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Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet

  • Ahmed A. Qahtan , Abdulrahman A. Alatar and Abdalrhaman M. Salih ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: January 25, 2024
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 22 Issue 1

Abstract

Lablab (Lablab purpureus L.) Sweet “white” is a vegetable crop belonging to the Fabaceae family, and it has been used in many ways as food, ornamental plant, green manure, and medicinal. In contrast, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) play an important role in plant growth and development. The aim of this current study was to investigate the impact of biogenic ZnO NPs on the growth, development, and antioxidant system of L. purpureus (Sweet). Thus, different concentrations (0.0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L) of biogenic ZnO NPs were used. The seeds of Lablab were immersed into the concentrations of ZnO NPs for 24 h and cultivated in sterilized soil. Next, after 2 months of growth under greenhouse conditions, the morphological and physico-biochemical parameters were evaluated. In general, the recorded results showed that the biogenic ZnO NPs have a significant impact on germination, fresh and dry biomass of the Lablab crop. The same results were observed with photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids, total protein content, enzyme activity, and phenolic comments. Also, the accumulation of nutrients such as nitrogen and zinc in edible tissue was increased in response to the addition of ZnO NPs. Moreover, the scavenging ability of sample methanolic extract to diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, and hydrogen peroxide was affected by the addition of biogenic ZnO NPs. Furthermore, the level of gene expression under ZnO NPs can be investigated for a better understanding of the process that leads to improving the growth and development of crops.

Keywords: biosynthesis; ZnO NPs; Lablab crop, photosynthetic pigments; enzymes activities; phenolic components; antioxidants

1 Introduction

Nanotechnology is one of the fastest emerging and innovative fields which deals with the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanoparticles (NPs) in different fields. NPs are defined as molecules with sizes from 1 to 100 nm or at least one dimension less than 100 nm. These particles have shown unique properties linked to their physical and chemical properties based on their nanoscale that differs from the bulk material [1,2,3]. NPs may differ from the bulk material and have improved features based on their shape, size, and structure [4]. NPs have potential uses in many disciplines, such as biotechnology, electronics, medicine, food, and agriculture [5]. Moreover, NPs increase plant nutrient uptake and enhance crop development and yield by supplying nutrients in a stable and accessible form to the plant [6]. Among the available large number of NPs, metal and metal oxide NPs such zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) are more promising for their unique chemical and physical properties [7]. As well known, zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plants which involved in structural protein and catalytic cofactor in hundreds of enzymes [8] and has structural functions in the protein domains that interact with different molecules [9]. Zinc oxide is a provocative material for application in many fields such as electronics, photonics, and sensing acoustics [10]. Accordingly, ZnO NPs have a very broad range of applications, particularly in agriculture, for improving crops growth and development. In this context, it has been reported that ZnO NPs play an important role in the plant growth and development [11,12,13]. Moreover, ZnO NPs have a unique advantage to use as elicitors to catalytic reaction process due to their physical and chemical properties such as large surface area and high catalytic activity [14]. For example, ZnO NPs have boosted phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Capsicum annuum L. reported by García-López et al. [15]. Also, it was reported that the addition of ZnO NPs in potato plant media increased the total phenolic compound production [16]. There are many methods that have been used for ZnO NP fabrication. Among all of them, biocompatible ZnO NPs, obtained through green synthesis (biosynthesis) with the aid of plant-derived materials, appear to be a highly successful method to create a fast, clean, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly approach to produce ZnO NPs with significant impact on plant growth and development [17,18,19]. For example, the foliar applications of biogenic Zn NPs affect the protein profiling and transcriptome of Brassica napus L. positively, hence, enhancing plant growth and development [20]. Additionally, it has been mentioned that 50 mg/L ZnO NPs have reduced the effect of salt stress on rice genotypes throughout the germination stage [21]. Lablab purpureus L. is a vegetable crop belonging to the Fabaceae family. It is indigenous to Asia and Africa which are in tropical and subtropical regions of the world [22]. Lablab is a crop that has been used in many ways as food, ornamental plant, green manure, and medicinal [23]. The leaves and pods are also used as animal feed [24]. Moreover, the plant is a good source of protein and rich in essential amino acids, making it an important food crop in many parts of the world. The plant is rich in nutrients, including proteins (15–25%), carbohydrates (46.93%), dietary fibers (3.35–8%), minerals such as iron (5–155 mg/100 g), calcium (36.5–130 mg/100 g), potassium (132–297 mg/100 g), phosphorus (27–386.6 mg/100 g), and zinc (9.3–30.4 mg/100 g) and vitamins such as thiamine (0.5–1.130 mg/100 g), riboflavin (0.136 mg/100 g), and niacin (1.61 mg/100 g) [22,23,25,26]. In contrast, several reports have shown that Lablab has many medicinal activities, such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory [27], antifungal [28], antihyperglycemic, antinociceptive [29], antibacterial, and cytotoxic [30] activities. These activities are due to the bioactive compounds present in lablab plant, such as phenols, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, steroids, alkaloids, and triterpenes [27,31,32]. No report was found in the literature related to the impact of biogenic ZnO NPs on growth, development, and antioxidant system of Lablab. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the impact of biogenic ZnO NPs on the growth, development, and antioxidants system of Lablab plant. Hence, seeds of Lablab were immersed into different concentrations of ZnO NPs and cultivated into sterilized soil. Next, plant growth indices such as morphological and physico-biochemicals and photosynthetic pigments, total protein content, phenolic components, essential nutrients, and crop methanolic extract ability to the diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), azino-bis-3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were estimated.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Biogenic of ZnO NPs and characterization

ZnO NPs were biologically synthesized using leaf extract of Phoenix dactylifera and zinc nitrate solution as substrate. The characterization of zinc nanostructure was done using different analytical approaches such as UV–Vis spectrophotometer (UV–vis), X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and published recently [33].

2.2 ZnO NPs treatment

The seeds of L. purpureus L. (Sweet) were collected from Yemen, 2022. Then, the seeds were washed well using double distilled water. Thereafter, the seeds were immersed in different concentrations (0.0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL) of biogenic ZnO NPs solution for 24 h. Next, the seeds of L. purpureus were cultivated in pots containing sterilized soil and incubated in greenhouse conditions. Germination rate and fresh and dry weight were measured after 40 days from treatment.

2.3 Photosynthetic pigment and carotenoid estimation

The photosynthetic pigment and carotenoid contents in the sample of the Lablab crop were determined using the method described by Arnon [34]. About 0.1 g of Lablab crop fresh leaves was dissolved in 2 mL of acetone solution (80%) (v/v) and incubated at 4°C for 24 h. Then, the mixture was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was collected, and the absorbance of the photosynthetic pigments and carotenoids was estimated to be 663, 645, and 490 nm, respectively, using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 1800).

2.4 Total protein content estimation

For the total protein content determination, plant material was well grounded using liquid nitrogen. Then, dissolved in a protein extraction buffer composed of 100 mM of sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 0.5% Triton X-100 (v/v), and 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone. Next, the solution was centrifuged for 15 min at 20,000 × g at 4°C. Then, the collected supernatant was estimated using a nanodrop by adopting Jogeswar et al.’s [35] methods.

2.5 Superoxide dismutase estimation

The activity of very important antioxidant enzymes (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) that protect cells from toxic oxygen metabolites, which convert superoxide into H2O2 and molecular oxygen, was estimated using the method described by Marklund and Marklund [36]. The reaction buffer of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) is composed of 1.9 mL of 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 mL of 0.25 mM pyrogallol, and 0.1 mL of extracted protein. Next, the optical density was measured spectrophotometrically at 420 nm. The SOD activity (U/g) was defined as the amount of enzyme needed for 50% inhibition of pyrogallol oxidation.

2.6 Catalase (CAT) determination

The CAT (EC 1.11.1.6) activity was measured according to the method described in the study of Claiborne [37]. The reaction mixture contained 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 mL of 0.059 M H2O2, 1.9 mL of deionized water, and 0.1 mL of plant extract (protein). The absorbance was read at 240 nm. The activity of CAT was expressed as (unit/g of protein).

2.7 Estimation of ascorbate peroxidase (APX)

The APX (EC 1.11.1.11) activity was estimated using the method described in Nakano and Asada [38]. The reaction buffer composed of 1.0 mL of 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 1 mL of deionized water, 0.1 mL of EDTA (0.1 mM), 100 µL of H2O2, and 0.1 mL of plant extract (protein). The absorbance was measured at 290 nm.

2.8 Total phenolic content (TPC) determination

The TPC in the sample was determined following the Ainsworth and Gillespie [39] method with minor modifications [40]. About 0.1 mL of the Lablab extracted material was mixed with the same amount of the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and 300 µL of (20%) sodium carbonate solution. Then, the obtained combination was incubated at room temperature in the dark condition for 30 min. The absorbance was recorded at 765 nm using UV light. The regression curve was constructed by using different concentrations (31.25–500 µg/mL) of standard (gallic acid), and then, the following linear equation (y = 0.0019x + 0.076) was used for TPC determination in the plant methanolic extract and expressed as mg/DW.

2.9 Total flavonoid content (TFC) determination

For the determination of flavonoids in the Lablab methanolic extract, the method in previous studies [40,41] was adopted. A volume of 500 µL of Lablab methanol extract was added to the same mL of 2% AlCl3 deionized water. The obtained mixture was incubated in the dark condition at room temperature for 2 h, and the absorbance was read at 420 nm. The regression curve was constructed using different concentrations (50–400 µg/mL) of the reference standard (quercetin), and the following linear equation (y  = 0.0886x – 0.0144) was used for TFC determination as mg/g DW.

2.10 Determination of total tannin content (TTC)

The TTC in the Lablab extract was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu method [42] with minor changes [40]. A total of 100 µL of the Lablab extract was added to a tube containing 1.5 mL of Milli-Q water and 100 µL of the Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent for 8 min. Then, 300 µL of sodium carbonate solution (35%) was added to the mixture. Thereafter, the mixture was shaken well and incubated at room temperature in the dark for 20 min. The absorbance was recorded at 700 nm. The following linear equation demonstrates the relationship between optical density and concentration (Y = 0.0058−0.0274) of tannic acid reference standard, while the TTC is defined as mg/g DW.

2.11 Total sugar estimation

The total soluble sugar content in the Lablab methanolic extract was determined by adopting the following method [43]. About 5 mL of H2SO4 (96%) and 1 mL of phenol (5%) were added to 1 mL of Lablab methanolic extract and incubated for 20 min in a water bath set at 30°C. The absorbance was recorded at 490 nm using UV–Visible spectrophotometer. The regression calibration was bolting from glucose standard (0.025–0.3 µg/mL), and the following linear equation (with R 2 = 0.993, y = 10.334x − 0.0906) was used for the total sugar determination, which is defined as glucose (mg/g DW).

2.12 Determination of H2O2 content

The level of H2O2 was measured according to the method described in the study of Alexieva et al. [44]. About 0.5 g of fresh tissue was homogenized with 5 mL of 0.1% (w/v) trichloro acetic acid in an ice bath. The homogenate was centrifuged at 12,000g for 15 min. Then, 0.5 mL of the supernatant was added to the same amount of 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 1 mL of KI (1 M). The reaction mixture was incubated for 1 h in the dark, and the wavelength was measured at 390 nm. The amount of H2O2 was determined using a standard curve prepared with known concentrations of H2O2.

2.13 DPPH assay

The DPPH scavenging activity was measured by the DPPH assay method [40,45]. Briefly, 0.1 mmol/L DPPH solution was prepared in methanol. Then, 150 µL of the DPPH solution was mixed with the same amount of sample extract. Next, the mixture was incubated for 30 min at 25°C. The wavelength was recorded at 517 nm. The calibration curve was bolting different concentrations (1–32 µg/mL) of ascorbic acid dissolved in water. The calculated results were expressed as mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g of the DW sample.

2.14 ABTS radical scavenging assay

The ABTS scavenging activity was carried out by the ABTS+ radical cation decolorization assay with light modification [46]. About 5 mL of 7 mmol/L of ABTS solution was mixed with 88 µL of a 140 mM potassium persulfate solution to produce ABTS+. The mixture was placed in the dark at room temperature for 16 h. Then, the prepared ABTS+ solution was diluted with methanol to obtain an initial absorbance of 0.7 at 734 nm. Then, 100 µL of Labab extract or standard was mixed with 200 µL of prepared diluted ABTS solution in a 96-well plate and incubated at room temperature for 10 min in the dark. Next, the wavelength was measured at 734 nm. The antioxidant ability was expressed as mg of AAE per g (mg AAE/g DW) of the sample using the calibration curve, which was prepared from different concentrations (0.78–25 µg/mL) of ascorbic acid.

2.15 Element determination

The sample of the Lablab crop was digested using sulfuric acid and H2O2. Next, 0.3 g was taken from the sample and placed in a crucible (50 mL), and 5 mL from H2SO4 18 M (98%) and H2O2 were added to the sample. Then, the mixture was heated at approximately 250°C on the hot plate until the solution became clear and transparent. Thereafter, the crucible was removed from the hot plate to cool and was filtered through Whatman filter paper (No. 42). Next, transferred quantitatively to a 25 mL volumetric flask by adding distilled water. Finally, stored in 50 mL polyethene bottle at 4°C until analysis. The total nutrients were analyzed using the method described by Estefan [47].

2.16 Statistical analysis

The reported results in the figures and table represent the mean of three replicates ± standard deviations. The SPSS software, one-way analysis of variance, and Duncan’s test were used for the mean separation and significant level estimation at (p < 0.05). a,b means different letters within the same column differ significantly (p < 0.05).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Impact of biogenic ZnO NPs on the growth and development of L. purpureus (L.) Sweet

ZnO NPs are one of the most important metal oxide NPs, due to their chemical and physical properties that have been used in several fields [48]. For example, it has been stated that ZnO NPs play an important role in plant growth and development [11,12,13]. The optimum dose of NPs is expected to improve crop yield and might minimize the risk of the presence of NPs in the plant environment [49]. In this current work, for evaluation of the impact of ZnO NPs on such parameters as germination rate, shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of Lablab, several concentrations of ZnO NPs (0.0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L) were used. The results illustrate that all tested parameters like germination rate (Figure 1), shoot length, and fresh and dry weight (Table 1) were affected significantly by the addition of ZnO NPs. Among different ZnO NP concentrations used, 50 mg/L recorded the best germination rate (Figure 1), shoot length, and fresh and dry weight (Table 1). Furthermore, the influence of ZnO NPs on photosynthetic pigments and carotenoids was also evaluated. The obtained results showed that the biogenic ZnO NPs have a significant impact on chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids compared to the untreated crop (Figure 2). In agreement with our results, many reports stated that ZnO NPs improved the growth and development of crops; for example, the growth of peanut [50], soybean [51], Swiss chard [52], and cucumber [53] was improved in response to the addition of ZnO NPs. The spraying of zinc on safflower crops increased chlorophyll content, which demonstrates the significant role of zinc in the nitrogen element metabolism and chlorophyll content production [54].

Figure 1 The impact of biogenic ZnO NPs on the germination rate of Lablab. a,b means different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05).
Figure 1

The impact of biogenic ZnO NPs on the germination rate of Lablab. a,b means different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Table 1

Effect of biogenic ZnO NPs on shoot length, fresh, and dry weight of Lablab

Length (cm) Fresh weight (g) Dry weight (g)
Control 31.33 ± 2.08e 3.04 ± 0.26ab 0.46 ± 0.06ab
10 mg/L 33.80 ± 5.07c 2.43 ± 0.81b 0.38 ± 0.13b
25 mg/L 29.67 ± 2.52d 2.40 ± 0.17b 0.32 ± 0.10b
50 mg/L 57.53 ± 6.83a 3.73 ± 0.21a 0.57 ± 0.11a
100 mg/L 44.90 ± 2.01b 4.10 ± 1.01a 0.58 ± 0.05a

Note: Different letters within the same column differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Figure 2 The effect of biogenic ZnO NPs on photosynthetic pigments and carotenoids of Lablab. a,b means different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05).
Figure 2

The effect of biogenic ZnO NPs on photosynthetic pigments and carotenoids of Lablab. a,b means different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05).

3.2 Impact of biogenic ZnO NPs on antioxidants’ system of Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet

The effect of different concentrations (0.0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L) of biogenic ZnO NPs on the total protein content, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, and APX) activities, and phenolic components was evaluated. The highest concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/L) of ZnO NPs recorded a significant impact on the total protein content of Lablab crop compared to the control (Figure 3). ZnO NPs increased the protein content of tomatoes even under salt stress [55]. Moreover, protein content was upregulated under ZnO NP treatment [33,52]. Furthermore, the activity of SOD, CAT, and APX under ZnO NPs was measured using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer with specific substrates and reagents. The results revealed that the activity of the investigated enzymes was significantly affected by the biogenic ZnO NPs treatment. About 50 mg/L of ZnO NPs recorded the highest activity of SOD, while 10 mg/L achieved the highest activity of CAT, whereas 100 mg/L of ZnO NPs induced the APX activity significantly among different concentrations. The activity of enzymes was upregulated under ZnO NPs treatment [33]. ZnO NPs enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities and the transcriptions of respective genes [3,56]. Furthermore, non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenol, flavonoid, and tannin) and the scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS were estimated in response to ZnO NP treatment (Table 2). The results showed that the phenol and tannin content in Lablab crop increased significantly under ZnO NPs compared to the untreated sample, while the flavonoid content of the Lablab crop was influenced by the highest doses (50 and 100 mg) of ZnO NPs (Table 2). ZnO NPs induced the production of desirable phenolic compounds in Capsicum annuum L. [15]. The scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS was also affected by the addition of ZnO NPs, among different concentrations, 50 mg of ZnO NPs achieved the highest scavenging activity in both DPPH and ABTS (Table 2). Plants rely heavily on their antioxidant defense mechanisms to reduce oxidative damage caused by biotic and abiotic stresses [15]. Lablab crops exposed to 50 mg/L ZnO NPs have higher antioxidant activity because they contain a higher amount of phenolic compounds, which are potent scavengers of reactive oxygen species and may also block enzymes that produce free radicals [57]. It was observed that the antioxidant activity increased with increasing doses of ZnO NPs in C. annuum and Brassica nigra [15,58]. Therefore, the optimum concentration of ZnO NPs should be considered for each plant to get heist yield biomass and productivity.

Figure 3 The impact of biogenic ZnO NPs on total protein and enzyme activities of Lablab. a,b means different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05).
Figure 3

The impact of biogenic ZnO NPs on total protein and enzyme activities of Lablab. a,b means different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05).

Table 2

Influence of biogenic ZnO NPs on phenolic compounds, DPPH, and ABTS of Lablab

Phenol (mg GAE/g DW) Flavonoid (mg QE/g DW) Tannin (mg TAE/g DW) DPPH (mg AAE/g DW) ABTS mg AAE/g DW)
Control 33.27 ± 0.59d 19.06 ± 0.04d 17.05 ± 0.34d 1.56 ± 0.02c 13.08 ± 0.66b
10 mg/L 56.32 ± 1.35b 23.07 ± 0.08b 27.36 ± 0.74b 1.72 ± 0.01b 11.49 ± 0.14d
25 mg/L 41.98 ± 1.09c 15.09 ± 0.15e 20.12 ± 0.62c 1.32 ± 0.02d 9.18 ± 0.27e
50 mg/L 74.75 ± 2.41a 24.65 ± 0.16a 33.40 ± 1.37a 2.08 ± 0.03a 15.50 ± 1.18a
100 mg/L 52.37 ± 0.60b 22.04 ± 0.05c 26.07 ± 0.40b 1.60 ± 0.03c 12.45 ± 0.05c

Note: different letters within the same column differ significantly (p < 0.05).

3.3 Impact of biogenic ZnO NPs on elements, total sugar, and H2O2 of Lablab

The effect of ZnO NPs on essential macro and microelements of the Lablab crop was evaluated. Data in Table 3 showed the impact of ZnO NPs on macro and microelements of Lablab. However, the impact of ZnO NPs on elements in the Lablab crop is not clear. The elements such as nitrogen and zinc were increased in response to ZnO NP treatment (Table 3). We observed that the concentration of the zinc element in plant tissue was increased with the increase of ZnO NPs. Accordingly, the same result was reported recently with the Zn element significantly increased with the increase of ZnO NP concentration in plant media [59]. Furthermore, by providing nutrients to the plant in a stable and accessible form, NPs improve crop growth, development, and yield by increasing plant nutrient uptake [6]. Furthermore, the effect of ZnO NP concentrations on osmolyte content (total soluble sugar) was also estimated (Figure 4). The achieved result has demonstrated that the total sugar content of the Lablab crop was influenced by the addition of ZnO NPs, among different concentrations, 50 mg/L concentration was the best one, and the content of total sugar was decreased at 100 mg/L concentration of ZnO NPs (Figure 4). This might be due to the toxic effect of the highest concentration of ZnO NPs. Also, the extracts’ ability of the treated Lablab to H2O2 scavenging was estimated. The ability of extracts to H2O2 scanning was increased with the increase of ZnO NPs till 50 mg/L concentration, and then it was decreased dramatically at 100 mg/L concentration of ZnO NPs (Figure 5). This might be due to the toxic effect of the highest concentration of ZnO NPs, which reduced the production of bioactive components.

Table 3

Effect of biogenic ZnO NPs on essential macro and microelements of Lablab

N (mg/g) P (mg/g) K (mg/g) Cu (mg/L) Fe (mg/L) Mn (mg/L) Mo (mg/L) Zn (mg/L)
Control 22.88 0.97 30.83 0.025 1.282 0.974 0.355 0.112
10 mg/L 25.22 0.51 22.50 0.021 1.726 0.975 0.335 0.149
25 mg/L 24.75 0.11 30 0.020 1.060 0.950 0.548 0.186
50 mg/L 30.82 0.15 20.67 0.016 1.203 0.273 0.379 0.171
100 mg/L 36.89 0.87 27.83 0.021 1.598 0.389 0.357 0.200
Figure 4 The effect of ZnO NP total sugar production of Lablab.
Figure 4

The effect of ZnO NP total sugar production of Lablab.

Figure 5 The effect of biogenic ZnO NPs on H2O2 of Lablab.
Figure 5

The effect of biogenic ZnO NPs on H2O2 of Lablab.

3.4 Heatmap clustering

The heatmap was done for the analyzed parameters on the influence of different concentrations of ZnO NPs on Lablab growth and development (Figure 6). The heatmap analysis showed that the five concentrations of ZnO NPs were separated into two primary groups. Group A consisted of two concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L of ZnO NPs, and other concentrations (0, 10, and 100 mg/L) were placed in group B. The colors in the dendrogram, which range from red (high concentration) to green (low concentration) represent the levels of seedling growth, biochemical, element contents, and antioxidant activities (both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants). Figure 5 shows that 50 mg/L of ZnO NPs, followed by 100 mg/L, produced the highest levels of seedling growth, biochemical, and antioxidant activities. The concentration of 10 mg/L ZnO NPs recorded the highest values in CAT, iron, manganese, and carotenoids, while the highest values were recorded for copper, phosphorus, and potassium in the untreated samples. In contrast, the samples treated with 25 mg/L ZnO NPs did not record the highest value except in their molybdenum content.

Figure 6 Heatmap with cluster demonstrated the impact of different concentrations of biogenic ZnO NPs on several parameters of the Lablab crop.
Figure 6

Heatmap with cluster demonstrated the impact of different concentrations of biogenic ZnO NPs on several parameters of the Lablab crop.

4 Conclusion

ZnO NPs are one of the most important metal oxide NPs, which are popularly applied in several fields due to their chemical and physical properties. It can be concluded that the use of biogenic ZnO NPs in the study improved germination, growth, development, and antioxidant system of L. purpureus (L.) sweet. The application of ZnO NPs at a concentration of 50 mg/mL led to a rise in the levels of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activities, in addition to an accumulation of nutrients like nitrogen and zinc in the seedlings. In brief, the findings of this work suggested that biogenic ZnO NPs could be promising nanofertilizers to improve crop growth and development. Furthermore, the level of gene expression in response to biogenic ZnO NPs can be investigated to better understand the metabolic process that leads to crop growth improvement. Furthermore, the impact of biogenic ZnO NPs on the growth and development of Labab crops can be evaluated by comparing ZnO NPs with commercial fertilizers. Then, biogenic ZnO NPs can be applied on a large scale as a slow-release fertilizer.

  1. Funding information: The work was financially supported by the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2024R86), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: A.A.Q. and A.M.S. proposed the work; A.M.S. and A.A.Q. planned and performed the experiments; A.A.Q., A.M.S., and A.A.A. contributed to the methodology; A.A.Q. analyzed the data and figures; A.M.S. and A.A.Q. The first draft of the manuscript and A.M.S. was edited the manuscript and revised it. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2023-10-14
Revised: 2023-12-03
Accepted: 2023-12-26
Published Online: 2024-01-25

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2023-0189
Keywords for this article
biosynthesis; ZnO NPs; Lablab crop, photosynthetic pigments; enzymes activities; phenolic components; antioxidants
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