-installed oil shock absorbers, tested using the method: (a) EUSAMA and (b) THETA.

Figure 8 Suspension vibration diagram for a motorcycle with new oil shock absorbers, tested using the method: (a) EUSAMA and (b) THETA.
Figure 8

Suspension vibration diagram for a motorcycle with new oil shock absorbers, tested using the method: (a) EUSAMA and (b) THETA.

Figure 9 Graph of the course of adhesion during the suspension test: (a) factory YAMAHA shock absorbers and (b) new YSS Suspension shock absorbers.
Figure 9

Graph of the course of adhesion during the suspension test: (a) factory YAMAHA shock absorbers and (b) new YSS Suspension shock absorbers.

Figure 10 shows the operating characteristics of oil shock absorbers. Based on which the damping characteristics presented in Figures 11 and 12 were prepared. They show the dependence of the maximum damping forces as a function of the maximum velocities.

Figure 10 Diagrams of operation of oil shock absorbers: (a) factory YAMAHA shock absorbers, (b) new YSS Suspension shock absorbers.
Figure 10

Diagrams of operation of oil shock absorbers: (a) factory YAMAHA shock absorbers, (b) new YSS Suspension shock absorbers.

Figure 11 Characteristics of oil shock absorbers factory-installed in the motorcycle.
Figure 11

Characteristics of oil shock absorbers factory-installed in the motorcycle.

Figure 12 Characteristics of the new shock absorbers installed in the motorcycle.
Figure 12

Characteristics of the new shock absorbers installed in the motorcycle.

5 Evaluation of test results

The methods of testing shock absorbers installed in the vehicle do not eliminate the impact of the condition of the wheel suspension and tire stiffness on the result of the technical condition of the shock absorber. The tests of shock absorbers removed from the motorcycle were carried out on a test bench made of MTS components. Each of the tested shock absorbers has a degressive damping characteristic. Based on the damping characteristics, it is possible to assess whether the shock absorber has leaks and whether there are oil shortages.

The results of tests using the EUSAMA and THETA methods showed positive results in all cases. Adhesion for all shock absorbers tested is in the range of 36–39%. According to the EUSAMA index, the tested shock absorbers have good damping characteristics for vehicles weighing less than 899 kg. The dimensionless THETA coefficient for all performed tests is equal to 0.30.

The resistance coefficient of the shock absorbers during the compression movement should be lower than the resistance coefficient during the decompression movement. Among the tested shock absorbers, all shock absorbers have such a relationship.

Table 7 presents the results of the maximum values of prestressing and relieving forces obtained during the testing of individual shock absorbers.

Table 7

Summary of maximum compression and relaxation forces

Section Maximum (kN) Maximum (kN)
Types of shock absorbers Unwinding force Prestressing force
YAMAHA 1.06 0.09
YSS suspension 1.96 0.27

It is important to note the results of the shock absorbers installed as standard on the production line. Even though the motorcycle has covered 35,000 km during their lifetime, the results obtained using the EUSAMA and THETA methods are not significantly different from new shock absorbers.

Shock absorbers installed as standard on the production line obtained lower maximum values of the unwinding and compressing forces in relation to the new shock absorbers. This may be because the shock absorbers have been operated for a long time (they were significantly worn out). Even though during the movement of compression and decompression they pose less resistance, they are still suitable for further operation. Based on the results presented in Table 7, the stress-relieving force obtains higher values than the prestressing force. For oil shock absorbers normally installed on the production line, this value is 11 times higher. In the case of new shock absorbers, this value is over 7 times higher.

6 Summary

The condition of the shock absorbers has a decisive impact on the behavior of the motorcycle while driving, and affects the durability of the suspension components, motorcycle structure, and tires. Shock absorber failures are noticeable while riding a motorcycle, in the form of:

  • too slow damping of vibrations after driving over uneven roads,

  • insufficient grip of the wheels with the road surface,

  • extended braking distance,

  • increasing vibrations of the motorcycle structure while driving on uneven roads.

Shock absorbers are subject to wear and tear over time. Manufacturers recommend replacing them, e.g., after driving a certain mileage.

During the periodic examination of motorcycles at diagnostic stations, most often no method of testing shock absorbers is used. Bench tests are performed mainly by companies producing shock absorbers to introduce new shock absorbers to the market and during the complaint of a damaged shock absorber. Testing the shock absorbers removed from the motorcycle involves an extended test time as opposed to nondisassembly tests, which could take several minutes as in the case of tests for motor vehicles.

The assessment of the technical condition of the shock absorbers installed in the motorcycle using the EUSAMA and THETA methods should be treated as illustrative. The tests of shock absorbers removed from the motorcycle are more accurate, because they eliminate the influence of the wheel suspension and tire stiffness on the assessment result. Such tests are much more expensive than tests on the diagnostic line, and more laborious.

By examining the shock absorbers on the diagnostic line and on the test stand equipped with MTS subsystems, it was found that the new YSS Suspension shock absorbers received the best results. However, the results of oil shock absorbers, which are standard equipment of the motorcycle, are surprising. Even though during their operation the motorcycle covered 35,000 km, the obtained results indicate good damping efficiency. Bench tests confirmed no damage to the shock absorbers. The shock absorbers have the same degree of wear, characterized by a low value of the maximum compression and release force obtained. Even though the oil shock absorbers normally installed on the production line are corroded and work for such a long period, they are still suitable for further use, as evidenced by the positive result of the assessment made using the THETA and EUSAMA methods.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Jaśkiewicz M, Lisiecki J, Lisiecki S, Pokropiński E, Wieckowski D. Facility for performance testing of power transmission units. Scientific J Maritime Univ Szczecin. 2015;42(114):14–25. Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Reimpell J, Stoll H, Betzler J. The automotive chassis engineering principles. Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, Butterworth - Heinemann; 2001. Suche in Google Scholar

[3] Barta D, Dižo J, Blatnický M, Molnár D. Experimental research of vibrational properties of a single-axle trailer when crossing an individual road obstacle. Mech Eng. 2022;72(3):19–26. 10.2478/scjme-2022-0036. Suche in Google Scholar

[4] Kohút P, Macurová L, Rédl M, Ballay M. Application of rectification method for processing of documentation from the place of road accident. Archives Automotive Eng. 2020;88(2):37–46. 10.14669/AM.VOL88.ART3. Suche in Google Scholar

[5] Hudec J, Šarkan B, Caban J, Stopka O. The impact of driving schools’ training on fatal traffic accidents in the Slovak Republic. Zeszyty Naukowe - Transport. 2021;110:45–57. 10.20858/sjsutst.2021.110.4. Suche in Google Scholar

[6] Dobaj K. Simulation analysis of the EUSAMA Plus suspension testing method including the impact of the vehicle untested side. Materials Sci Eng. 2016;148(1):12–34. 10.1088/1757-899X/148/1/012034. Suche in Google Scholar

[7] Jelonek M, Pieniążek W. Badania stanowiskowe amortyzatorów w stanach awaryjnych. Czasopismo Techniczne - Mechanika. 2008;105:49–54. Suche in Google Scholar

[8] Sharp RS. The influence of the suspension system on motorcycle weave-mode oscillations. Vehicle Syst Dynam. 1976;5(3):147–54. 10.1080/00423117608968410. Suche in Google Scholar

[9] Barta D, Dižo J, Blatnický M, Vaňko J. Experimental investigation of the motorcycle braking properties when riding on different road surfaces. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng. 2020;1002:1–11. 10.1088/1757-899X/1002/1/012030. Suche in Google Scholar

[10] Julaluk C, Saiprasit K, Wasif H. Analysis of rider and child pillion passenger kinematics along with injury mechanisms during motorcycle crash. Traffic Injury Prevention. 2019;20:S13–20. 10.1080/15389588.2019.1616180. Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[11] Jurecki R, Jaśkiewicz M, Wdowski T. Testing the influence of car load and pressure in tyres on the value of damping of shock absorbers specified with the use of the EUSAMA method. Diagnostyka. 2014;15(3):45–50. Suche in Google Scholar

[12] Zuska A, Stańczyk TL. Analysis of the impact of selected anthropometric parameters on the propagation of vertical vibration in the body of a seated person (driver). J Vibroeng. 2015;17(7):3936–48. Suche in Google Scholar

[13] Drozd K, Tarkowski S, Caban J, Nieoczym A, Vrábel J, Krzysiak Z. Analysis of truck tractor tire damage in the context of the study of road accident causes. Appl Sci. 2022;12(23):1–15. 10.3390/app122312333. Suche in Google Scholar

[14] Caban J, Droździel P, Stoma M, Dudziak A, Vrabel J, Stopka O. Road Traffic Safety in Poland, Slovakia and Czech Republic - Statistic Analysis. 2020 XII International Science-Technical Conference AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY. Kielce: Poland; 2020. p. 1–7. 10.1109/AUTOMOTIVESAFETY47494.2020.9293507. Suche in Google Scholar

[15] Konieczny Ł, Burdzik R, Warczek J. Determinations of shock absorber dumping characteristics taking stroke value into consideration account. Diagnostyka. 2010;3(55):51–4. Suche in Google Scholar

[16] Guzek M, Zdanowicz P. Diagnostics of the on-vehicle shock absorber testing. Commun Scientif Letters Univ Zilina. 2021;23(3):B178–86. 10.26552/com.C.2021.3.B178-B186Suche in Google Scholar

[17] Beghi A, Liberati M, Mezzalira S, Peron S. Grey-box modeling of a motorcycle shock absorber for virtual prototyping applications. Simulation Modell Practice Theory. 2007;15(8):894–907. 10.1016/j.simpat.2007.04.011. Suche in Google Scholar

[18] Faraj R, Graczykowski C, Holnicki-Szulc J. Adaptable pneumatic shock absorber. J Vibrat Control. 2019;25(3):711–21. 10.1177/1077546318795532. Suche in Google Scholar

[19] Guzek M, Zdanowicz P. Effects of using various methods for car shock absorbers diagnostic tests. Archives Automotive Eng. 2020;88(2):99–108. 10.14669/AM.VOL88.ART7. Suche in Google Scholar

[20] Colombo T, Delvecchio D, Savaresi S. Fork elongation estimation in a motorcycle suspension via Kalman-filter techniques for semi-active end-stop avoidance control. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2017;50(1):3738–43. 10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.572. Suche in Google Scholar

[21] Beghi A, Liberati M, Mezzalira S, Peron S. Grey-box modeling of a motorcycle shock absorber for virtual prototyping applications. Simulat Modell Practice Theory. 2007;15(8):894–907. 10.1016/j.simpat.2007.04.011. Suche in Google Scholar

[22] Spelta C, Savaresi SM, Fabbri L. Experimental analysis of a motorcycle semi-active rear suspension. Control Eng Practice. 2010;18(11):1239–50. 10.1016/j.conengprac.2010.02.006. Suche in Google Scholar

[23] Zuska A, Wieckowsk D, Frej D. A comparative study of vehicle absorbers. 2018 XI International Science-Technical Conference Automotive Safety. Casta - Papiernicka, Sloviaka; 2018. p. 1–6. 10.1109/AUTOSAFE.2018.8373350. Suche in Google Scholar

[24] Błażejewski A, Jedrzejczyk S. Stanowisko do badania elementów zawieszenia pojazdów jednośladowych. Technika Transportu Szynowego. 2015;22(12):163–7. Suche in Google Scholar

[25] Dzierżek S, Knapczyk M, Maniowski M. Extending passive pampers functionality for specific ride and handling requirements. Czasopismo Techniczne - Mechanika. 2008;6:39–47. Suche in Google Scholar

[26] Kupiec J, Ślaski G. Mistakes in evaluating damping ability of shock absorbers in testing with use of EUSAMA method. Diagnostyka. 2004;30(1):301–4. Suche in Google Scholar

[27] Lozia Z. Assessment of the usability of the EUSAMA and the phase angle method in examining the condition of shock absorbers installed in a vehicle. WUT J Transport Eng. 2021;132:61–79. 10.5604/01.3001.0015.2778. Suche in Google Scholar

[28] Podosek K, Šarić Ž, Zuska A. Test bench for the assessment of vibrations occurring in motorcycles. Archives Automotive Eng. 2022;95(1):65–78. 10.14669/AM.VOL95.ART5. Suche in Google Scholar

[29] Ferdek U, Łuczko J. A comparative analysis of mono-tube shock absorbers with different valve systems. In: AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 2239. AIP Publishing LLC; 2020. p. 1. 10.1063/5.0007803. Suche in Google Scholar

[30] Gardulski J. Metody badań amortyzatorów samochodów osobowych. Diagnostyka. 2009;3(59):93–100. Suche in Google Scholar

[31] Gardulski J. Testing methods for vehicle shock absorbers. Institute Aviation J Kones. 2008;15(2):77–88. Suche in Google Scholar

[32] www.suspension-store.com (Access date: 12.09.2022). 10.2307/j.ctv2vr9c80.10Suche in Google Scholar
Received: 2022-12-01
Revised: 2023-03-23
Accepted: 2023-03-30
Published Online: 2023-05-16

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Design optimization of a 4-bar exoskeleton with natural trajectories using unique gait-based synthesis approach
  3. Technical review of supervised machine learning studies and potential implementation to identify herbal plant dataset
  4. Effect of ECAP die angle and route type on the experimental evolution, crystallographic texture, and mechanical properties of pure magnesium
  5. Design and characteristics of two-dimensional piezoelectric nanogenerators
  6. Hybrid and cognitive digital twins for the process industry
  7. Discharge predicted in compound channels using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)
  8. Human factors in aviation: Fatigue management in ramp workers
  9. LLDPE matrix with LDPE and UV stabilizer additive to evaluate the interface adhesion impact on the thermal and mechanical degradation
  10. Dislocated time sequences – deep neural network for broken bearing diagnosis
  11. Estimation method of corrosion current density of RC elements
  12. A computational iterative design method for bend-twist deformation in composite ship propeller blades for thrusters
  13. Compressive forces influence on the vibrations of double beams
  14. Research on dynamical properties of a three-wheeled electric vehicle from the point of view of driving safety
  15. Risk management based on the best value approach and its application in conditions of the Czech Republic
  16. Effect of openings on simply supported reinforced concrete skew slabs using finite element method
  17. Experimental and simulation study on a rooftop vertical-axis wind turbine
  18. Rehabilitation of overload-damaged reinforced concrete columns using ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
  19. Performance of a horizontal well in a bounded anisotropic reservoir: Part II: Performance analysis of well length and reservoir geometry
  20. Effect of chloride concentration on the corrosion resistance of pure Zn metal in a 0.0626 M H2SO4 solution
  21. Numerical and experimental analysis of the heat transfer process in a railway disc brake tested on a dynamometer stand
  22. Design parameters and mechanical efficiency of jet wind turbine under high wind speed conditions
  23. Architectural modeling of data warehouse and analytic business intelligence for Bedstead manufacturers
  24. Influence of nano chromium addition on the corrosion and erosion–corrosion behavior of cupronickel 70/30 alloy in seawater
  25. Evaluating hydraulic parameters in clays based on in situ tests
  26. Optimization of railway entry and exit transition curves
  27. Daily load curve prediction for Jordan based on statistical techniques
  28. Review Articles
  29. A review of rutting in asphalt concrete pavement
  30. Powered education based on Metaverse: Pre- and post-COVID comprehensive review
  31. A review of safety test methods for new car assessment program in Southeast Asian countries
  32. Communication
  33. StarCrete: A starch-based biocomposite for off-world construction
  34. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part I
  35. Analysis and assessment of the human factor as a cause of occurrence of selected railway accidents and incidents
  36. Testing the way of driving a vehicle in real road conditions
  37. Research of dynamic phenomena in a model engine stand
  38. Testing the relationship between the technical condition of motorcycle shock absorbers determined on the diagnostic line and their characteristics
  39. Retrospective analysis of the data concerning inspections of vehicles with adaptive devices
  40. Analysis of the operating parameters of electric, hybrid, and conventional vehicles on different types of roads
  41. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part II
  42. Influence of a thin dielectric layer on resonance frequencies of square SRR metasurface operating in THz band
  43. Influence of the presence of a nitrided layer on changes in the ultrasonic wave parameters
  44. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part III
  45. Reverse droop control strategy with virtual resistance for low-voltage microgrid with multiple distributed generation sources
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part II
  47. Waste ceramic as partial replacement for sand in integral waterproof concrete: The durability against sulfate attack of certain properties
  48. Assessment of Manning coefficient for Dujila Canal, Wasit/-Iraq
  49. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part I
  50. Modulation and performance of synchronous demodulation for speech signal detection and dialect intelligibility
  51. Seismic evaluation cylindrical concrete shells
  52. Investigating the role of different stabilizers of PVCs by using a torque rheometer
  53. Investigation of high-turbidity tap water problem in Najaf governorate/middle of Iraq
  54. Experimental and numerical evaluation of tire rubber powder effectiveness for reducing seepage rate in earth dams
  55. Enhancement of air conditioning system using direct evaporative cooling: Experimental and theoretical investigation
  56. Assessment for behavior of axially loaded reinforced concrete columns strengthened by different patterns of steel-framed jacket
  57. Novel graph for an appropriate cross section and length for cantilever RC beams
  58. Discharge coefficient and energy dissipation on stepped weir
  59. Numerical study of the fluid flow and heat transfer in a finned heat sink using Ansys Icepak
  60. Integration of numerical models to simulate 2D hydrodynamic/water quality model of contaminant concentration in Shatt Al-Arab River with WRDB calibration tools
  61. Study of the behavior of reactive powder concrete RC deep beams by strengthening shear using near-surface mounted CFRP bars
  62. The nonlinear analysis of reactive powder concrete effectiveness in shear for reinforced concrete deep beams
  63. Activated carbon from sugarcane as an efficient adsorbent for phenol from petroleum refinery wastewater: Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic study
  64. Structural behavior of concrete filled double-skin PVC tubular columns confined by plain PVC sockets
  65. Probabilistic derivation of droplet velocity using quadrature method of moments
  66. A study of characteristics of man-made lightweight aggregate and lightweight concrete made from expanded polystyrene (eps) and cement mortar
  67. Effect of waste materials on soil properties
  68. Experimental investigation of electrode wear assessment in the EDM process using image processing technique
  69. Punching shear of reinforced concrete slabs bonded with reactive powder after exposure to fire
  70. Deep learning model for intrusion detection system utilizing convolution neural network
  71. Improvement of CBR of gypsum subgrade soil by cement kiln dust and granulated blast-furnace slag
  72. Investigation of effect lengths and angles of the control devices below the hydraulic structure
  73. Finite element analysis for built-up steel beam with extended plate connected by bolts
  74. Finite element analysis and retrofit of the existing reinforced concrete columns in Iraqi schools by using CFRP as confining technique
  75. Performing laboratory study of the behavior of reactive powder concrete on the shear of RC deep beams by the drilling core test
  76. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part I
  77. Depletion zones of groundwater resources in the Southwest Desert of Iraq
  78. A case study of T-beams with hybrid section shear characteristics of reactive powder concrete
  79. Feasibility studies and their effects on the success or failure of investment projects. “Najaf governorate as a model”
  80. Optimizing and coordinating the location of raw material suitable for cement manufacturing in Wasit Governorate, Iraq
  81. Effect of the 40-PPI copper foam layer height on the solar cooker performance
  82. Identification and investigation of corrosion behavior of electroless composite coating on steel substrate
  83. Improvement in the California bearing ratio of subbase soil by recycled asphalt pavement and cement
  84. Some properties of thermal insulating cement mortar using Ponza aggregate
  85. Assessment of the impacts of land use/land cover change on water resources in the Diyala River, Iraq
  86. Effect of varied waste concrete ratios on the mechanical properties of polymer concrete
  87. Effect of adverse slope on performance of USBR II stilling basin
  88. Shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams with recycled steel fibers
  89. Extracting oil from oil shale using internal distillation (in situ retorting)
  90. Influence of recycling waste hardened mortar and ceramic rubbish on the properties of flowable fill material
  91. Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete deep beams by near-surface-mounted steel reinforcement
  92. Impact of waste materials (glass powder and silica fume) on features of high-strength concrete
  93. Studying pandemic effects and mitigation measures on management of construction projects: Najaf City as a case study
  94. Design and implementation of a frequency reconfigurable antenna using PIN switch for sub-6 GHz applications
  95. Average monthly recharge, surface runoff, and actual evapotranspiration estimation using WetSpass-M model in Low Folded Zone, Iraq
  96. Simple function to find base pressure under triangular and trapezoidal footing with two eccentric loads
  97. Assessment of ALINEA method performance at different loop detector locations using field data and micro-simulation modeling via AIMSUN
  98. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part I
  99. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the structural behavior of reinforced glulam wooden members by NSM steel bars and shear reinforcement CFRP sheet
  100. Improving the fatigue life of composite by using multiwall carbon nanotubes
  101. A comparative study to solve fractional initial value problems in discrete domain
  102. Assessing strength properties of stabilized soils using dynamic cone penetrometer test
  103. Investigating traffic characteristics for merging sections in Iraq
  104. Enhancement of flexural behavior of hybrid flat slab by using SIFCON
  105. The main impacts of a managed aquifer recharge using AHP-weighted overlay analysis based on GIS in the eastern Wasit province, Iraq
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0435
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
shock absorbers; shock absorber test methods; diagnostics and operation of the motorcycle suspension; characteristics of damping; safety of motorcyclists
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Design optimization of a 4-bar exoskeleton with natural trajectories using unique gait-based synthesis approach
  3. Technical review of supervised machine learning studies and potential implementation to identify herbal plant dataset
  4. Effect of ECAP die angle and route type on the experimental evolution, crystallographic texture, and mechanical properties of pure magnesium
  5. Design and characteristics of two-dimensional piezoelectric nanogenerators
  6. Hybrid and cognitive digital twins for the process industry
  7. Discharge predicted in compound channels using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)
  8. Human factors in aviation: Fatigue management in ramp workers
  9. LLDPE matrix with LDPE and UV stabilizer additive to evaluate the interface adhesion impact on the thermal and mechanical degradation
  10. Dislocated time sequences – deep neural network for broken bearing diagnosis
  11. Estimation method of corrosion current density of RC elements
  12. A computational iterative design method for bend-twist deformation in composite ship propeller blades for thrusters
  13. Compressive forces influence on the vibrations of double beams
  14. Research on dynamical properties of a three-wheeled electric vehicle from the point of view of driving safety
  15. Risk management based on the best value approach and its application in conditions of the Czech Republic
  16. Effect of openings on simply supported reinforced concrete skew slabs using finite element method
  17. Experimental and simulation study on a rooftop vertical-axis wind turbine
  18. Rehabilitation of overload-damaged reinforced concrete columns using ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
  19. Performance of a horizontal well in a bounded anisotropic reservoir: Part II: Performance analysis of well length and reservoir geometry
  20. Effect of chloride concentration on the corrosion resistance of pure Zn metal in a 0.0626 M H2SO4 solution
  21. Numerical and experimental analysis of the heat transfer process in a railway disc brake tested on a dynamometer stand
  22. Design parameters and mechanical efficiency of jet wind turbine under high wind speed conditions
  23. Architectural modeling of data warehouse and analytic business intelligence for Bedstead manufacturers
  24. Influence of nano chromium addition on the corrosion and erosion–corrosion behavior of cupronickel 70/30 alloy in seawater
  25. Evaluating hydraulic parameters in clays based on in situ tests
  26. Optimization of railway entry and exit transition curves
  27. Daily load curve prediction for Jordan based on statistical techniques
  28. Review Articles
  29. A review of rutting in asphalt concrete pavement
  30. Powered education based on Metaverse: Pre- and post-COVID comprehensive review
  31. A review of safety test methods for new car assessment program in Southeast Asian countries
  32. Communication
  33. StarCrete: A starch-based biocomposite for off-world construction
  34. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part I
  35. Analysis and assessment of the human factor as a cause of occurrence of selected railway accidents and incidents
  36. Testing the way of driving a vehicle in real road conditions
  37. Research of dynamic phenomena in a model engine stand
  38. Testing the relationship between the technical condition of motorcycle shock absorbers determined on the diagnostic line and their characteristics
  39. Retrospective analysis of the data concerning inspections of vehicles with adaptive devices
  40. Analysis of the operating parameters of electric, hybrid, and conventional vehicles on different types of roads
  41. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part II
  42. Influence of a thin dielectric layer on resonance frequencies of square SRR metasurface operating in THz band
  43. Influence of the presence of a nitrided layer on changes in the ultrasonic wave parameters
  44. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part III
  45. Reverse droop control strategy with virtual resistance for low-voltage microgrid with multiple distributed generation sources
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part II
  47. Waste ceramic as partial replacement for sand in integral waterproof concrete: The durability against sulfate attack of certain properties
  48. Assessment of Manning coefficient for Dujila Canal, Wasit/-Iraq
  49. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part I
  50. Modulation and performance of synchronous demodulation for speech signal detection and dialect intelligibility
  51. Seismic evaluation cylindrical concrete shells
  52. Investigating the role of different stabilizers of PVCs by using a torque rheometer
  53. Investigation of high-turbidity tap water problem in Najaf governorate/middle of Iraq
  54. Experimental and numerical evaluation of tire rubber powder effectiveness for reducing seepage rate in earth dams
  55. Enhancement of air conditioning system using direct evaporative cooling: Experimental and theoretical investigation
  56. Assessment for behavior of axially loaded reinforced concrete columns strengthened by different patterns of steel-framed jacket
  57. Novel graph for an appropriate cross section and length for cantilever RC beams
  58. Discharge coefficient and energy dissipation on stepped weir
  59. Numerical study of the fluid flow and heat transfer in a finned heat sink using Ansys Icepak
  60. Integration of numerical models to simulate 2D hydrodynamic/water quality model of contaminant concentration in Shatt Al-Arab River with WRDB calibration tools
  61. Study of the behavior of reactive powder concrete RC deep beams by strengthening shear using near-surface mounted CFRP bars
  62. The nonlinear analysis of reactive powder concrete effectiveness in shear for reinforced concrete deep beams
  63. Activated carbon from sugarcane as an efficient adsorbent for phenol from petroleum refinery wastewater: Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic study
  64. Structural behavior of concrete filled double-skin PVC tubular columns confined by plain PVC sockets
  65. Probabilistic derivation of droplet velocity using quadrature method of moments
  66. A study of characteristics of man-made lightweight aggregate and lightweight concrete made from expanded polystyrene (eps) and cement mortar
  67. Effect of waste materials on soil properties
  68. Experimental investigation of electrode wear assessment in the EDM process using image processing technique
  69. Punching shear of reinforced concrete slabs bonded with reactive powder after exposure to fire
  70. Deep learning model for intrusion detection system utilizing convolution neural network
  71. Improvement of CBR of gypsum subgrade soil by cement kiln dust and granulated blast-furnace slag
  72. Investigation of effect lengths and angles of the control devices below the hydraulic structure
  73. Finite element analysis for built-up steel beam with extended plate connected by bolts
  74. Finite element analysis and retrofit of the existing reinforced concrete columns in Iraqi schools by using CFRP as confining technique
  75. Performing laboratory study of the behavior of reactive powder concrete on the shear of RC deep beams by the drilling core test
  76. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part I
  77. Depletion zones of groundwater resources in the Southwest Desert of Iraq
  78. A case study of T-beams with hybrid section shear characteristics of reactive powder concrete
  79. Feasibility studies and their effects on the success or failure of investment projects. “Najaf governorate as a model”
  80. Optimizing and coordinating the location of raw material suitable for cement manufacturing in Wasit Governorate, Iraq
  81. Effect of the 40-PPI copper foam layer height on the solar cooker performance
  82. Identification and investigation of corrosion behavior of electroless composite coating on steel substrate
  83. Improvement in the California bearing ratio of subbase soil by recycled asphalt pavement and cement
  84. Some properties of thermal insulating cement mortar using Ponza aggregate
  85. Assessment of the impacts of land use/land cover change on water resources in the Diyala River, Iraq
  86. Effect of varied waste concrete ratios on the mechanical properties of polymer concrete
  87. Effect of adverse slope on performance of USBR II stilling basin
  88. Shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams with recycled steel fibers
  89. Extracting oil from oil shale using internal distillation (in situ retorting)
  90. Influence of recycling waste hardened mortar and ceramic rubbish on the properties of flowable fill material
  91. Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete deep beams by near-surface-mounted steel reinforcement
  92. Impact of waste materials (glass powder and silica fume) on features of high-strength concrete
  93. Studying pandemic effects and mitigation measures on management of construction projects: Najaf City as a case study
  94. Design and implementation of a frequency reconfigurable antenna using PIN switch for sub-6 GHz applications
  95. Average monthly recharge, surface runoff, and actual evapotranspiration estimation using WetSpass-M model in Low Folded Zone, Iraq
  96. Simple function to find base pressure under triangular and trapezoidal footing with two eccentric loads
  97. Assessment of ALINEA method performance at different loop detector locations using field data and micro-simulation modeling via AIMSUN
  98. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part I
  99. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the structural behavior of reinforced glulam wooden members by NSM steel bars and shear reinforcement CFRP sheet
  100. Improving the fatigue life of composite by using multiwall carbon nanotubes
  101. A comparative study to solve fractional initial value problems in discrete domain
  102. Assessing strength properties of stabilized soils using dynamic cone penetrometer test
  103. Investigating traffic characteristics for merging sections in Iraq
  104. Enhancement of flexural behavior of hybrid flat slab by using SIFCON
  105. The main impacts of a managed aquifer recharge using AHP-weighted overlay analysis based on GIS in the eastern Wasit province, Iraq
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 6.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2022-0435/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen