Home Physical Sciences Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
Article Open Access

Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity

  • Huma Ali EMAIL logo , Savita Dixit and Saud Alarifi
Published/Copyright: April 24, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 22 Issue 1

Abstract

The synthesis of the nanomaterial is crucial for its characteristics, as well as physiological features. Green nanoparticle production, which reduces metal ions using natural extracts rather than industrial chemical agents, has been created to lower costs, minimize pollution, and improve environmental and human health safety. An aqueous and methanolic extract of a combination of Citrus sinensis and Citrus limetta peel was utilized for the green synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles. UV–Visible, Fourier-transform Infrared, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning of electron microscopy (SEM) and other techniques were employed to describe the prepared cobalt nanoparticles. The crystal structure of cobalt nanoparticles was revealed by XRD study. The SEM images of the cobalt nanoparticles revealed the usual subdivision dimensions of 20–30 nm. Using the well diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of the crude extract derived from the combination of the two plants mentioned above and the biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles was assessed. The result showed that the crude extract and cobalt nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity and cobalt nanoparticles exhibited much higher activity than the crude extract. Overall, these findings revealed that formulated cobalt nanoparticle treatment considerably prevented the development of different micro-organisms.

Keywords: cobalt nanoparticle; green synthesis; antibacterial activity; micro-organisms

1 Introduction

The tradition of therapeutic plants is closely tied to common knowledge that is extensively shared without scientific validation and based primarily on empirical evidence. This approach seeks to condense dependence on the conventional healthcare system, adopt less expensive alternatives, and prevent and manage illnesses [1]. Nevertheless, because this kind of customary knowledge is typically passed down via years of use, it is still important to consider and do more research [2]. Plant material can be prepared and administered in several conducts. For instance, plant substances, which can be made from any part of the plant, are manufactured more commonly than infusions, sometimes known as teas. Foliage and fruit macerates are another example [3]. It is vital to assess each preparation method’s physicochemical properties, such as the compounds to be extracted solubility and thermostability, before extracting a particular set of molecules [4].

Numerous commercially significant fruits in the Citrus genus are grown all over the world for their high nutritional and therapeutic value [5]. One of the largest families in the Sapindales order is the Rutaceae, which contains citrus. Citrus blossoms and leaves usually have strong fragrances, and their extracts are rich in useful flavonoids and other chemicals that perform well as fungicides, insecticides, and medications. [6,7,8]. Some of the most significant fruit trees that are cultivated worldwide are found in the Citrus genus [9]. Oranges, or Citrus sinensis, are some of the most popular fruits to eat worldwide. The zesty flavor of fresh oranges offers several health advantages. This miraculous fruit is good for the natural resistance, weight loss, and skin. As everyone knows, oranges are ironic in other essential phytonutrients including vitamin C. Orange peel also contains a portion of polyphenols, which guard against a numeral of illnesses. Because limonene is a certainly taking place molecule, it also has significant anti-cancerous qualities. Additionally, the orange peel’s essential oil possesses anti-inflammatory qualities that support our immune system [10]. Another name for Citrus limetta is sweet lemon. Owing to their many medicinal benefits, its constituents are only used for a range of therapeutic purposes in both Asian and Western countries. Owing to its pharmacological characteristics, it is acknowledged as one of the superfoods in India. In the past, people have utilized sweet lemon to boost innate immunity, ward against scurvy, and treat skin and hair issues. Previous studies have shown that the presence of 15 different powerful compounds is what gives sweet lemon pulp its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities. Limonene is one of these beneficial compounds present in sweet lemons. It is the primary ingredient in C. limetta and has pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties [11].

In terms of environmental sustainability, biotech and nanomaterials together, or bionanotechnology, appear to function as a substitute for a variety of applications [12]. Nature aids nanotechnology-finished biotic procedures which encourage the contact among the microstructure and the media in which it will be distributed, which are aided by medicinal plant resources. Bio-nanotechnology presenting itself as a safe, ecologically friendly solution that can solve major challenges. It is employed in the food industry to find preservatives with no cytotoxicity, in the environmental industry to develop possible antibacterial substances via the collaboration of the natural dispersive medium and nanostructure, and in environmental remediation and recovery approaches [13,14,15].

Recently, biological methods of nanoparticle synthesis have drawn more interest than physical and chemical ones [16]. The absorbance maxima of the aqueous mixed extract were located at 460 nm in the UV–Visible spectra of the cobalt nanoparticles generated in the reaction media. The particles are Pol disperses, as evidenced by the large signal widening observed between 350 and 480 nm [17,18]. Chemical processes including chemical reduction and other methods are typically used in the manufacturing of these materials. However, these procedures produce dangerous by-products in addition to requiring the usage of substances that are cytotoxic. Thus, herbal cuttings and microorganisms are utilized today to produce nanomaterials [19]. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is advantageous over microorganisms because it eliminates the requirement for the challenging procedure of safeguarding cell cultures and can be effectively scaled up for large-scale nanoparticle manufacturing. Because of this, researchers are still working to develop safe, affordable, environmentally acceptable, and clean ways to manufacture nanoparticles [20,21]. Because of this, current studies in the relevant scientific domains have concentrated on producing metallic oxide nanomaterials using completely new plant extracts. Moreover, because of its straightforward scientific basis and the simplicity with which nanoparticles of various diameters and topologies may be generated, there is a dramatic increase in interest in the biosynthesis of metallic oxide nanoparticles [22]. It is thought that flavonoids and other phenolic compounds contribute to the reducing or antioxidant qualities of medicinal plants. When the metal ions in the plant extract are reduced by phenolic chemicals, individual metal nanoparticles are produced [23,24,25].

Cobalt is among the most auspicious bimetal because of its numerous applications, and scientists from an inclusive variety of fields have long been interested in learning more about it [26,27]. Cobalt nanoparticles are now believed to have potential applications in electromagnetic acceptance, including high-frequency circuitry and mobile phones [23,28]. Cobalt nanomaterials even have an inherent advantage in healthcare-related industries like magnetic resonance imaging and medicine delivery, where the highest standards of quality and purity are required to prevent any changes to their response stability or magnetism [29,30 31]. In addition, there has been a rise in the claim of manufacturing knowledge to switch the emergence and spread of bacteria resistant to drugs. One important public health issue that may be present is antibiotic resistance [32,33]. Many common metal nanoparticles, including iron, titanium, and silver, have been broadly considered in this field because of their potent antibacterial qualities. Developing new natural medicines and materials connected to nanotechnology, like biologically derived antimicrobial silver, gold, and cobalt nanoparticles, is an excellent solution to tackle this problem.

Citrus fruits were well known for their healing qualities and were utilized to address a range of illnesses, including gout, scurvy, digestive problems, and skin diseases [34]. They were also employed as an antidote to poison and as an antiseptic during the plague. Cobalt nanoparticles are an effective choice for finding new antimicrobials because of the benefits of creating green synthesis to create nanoparticles and their undeniable antibacterial efficacy across a variety of diseases. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of newly synthesized cobalt nanoparticles made from several citrus plants. We emphasized the usage of these plant components’ potential in the development of various metallic nanoparticles in addition to their antibacterial properties.

2 Methodology

2.1 Preparation of extract

Orange and sweet lemon peels, C. sinensis and Citrus limeetta, were bought from the local Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India market. After repeatedly washing the orange and sweet lemon peels in water to get rid of any dust or debris, they were allowed to dry at room temperature in the shade before being ground into a powder in a grinder. Additionally, the two grinded ingredients were considered evenly (about 50 g each) and appropriately combined in a 1:1 ratio before extraction assembly was used to prepare the methanolic and aqueous extracts. After filtering the extract using filter paper, it was refrigerated for storage.

2.2 Biosynthesis of cobalt nanoparticle

Cobalt nitrate was used as a precursor to make nanoparticles. Dissolve 5 g of Co (NO3)2·6H2O in 100 mL of deionized water and stir for 30 min. To synthesize cobalt nanoparticles, a glass flask containing 40 mL of cobalt salt solution and 60 mL of the previously generated extract was frenzied at 80°C for 2.5 h. The mixture took on a rich brown hue. Stir the mixture at room temperature for 30 min. Centrifuge the cobalt nanoparticles to collect them and then thoroughly wash them with ethanol and deionized water to remove any leftover impurities. In a vacuum oven, the cobalt nanoparticles are dried for an entire day at 60°C [35].

2.3 Characterization of nanoparticles

2.3.1 UV–Visible spectroscopy

Many different substances can be studied using UV–Visible spectroscopy, including biological molecules, inorganic chemicals, and organic molecules. Since it may offer evidence around the electronic structure and bonding of the sample, it is a helpful technology for food quality assurance and pharmaceutical industries along with organic and biotic studies [36].

2.3.2 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy

An FTIR spectrophotometer with 64 scans in the transmittance method and a resolution of 4 cm−1 was practiced to examine the synthesized cobalt nanoparticles.

2.3.3 Scanning of electron microscopy (SEM)

Approximately 10 μL aliquots of the synthesized cobalt nanoparticle samples were placed on slides coated with 1% polylysine and then they were post-treated with the chemicals already mentioned in a previous study for about 2 h. Afterwards, the plates were subjected to increasing concentrations of alcohol to simulate dehydration [37]. Following that, they were coated in gold, subjected to SEM examination, and critical point CO2 dehydration.

2.3.4 X-ray diffraction (XRD)

XRD can be practiced to analyze a broad variety of materials, such as metals, minerals, ceramics, and pharmaceuticals. Given its ability to provide information on the sample’s crystal structure, phase composition, and lattice parameters, it is a valuable tool for materials research, quality assurance, and process improvement in industrial settings. Using CuKα radiation and a diffractometer operating at room temperature, 40 kV, and 20 mA, this investigation was carried out. X-ray photons from a powder sample were collected every 2 h using a Mythen 1 K detector [38].

2.4 Screening of antimicrobial activity

2.4.1 Test microorganism

Escherichia coli (MTCC No. 1698), Streptococcus pneumonia (MTCC No.655), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC No. 7925) were produced according to their toxicological and medical importance and preserved for further study.

2.4.2 Antimicrobial assay

The process of antibacterial testing determines a substance’s ability to stop or completely eliminate the growth of bacteria. It is widely used to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotics and other antimicrobial medications in treating and preventing bacterial infections. Antibacterial testing can be done with a variety of bacterial strains. It is important to keep in mind that the results of antibacterial testing may vary depending on the type of bacterium, how the test is conducted, and the specifics of the experiment. Therefore, to ensure reliable and consistent results, many testing could be necessary.

After sterilizing the nutrient agar medium for 15 min at 121°C and 15 pounds of pressure, the media was transferred onto Petri dishes. A 5-mm-diameter cork holder was drilled into the cemented plates. The antimicrobial assay was performed on the well-equipped plates. Using the well diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of crude extract and synthesized cobalt nanoparticles of several concentrations, 250, 200, 150, and 100 µg/ml was evaluated against E. coli, S. pneumonia, and P. aeruginosa [39].

Using the streak plate approach, various carefully chosen bacterial strains were added to the prepared culture plates for inoculation. Using a sterile syringe, several samples were poured into the well. To check for bacterial activity, the plates were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. Testing was done on various bacterial strains using varying concentrations of the crude extract and cobalt nanoparticles made from different extracts. The zone of inhibition was calculated by measuring the circumference of the inhibition zone, which included the well diameter. Four distinct fixed orientations were used to calculate the readings and average results.

2.5 Statistical analysis

Primer was the program used to explore the data. An analysis of variance was conducted between the various concentrations, with a significance level of P < 0.05. It was possible to determine the data’s mean and standard deviation.

3 Results

3.1 Biosynthesis of cobalt nanoparticles by C. sinensis and C. limetta peel

Once cobalt nanoparticles have developed, the color of the fluid changes. The hue of the solution was used to track the biogenesis of cobalt nanoparticles after three days. The orange suddenly turning grey indicates the reduction. The intensity of the color shift was highest on the second day, and there was no change observed on the third day, suggesting that the biosynthesis of cobalt nanoparticles had stopped. The acquired color of a solution can reveals whether the nanoparticles are spherical, circular, or rod-shaped. Because surface plasmon resonance is excited, cobalt nanoparticles exhibit an orange-brown color in aqueous solution and methanol. The resulting solution color reformed from yellowish to dark orange and orange to dark brown when combined with the aqueous solution and methanol of the cobalt ion complex respectively. The production of the cobalt nanoparticles was caused by the decrease of cobalt ions, which is shown in Figure 1.

Extract + Co ( NO 3 ) 2 → Co 3 O 4 nanoparticle .

Figure 1 Biosynthesis of cobalt nanoparticles from the combined extract of peel of orange and sweet lemon in aqueous (CoW) and methanol (CoM).
Figure 1

Biosynthesis of cobalt nanoparticles from the combined extract of peel of orange and sweet lemon in aqueous (CoW) and methanol (CoM).

3.2 UV–Visible spectroscopy

In the UV–Visible spectrum, the absorbance maxima of the cobalt nanoparticles of methanolic and aqueous extract showed absorbance maxima at 510 and 460 nm, respectively. The large enlargement of the signal between 350 and 480 nm and between 480 and 550 nm indicates that the particles are Pol dispersed.

3.3 FTIR spectroscopy

The numerous functional groups present in the biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles of aqueous combination extract of orange and sweet lemon peel were identified using FTIR analysis. The average peak size of hydroxyl groups in phenolic compounds was around 1,200 cm−1. The carbonyl group, amide group, C–O of alcohols or phenols, and Co3O4 at 1,322, 800, 600, and 400 cm−1, respectively, can be attributed to further noteworthy peaks. Additionally, the FTIR measurement of the biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles of the methanolic combined extract of orange and sweet lemon peel, as shown in Figures 2 and 3, yields nearly identical peaks.

Figure 2 FTIR spectra of biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticle of aqueous combined extract of orange and sweet lemon peel.
Figure 2

FTIR spectra of biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticle of aqueous combined extract of orange and sweet lemon peel.

Figure 3 FTIR spectra of biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticle of methanolic combined extract of orange and sweet lemon peel.
Figure 3

FTIR spectra of biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticle of methanolic combined extract of orange and sweet lemon peel.

3.4 SEM

The cobalt nanoparticles’ nanoparticle-like shape, which denotes well-uniform particles with narrow size allocations between 20 and 30 nm, is clearly visible in the SEM image of the particles displayed in Figure 2. Biosynthesized nanoparticles are more effective at killing bacteria because of their flat surface, which facilitates better contact with bacterial cell walls. Such behaviors of smooth-surfaced nanoparticles have already been demonstrated. The elemental composition of the cobalt nanoparticles was assessed by EDS analysis. The synthesized cobalt nanoparticles are shown by the prominent peaks. The elemental composition of the nanoparticles is 17.03 wt% carbon and 82.97 wt% cobalt. The compositional results of the EDX analysis demonstrate great compositional uniformity across the nanoparticles and are in good accord with theoretically predicted values (Figure 4).

Figure 4 SEM image and EDS analysis of biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles.
Figure 4

SEM image and EDS analysis of biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles.

3.5 XRD

With powder XRD, the effective biogenesis of cobalt nanoparticles was verified. It is clear from Figure 5 that the characteristic peaks observed in the XRD image supported the resulting diffraction pattern in a biosynthesized cobalt nanostructure. The angles of the various diffraction peaks are 35, 36, 2, 42, and 65 degrees, respectively. The particle size was discovered to vary between 10 and 20 nm.

Figure 5 XRD spectra of biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles.
Figure 5

XRD spectra of biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles.

3.6 Antimicrobial activity

Various amounts of synthesized cobalt nanoparticles were tested against various species of bacteria, as well as one control group. The control group does not include any extracts or nanoparticles. By measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone surrounding the well, including the well diameter, the zone of inhibition was computed. It was discovered that, when tested against various bacterial strains, the zone of inhibition of the biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles in both extracts was significantly higher than that of the crude extract (Tables 1 and 2; Figures 6 and 7).

Table 1

Presenting zone of inhibition (ZOI) in aqueous medium against different microorganism

Microorganisms ZOI (mm) ZOI of extract (mm) ZOI of cobalt nanoparticles (mm)
Control 250 µg/ml 200 µg/ml 150 µg/ml 100 µg/ml 250 µg/ml 200 µg/ml 150 µg/ml 100 µg/ml
S. aureus 00.00 19.10 ± 0.65 18.89 ± 0.76 20.45 ± 1.23 17.17 ± 0.39 30.24 ± 0.23 29.84 ± 0.14 28.00 ± 0.49 27.56 ± 0.28
P. aeruginosa 00.00 23.60 ± 2.64 22.86 ± 1.09 24.10 ± 1.76 20.42 ± 1.81 33.38 ± 0.54 34.95 ± 1.28 35.61 ± 0.40 36.94 ± 0.59
E. coli 00.00 17.12 ± 0.67 9.00 ± 1.29 10.97 ± 2.34 8.17 ± 1.89 27.65 ± 0.98 26.00 ± 1.36 24.41 ± 0.76 20.82 ± 0.10
Table 2

Presenting zone of inhibition (ZOI) in methanol against different microorganisms

Microorganisms ZOI (mm) ZOI of extract (mm) ZOI of cobalt nanoparticles (mm)
Control 250 g/ml 200 µg/ml 150 µg/ml 100 µg/ml 250 µg/ml 200 µg/ml 150 µg/ml 100 µg/ml
S. aureus 00.00 12.83 ± 0.19 9.94 ± 2.64 10.80 ± 1.90 8.69 ± 2.45 27.00 ± 1.54 23.82 ± 0.23 20.57 ± 0.78 18.63 ± 0.31
P. aeruginosa 00.00 13.34 ± 2.68 11.59 ± 1.90 10.56 ± 2.06 10.51 ± 1.72 20.00 ± 0.47 20.98 ± 0.62 18.16 ± 1.04 19.37 ± 0.52
E. coli 00.00 18.43 ± 0.58 15.18 ± 1.34 17.94 ± 0.39 13.75 ± 0.26 27.00 ± 2.36 20.57 ± 0.27 22.60 ± 0.38 20.98 ± 0.61
Figure 6 Images of antibacterial activity of discs of different concentrations of Co nanoparticles prepared from aqueous extract on (a) S. pneumonia, (b) P. aeruginosa, and (c) E. coli.
Figure 6

Images of antibacterial activity of discs of different concentrations of Co nanoparticles prepared from aqueous extract on (a) S. pneumonia, (b) P. aeruginosa, and (c) E. coli.

Figure 7 Images of antibacterial activity of discs of different concentrations of Co nanoparticles prepared from methanolic extract on (a) S. pneumonia, (b) P. aeruginosa, and (c) E. coli.
Figure 7

Images of antibacterial activity of discs of different concentrations of Co nanoparticles prepared from methanolic extract on (a) S. pneumonia, (b) P. aeruginosa, and (c) E. coli.

4 Discussion

This study explains the fundamental principles of “green” chemistry, as well as “green” ways for producing metal nanoparticles from bioresources. The most popular method for producing these nanoparticles is a “bottom-up” approach that employs a wide range of organic solvents, poisonous chemicals, and non-ecological reagents under high pressure and temperature. Alternative, cost-effective, and secure solutions are therefore required. “Green” synthesis mitigates the detrimental influence on the environment and human health by preventing contamination during the early stages of chemical processes [40,41]. Many innovative biological techniques have been devised, utilizing plants, algae, fungi, bacteria, viruses, and so on. Plants are an excellent source of precursors for the production of metal nanoparticles and other “green” resources since they are abundant, easy, and non-toxic. Plant suitability is governed by elements such as total protein content and antioxidant capabilities. To enhance the practical use of “green” nanoparticles, it is necessary to study their physical and chemical properties, stability, and activity. This study discusses the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles using several techniques such as sol–gel, hyperthermal, and auto-combustion. Reductants are commonly derived from plant extracts such as C. limetta (Sweet lemon) and C. sinensis (Orange) peels. Metal nanoparticles can be created using a “green” process, allowing for more exact sizes and shapes. These revolutionary “green” technologies have the potential to drastically reduce both environmental pollution and health dangers. SEM, UV, FTIR, and XRD demonstrated the successful biogenesis of cobalt nanoparticles.

Depending on the bacteria tested and the exposure dose, cobalt nanoparticles demonstrated bacterial activity against various bacterial strains. Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterial human pathogen with a wide range of clinical symptoms. Infections are widespread in both community and hospital settings, and treatment remains difficult to manage due to the introduction of multidrug-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus. S. aureus can be found in the environment as well as in normal human flora, where it lives on most healthy people’s skin and mucous membranes (most commonly in the nose area). S. aureus does not often infect healthy skin; nevertheless, if permitted to enter the bloodstream or internal tissues, these bacteria can cause a variety of potentially dangerous illnesses. Typically, transmission occurs through direct contact. However, some infections are transmitted by different means [42].

E. coli is commonly found in the enteral microbiota; nonetheless, unhealthful strains are the leading cause of disorders in humans and are also the most responsible for tract infections. Furthermore, E. coli has been shown to be resistant to numerous cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, which are common antibiotics used in human medicine [43].

P. aeruginosa is a gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-producing rod that can cause a range of infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Its proclivity to induce infections in immunocompromised hosts, high adaptability, antibiotic resistance, and a diverse set of dynamic defenses make it an extraordinarily difficult organism to treat in modern medicine [44].

Chemicals like the cobalt nanoparticles that were biosynthesized in this work have the potential to take the role of antibacterial therapies, as bacterial resistance is a significant public health concern.

5 Conclusion

The current study’s conclusion is to produce cobalt nanoparticles by combining two plant extracts – one from oranges and the other from wonderful lemons – in various solvent combinations. Cobalt nanoparticles are often produced using a variety of chemical synthesis procedures, including sol–gel, chemical reduction of oxides, and plasma-chemical synthesis. Despite being multistep procedures, these chemical modes are routinely used to manufacture cobalt nanoparticles; nonetheless, they are not environmentally benign and produce toxic byproducts. Plant extract is not used in the manufacture of cobalt nanoparticles; hence, no hazardous compounds are created. Overall, our findings indicated that treatment with biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles considerably inhibited the growth of numerous bacteria. The utility of biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles in biological applications, such as the treatment of infectious diseases, became clear.

  1. Funding information: This research was supported by Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2024R27), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contribution: Writing and Drafting: by Huma Ali and Saud Alarifi Design and Experiments: by Huma Ali and Savita Dixit Analysis and Review: by Savita Dixit and Saud Alarifi.

  3. Conflict of interest: All authors declared no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Alcantara RGL, Joaquim RH, Sampaio SF. Plantas medicinais: O conhecimento e uso popular. Rev APS – Atenção Primária Saúde. 2015;18:1–13.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Fitzgerald M, Heinrich M, Booker A. Medicinal plant analysis: a historical and regional discussion of emergent complex techniques. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1480.10.3389/fphar.2019.01480Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[3] Barbosa FES, Guimarães MBL, Dos Santos CR, Bezerra AFB, Tesser CD, De Sousa IMC. Supply of integrative and complementary health practices in the family health strategy in Brazil. Cad Saude Publica. 2020;36:1–20.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Brodowska K, Brodowska KM. Natural flavonoids: classification, potential role, and application of flavonoid analogues. Eur J Biol Res. 2017;7:108–23.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Su HJ, Hogenhout SA, Al-Sadi AM, Kuo CH. Complete chloroplast genome sequence of omani lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) and comparative analysis within the rosids. PLoS One. 2014;9:113049.10.1371/journal.pone.0113049Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[6] Mabberley DJ. Citrus (Rutaceae): A review of recent advances in etymology, systematics and medical applications. Blumea: J Plant Taxon Plant Geogr. 2004;49:481–98.10.3767/000651904X484432Search in Google Scholar

[7] Tripoli E, Guardia ML, Giammanco S, Majo DD, Giammanco M. Citrus flavonoids: molecular structure, biological activity and nutritional properties: a review. Food Chem. 2007;104:466–79.10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.054Search in Google Scholar

[8] Ezeabara CA, Okeke CU, Aziagba BO, Ilodibia CV, Emeka AN. Detremination of saponin content of various parts of six Citrus species. Int Res J Pure Appl Chem. 2014;4:137–43.10.9734/IRJPAC/2014/5831Search in Google Scholar

[9] Carbonell-Caballero J, Alonso R, Ibanez V, Terol J, Talon M, Dopazo J. A phylogenetic analysis of 34 chloroplast genomes elucidates the relationships between wild and domestic species within the genus citrus. Mol Biol Evolution. 2015;32:2015–35.10.1093/molbev/msv082Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[10] Esteves E, Maltais-Landry G, Zambon F, Ferrarezi RS, Kadyampakeni DM. Nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium inconsistently affect tree growth, fruit yield, and juice quality of huanglongbing-affected orange trees. HortScience. 2021;56:1269–77.10.21273/HORTSCI15997-21Search in Google Scholar

[11] Hashemi SMB, Amin MK, Francisco JB, Zahra N, Samaneh SS, Fatemeh A. Fermented sweet lemon juice (Citrus limetta) using Lactobacillus plantarum LS5: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. JFF. 2017;38:409–14.10.1016/j.jff.2017.09.040Search in Google Scholar

[12] Filho SA, Backx BP. Nanotecnologia e seus impactos na sociedade. Rev Tecnol Soc. 2020;16:1–15.10.3895/rts.v16n40.9870Search in Google Scholar

[13] Backx BP. Green nanotechnology: only the final product that matters? Nat Prod Res. 2022;36:3507–9.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Raja RK, Hazir S, Balasubramani G, Sivaprakash G, Obeth ESJ, Boobalan T, et al. Green nanotechnology for the environment. Handbook of Microbial Nanotechnology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2022.10.1016/B978-0-12-823426-6.00006-1Search in Google Scholar

[15] Srivastava S, Bhargava A. Tools and techniques used in nanobiotechnology. In Green Nanoparticles: The Future of Nanobiotechnology. Singapore: Springer; 2022. p. 29–5510.1007/978-981-16-7106-7_3Search in Google Scholar

[16] Kalyanjyoti D, Deka S. Morphology oriented surfactant dependent co and reaction time dependent Co3O4 nanocrystals from single synthesis method and their optical and magnetic properties. Cryst Eng Comm. 2013;15:8465–74.10.1039/c3ce41502cSearch in Google Scholar

[17] Khan I, Khalid S, Khan I. Nanoparticles: properties, applications and toxicities. Arab J Chem. 2019;12:908–31.10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011Search in Google Scholar

[18] Bibi I, Nazar N, Ata S, Sultan M, Ali A, Abbas A, Jilani K. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using pomegranate seeds extract and photocatalytic activity evaluation for the degradation of textile dye. JMR&T. 2019;30:6115–24.10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.10.006Search in Google Scholar

[19] Okwunodulu FU, Chukwuemeka-Okorie HO, Okorie FC. Biological synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles from Mangifera indica leaf extract and application by detection of manganese (II) ions present in industrial wastewater. Chem Sci Int J. 2019;27:1–8.10.9734/CSJI/2019/v27i130106Search in Google Scholar

[20] Skiba MI, Victoria IV. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using orange peel extract prepared by plasmochemical extraction method and degradation of methylene blue under solar irradiation. Adv Mater Sci Eng. 2019;2019:1–8.10.1155/2019/8306015Search in Google Scholar

[21] Koyyati R, Karunakar RK, Pratap RMP. Evaluation of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of green synthesized cobalt nanoparticles using Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus leaf extract. Int J Pharmtech Res. 2016;9:466–72.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Hafeez M, Ruzma S, Bilal A, Sirajul H, Salahudin M, Shaukat A, et al. Green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles for potential biological applications. Mater Res Express. 2020;7:025019.10.1088/2053-1591/ab70ddSearch in Google Scholar

[23] Srivastava R, Shiva B, Anuj K, Rahul S, Jules S, Christine CB, et al. Waste citrus reticulata assisted preparation of cobalt oxide nanoparticles for supercapacitors. Nanomaterials. 2022;12:4119.10.3390/nano12234119Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[24] Nghia TB, Can DP, Huy QN, Son VL, Van TTT, Ngoc TTT. Removal of As (III) from water using a novel orange peel 37 biopolymer based magnetic nanocomposites. J Sci Technol. 2021;4:52–61.10.46242/jstiuh.v52i05.4118Search in Google Scholar

[25] Thi TD, TrungThoai N, Dang T, KieuHanh TT, Bach TP, Kim NP. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using orange fruit peel extract for antibacterial activities. RSC Adv. 2020;10:23899–907.10.1039/D0RA04926CSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[26] Dutta T, Narendra NG, Mahuya D, Rajsekhar A, Vivekananda M, Asoke PC. Green synthesis of antibacterial and antifungal silver nanoparticles using citrus limetta peel extract: Experimental and theoretical studies. J Env Chem Eng. 2020;8:104019.10.1016/j.jece.2020.104019Search in Google Scholar

[27] Niluxsshun MCD, Koneswaran M, Umaramani M. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the extracts of fruit peel of citrus tangerina, citrus sinensis, and citrus limon for antibacterial activities. Bioinorg Chem. 2021;6695734.10.1155/2021/6695734Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[28] Khan S, Anees AA, Abdul AK, Rehan A, Omar AO, Wael AK. In vitro evaluation of anticancer and antibacterial activities of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. JBIC. 2015;20:1319–26.10.1007/s00775-015-1310-2Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[29] Yang H, Yuehua H, Xiangchao Z, Guanzhou Q. Mechanochemical synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles. Mater Lett. 2004;58:387–9.10.1016/S0167-577X(03)00507-XSearch in Google Scholar

[30] Papis E, Federica R, Mario R, Isabella DD, Graziano C, Aldo M, et al. Engineered cobalt oxide nanoparticles readily enter cells. Toxicol Lett. 2009;108:253–9.10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.851Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[31] Adekunle AS, John AOO, Lateefat MD, Oluwatobi SO, Dare SO, Akindamola SA, et al. Potential of cobalt and cobalt oxide nanoparticles as nanocatalyst towards dyes degradation in wastewater. NanoStruct Nano-Objects. 2020;21:100405.10.1016/j.nanoso.2019.100405Search in Google Scholar

[32] Zheng Y, Ping L, Hongbo L, Shouhui C. Controllable growth of cobalt oxide nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide and its application for highly sensitive glucose sensor. Int J Electrochem Sci. 2014;9:7369–81.10.1016/S1452-3981(23)10974-6Search in Google Scholar

[33] Nwozo SO, Omotayo OO, Nwawuba SU. Nutritional evaluation of sweet orange citrus sinensis seed oil. MOJ Ecol. Env Sci. 2021;6:15–20.10.15406/mojes.2021.06.00208Search in Google Scholar

[34] Banerjee S, Pal RS. Inhibitory and complementary therapeutic effect of sweet lime (Citrus limetta) against RNA-viruses. J Prev Med Holist Health. 2021;7:37–44.10.18231/j.jpmhh.2021.009Search in Google Scholar

[35] Ali H, Yadav YK, Ali D, Kumar G, Alarifi S. Biosynthesis and characterization of cobalt nanoparticles using combination of different plants and their antimicrobial activity. Biosci Rep. 2023;43:1–12.10.1042/BSR20230151Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[36] Mahdavi R, Takesh SSA. Enhanced selective photocatalytic and sonocatalytic degradation in mixed dye aqueous solution by ZnO/GO nanocomposites: Response surface methodology. Mat Chem Phys. 2021;256:1–17.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124581Search in Google Scholar

[37] Antunes Filho S, Dos Santos MS, Dos Santos OAL, Backx BP, Soran ML, Opriş O, et al. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts and essential oils. Molecules. 2023;28:1–31.10.3390/molecules28073060Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[38] Zou X, Chen J, Hu J. Green synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles using Calendula officinalis leaves extract: Chemical characterization and anti-lung cancer activity. Inorg Chem Commun. 2022;7:1–7.10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109694Search in Google Scholar

[39] Valgas C, De Souza SM, Smânia EFA. Screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of natural products. Braz J Microbiol. 2007;38:369–80.10.1590/S1517-83822007000200034Search in Google Scholar

[40] Jang E, Shim H, Ryu BH, An DR, Yoo WK, Kim KK. Preparation of cobalt nanoparticles from polymorphic bacterial templates: a novel platform for biocatalysis. Int J Biol Macromol. 2015;81:747–53.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.09.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[41] Tan SP, O’Sullivan L, Prieto ML, Gillian EG, Peadar GL, Frank L, et al. Extraction and bioautographic-guided separation of antibacterial compounds from Ulva lactuca. J Appl Phycol. 2012;24:513–23.10.1007/s10811-011-9747-3Search in Google Scholar

[42] Rasigade JP, Vandenesch F. Staphylococcus aureus: a pathogen with still unresolved issues. Infect Genet Evol. 2014;21:510–4.10.1016/j.meegid.2013.08.018Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[43] Kim CS, Gatsios A, Cuesta S, Lam YC, Wei Z, Chen H. Characterization of autoinducer-3 Structure and Biosynthesis in E. coli. ACS Cent Sci. 2020;6:197–206.10.1021/acscentsci.9b01076Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[44] Mulcahy LR, Isabella VM, Lewis K. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in disease. Microb Ecol. 2014;68:1–12.10.1007/s00248-013-0297-xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2024-02-08
Revised: 2024-03-08
Accepted: 2024-03-29
Published Online: 2024-04-24

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
  3. Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
  4. Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
  10. Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
  11. Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
  12. Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
  13. Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
  14. Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
  15. The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
  16. Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
  17. Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
  18. Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
  19. Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
  20. Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
  21. Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
  22. Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
  24. Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
  26. Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
  30. Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
  31. Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
  32. Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
  35. Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
  39. Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
  40. Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
  42. Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
  43. Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
  44. Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
  45. Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
  46. GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
  47. Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
  48. Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
  49. One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
  50. Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
  51. A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
  52. Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
  53. Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  54. Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
  55. Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
  56. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
  57. Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
  58. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
  59. Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
  60. Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
  61. Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
  62. Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
  63. Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
  64. Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
  65. Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
  66. Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
  67. Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
  68. Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
  69. Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
  70. Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
  71. Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
  72. Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
  73. Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
  74. Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
  75. Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
  76. LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
  77. Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
  78. Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
  79. Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
  80. Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
  81. Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
  82. A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
  83. Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
  94. Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
  95. Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
  108. A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
  113. Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
  116. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  119. Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
  138. Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
  140. Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
  143. In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
  144. Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
  150. Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2024-0021
Keywords for this article
cobalt nanoparticle; green synthesis; antibacterial activity; micro-organisms
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
  3. Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
  4. Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
  10. Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
  11. Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
  12. Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
  13. Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
  14. Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
  15. The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
  16. Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
  17. Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
  18. Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
  19. Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
  20. Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
  21. Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
  22. Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
  24. Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
  26. Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
  30. Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
  31. Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
  32. Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
  35. Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
  39. Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
  40. Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
  42. Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
  43. Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
  44. Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
  45. Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
  46. GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
  47. Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
  48. Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
  49. One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
  50. Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
  51. A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
  52. Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
  53. Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  54. Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
  55. Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
  56. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
  57. Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
  58. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
  59. Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
  60. Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
  61. Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
  62. Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
  63. Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
  64. Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
  65. Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
  66. Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
  67. Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
  68. Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
  69. Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
  70. Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
  71. Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
  72. Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
  73. Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
  74. Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
  75. Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
  76. LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
  77. Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
  78. Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
  79. Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
  80. Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
  81. Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
  82. A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
  83. Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
  94. Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
  95. Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
  108. A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
  113. Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
  116. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  119. Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
  138. Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
  140. Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
  143. In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
  144. Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
  150. Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 6.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2024-0021/html
Scroll to top button