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Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer

  • Zhuoqun Wang , Ming Li , Qi Zhang and Lei Xu EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 28, 2024
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 22 Issue 1

Abstract

Prostate cancer is a cancer prevalent form characterized by serious clinical symptoms. The discovery of a novel supplement or medication for prostate cancer within the realm of chemotherapeutic drugs holds significant value. Our research involved the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) infused with Pistacia khinjuk leaf extract to explore their potential anti-prostate cancer, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties. The green-formulated CuNPs were characterized by TEM, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FE-SEM, FTIR. The FE-SEM and TEM findings prove the spherical structure with a size of 10–70 nm. The DPPH assay was carried out to examine the effectiveness of antioxidants. CuNPs exhibited the ability to inhibit 50% of DPPH at 215 µg/mL. To assess the anti-prostate cancer properties of CuNPs, an MTT assay was performed on NCI-H660, DU 145, LNCaP clone FGC, and LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2 cells. CuNPs exhibited remarkable efficacy in inhibiting prostate cancer growth, while demonstrating negligible toxicity towards normal cells. The LNCaP clone FGC cell line displayed the most potent anti-prostate cancer effects of CuNPs. IC50 of CuNPs was 322, 365, 247, and 273 on NCI-H660, DU 145, LNCaP clone FGC, and LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2 prostate cancer cells. CuNPs containing Pistacia khinjuk were found to possess noteworthy anti-prostate carcinoma characteristics and presented excellent antioxidant potentials, as highlighted by this study.

Keywords: copper nanoparticles; cytotoxicity; Pistacia khinjuk ; prostate cancer

1 Introduction

Cancer is a special statute characterized by the tissues uncontrolled growth, which arises due to the imbalance between apoptosis and cell division. This imbalance is caused by many intricate factors [1]. The control mechanisms of body are not effectively responded to by carcinoma cells. The proteins of the cell cycle and signaling pathways regulation are altered, causing disruption. As a result, these cells inhibit abnormal needs and behaviors, requiring different treatment methods [2]. This statute is a genetic occurrence compilation and influences linked to one’s lifestyle and surroundings [3]. It is a significant contributor to global mortality [4,5,6,7,8]. Despite extensive studies dedicated to understanding cancer, it remains a notable health discussion for the global population. Research in the field of cancer treatment focuses on studying natural origin agents like plant compounds and herbal nanoparticles (NPs) because of the significant drug resistance and side effects associated with chemical drugs commonly used in treatment [9,10]. Hence, it is crucial to endeavor in the exploration of plant compounds and plant NPs [8,9,10] in order to unveil more effective medications that exhibit reduced resistance and side effects.

Pistacia is from the family Anacardiaceae and includes 11 species worldwide. There are many plants of this genus, some of them have therapeutic effects and others have pleasant and edible fruits. Pistacia Vera has a large amount of starch and some sucrose in the Pistacia kernel. [11] Pistacia Khinjuk is a short shrub with a height of 1–3 m, two legs, single comb compound leaves, egg-shaped leaflets, purple-red flowers, compound cluster inflorescences, and small shaft fruits [11,12,13]. Studies have shown that Pistacia khinjuk resin is used to treat indigestion, toothache, and as an astringent effect in traditional medicine, and Pistacia khinjuk fruit is also consumed orally [12]. The aerial part of Pistacia khinjuk contains flavonoid glycosides including myrstin-3-glycoside, myrstin-3 retinoside, and myrstin-3 glycoside [13]. Also, myrstin derivatives include 20% of the total polyphenol content of Pistacia lentiscus leaves [14,15]. Tohidi reported that the Pistacia leaves and gum essential oil have good antioxidant and antifungal activity [16]. In recent times, scientists have directed their attention towards the eco-friendly synthesis of NPs using plants owing to their significant healing properties [17,18,19,20,21].

NPs typically range from 1 to 100 nm [20,21,22,23]. The field of nanotechnology is expanding, allowing for precise control over the NPs production and manipulation with diverse distributions, shapes, and sizes. There are numerous hazards for the environment posed by chemical and physical methods, and they can be quite costly. Conversely, using biological methods through plant extracts is both safe and cost-effective [24,25,26,27]. Producing NPs through biological means significantly reduces the potential risks to humans [24,25,28]. Copper has historically attracted attention as a disinfectant; however, its effectiveness has been restricted by its low bactericidal characteristics and the emergence of antibacterial substances and antibiotics, leading to limitations in its usage [29,30,31,32]. Nevertheless, the advancement in copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) production has caused the flourishing use of copper as potent bactericidal NPs. CuNPs derived from medicinal plants have been effectively utilized in treating various diseases, including different forms of cancer [31,32,33]. Prior investigations have suggested that using CuNPs leads to the elimination of cancer cells through the elevation of cells’ reactive oxygen species levels [24,25,26,27,34]. Also, separate research has highlighted the involvement of CuNPs in permeating the membrane of carcinoma cells, resulting in their demise [29,30,31,32].

Secondary plant metabolites are organic compounds not directly involved in plant growth and reproduction. Unlike the primary metabolite, these compounds have a limited distribution in the plant kingdom. Alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids are secondary metabolites that have anticancer effects [35]. Current report was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxicity of CuNPs containing Pistacia khinjuk on NCI-H660, DU 145, LNCaP clone FGC, and LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2 prostate cancer cells because of the presence of flavonoid glycosides and polyphenol compounds in the Pistacia khinjuk leaves and the study lacks the anti-carcinoma efficacies of Pistacia Khinjuk green-formulated CuNPs on prostate carcinoma cells.

2 Experimental method

2.1 Materials

The chemicals for the green formulation of CuNPs were acquired from Sigma Aldrich.

2.2 Preparation of NPs

The Pistacia Khinjuk leaf was collected and then was subjected to a drying procedure for 15 days at a temperature of 25°C. Before the extraction procedure, the dried materials were converted into smaller fragments with dimensions of 2–4 mm. The extraction was carried out using the percolation (soaking) technique, wherein 0.1 kg plant powder were mixed with 0.8 L of water. After being kept at 25°C for 2 days, the sample was filtered using Whatman filter paper. The extraction process was performed four times, and the entire organic solvent was removed through a rotary evaporator, resulting in the production of crude solid extracts. To ensure the complete elimination of the solvent, a freeze-drying method was then employed.

Following the cooling and filtration of the aqueous extract obtained from Pistacia Khinjuk leaf, 40 mL of the extract was combined with 40 mL of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O (0.25 M). The resulting mixture was then subjected to reflux for 16 h at 75°C. Consequently, the formation of NPs (Cu@Pistacia Khinjuk) occurred, leading to the generation of dark brown precipitates. Following this, the NPs were separated and subjected to four cycles of rinsing with deionized water. The rinsing procedure included periodic centrifugation at a velocity of 11,000 rpm for 8 min. State-of-the-art physicochemical methods like FE-SEM, UV-Vis, TEM, and FT-IR analysis were utilized to analyze the CuNPs synthesized using Pistacia Khinjuk extract.

FE-SEM was utilized for the examination of the structure and makeup of CuNPs. The CuNPs size distribution was depicted in a histogram through using imageJ software.

In order to verify the production of CuNPs, a spectrophotometer with a wavelength range of 200–600 nm was utilized. To demonstrate the existence of CuNPs, the synthesized NPs absorption spectrum was generated using the Perkin Emer model 45 UV/Visible-Lambda spectrophotometer from the USA. Multiple samples were extracted from the treated solution at various intervals, and just prior to drying, the sample absorbance was measured within the range of 300–350 nm. The absorption spectrum exhibits fluctuations depending on the morphology of the NPs, which in turn is associated with the Cu element. This particular range of wavelength is directly linked to these factors.

The identification of the various functional groups accountable for the stabilization and reduction of the formulated CuNPs was accomplished through FT-IR analysis, utilizing the Cary 630 FT-IR model from Tokyo, Japan. The FT-IR analysis was conducted using the KBr technique, where a slice containing 0.3 g of formulated CuNPs mixed with KBr was created under high pressure.

2.3 Anti-prostate carcinoma effects

Synthesized CuNPs’ cytotoxic properties on HUVEC (Normal cell), DU 145, NCI-H660, LNCaP clone FGC, and LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2 (prostate cancer cells) were assessed.

In order to assess the NPs’ influence on cell morphology, the first stage consisted of placing 100 µL of NPs into 96-well plates. Following this, the cells were exposed to different concentrations of NPs every 72 h. The OLYMPUS microscope was employed to evaluate potential changes in cell morphology after treatment with NPs, in contrast to the untreated cells control group. The growth and viability of cells were assessed using the trypan blue dye exclusion examination and a hemocytometer slide. Afterward, the cells were grown at 106 cells per well. Subsequent to this, the initial plate showed no growth after a day, whereas the second plate was exposed to around 1,000 μg/mL of methanol as a control for the solvent. Different doses of NPs were introduced to the rest of the plates, and each dosage was replicated three times. The dishes were subsequently transferred to an incubator adjusted to 95% oxygen, 90% humidity, 37°C, and 5% CO2 for 24 h. Subsequently, the dishes were analyzed to determine the IC50 value. Throughout a span of three days, MTT solution quantities were added and allowed to incubate for 8 h. Afterward, the absorption at 570 nm was quantified using a Biotech ELISA reader produced in Germany [36].

Cell viability ( % ) = Sample A Control A .

2.4 Antioxidant effects

To evaluate the antioxidant capacity, the DPPH test was utilized, with the color alteration being quantified using spectrophotometry. A mixture of 1 mL of 1 mM DPPH and 1 mL of NPs at varying concentrations was prepared, thoroughly mixed, and then incubated at 25°C for 0.5 h in the absence of light. Next the measurement of the mixture’s absorbance at a wavelength of 517 nm was conducted using blank methanol and DPPH solution. Subsequently, the inhibition of free radicals was determined by applying the following formula [36]:

DPPH inhibition ( % ) = 100 × ( A 0 − As ) /AO .

2.5 Statistical analysis

The normality of the data was first evaluated with Minitab-21. Following this, any data that were not normal was adjusted to achieve normality. Data variance analysis was then carried out using SPSS-22, with visual representations being generated using Excel.

3 Results and discussion

Nanotechnology is currently the focus of significant interest. Extensive research has been carried out in medicine due to the pharmacological characteristics of NPs [27,29,30,34]. Over the past few decades, NPs have been effectively evaluated for their antioxidant properties, demonstrating the capacity to enhance cellular antioxidant activity and decrease oxidative stress with heightened sensitivity. Various types of NPs have been examined for covalent binding or antioxidants encapsulation. Research on this topic is ongoing [26,27,34]. Enhancing the antioxidant capacity of antioxidants can be achieved through encapsulation in nanocarriers or attachment to the nanomaterials surface. It is essential to develop innovative methods for transforming nano-antioxidants and designing modern antioxidant efficacy assays to ensure precise and dependable measurements [29,30,31,32]. Hence, an improved comprehension of nanotechnology, nanostructures, novel molecules, and their distinct blend with enhanced antioxidant properties, is poised to revolutionize future therapies utilizing nano-antioxidants [28,37,38].

During the latest examination, an FTIR was followed to evaluate the active and reducing Cu ions groups in 400–4,000 cm−1 (Figure 1). The spectrogram illustrates the bioactive potential of Pistacia khinjuk leaf in reducing copper ions. The study conducted by Zangeneh et al. [17] reveals that there are distinct peaks observed in the vibration wavelengths of 3,405, 2,912, 1,091, 613, and 566. These peaks correspond to hydroxyl, carbon dioxide, carbonyl, alkene, and alkyl groups, respectively.

Figure 1 The FT-IR pattern of CuNPs.
Figure 1

The FT-IR pattern of CuNPs.

During the CuNPs green synthesis, the transition from a light-yellow hue to a rich brown shade in the solution signifies the surface plasmon resonance intensification in CuNPs. Based on the data obtained from UV-Vis, the analysis reported the peak absorption at approximately 338 nm for the NPs that were formulated. The absorption peak progressively rose until it reached the reaction’s stationary phase after 72 h. The bands observed closely resemble those documented in a prior study on CuNPs synthesized using green methods [17] (Figure 2).

Figure 2 The UV-Visible spectrum of CuNPs.
Figure 2

The UV-Visible spectrum of CuNPs.

The results taken from the TEM and FE-SEM pictures confirmed the CuNPs synthesis. The resulting CuNPs were spherical and ranged from 10–70 nm (Figures 3 and 4). The observed aggregation property aligns with common features of metallic NPs observed in prior report [17].

Figure 3 FE-SEM images of CuNPs.
Figure 3

FE-SEM images of CuNPs.

Figure 4 TEM image of CuNPs.
Figure 4

TEM image of CuNPs.

The field of cancer treatment research is focused on assessing natural origin factors, such as herbal NPs and plant compounds with low harmful effects. With advancements in molecular techniques and bioinformatics, a significant amount of data have been acquired, aiding in the early diagnosis of cancer. Numerous extensive research projects have focused on various herbal NPs, with a particular emphasis on examining their cytotoxic properties and potential anticancer effects [29,30,31]. A significant number of the compounds utilized in cancer treatment are derived from plants. Plant-derived secondary metabolites exhibit various therapeutic properties, including analgesic, cardiovascular, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects [35].

Considering that the investigation of diverse treatment strategies is regarded as a fundamental goal in modern medical research, substantial efforts have been undertaken to reveal effective and appropriate treatment modalities. One notable aspect of these endeavors is the analysis of the cytotoxic characteristics of plant-based compounds in controlled laboratory environments through the MTT assay technique.

The research demonstrated notable antioxidant and anti-prostate cancer properties of CuNPs with Pistacia khinjuk.

The MTT assay was conducted on DU 145, NCI-H660, LNCaP clone FGC, and LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2 cell lines. The IC50 values of CuNPs were found to be 365, 322, 247, and 273 on DU 145, NCI-H660, LNCaP clone FGC, and LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2 prostate cancer cells, respectively. The LNCaP clone FGC cell line exhibited the most promising data regarding anti-prostate cancer properties of CuNPs. The particles demonstrated a strong efficacy against prostate cancer in the mentioned tumor cells, while showing minimal toxicity on HUVEC (Figures 5–9).

Figure 5 The cytotoxicity efficacy of CuNPs on normal cell (HUVEC).
Figure 5

The cytotoxicity efficacy of CuNPs on normal cell (HUVEC).

Figure 6 The anti-prostate cancer efficacy of CuNPs on DU 145.
Figure 6

The anti-prostate cancer efficacy of CuNPs on DU 145.

Figure 7 The anti-prostate cancer efficacy of CuNPs on NCI-H660.
Figure 7

The anti-prostate cancer efficacy of CuNPs on NCI-H660.

Figure 8 The anti-prostate cancer efficacy of CuNPs on LNCaP clone FGC.
Figure 8

The anti-prostate cancer efficacy of CuNPs on LNCaP clone FGC.

Figure 9 The anti-prostate cancer efficacy of CuNPs on LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2.
Figure 9

The anti-prostate cancer efficacy of CuNPs on LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2.

The results of the DPPH examination reported an enhancement in prevention percentage as the NPs concentration enhanced. The best antioxidant efficacy was observed at around 100% with a concentration of 1,000 μg/mL. The IC50 value was 215 µg/mL (Figure 10).

Figure 10 The antioxidant efficacy of CuNPs and butylated hydroxytoluene on DPPH.
Figure 10

The antioxidant efficacy of CuNPs and butylated hydroxytoluene on DPPH.

Studies have shown that the main components of Pistacia khinjuk aerial parts include spathulenol, germacrene B, β-caryophyllene, B-pinene myrcene, and pinene, which have high antifungal and antioxidant effects. [39] The findings taken from the Pistacia khinjuk analysis indicated that the percentages of limonene, phellandrene, and α-pinene are 4.08, 15.27, and 52.33, respectively [12]. Also, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties were revealed for the leaves of Pistacia khinjuk because of the presence of phenolic compounds [39,40,41]. By investigating the antitumor activity of Pistacia gum, Balan et al. showed that this plant prevents human colorectal tumor cells proliferation in vitro by inducing apoptosis [42]. Rezaei et al. reported that Pistacia fruit extract inhibits the growth of human carcinoma cells similar to doxorubicin [43]. Almehdar et al. showed that Pistacia resin oil has a mild cytotoxic activity on breast cancer and cervical cancer cell lines and thermal melanocytes [44]. Therefore, the results of the recent research are consistent with the confirmation of the role of the results obtained from different types of Pistacia and anticancer flavonoids through inhibiting the polymerization of tubulins, preventing the destructive action of free radicals and inducing apoptosis [45]. Comparing the cytotoxicity effects of Pistacia khinjuk green-mediated CuNPs on prostate cancer cells showed that these NPs had more toxic effects on LNCaP clone FGC cell than other cells. In all extract concentrations, the growth inhibition percentage of LNCaP clone FGC cells is higher to some extent. Despite this evidence, it can be expected that the inhibitory activity of CuNPs on cancer cells is maybe because of flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activity in it. Therefore, it seems that the cytotoxic properties of CuNPs can be generally associated with the presence of secondary metabolites, especially flavonoids in the first degree and total phenol present in this plant in the second degree [35].

4 Conclusion

In the current study, we synthesized CuNPs containing Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract for investigating the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and anti-prostate cancer effects. The DPPH assay was performed to examine the effectiveness of antioxidants. The abovementioned tumor cells exhibited a notable anti-prostate cancer effect when treated with CuNPs, while HUVEC cells did not experience any significant toxicity. CuNPs successfully inhibited 50% of DPPH in the expansion at a concentration of 215 µg/mL. The FE-SEM and TEM data prove the spherical morphology with a size of 10–70 nm. IC50 of CuNPs was 365, 322, 247, and 273 on DU 145, NCI-H660, LNCaP clone FGC, and LNCaP clone FGC-Luc2 prostate cancer cells.

  1. Funding information: Not applicable.

  2. Author contributions: Zhuoqun Wang: conceptualization, investigation, acquisition, formal analysis, data curation, supervision, project administration, methodology, validation, resources, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing. Ming Li: conceptualization, investigation, data curation, supervision, project administration, methodology, validation, resources, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing. Qi Zhang: conceptualization, investigation, acquisition, formal analysis, data curation, supervision, project administration, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing. Lei Xu: conceptualization, investigation, acquisition, formal analysis, data curation, supervision, project administration, methodology, validation, resources, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

  5. Ethical approval: The experiments were in the in vitro condition.

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Received: 2024-01-24
Revised: 2024-04-04
Accepted: 2024-04-22
Published Online: 2024-05-28

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
  3. Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
  4. Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
  10. Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
  11. Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
  12. Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
  13. Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
  14. Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
  15. The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
  16. Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
  17. Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
  18. Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
  19. Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
  20. Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
  21. Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
  22. Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
  24. Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
  26. Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
  30. Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
  31. Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
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  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
  35. Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
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  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
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  43. Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
  44. Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
  45. Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
  46. GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
  47. Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
  48. Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
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  59. Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2024-0034
Keywords for this article
copper nanoparticles; cytotoxicity; Pistacia khinjuk; prostate cancer
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
  3. Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
  4. Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
  10. Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
  11. Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
  12. Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
  13. Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
  14. Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
  15. The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
  16. Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
  17. Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
  18. Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
  19. Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
  20. Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
  21. Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
  22. Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
  24. Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
  26. Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
  30. Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
  31. Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
  32. Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
  35. Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
  39. Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
  40. Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
  42. Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
  43. Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
  44. Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
  45. Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
  46. GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
  47. Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
  48. Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
  49. One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
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  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
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  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
  108. A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
  113. Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
  116. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  119. Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
  138. Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
  140. Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
  143. In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
  144. Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
  150. Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
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