Home Technology Design and implementation of a frequency reconfigurable antenna using PIN switch for sub-6 GHz applications
Article Open Access

Design and implementation of a frequency reconfigurable antenna using PIN switch for sub-6 GHz applications

  • Akram Jabbar Abdulhussein EMAIL logo , Malik Jasim Farhan and Ghusoon M. Ali
Published/Copyright: November 7, 2023
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

The future of 5G New Radio development has many significant concerns. We present and investigate a frequency-reconfigurable antenna based on a PIN diode to overcome the working frequency band issue. The dimensions are 30 mm × 20 mm × 1.6 mm, built on material substrate (FR-4) with a relative permittivity of ε r = 4.4. Two switches allow frequency reconfiguration in the antenna, giving us three operation modes. The design in mode 1 (SW1 = Off and SW2 = Off) covers a 4.6 GHz band. The proposed design in mode 2 resonated at 2.7 and 4.8 GHz (SW1 = On, SW2 = Off or SW1 = Off, SW2 = On), while the design in mode 3 operated at 3.6 GHz (SW1 = On, SW2 = On). Before fabrication, the proposed design is simulated by the Computer Simulation Technology microwave studio software. The presentation and discussion of the radiated pattern and S parameter demonstrate the practicability of the proposed design. The design module’s dimensions and performance are both precisely appropriate. The results indicate a good agreement between both simulation and experimental findings.

Keyword: reconfigurable antenna; sub-6 GHz 5G applications

1 Introduction

The 5G mobile network, which uses the band of sub-6 GHz, promises to increase network capacity while delivering faster and more dependable communication services. Due to their adjustable frequency selectivity, reconfigurable antennas are essential for wireless applications and electronic surveillance [1].

Key benefits of fractal antennas include their small dimension, compliance with impedance, excellent directivity, and broadband and multiband responses [2,3]. Antenna researchers can employ a range of reconfiguration strategies when creating reconfigurable antennas. However, the complexity of these designs is another factor to be considered. Complexity increases dramatically in unwanted loss and costs [1]. Some strategies have been implemented to simplify any reconfigurable antenna system while retaining reliability [4–9]. Most of these methods are based on using different techniques or models.

This is already widely recognized in other academic domains [10]. Antenna designers are faced with challenging questions in designing reconfigurable antennas. The design procedure should consider many parameters, such as achieving an effective gain with an excellent impedance match and stable radiation. The reconfiguration property and method must be chosen at the start of the design procedure for constructing a reconfigurable antenna. A reconfigurable antenna can have four reconfiguration properties. An antenna may be able to alter its operating frequency, radiation pattern, polarization, or any combination of these characteristics [10,11].

Many antenna research groups studied reconfigurable antennas, Jin et al. [12] demonstrated WLAN and sub-6 GHz 5G applications, and a reconfigurable antenna with differential frequency was presented. These antennas can operate in single or dual-band modes depending on the switch state. To achieve reconfiguration, a lumped element switch is used. Ullah et al. [13] demonstrated a reconfigurable antenna with pattern reconfiguration for 5G sub-6 GHz bands that operate in three modes across multiple frequency bands (3.1, 3.8, and 4.1 GHz), X-Band Satellite (7.8 and 9.5 GHz), and WiFi (2.45 GHz). Four PIN diodes are used to execute frequency reconfiguration of the antenna, and two diodes are placed in the hexagon’s radiating area. In contrast, the other two PIN diodes are connected to the ground’s inverted L-shape and conventional coplanar waveguide.

Khan et al. [14] showed how defective ground construction affected several antenna parameters. A cavity-backed slot antenna reconfigured in terms of frequency, radiation pattern, and polarization was reported by Ge et al. [15]. Reconfigurability is achieved by electronically changing the state of switches between two crossed slots carved on the surfaces of a substrate-integrated waveguide cavity. For linear polarization states, tuning occurs between three frequency bands, and two frequency bands for circular polarization states. In another paper [16], a monopole frequency reconfigurable antenna was introduced. Reconfigurability is accomplished through the use of three-pin diodes. There are four different modes of operation. There are applications for each mode specifically. Global System for Mobile Mode 1 (GSM), 3G Advanced/Long Term Evolution Mode 2 (LTE), and WiFi, WLAN, and ISM applications operate in mode 3, whereas WLAN and airport surveillance radar band apps operate in mode 4. An antenna employs six separated frequency bands, including WiFi, WiMAX, UMTS, and WLAN, as presented by Shah et al. [17].

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, few designs in the literature can reconfigure all three antenna features. Rodrigo et al. [18] used a tunable parasitic layer to achieve a reconfigurable antenna with frequency, polarization, and radiation pattern reconfiguration. The prototype comprises a patch antenna and a parasitic pixel surface with 66 pixels and 60 switches. The antenna can switch between four polarizations simultaneously, bend the radiation beam across 30° in two main planes, and tune its operating frequency over a 25% range. This design, however, has a huge antenna and a rather sophisticated DC biasing circuit. Another article [19] discusses a small, flexible, multiband planar inverted-F antenna. The antenna is designed for GPS, LTE, UWB, and satellite systems. Seven separate bands were obtained using a single radio frequency (RF) switch.

The proposed antenna has a promising gain, high radiation efficiency, and a small dimension. It is reconfigurable and radiates on various quad bands. The reconfiguration uses switches (pin-diode) and radiates in four different operating bands while maintaining good gain, radiation efficiency, and small size. The designed antenna has many advantages, including small size, low cost, lightweight, and easy fabrication. The main disadvantages of the design are interference, fading, multipath, and switch mismatching.

2 Antenna design

The suggested design configuration is shown in Figure 1. The design has dimensions 30 × 20 × 1.6  mm3 on a substrate (FR-4) of thickness 1.6 mm. The design was simulated and optimized by using Computer Simulation Technology (CST). The dimensions of the design are W1 = 20 mm, L1 = 30 mm, W2 = 6 mm, L2 = 11 mm, W3 = 4 mm, W4 = 3.75 mm, W5 = 2.5 mm, W6 = 1 mm, W7 = 2 mm, L3 = 8 mm, L4 = 10 mm, L5 = 4.5 mm, L6 = 4.2 mm, and L7 = 2 mm.

Figure 1 Top and Bottom view of the suggested antenna.
Figure 1

Top and Bottom view of the suggested antenna.

To construct the reconfigurable antenna and obtain comparable test data, a PIN diode can be included. High-frequency return loss measurements were taken in a practical setting (2–6 GHz). For testing reasons, two pin diodes are used to accomplish the switching capabilities conditions, i.e., the Off and On states.

2.1 Technique of switching

Due to their similarity to variable resistors in the RF spectrum, two switches (pin diodes) are utilized for switching. The active resonant length of the antenna is changed by the open and short circuit behavior of these pin diodes, which causes the antenna’s operating frequency to adjust. Figure 2 depicts the corresponding circuits for a pin diode switch on and Off states. It is simply R and L in series with a low value “R L” and an inductor “L” for the state. In the Off state, it corresponds to an R, L, and C circuit, possessing inductor “L” in parallel with resistor “R h” and a capacitor “C.” In this work, a Skyworks SMP1345-079LF pin diode is used. According to its datasheet, CST has been used to simulate it as R L = 1.6 Ω, L = 0.75 nH, and C = 0.18 pF.

Figure 2 Equivalent circuits for a PIN diode’s On state and Off state.
Figure 2

Equivalent circuits for a PIN diode’s On state and Off state.

2.2 Circular patch and field configuration

The circular patch antenna can be modified by making the ground plane, patch, and substantial between them as a circular cavity. Its radius is the single degree of freedom for regulating the antenna modes (Balanis, 1982). A cavity model makes it easy to analyze the antenna (Richards, 1988; Gonca, 2005). A cavity comprises two conductors, one at the top to represent the patch, and another at the bottom to represent the ground plane and a cylinder-shaped, ideal magnetic conductor wrapped around the cavity’s surface. It is assumed that the dielectric substance of the substrate is stretched beyond the patch’s size (Richards, 1988).

The vector potential can be used to determine the field configuration within the cavity. The homogeneous wave equation must be satisfied by the magnetic vector potential Az (Balanis, 1982)

(1) k ρ = X mm ′ a ,

(2) k z = p π h ,

where m, n, and p are the integers as m = 0,1,2, …. …., n = 1,2,3, …. …, and p = 0,1,2, …. …. The zeros of the derivative of the Bessel function J m (x) m are represented by X mn ′ , and they determine the order of the resonant frequencies. The substrate height is very small for typical microstrip antennas, and the fields along z are constant (p = 0 and k z = 0). As a result, the TM mn0 modes’ resonant operating frequency can be written as

(3) ( f r ) mn 0 = 1 2 π μ ε X mn ′ a .

A circular patch’s field can be calculated using the principle of Equivalence which an equivalent magnetic current density radiated in space replaces in the cavity’s circumferential wall. Based on the cavity model and assuming a TMz110 mode field distribution below the patch, the cavity’s perpendicular electric and magnetic fields for cosine angle fluctuations can be written.

2.3 Circular patch radius and effective radius

The patch radius is determined by treating the patch dimension as a circular loop using equation (4) (Balanis, 1982).

(4) a = F 1 + 2 h π ε r F ln ⁡ π F 2 h + 1.7726 1 / 2 ,

(5) F = 8.791 × 10 9 f r ε r .

Equation (4) does not consider the fringing effect. Because it increases the patch’s electric size, the active radius of a patch is given by (Balanis, 1982)

(6) a e = a 1 + 2 h π ε r a ln ⁡ π a 2 h + 1.7726 1 / 2 .

As a result, the dominant TMz110’s resonant frequency is given by (Balanis, 1982)

(7) ( f r ) 110 = 1.8412 v 0 2 π a e ε r .

Directivity

Directivity is one of the most crucial performance indicators of all antennas, as expressed by (Balanis, 1982)

(8) D 0 = U max U 0 = 4 π U max P rad .

2.4 Resonant modes

The proposed design achieves frequency selectivity by changing each switch’s state (On and Off states), exhibiting short and open circuit behavior among radiated patches.

The design has four operating modes, each with its own particular set of resonance frequencies. The antenna covers a 4.6 GHz band, Mode 1 (SW1 is Off and SW2 is Off). The design resonates at 2.7 and 4.8 GHz in Mode 2 (SW1 is On and SW2 is Off or SW1 is Off and SW2 is On) and the design resonates at 3.6 GHz in Mode 3 (SW1 is On and SW2 is On). Table 1 details the pin diode conditions at each mode of operation and its resonant band.

Table 1

PIN diode conditions for different frequencies

Modes SW1 SW2 Bands (GHz) Pattern
1 Off Off 4.6 XY plane
2 Off On 2.7 and 4.8 YZ plane
2 On Off 2.7 and 4.8 YZ plane
3 On On 3.6 XZ plane

3 Results and discussion

CST microwave studio (MWS) is used for designing and analyzing the proposed design, built on the material substrate (FR-4) with a relative permittivity of ε r = 4.4, leading to smaller antenna dimensions 30 mm × 20 mm × 1.6 mm. The radiating structure is excited by a waveguide port with a standard size. The CST MWS’ performance characteristics, including gain, return loss, and efficiency plots, are produced using the studio’s typical conditions. In the vector network analyzer, the simulation results are validated experimentally. Figure 3 shows the experimental setup used to measure the design’s radiated pattern in mode 1.

Figure 3 Mode 1 measurement setup for the proposed antenna’s radiation pattern.
Figure 3

Mode 1 measurement setup for the proposed antenna’s radiation pattern.

3.1 Return loss and bandwidth (BW)

Figure 4 depicts the simulation of the return losses of all modes of the proposed design. Once both switches are Off (SW1 = Off and SW2 = Off), the proposed design operates in Mode 1, covering a frequency range of 4.6 GHz with a maximum return loss of 32.33 dB at the resonant frequency. The presented antenna resonates at two bands, 2.7 and 4.8 GHz, in Mode 2 (SW1 is On and SW2 is Off or SW1 is Off and SW2 is On), with a return loss of 18.17 dB at 2.7 GHz and 27.34 dB at 4.8 GHz. When both switches (SW1 is On, SW2 is On) are in Mode 3, the design operates at 3.6 GHz.

Figure 4 Return losses for all modes of operation.
Figure 4

Return losses for all modes of operation.

Figure 5 shows simulated and measured return losses for mode 1 (SW1 is Off, SW2 is Off). The evaluation shows a good degree of agreement between simulated and measured results.

Figure 5 Mode 1 simulated return losses and measured return losses comparison. (SW1 = Off and SW2 = Off).
Figure 5

Mode 1 simulated return losses and measured return losses comparison. (SW1 = Off and SW2 = Off).

Figure 6 shows simulated and measured return losses for mode 2 (SW1 is On and SW2 is Off or SW1is Off and SW2 is On). The evaluation shows a good degree of agreement between simulated and measured results.

Figure 6 Mode 2 simulated return losses and measured return losses comparison. (SW1 is On and SW2 is Off or SW1 is Off and SW2 is On).
Figure 6

Mode 2 simulated return losses and measured return losses comparison. (SW1 is On and SW2 is Off or SW1 is Off and SW2 is On).

Figure 7 shows simulated and measured return losses for mode 3 (SW1 is On and SW2 is On). The patch length has been increased. This is inversely proportional to the frequency, giving us a lower operating frequency, BW, and gain than other modes. The patch length has a minor effect on the resonant frequency, but it has a major effect on the BW, as illustrated in Table 2.

Figure 7 Mode 3 simulated return losses and measured return losses comparison (SW1 = On and SW2 = On).
Figure 7

Mode 3 simulated return losses and measured return losses comparison (SW1 = On and SW2 = On).

Table 2

Performance summary of the antenna

Model no. Switches status Operating frequency (GHz) ‒10 dB BW (MHz) Impedance matching (Ω) Rad. efficiency (%)
Mode 1 SW1 = Off 4.55 5,154–3,952(1,202) 50.63 90.8
SW2 = Off
Mode 2 SW1 = On 2.7–4.8 2,843–2,655 (187) 58 8086.75
SW2 = Off or
SW1 = Off 5,265–4,313 (952) 50.9 86.75
SW2 = On
Mode 3 SW1 = On 3.67 4,138–3,272 (866) 50.46 92.6
SW2 = On

The evaluation shows a good degree of agreement between simulated and measured results.

3.2 Radiation pattern and radiation efficiency

Figure 8 depicts the co-polarization and cross-polarization radiated pattern simulation for the E-plane and H-plane. The result demonstrates the antenna radiation effectively in E- and H-planes in the co-polarization state. While the gain is primarily negative in cross-polarization, leading to very poor radiation in both primary planes (Table 3).

Figure 8 Co- and cross-polar radiation pattern.
Figure 8

Co- and cross-polar radiation pattern.

Table 3

Comparison of the proposed design to previously published works

Ref. Dimensions (mm3) No. of switches Total no. of operation bands Operating frequencies (GHz) ‒10 dB BW (MHz) Rad. efficiency (%)
[20] 40 × 35 × 1.6 1 3 2.45, 3.5, 5.4 490–1,360 76.4–86.5
[21] 60 × 60 × 1.6 3 5 2.4, 4.26, 4.32, 4.58, 5.76 1.31–2.77 —
[22] 53 × 35 × 1.6 1 3 2.45, 3.50, 5.20 147–1,820 85–90
[23] 39 × 37 × 1.6 1 3 2.4, 5.4, 3 550–1,220 >90
[24] 40 × 35 × 1.6 2 6 2.10, 2.40, 3.35, 3.50, 5.28, 5.97 335–1,220 92.5–97
[25] 37 × 35 × 1.6 2 4 2, 3.4, 2.4, 3.1 200–960 >85
[13] 30 × 20 × 1.6 4 5 3.1, 7.3, 2.24, 4.12, 9.12 410–1,880 80–85
This work 30 × 20 × 1.6 2 4 2.7, 3.6, 4.6, 4.8 188–1,202 80–92

4 Conclusion and future work

A reconfigurable frequency antenna has been investigated that is controlled by two switches (PIN diode) incorporated into the structure through a 50 microstrip feed line. The effect of biasing lumped parts on antenna performance is demonstrated using the CST MWS simulator. The PIN diode status, On or Off, employed in this antenna can be altered to adjust the design’s operating frequency and radiation pattern. Since it is cost-effective and low-profile, the proposed design can be used for various reconfigurable systems, including satellite and radar communication.

There are many suggestions for future works, such as redesigning the proposed reconfigurable antenna for pattern and polarization reconfigurability, redesigning the proposed antenna with another kind of substrate, and redesigning the ground of the proposed antenna material.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thanks Mustansiriyah University (www.uomustansiriyha.edu.iq) Baghdad, Iraq for its support in the present work.

  1. Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

References

[1] Nikolaou S, Bairavasubramanian R, Lugo C, Carrasquillo I, Thompson DC, Ponchak GE, et al. Pattern and frequency reconfigurable annular slot antenna using PIN diodes. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2006;54(2):439–48.10.1109/TAP.2005.863398Search in Google Scholar

[2] Hsu SH, Chang K. A novel reconfigurable microstrip antenna with switchable circular polarization. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett. 2007;6:160–2.10.1109/LAWP.2007.894150Search in Google Scholar

[3] Choi SW, Jung YB, Park SO. Multiband and multipolarised reconfigurable antenna for next-generation mobile communication base station applications. IET Microwave Antennas Propag. 2013;7:819–24.10.1049/iet-map.2013.0157Search in Google Scholar

[4] Mehmood R, Wallace JW, Jensen MA. Key establishment employing reconfigurable antennas: Impact of antenna complexity. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2014;13(11):6300–9.10.1109/TWC.2014.2330835Search in Google Scholar

[5] Mehmood R, Wallace JW. Diminishing returns with increasing complexity in reconfigurable aperture antennas. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag – Lett. 2010;9:299–302.10.1109/LAWP.2010.2047090Search in Google Scholar

[6] Obeidat KA, Raines BD, Rojas RG, Strojny BT. Design of frequency reconfigurable antennas using the theory of network characteristic modes. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2010;58(10):3106–13.10.1109/TAP.2010.2055787Search in Google Scholar

[7] Costantine J, al-Saffar S, Christodoulou CG, Abdallah CT. Reducing redundancies in reconfigurable antenna structures using graph models. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2011;59(3):793–801.10.1109/TAP.2010.2103005Search in Google Scholar

[8] Costantine J, Tawk Y, Christodoulou CG, Lyke JC, De Flaviis F, Besoli AG, et al. Analyzing the complexity and reliability of switch-frequency-reconfigurable antennas using graph models. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2012;60(2):811–20.10.1109/TAP.2011.2173104Search in Google Scholar

[9] Costantine J, Tawk Y, Christodoulou CG. Complexity versus reliability in arrays of reconfigurable antennas. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2012;60(11):5436–41.10.1109/TAP.2012.2207665Search in Google Scholar

[10] Constantine Y, Tawk, Christodoulou CG. Design of reconfigurable antennas using graph models. San Rafael, CA, USA: Morgan and Claypool; 2013.10.1007/978-3-031-01540-3Search in Google Scholar

[11] Christodoulou CG, Tawk Y, Lane SA, Erwin SR. Reconfigurable antennas for wireless and space applications. Proc IEEE. 2012 Jul;100(7):2250–61.10.1109/JPROC.2012.2188249Search in Google Scholar

[12] Jin G, Deng C, Yang J, Xu Y, Liao S. A new differentially-fed frequency reconfigurable antenna for WLAN and Sub-6 GHz 5G applications. IEEE Access. 2019;7:56539–46.10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2901760Search in Google Scholar

[13] Ullah S, Elfergani I, Ahmad I, Din IU, Ullah S, Rehman Khan WU, et al. A compact frequency and radiation reconfigurable antenna for 5G and multistandard sub-6 GHz wireless applications. Wirel Commun Mob Comput. 2022;2022:12. Article ID 4658082.10.1155/2022/4658082Search in Google Scholar

[14] Khan MT, Jilani MT, Khan AM, Hafeez F, Memon AK. Effects of defected ground structure slot tuning on frequency and circuit parameters of bandpass filter. J Optoelectron Adv Mater. 2018;20:479–85.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Ge L, Li Y, Wang J, Sim C-Y-D. A low-profile reconfigurable cavity-backed slot antenna with frequency, polarization, and radiation pattern agility. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. 2017;65(5):2182–9.10.1109/TAP.2017.2681432Search in Google Scholar

[16] Iqbal A, Smida A, Abdulrazak LF, Saraereh OA, Mallat NK, Lowprofile frequency reconfigurable antenna for heterogeneous wireless systems. Electronics. 2019;8(9):976.10.3390/electronics8090976Search in Google Scholar

[17] Shah IA, Hayat S, Basir A, Zada M, Shah SAA, Design and analysis of a hexa-band frequency reconfigurable antenna for wireless communication. AEU-Int J Electron Commun. 2019;98(1):80–8.10.1016/j.aeue.2018.10.012Search in Google Scholar

[18] Rodrigo D, Cetiner BA, Jofre L. Frequency, radiation pattern, and polarization reconfigurable antenna using a parasitic pixel layer. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag. Jun 2014;62(6):3422–7.10.1109/TAP.2014.2314464Search in Google Scholar

[19] Asadallah FA, Constantine J, Tawk Y. A multiband compact reconfigurable PIFA based on nested slots. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett. 2018;17:331–4.10.1109/LAWP.2017.2788465Search in Google Scholar

[20] Shah SAA, Khan MF, Ullah S, Flint JA. Design of a multiband frequency reconfigurable planar monopole antenna using truncated ground plane for WiFi, WLAN and WiMAX applications. Lahore, Pakistan: 2014 International Conference on Open Source Systems & Technologies; 2014. p. 151–5.10.1109/ICOSST.2014.7029336Search in Google Scholar

[21] Saikia B, Dutta P, Borah K. Design of a frequency reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna for multiband applications. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computers & Management Skills (ICCM 2019). Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India: North Eastern Regional Institute of Science & Technology (NERIST); 2019. p. 15–6.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Ullah S, Hayat S, Umar A, Ali U, Tahir FA, et al. Design, fabrication, and measurement of triple band frequency reconfigurable antennas for portable wireless communications. AEU-Int J Electron Commun. 2017;81:236–42.10.1016/j.aeue.2017.07.028Search in Google Scholar

[23] Iqbal A, Ullah S, Naeem U, Basir A, Ali U. Design, fabrication, and measurement of a compact, frequency reconfigurable, modified T-shape planar antenna for portable applications. J Electr Eng Technol. 2017;12(4):1611–8.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Ullah S, Shaheen A, Khan BA, Flint JA. A multiband switchable antenna for WiFi, 3G advanced, WiMAX, and WLAN wireless applications. Int J Microw Wirel Technol. 2018;10(8):991–7.10.1017/S1759078718000776Search in Google Scholar

[25] Ullah S, Ahmad I, Raheem Y, Ullah S, Ahmad ST, Hexagonal shaped CPW feed based frequency reconfigurable antenna for WLAN and Sub-6 GHz 5G applications. Karachi, Pakistan: International Conference on Emerging Trends in Smart Technologies (ICETST); 2020. p. 26–7.10.1109/ICETST49965.2020.9080688Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2023-02-06
Revised: 2023-04-23
Accepted: 2023-04-28
Published Online: 2023-11-07

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Design optimization of a 4-bar exoskeleton with natural trajectories using unique gait-based synthesis approach
  3. Technical review of supervised machine learning studies and potential implementation to identify herbal plant dataset
  4. Effect of ECAP die angle and route type on the experimental evolution, crystallographic texture, and mechanical properties of pure magnesium
  5. Design and characteristics of two-dimensional piezoelectric nanogenerators
  6. Hybrid and cognitive digital twins for the process industry
  7. Discharge predicted in compound channels using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)
  8. Human factors in aviation: Fatigue management in ramp workers
  9. LLDPE matrix with LDPE and UV stabilizer additive to evaluate the interface adhesion impact on the thermal and mechanical degradation
  10. Dislocated time sequences – deep neural network for broken bearing diagnosis
  11. Estimation method of corrosion current density of RC elements
  12. A computational iterative design method for bend-twist deformation in composite ship propeller blades for thrusters
  13. Compressive forces influence on the vibrations of double beams
  14. Research on dynamical properties of a three-wheeled electric vehicle from the point of view of driving safety
  15. Risk management based on the best value approach and its application in conditions of the Czech Republic
  16. Effect of openings on simply supported reinforced concrete skew slabs using finite element method
  17. Experimental and simulation study on a rooftop vertical-axis wind turbine
  18. Rehabilitation of overload-damaged reinforced concrete columns using ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
  19. Performance of a horizontal well in a bounded anisotropic reservoir: Part II: Performance analysis of well length and reservoir geometry
  20. Effect of chloride concentration on the corrosion resistance of pure Zn metal in a 0.0626 M H2SO4 solution
  21. Numerical and experimental analysis of the heat transfer process in a railway disc brake tested on a dynamometer stand
  22. Design parameters and mechanical efficiency of jet wind turbine under high wind speed conditions
  23. Architectural modeling of data warehouse and analytic business intelligence for Bedstead manufacturers
  24. Influence of nano chromium addition on the corrosion and erosion–corrosion behavior of cupronickel 70/30 alloy in seawater
  25. Evaluating hydraulic parameters in clays based on in situ tests
  26. Optimization of railway entry and exit transition curves
  27. Daily load curve prediction for Jordan based on statistical techniques
  28. Review Articles
  29. A review of rutting in asphalt concrete pavement
  30. Powered education based on Metaverse: Pre- and post-COVID comprehensive review
  31. A review of safety test methods for new car assessment program in Southeast Asian countries
  32. Communication
  33. StarCrete: A starch-based biocomposite for off-world construction
  34. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part I
  35. Analysis and assessment of the human factor as a cause of occurrence of selected railway accidents and incidents
  36. Testing the way of driving a vehicle in real road conditions
  37. Research of dynamic phenomena in a model engine stand
  38. Testing the relationship between the technical condition of motorcycle shock absorbers determined on the diagnostic line and their characteristics
  39. Retrospective analysis of the data concerning inspections of vehicles with adaptive devices
  40. Analysis of the operating parameters of electric, hybrid, and conventional vehicles on different types of roads
  41. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part II
  42. Influence of a thin dielectric layer on resonance frequencies of square SRR metasurface operating in THz band
  43. Influence of the presence of a nitrided layer on changes in the ultrasonic wave parameters
  44. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part III
  45. Reverse droop control strategy with virtual resistance for low-voltage microgrid with multiple distributed generation sources
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part II
  47. Waste ceramic as partial replacement for sand in integral waterproof concrete: The durability against sulfate attack of certain properties
  48. Assessment of Manning coefficient for Dujila Canal, Wasit/-Iraq
  49. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part I
  50. Modulation and performance of synchronous demodulation for speech signal detection and dialect intelligibility
  51. Seismic evaluation cylindrical concrete shells
  52. Investigating the role of different stabilizers of PVCs by using a torque rheometer
  53. Investigation of high-turbidity tap water problem in Najaf governorate/middle of Iraq
  54. Experimental and numerical evaluation of tire rubber powder effectiveness for reducing seepage rate in earth dams
  55. Enhancement of air conditioning system using direct evaporative cooling: Experimental and theoretical investigation
  56. Assessment for behavior of axially loaded reinforced concrete columns strengthened by different patterns of steel-framed jacket
  57. Novel graph for an appropriate cross section and length for cantilever RC beams
  58. Discharge coefficient and energy dissipation on stepped weir
  59. Numerical study of the fluid flow and heat transfer in a finned heat sink using Ansys Icepak
  60. Integration of numerical models to simulate 2D hydrodynamic/water quality model of contaminant concentration in Shatt Al-Arab River with WRDB calibration tools
  61. Study of the behavior of reactive powder concrete RC deep beams by strengthening shear using near-surface mounted CFRP bars
  62. The nonlinear analysis of reactive powder concrete effectiveness in shear for reinforced concrete deep beams
  63. Activated carbon from sugarcane as an efficient adsorbent for phenol from petroleum refinery wastewater: Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic study
  64. Structural behavior of concrete filled double-skin PVC tubular columns confined by plain PVC sockets
  65. Probabilistic derivation of droplet velocity using quadrature method of moments
  66. A study of characteristics of man-made lightweight aggregate and lightweight concrete made from expanded polystyrene (eps) and cement mortar
  67. Effect of waste materials on soil properties
  68. Experimental investigation of electrode wear assessment in the EDM process using image processing technique
  69. Punching shear of reinforced concrete slabs bonded with reactive powder after exposure to fire
  70. Deep learning model for intrusion detection system utilizing convolution neural network
  71. Improvement of CBR of gypsum subgrade soil by cement kiln dust and granulated blast-furnace slag
  72. Investigation of effect lengths and angles of the control devices below the hydraulic structure
  73. Finite element analysis for built-up steel beam with extended plate connected by bolts
  74. Finite element analysis and retrofit of the existing reinforced concrete columns in Iraqi schools by using CFRP as confining technique
  75. Performing laboratory study of the behavior of reactive powder concrete on the shear of RC deep beams by the drilling core test
  76. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part I
  77. Depletion zones of groundwater resources in the Southwest Desert of Iraq
  78. A case study of T-beams with hybrid section shear characteristics of reactive powder concrete
  79. Feasibility studies and their effects on the success or failure of investment projects. “Najaf governorate as a model”
  80. Optimizing and coordinating the location of raw material suitable for cement manufacturing in Wasit Governorate, Iraq
  81. Effect of the 40-PPI copper foam layer height on the solar cooker performance
  82. Identification and investigation of corrosion behavior of electroless composite coating on steel substrate
  83. Improvement in the California bearing ratio of subbase soil by recycled asphalt pavement and cement
  84. Some properties of thermal insulating cement mortar using Ponza aggregate
  85. Assessment of the impacts of land use/land cover change on water resources in the Diyala River, Iraq
  86. Effect of varied waste concrete ratios on the mechanical properties of polymer concrete
  87. Effect of adverse slope on performance of USBR II stilling basin
  88. Shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams with recycled steel fibers
  89. Extracting oil from oil shale using internal distillation (in situ retorting)
  90. Influence of recycling waste hardened mortar and ceramic rubbish on the properties of flowable fill material
  91. Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete deep beams by near-surface-mounted steel reinforcement
  92. Impact of waste materials (glass powder and silica fume) on features of high-strength concrete
  93. Studying pandemic effects and mitigation measures on management of construction projects: Najaf City as a case study
  94. Design and implementation of a frequency reconfigurable antenna using PIN switch for sub-6 GHz applications
  95. Average monthly recharge, surface runoff, and actual evapotranspiration estimation using WetSpass-M model in Low Folded Zone, Iraq
  96. Simple function to find base pressure under triangular and trapezoidal footing with two eccentric loads
  97. Assessment of ALINEA method performance at different loop detector locations using field data and micro-simulation modeling via AIMSUN
  98. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part I
  99. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the structural behavior of reinforced glulam wooden members by NSM steel bars and shear reinforcement CFRP sheet
  100. Improving the fatigue life of composite by using multiwall carbon nanotubes
  101. A comparative study to solve fractional initial value problems in discrete domain
  102. Assessing strength properties of stabilized soils using dynamic cone penetrometer test
  103. Investigating traffic characteristics for merging sections in Iraq
  104. Enhancement of flexural behavior of hybrid flat slab by using SIFCON
  105. The main impacts of a managed aquifer recharge using AHP-weighted overlay analysis based on GIS in the eastern Wasit province, Iraq
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0453
Keywords for this article
reconfigurable antenna; sub-6 GHz 5G applications
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Design optimization of a 4-bar exoskeleton with natural trajectories using unique gait-based synthesis approach
  3. Technical review of supervised machine learning studies and potential implementation to identify herbal plant dataset
  4. Effect of ECAP die angle and route type on the experimental evolution, crystallographic texture, and mechanical properties of pure magnesium
  5. Design and characteristics of two-dimensional piezoelectric nanogenerators
  6. Hybrid and cognitive digital twins for the process industry
  7. Discharge predicted in compound channels using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)
  8. Human factors in aviation: Fatigue management in ramp workers
  9. LLDPE matrix with LDPE and UV stabilizer additive to evaluate the interface adhesion impact on the thermal and mechanical degradation
  10. Dislocated time sequences – deep neural network for broken bearing diagnosis
  11. Estimation method of corrosion current density of RC elements
  12. A computational iterative design method for bend-twist deformation in composite ship propeller blades for thrusters
  13. Compressive forces influence on the vibrations of double beams
  14. Research on dynamical properties of a three-wheeled electric vehicle from the point of view of driving safety
  15. Risk management based on the best value approach and its application in conditions of the Czech Republic
  16. Effect of openings on simply supported reinforced concrete skew slabs using finite element method
  17. Experimental and simulation study on a rooftop vertical-axis wind turbine
  18. Rehabilitation of overload-damaged reinforced concrete columns using ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete
  19. Performance of a horizontal well in a bounded anisotropic reservoir: Part II: Performance analysis of well length and reservoir geometry
  20. Effect of chloride concentration on the corrosion resistance of pure Zn metal in a 0.0626 M H2SO4 solution
  21. Numerical and experimental analysis of the heat transfer process in a railway disc brake tested on a dynamometer stand
  22. Design parameters and mechanical efficiency of jet wind turbine under high wind speed conditions
  23. Architectural modeling of data warehouse and analytic business intelligence for Bedstead manufacturers
  24. Influence of nano chromium addition on the corrosion and erosion–corrosion behavior of cupronickel 70/30 alloy in seawater
  25. Evaluating hydraulic parameters in clays based on in situ tests
  26. Optimization of railway entry and exit transition curves
  27. Daily load curve prediction for Jordan based on statistical techniques
  28. Review Articles
  29. A review of rutting in asphalt concrete pavement
  30. Powered education based on Metaverse: Pre- and post-COVID comprehensive review
  31. A review of safety test methods for new car assessment program in Southeast Asian countries
  32. Communication
  33. StarCrete: A starch-based biocomposite for off-world construction
  34. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part I
  35. Analysis and assessment of the human factor as a cause of occurrence of selected railway accidents and incidents
  36. Testing the way of driving a vehicle in real road conditions
  37. Research of dynamic phenomena in a model engine stand
  38. Testing the relationship between the technical condition of motorcycle shock absorbers determined on the diagnostic line and their characteristics
  39. Retrospective analysis of the data concerning inspections of vehicles with adaptive devices
  40. Analysis of the operating parameters of electric, hybrid, and conventional vehicles on different types of roads
  41. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part II
  42. Influence of a thin dielectric layer on resonance frequencies of square SRR metasurface operating in THz band
  43. Influence of the presence of a nitrided layer on changes in the ultrasonic wave parameters
  44. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part III
  45. Reverse droop control strategy with virtual resistance for low-voltage microgrid with multiple distributed generation sources
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part II
  47. Waste ceramic as partial replacement for sand in integral waterproof concrete: The durability against sulfate attack of certain properties
  48. Assessment of Manning coefficient for Dujila Canal, Wasit/-Iraq
  49. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part I
  50. Modulation and performance of synchronous demodulation for speech signal detection and dialect intelligibility
  51. Seismic evaluation cylindrical concrete shells
  52. Investigating the role of different stabilizers of PVCs by using a torque rheometer
  53. Investigation of high-turbidity tap water problem in Najaf governorate/middle of Iraq
  54. Experimental and numerical evaluation of tire rubber powder effectiveness for reducing seepage rate in earth dams
  55. Enhancement of air conditioning system using direct evaporative cooling: Experimental and theoretical investigation
  56. Assessment for behavior of axially loaded reinforced concrete columns strengthened by different patterns of steel-framed jacket
  57. Novel graph for an appropriate cross section and length for cantilever RC beams
  58. Discharge coefficient and energy dissipation on stepped weir
  59. Numerical study of the fluid flow and heat transfer in a finned heat sink using Ansys Icepak
  60. Integration of numerical models to simulate 2D hydrodynamic/water quality model of contaminant concentration in Shatt Al-Arab River with WRDB calibration tools
  61. Study of the behavior of reactive powder concrete RC deep beams by strengthening shear using near-surface mounted CFRP bars
  62. The nonlinear analysis of reactive powder concrete effectiveness in shear for reinforced concrete deep beams
  63. Activated carbon from sugarcane as an efficient adsorbent for phenol from petroleum refinery wastewater: Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic study
  64. Structural behavior of concrete filled double-skin PVC tubular columns confined by plain PVC sockets
  65. Probabilistic derivation of droplet velocity using quadrature method of moments
  66. A study of characteristics of man-made lightweight aggregate and lightweight concrete made from expanded polystyrene (eps) and cement mortar
  67. Effect of waste materials on soil properties
  68. Experimental investigation of electrode wear assessment in the EDM process using image processing technique
  69. Punching shear of reinforced concrete slabs bonded with reactive powder after exposure to fire
  70. Deep learning model for intrusion detection system utilizing convolution neural network
  71. Improvement of CBR of gypsum subgrade soil by cement kiln dust and granulated blast-furnace slag
  72. Investigation of effect lengths and angles of the control devices below the hydraulic structure
  73. Finite element analysis for built-up steel beam with extended plate connected by bolts
  74. Finite element analysis and retrofit of the existing reinforced concrete columns in Iraqi schools by using CFRP as confining technique
  75. Performing laboratory study of the behavior of reactive powder concrete on the shear of RC deep beams by the drilling core test
  76. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part I
  77. Depletion zones of groundwater resources in the Southwest Desert of Iraq
  78. A case study of T-beams with hybrid section shear characteristics of reactive powder concrete
  79. Feasibility studies and their effects on the success or failure of investment projects. “Najaf governorate as a model”
  80. Optimizing and coordinating the location of raw material suitable for cement manufacturing in Wasit Governorate, Iraq
  81. Effect of the 40-PPI copper foam layer height on the solar cooker performance
  82. Identification and investigation of corrosion behavior of electroless composite coating on steel substrate
  83. Improvement in the California bearing ratio of subbase soil by recycled asphalt pavement and cement
  84. Some properties of thermal insulating cement mortar using Ponza aggregate
  85. Assessment of the impacts of land use/land cover change on water resources in the Diyala River, Iraq
  86. Effect of varied waste concrete ratios on the mechanical properties of polymer concrete
  87. Effect of adverse slope on performance of USBR II stilling basin
  88. Shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams with recycled steel fibers
  89. Extracting oil from oil shale using internal distillation (in situ retorting)
  90. Influence of recycling waste hardened mortar and ceramic rubbish on the properties of flowable fill material
  91. Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete deep beams by near-surface-mounted steel reinforcement
  92. Impact of waste materials (glass powder and silica fume) on features of high-strength concrete
  93. Studying pandemic effects and mitigation measures on management of construction projects: Najaf City as a case study
  94. Design and implementation of a frequency reconfigurable antenna using PIN switch for sub-6 GHz applications
  95. Average monthly recharge, surface runoff, and actual evapotranspiration estimation using WetSpass-M model in Low Folded Zone, Iraq
  96. Simple function to find base pressure under triangular and trapezoidal footing with two eccentric loads
  97. Assessment of ALINEA method performance at different loop detector locations using field data and micro-simulation modeling via AIMSUN
  98. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part I
  99. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the structural behavior of reinforced glulam wooden members by NSM steel bars and shear reinforcement CFRP sheet
  100. Improving the fatigue life of composite by using multiwall carbon nanotubes
  101. A comparative study to solve fractional initial value problems in discrete domain
  102. Assessing strength properties of stabilized soils using dynamic cone penetrometer test
  103. Investigating traffic characteristics for merging sections in Iraq
  104. Enhancement of flexural behavior of hybrid flat slab by using SIFCON
  105. The main impacts of a managed aquifer recharge using AHP-weighted overlay analysis based on GIS in the eastern Wasit province, Iraq
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 12.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2022-0453/html
Scroll to top button