Startseite Naturwissenschaften Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
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Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum

  • Maria Habib , Hina Fatima , Tauseef Anwar EMAIL logo , Huma Qureshi , Samson O. Aisida , Ishaq Ahmad , Iftikhar Ali , Amal M. Al-Mohaimeed , Mohamed S. Elshikh , Sarah Abdul Razak und Asif Kamal EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 26. Februar 2024
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Open Chemistry
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Chemistry Band 22 Heft 1

Abstract

Nanomaterials have become integral in various aspects of agricultural practices, including the development of nano-fertilizers for optimized crop nutrition. This study explores the application of green-synthesized iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo) nanoparticles, as well as their composites, using a guava leaf extract (GLE). The focus is on assessing their impact on nitrogen fixation and growth in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). The nanoparticles were characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet Diffused Reflectance Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The experiment involved two application methods (soil and direct plant spraying) with varying nanoparticle concentrations. Results indicate that the 1% composite nanoparticles applied to the soil and 3% Mo directly on plants yield the most favorable growth and nitrogen uptake in S. lycopersicum. Notably, the 1% composite treatment demonstrated significant enhancement in shoot length, number of branches, and shoot diameter at all three growth stages. Conversely, the 3% Mo treatment when applied directly to plants exhibited optimal results showing substantial shoot length, number of branches, and shoot diameter. Post-experimental soil nutrient analysis further revealed the nuanced effects of nanoparticle applications with 1% composite treatments enhancing nutrient availability compared to control and other concentrations. This research contributes to the evolving field of agri-nanotechnology emphasizing the importance of nanoparticle concentration and application method in influencing plant development and nutrient uptake, paving the way for sustainable agricultural practices.

Keywords: agri-nanotechnology; iron and molybdenum nanoparticles; green synthesis; micronutrients; plant growth parameters; growth analysis

1 Introduction

Nanomaterials are used in a wide variety of applications throughout the entire agricultural production process, including nano-fertilizers for balanced crop nutrition [1,2,3]. Significant progress has been made in the previous two decades in the study of nanotechnology for use in agriculture [4,5,6,7]. Most biological species, including plants and animals, require the trace metals iron and molybdenum to grow. These elements can be found in soil. The transitional element molybdenum can exist in several oxidation states, ranging from zero to VI. The most prevalent form of VI in agricultural soils is the oxidation form. Specific plant enzymes have been used to take part in oxidative and reduction processes [8,9]. Some phenotypes that interfere with the growth of the plant result from the lack of Mo in plants [10,11,12]. Most biological species, including plants, need molybdenum to grow [13].

In numerous enzyme systems where haem or haemin serves as the prosthetic group, iron is important. These haem enzyme systems include several cytochromes, peroxidases, and catalases. A live cell’s respiratory metabolism is controlled by cytochromes. Ferredoxin, a member of the haem family of iron enzymes, controls oxidation–reduction reactions. Its participation in photosynthesis, NO2− and SO 4 2 − reduction, and nitrogen assimilation highlight the critical roles iron plays in plant metabolism. Yellow leaves are the main sign of iron deficiency because there is not enough chlorophyll in the environment. The younger top leaves in interveinal tissues are the first to yellow. Leaves that are severely iron deficient turn entirely yellow or practically white before dying and turning brown. The enzyme nitrogenase contains two types of proteins: Mo–Fe protein, which contains molybdenum, iron, and protein, and Fe protein, which contains iron and protein. Iron and Molybdenum are therefore necessary for the nitrogen fixation process. According to the concentration, Mo nanoparticles (NPs) can affect the antioxidant system, mineral uptake, and growth of the pea plant in both favorable and unfavorable ways [14,15,16,17,18]. It has been found that NPs of Mo have both positive and negative effects on the growth of the Pea plant, antioxidant system, and mineral uptake depending on the concentration [19]. Spraying NPs of ZnO increased the growth of tomato plants by increasing their chlorophyll content and Photosystem-II activity. They also increase Iron Fe accumulation (by 12.2%) and Fe deficiency tolerance in tomato plants [20]. ZnONP-treated tomato plants significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, and plant organs (leaves, stem, and roots) dry weight compared to plants without NP treatment [21,22,23].

Iron and molybdenum play pivotal roles in various enzymatic processes within plants, influencing crucial metabolic pathways such as nitrogen fixation. The intricate interplay of these trace elements contributes significantly to plant development and overall health. This research seeks to bridge the gap between nanotechnology and agriculture, exploring the multifaceted roles Iron and molybdenum nanoparticles can play in enhancing tomato plant growth. In this study, the green synthesis approach was used to create Fe, Mo, and their nanocomposites utilizing an aqueous extract of P. guajava as a reducing agent [24].

The selection of guava plants for green synthesis of nanoparticles is attributed to the rich phytochemical composition of guava leaves. Guava (Psidium guajava) is known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins. These phytochemicals not only act as reducing agents but also stabilize and functionalize the synthesized nanoparticles. The antioxidant properties of guava extracts play a crucial role in preventing the oxidation of nanoparticles during the synthesis process [25]. Additionally, the abundance and accessibility of guava plants in various regions make them a sustainable and cost-effective choice for nanoparticle synthesis. The specific chemical constituents present in guava extracts contribute to the effectiveness and eco-friendliness of the green synthesis approach, making it a popular choice in nanomaterial research.

In the ever-evolving realm of nanotechnology, the green synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as an eco-friendly and sustainable approach, leveraging natural resources to create novel materials with diverse applications [1]. Among these applications, the utilization of nanomaterials in agriculture has garnered significant attention for its potential to revolutionize plant growth and enhance crop yield. This study explores the green synthesis and characterization of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles, exploring their subsequent application in fostering the growth of Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as tomato plants. Nanoparticles, at the nanoscale dimension, exhibit unique physicochemical properties that distinguish them from bulk materials. The green synthesis methodology employed in this study involves the use of Psidium guajava (guava) leaf extract as a reducing agent, reflecting an environmentally friendly approach to nanoparticle production. Understanding the distinctive characteristics of these nanoparticles, particularly those of iron and molybdenum, is crucial for unraveling their potential impact on plant physiology. By elucidating the green synthesis process, thoroughly characterizing the synthesized nanoparticles, and investigating their effects on the growth of Solanum lycopersicum, this study endeavors to contribute valuable insights to the expanding field of nanotechnology in agriculture. The outcomes of this research could pave the way for sustainable and eco-friendly strategies to optimize agricultural practices, ensuring a greener and more productive future for crop cultivation.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Preparation of Psidium guajava leaf extract

P. guajava leaves were collected from the main campus of Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Freshly collected leaves were washed to remove dust and other impurities. Leaves were shade-dried and ground in the electric grinder to turn them into powder. About 10 g leaves powder was added to the 100 mL of distilled water. The suspension was placed on a hot plate with a magnetic stirrer for 30 min at 600°C. The mixture was then filtered to get plant extract.

2.2 Green synthesis of iron oxide and ammonium hepta molybdate nanoparticles

To produce NPs of Fe and Mo, Iron chloride (FeCl3) and Ammonium Hepta Molybdate (NH4)6MO7O24) were used; 1.4 g of FeCl3 and 1.1 g of (NH4)6Mo7O24 were dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water separately. For preparing the composite, we added the same amount of both salts in 100 mL of distilled water (DW). After stirring for 1 h, 50 mL of GE was added to the homogenous solution making a 2:1 ratio and stirred for 1 h. The solution was heated at 80°C while stirring for 2 h. The mixture was then transferred to the oven for drying at 80°C. The mixture was washed with ethanol and distilled water three–four times. The mixture was annealed at 400°C for 2 h.

2.3 Structural analysis of Fe and Mo NPs

The structural analysis of the samples was conducted through a multi-technique approach. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed using a Shimadzu LabX 6100 diffractometer equipped with Cu–Kα radiation (wavelength: 1.5418 Å). This method allowed for a detailed examination of the crystalline structure and identification of phases present in the synthesized samples. For investigating the optical properties, Ultraviolet Diffused Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS) was employed. The characteristic reflectance spectrum, arising from the interaction of light with the synthesized sample, was measured using a Cary100 UV–visible spectrophotometer, providing valuable insights into the material’s absorbance and bandgap features. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to explore the chemical nature and identify various bonds and functional groups within the samples. This technique allowed for a detailed analysis of the molecular composition and surface chemistry of the synthesized nanoparticles. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy was employed to delve into the vibrational, rotational, and low-frequency modes of the samples. Serving as a structural fingerprint, Raman analysis was carried out using the DV420-OE model from Japan, operating at a frequency of 1,470 Hz and identified by serial number 13969. This technique provided crucial information for the identification of molecules and further characterization of the structural features of the synthesized nanoparticles. The integration of XRD, UV-DRS, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy in this study allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the structural, optical, and chemical properties of the synthesized samples, facilitating a nuanced analysis of their composition and potential applications.

2.4 Preparation of soil sample for analysis

To check the nutrient status of soil, soil analysis was performed at the National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, by using AB-DTPA. For this analysis sample was prepared by collecting, grinding, and sieving of soil. Two-thirds of the pots were filled with the prepared soil (organic matter in the form of animal dung and soil in a 1:1 ratio) without unnecessarily compressing the soil.

2.5 Experimental application of NPs on tomato plants

Seedlings were purchased from a nursery at the main campus of Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad at the age of 15 days after germination. Seedlings were shifted to the prepared pots. Different concentrations of molybdenum at the rate of 0, 1, and 3 and iron at 0, 1, and 3 and composite at 0, 1, and 3 ppm L−1 were applied in the form of ammonium heptamolybdate, iron chloride, and their combination (Table 1). Nanoparticles were applied to the soil and sprayed directly on the plants. Nanoparticles were applied at two stages of the plant’s growth. After 2 days of reporting the seedlings when they became stable, the first application of nanoparticles took place. At this stage, seedlings were about 10–12 cm in height. The second application takes place 1 month after the first application when plants just started budding. Two replicas of each combination were planted in the pot with a gap of 10 inches.

Table 1

Treatments summary of nanoparticles in soil and direct application to plants

Fe (Iron) Molybdenum (Mo) Fe (Iron) + Molybdenum (Mo)
In soil To plans In soil To plants In soil To plants
1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Pre-experimental soil analysis

Soil analysis was performed before the experiment for physiochemical properties such as soil texture, soil pH, electrical conductivity, and organic matter (Table 2). Another analysis was conducted to check the amount of iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo) in the soil. This analysis was performed at the NPSL (National Physical and Standards Laboratory). The analysis was performed by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, Analyst 100, Perkin Elmer, USA.

Table 2

Soil analysis results from the National Physical and Standards Laboratory, Pakistan

Parameter Unit Value
N mg kg−1 1.54
P mg kg−1 4.97
K mg kg−1 116
Iron % 1.22
Molybdenum % 2.18
Organic matter % 0.24
Clay % 30.4
Silt % 51.6
Sand % 18
pH — 8.3
Electric conductivity dS m−1 0.40
Class — Silty clay loam

The soil used for the experiment was pretested before sowing (Table 2). The results revealed that the soil textural class was silty clay loam with a percentage of clay at 30.4, silt at 51.6, and sand was 18. The organic content of the soil was 0.24 % with a pH of 8.3. In alkaline soils, molybdenum becomes more soluble and is accessible to plants mainly in its anion form as MoO− the electrical conductance 0.40. The amount of nutrients like nitrogen (N) was 1.54 mg kg−1, phosphorous (P) was 4.9754 mg kg−1, and potassium (K) was 11.654 mg kg−1.

3.2 Green synthesis of NPs

Guava leaf extract (GLE) was prepared in the distilled water. GLE was then added to the salt solution. There was a change in color from light brown to dark brown in the case of iron (Fe) and from colorless to black in the case of molybdenum.

3 FeCl 3 + P s i d i u m g u a j a v a leaf extract ⟶ reduction Fe nanoparticles + 3 Cl − + 3 H +

Iron chloride is reduced to elemental iron (Fe) by the bioactivecomponents present in the P. guajava leaf extract. The aqueous leaf extract acts as a reducing agent, facilitating the formation of iron nanoparticles.

2 ( NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 + P s i d i u m g u a j a v a leaf extract ⟶ reduction Mo nanoparticles + 14 NH 4 + + 24 H + + 42 O 2 −

ammonium hepta molybdate is reduced to elemental molybdenum (Mo) nanoparticles by the P. guajava leaf extract. The reduction process involves the transfer of electrons from the leaf extract to molybdenum ions, resulting in the formation of molybdenum nanoparticles.

3.3 Structural analysis of NPs

3.3.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

The absorption bands of samples M1 (iron sample), M2 (molybdenum sample), and M3 (combination sample of iron + molybdenum) were analyzed by FTIR within the wavelength range of 500–3,500 cm−1 as shown in Figure 1. The band at 1,579 cm−1 (C═O stretching) and 1,052 cm−1 (C–C bending) and the stretching vibrations below 700 cm−1 are ascribed to the stretching vibrations for FeO [26,27,28]. The observed differences in the baseline at 3,000 cm−1 and variations in the intensities of C–O and C═C bonds among Fe and Mo nanoparticles suggest potential disparities in the composition and surface functionalization of the nanoparticles. These variations may be influenced by differences in the reactivity of the plant extract in the green synthesis process.

Figure 1 FTIR analysis of M1 (FeNPs), M2 (MoNPs), and M3 (Fe–MoNPs).
Figure 1

FTIR analysis of M1 (FeNPs), M2 (MoNPs), and M3 (Fe–MoNPs).

3.3.2 UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

The UV-DRS analysis of samples M1, M2, and M3 as shown in Figure 2 shows the reflectance of the samples in the visible-light range. Different intensity peaks with different colors represent the optical properties of the prepared material as depicted in Figure 2.

Figure 2 DRS Analysis of M1 (FeNPs), M2 (MoNPs) and M3 (Fe–MoNPs).
Figure 2

DRS Analysis of M1 (FeNPs), M2 (MoNPs) and M3 (Fe–MoNPs).

3.3.3 X-ray diffraction analysis

The structural analysis of samples M1, M2, and M3 were analyzed using powder XRD analysis, as shown in Figure 3. The formed cubic spinel peaks at 2θ values of 24.3°, 33.2°, 35.6°, 40.8°, 49.6°, 54.2°, 57.6°, 62.7°, and 64.1° are attributed to the (012), (104) (110), (113), (024), (116), and (018) (214) (300) reflection plane based on the JCPDS card no. 86-0550. The average crystallite sizes using all of the reflections of the samples, obtained by Derby Scherer’s formula (equation (1)), were 3.1, 10.4, and 6.98 nm for samples M1, M2, and M3, respectively.

(1) D hkl = K λ β cos θ ,

where h, k, and l are the X-ray wavelength, K represents the Scherrer constant (0.98), λ denotes the wavelength (1.54), and β denotes the full width at half maximum (FWHM).

Figure 3 XRD Analysis of M1 (FeNPs), M2 (MoNPs), and M3 (Fe–MoNPs).
Figure 3

XRD Analysis of M1 (FeNPs), M2 (MoNPs), and M3 (Fe–MoNPs).

3.3.4 Raman analysis

Raman spectroscopy analysis is a special technique used for exploring the atomic structure of nanoparticles. The Raman spectroscopy spectra analysis is shown in Figure 4 where prepared samples with the Raman mode ∼822, 938, 1,372, and 1,613 cm−1 wave number modes, respectively, showed the stretching vibration of Fe–O. The disparities in absorption peaks below 1,000 cm−1 between M3 and M1 Raman spectra, both involving Fe, could indicate a distinct chemical environment or coordination state for Fe in the composite M3. The presence of Mo might influence the intensity by modulating the vibrational properties or surface interactions, potentially enhancing the Raman signals for Fe-containing compounds. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the specific molecular interactions contributing to the observed differences in Raman spectra intensity between M1 and M3.

Figure 4 Raman analysis of M1 (FeNPs), M2 (MoNPs), and M3 (Fe–MoNPs).
Figure 4

Raman analysis of M1 (FeNPs), M2 (MoNPs), and M3 (Fe–MoNPs).

3.4 Impact of nanoparticles on tomato plant growth

The impact of nanoparticle (NP) applications on tomato plant growth was evaluated at three stages (Figure 5) considering two application methods. Table 3 reflects the effects of NPs applied to soil, and Table 4 represents the direct application of NPs to plants.

Figure 5 Effect of NPs on S. lycopersicum growth in stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
Figure 5

Effect of NPs on S. lycopersicum growth in stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

Table 3

Impacts on plant growth by NP application to soil

Treatment Shoot length (cm) No. of branches Shoot diameter (cm)
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
1% Fe 26 61 67.3 5.33 10.6 16 0.36 0.46 0.8
3% Fe 26 50 54 3.7 9 9 0.4 0.45 0.55
1% Mo 19.3 52.3 63 3.6 8.3 5.6 0.36 0.43 0.4
3% Mo 16.5 16 23.5 4 7 7.5 0.4 0.5 0.5
1% (Fe + Mo) 24.5 79 90 3.6 11 22 0.4 0.6 1
3% (Fe + Mo) 32.5 70.6 79.3 6 11 19.3 0.43 0.6 0.93
Control 27 44.5 58.5 6 8.5 12 0.4 0.5 0.7
Table 4

Impacts on plant growth by NP application directly to plants

Treatment Shoot length (cm) No. of branches Shoot diameter (cm)
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
1% Fe 22.3 24.5 56.3 4.6 12.3 16 0.36 0.43 0.6
3% Fe 13.6 41 42 4 9 10.5 0.3 0.45 0.55
1% Mo 16.5 26 28 3.6 9 6.5 0.35 0.45 0.55
3% Mo 34 60.5 71.5 5 12 15.5 0.3 0.55 1.1
1% (Fe + Mo) 22.6 47.6 49 5.3 9 11.6 0.4 0.5 0.6
3% (Fe + Mo) 23.6 55 62.6 5.3 8.6 9.3 0.43 0.5 1
Control 27 44.5 58.5 6 8.5 12 0.4 0.5 0.7

3.4.1 NP Application to soil

3.4.1.1 Shoot length

The 3% Fe + Mo treatment at Stage 3 shows a significantly higher shoot length (32.5 cm) compared to other treatments, emphasizing the positive impact of the combined iron and molybdenum nanoparticles on vertical plant growth. Notably, the 1% Fe + Mo treatment exhibits an increased shoot length at all stages, indicating a growth-promoting effect.

3.4.1.2 Number of branches

At Stage 2 and Stage 3, the 1% Fe + Mo treatment exhibits the highest number of branches (79 and 90, respectively), highlighting the enhanced branching architecture induced by the combination of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles. The 3% Fe treatment also shows a notable increase in the number of branches at all stages.

3.4.1.3 Shoot diameter

In terms of shoot diameter, the 1% Fe + Mo treatment stands out at Stage 3 (1 cm), emphasizing the combined effect of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles on the overall plant structure. The 3% Fe treatment shows enhanced shoot diameter at all stages, further supporting the positive impact of iron nanoparticles on plant development.

3.4.2 NP Application directly to plants

3.4.2.1 Shoot length

The 3% Mo treatment demonstrates the highest shoot length at all stages, underscoring the positive influence of molybdenum nanoparticles on shoot elongation. The 1% Fe treatment also shows notable shoot length, suggesting a growth-promoting effect of Iron nanoparticles.

3.4.2.2 Number of branches

The 3% Fe treatment leads to the highest number of branches at all stages, indicating a branching stimulatory effect of Iron nanoparticles on tomato plants.

3.4.2.3 Shoot diameter

At Stage 3, the 3% Mo treatment exhibits the highest shoot diameter (1.1 cm), emphasizing the positive impact of molybdenum nanoparticles on the overall plant structure. The 1% Fe + Mo treatment also shows increased shoot diameter, supporting the notion of a synergistic effect of combined iron and molybdenum nanoparticles.

The combined application of Iron and Molybdenum nanoparticles appears to have a synergistic effect on various growth parameters, including shoot length, number of branches, and shoot diameter. Iron nanoparticles, when applied alone, also demonstrate positive effects on plant growth, especially in terms of branching architecture. Molybdenum nanoparticles exhibit a distinct influence on shoot length and diameter when applied directly to plants, suggesting a specific role in enhancing vertical growth and structural development. The results indicate that the application of Iron and Molybdenum nanoparticles, both individually and in combination, can positively influence tomato plant growth. The observed effects on shoot length, branching, and shoot diameter suggest the potential use of these nanoparticles as growth-promoting agents in agricultural practices. Further investigations into the underlying mechanisms and long-term impacts are warranted for a comprehensive understanding of their applicability in sustainable agriculture.

3.5 Post-experimental nutrient analysis soil

Analysis was carried out after the experiment was completed. The parameters included for analysis were potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N). The amount of nutrients present in the soil samples to which NPs were applied to soil is discussed below. The highest amounts of potassium and phosphorus were 500 and 12.80 mg kg−1, respectively, present in treatment no. 3 (1% Mo) and 5 (1% Fe + Mo) while nitrogen (N) was 2.35 mg kg−1 in control (Tables 5 and 6). Comparing Tables 5–7, the plants grown with a 1% Mo–Fe composite showed the most vital growth for all selected growth parameters. With the same composite treatment, maximum uptake of plant nutrients was also observed. However, suppressed phosphorus uptake was visibly noticed.

Table 5

Post-experimental nutrient analysis of soil (NP treatments applied to soil)

Treatments to soil Amount of potassium (mg kg−1) Amount of phosphorous (mg kg−1) Amount of nitrogen as NO3-N (mg kg−1)
1% Fe 468 7.00 1.05
3% Fe 400 7.30 1.19
1% Mo 500 6.30 1.12
3% Mo 442 5.90 1.77
1% (Fe + Mo) 360 12.80 0.77
3% (Fe + Mo) 346 8.00 2.12
Control 386 5.90 2.35
Table 6

Post-experimental nutrient analysis of soil (NP treatments applied to plants)

Treatment to plants Amount of potassium (mg kg−1) Amount of phosphorous (mg kg−1) Amount of nitrogen as NO3-N (mg kg−1)
1% Fe 512 5.00 1.51
3% Fe 438 10.00 1.91
1% Mo 378 7.00 1.70
3% Mo 380 9.10 1.13
1% (Fe + Mo) 414 9.53 1.27
3% (Fe + Mo) 498 8.75 1.60
Control 386 5.90 2.35
Table 7

Impacts on plant growth by NP application to soil

S. No. Treatment Shoot length (cm) No. of Branches Shoot diameter (cm)
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
1. 1% Fe 26 61 67.3 5.33 10.6 16 0.36 0.46 0.8
2. 3% Fe 26 50 54 3.7 9 9 0.4 0.45 0.55
3. 1% Mo 19.3 52.3 63 3.6 8.3 5.6 0.36 0.43 0.4
4. 3% Mo 16.5 16 23.5 4 7 7.5 0.4 0.5 0.5
5. 1% (Fe + Mo) 24.5 79 90 3.6 11 22 0.4 0.6 1
6. 3% (Fe + Mo) 32.5 70.6 79.3 6 11 19.3 0.43 0.6 0.93
7. Control 27 44.5 58.5 6 8.5 12 0.4 0.5 0.7

The use of italic signifies emphasis on a specific treatment showing best values, while bold for “Control” highlights it as reference group.

In the treatment where NPs were directly sprayed onto the plant specimens, results varied. For direct leas application, 3% Mo treatment showed the most promising results. Minimum soil potassium and low nitrogen concentrations indicate improved uptake of plant nutrients when compared to control and other experimental concentrations. Phosphorus uptake has, however, reduced when compared to the control treatment. Comparing Tables 6–8, the plants grown with a 3% Mo showed the most vital growth for all selected growth parameters.

Table 8

Impacts on plant growth by NP application directly to plants

S. No. Treatment Shoot length (cm) No. of branches Shoot diameter (cm)
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
1. 1% Fe 22.3 24.5 56.3 4.6 12.3 16 0.36 0.43 0.6
2. 3% Fe 13.6 41 42 4 9 10.5 0.3 0.45 0.55
3. 1% Mo 16.5 26 28 3.6 9 6.5 0.35 0.45 0.55
4. 3% Mo 34 60.5 71.5 5 12 15.5 0.3 0.55 1.1
5. 1% (Fe + Mo) 22.6 47.6 49 5.3 9 11.6 0.4 0.5 0.6
6. 3% (Fe + Mo) 23.6 55 62.6 5.3 8.6 9.3 0.43 0.5 1
7. Control 27 44.5 58.5 6 8.5 12 0.4 0.5 0.7

The use of italic signifies emphasis on a specific treatment showing best values, while bold for “Control” highlights it as reference group.

Our results support previous studies indicating that the application of metal nanoparticles can positively influence plant growth parameters [29,30,31]. The observed increase in shoot length, number of branches, and shoot diameter, particularly with the 3% (Fe + Mo) treatment, is consistent with reports in the literature on the growth-promoting effects of certain nanoparticles on various plant species. The variations in soil nutrient content and plant nutrient uptake align with studies emphasizing the role of nanoparticles in influencing soil fertility. Specifically, the elevated phosphorous levels in the 1% (Fe + Mo) treatment corroborate findings that suggest nanoparticles can enhance nutrient availability and uptake in plants, leading to improved growth. Our study adds to the growing evidence supporting the synergistic effects of combined nanoparticle treatments. The 3% (Fe + Mo) treatment consistently outperformed individual Fe and Mo treatments in promoting plant growth. This finding aligns with the literature, suggesting that combining different nanoparticles can have additive or synergistic effects on plant responses. The superior phosphorous uptake efficiency observed in the 1% (Fe + Mo) treatment corresponds with reports emphasizing the importance of specific nanoparticle formulations in enhancing nutrient uptake. This aligns with the notion that the type and concentration of nanoparticles play a critical role in influencing nutrient availability to plants. The control group serves as a valuable reference for assessing the impact of nanoparticle treatments. Our results indicate that while the control group maintains stable nutrient levels, nanoparticle treatments lead to discernible changes in soil and plant nutrient composition.

The results indicated positive effects of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles on various parameters, including shoot length, number of branches, and shoot diameter. The combined application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles showed a synergistic effect in enhancing growth parameters compared to individual treatments. Notably, the 3% (Fe + Mo) treatment exhibited superior performance in promoting tomato plant growth. Post-experimental nutrient analysis of soil highlighted changes in potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen content, further supporting the influence of nanoparticle treatments on soil fertility. Comparing the results from direct soil application and direct plant application, variations in nutrient uptake and growth parameters were observed. The 3% Mo treatment showed promising results for direct plant application, emphasizing the importance of the application method in nanoparticle-plant interactions. The findings aligned with previous studies emphasizing the potential of metal nanoparticles in influencing plant growth and soil fertility. However, the study also recognized the complexity of nanoparticle-plant interactions, calling for further research into the underlying mechanisms.

The current study highlights the complexity of nanoparticle-plant interactions, suggesting the need for further investigation into the underlying mechanisms. Our results contribute to the ongoing discourse on the potential benefits and challenges associated with nanoparticle applications in agriculture. Our findings provide valuable insights into the effects of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles on tomato plants and soil nutrient dynamics. The observed trends align with existing literature, emphasizing the need for tailored nanoparticle formulations and comprehensive studies to harness the full potential of nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture. Future research should delve into the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying these effects for a more nuanced understanding and practical application in agricultural practices.

4 Conclusions

This study has shown promising insights into the use of green-synthesized Fe and Mo nanoparticles for enhancing the growth and nitrogen uptake of tomato plants. The eco-friendly approach employing guava leaf extract showed successful nanoparticle synthesis establishing a sustainable pathway for agricultural nanotechnology. The nuanced effects observed in plant growth parameters during the experimental application of NPs emphasize the need for meticulous consideration of NP types and application methods. Notably, the 1% composite NPs applied to the soil and 3% molybdenum directly on plants emerged as a standout combination showing superior outcomes. Looking ahead, this research opens avenues for future exploration and refinement. Further investigations could explore optimizing NP concentrations, additional green synthesis methods, and assessing the long-term impact of NP applications on soil health. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of how these NPs interact with plant physiology and soil dynamics could provide a deeper comprehension of their agricultural implications. Moreover, the study prompts the exploration of diverse plant species to evaluate the generalizability of the observed effects. Assessing the influence of environmental variables and diverse soil compositions on NP efficacy is crucial for tailoring these approaches to different agricultural contexts. This study provides a foundation for the ongoing dialogue on the sustainable application of nanotechnology in agriculture. As we move forward, a comprehensive understanding of the ecological, economic, and societal implications of nanoparticle use will be imperative for harnessing the full potential of nanotechnology in shaping the future of agriculture.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project No. RSP2024R247, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the Researchers Supporting Project No. RSP2024R247, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization, H. F.,S.O.A.; data curation, M.H.,A.K.; formal analysis, H.Q.,S.A.R.,A.A.A.K.; funding acquisition, S.A.R.,A.A.A.M.A.M.,M.S.E.; investigation, M.H.; methodology, T.A.; project administration, A.M.A.M.,M.S.E.; resources, S.A.R.A.M.A.M.,M.S.E.; software, S.O.A.,I.A.; supervision, H.F.,T.A.; validation, H.Q.,I.A.; visualization, T.A.; writing – original draft, H.F., M.H.; writing – review & editing, T.A.,H.Q.S.A.R.,A.A.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2023-08-12
Revised: 2023-11-28
Accepted: 2024-01-24
Published Online: 2024-02-26

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0196
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
agri-nanotechnology; iron and molybdenum nanoparticles; green synthesis; micronutrients; plant growth parameters; growth analysis
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
  3. Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
  4. Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
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  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
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  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
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  11. Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
  12. Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
  13. Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
  14. Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
  15. The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
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  19. Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
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  21. Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
  22. Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
  24. Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
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  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
  30. Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
  31. Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
  32. Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
  35. Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
  39. Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
  40. Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
  42. Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
  43. Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
  44. Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
  45. Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
  46. GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
  47. Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
  48. Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
  49. One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
  50. Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
  51. A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
  52. Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
  53. Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  54. Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
  55. Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
  56. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
  57. Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
  58. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
  59. Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
  60. Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
  61. Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
  62. Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
  63. Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
  64. Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
  65. Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
  66. Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
  67. Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
  68. Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
  69. Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
  70. Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
  71. Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
  72. Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
  73. Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
  74. Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
  75. Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
  76. LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
  77. Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
  78. Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
  79. Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
  80. Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
  81. Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
  82. A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
  83. Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
  94. Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
  95. Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
  108. A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
  113. Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
  116. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  119. Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
  138. Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
  140. Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
  143. In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
  144. Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
  150. Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
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Heruntergeladen am 21.12.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2023-0196/html?lang=de
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