Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
-
Meryem Tourabi
,
Badiaa Lyoussi
Abstract
The purpose of the current study is to assess the chemical profile, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticide efficacy of essential oil derived from the leaf of Moroccan Mentha aquatica L. (MA-EO) using in vitro and in silico analysis. Using GC-MS/MS analysis, 18 components of MA-EO were identified, including linalool (42.42%), α-elemol (10.45%), α-terpineol (8.07%), linalyl acetate (7.37%), and caryophyllene (4.05%). Additionally, MA-EO has a strong antioxidant capacity with IC50 values of 0.64 ± 0.01 µg/mL using the DPPH assay and 0.167 ± 0.13 µg/mL using the ABTS test. Total antioxidant capacity activities were found to be 188.21 ± 0.31 mg EAA/g, while RP activities were 1.95 ± 0.023. The powerful antibacterial properties of MA-EO were proven to be effective against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. MA-EO showed insecticidal potential using the fumigation experiment, with an LC50 of 3.33 μL/L in the air after 24 h of exposure. At a dose of 20 µL/mL, MA-EO reduced fertility, fecundity, and emergence of adult C. maculatus. MA-EO had 95% mortality at the same dosage. In silico analysis revealed that the antioxidant activity of MA-EO is linked to γ-eudesmol, while its antibacterial efficacy is associated with phenol, 2,4-di-tert-butyl-, and its antifungal capacity with phenol, 2,4-di-tert-butyl-. MA-EO demonstrates potent bactericidal, fungicidal, and bioinsecticide properties, making it effective for controlling bacteria, fungi, and insect pests in stored grains.
1 Introduction
Currently, herbal therapy has seen a significant increase in the use of medicinal and aromatic plants due to their dense chemical composition, notably those that fall under the Lamiaceae family. The Mentha species is one of the most prevalent species and has a large spectrum of biological properties, including insecticidal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiseptic, antispasmodic, and analgesic [1].
Mentha aquatica L. is a herb native to the Lamiaceae family. It is distributed extensively across all continents (except in South America and Antarctica). In folk medicine, in the traditions of several nations, such as Vietnam, Algeria, South Africa, and Arab countries, the plant is commonly used as a natural treatment for various diseases. In addition, the plant has been reported to treat cold and respiratory problems, such as cough and ulcerative colitis [2]. It is used as a tonic, used as a stimulant, a digestive stomachic, carminative, relaxing, antispasmodic, sedative, and analgesic [3]. Numerous pharmacological characteristics of M. aquatica have been confirmed by strong scientific evidence, notably insecticidal [4], antihemolytic [5], anti-inflammatory [6] antimicrobial [7], hepatoprotective [8], anticancer [9], gastroprotective [10], and antiemetic effects [3]. Indeed, previous studies have shown that the M. aquatica essential oil (EO) has a powerful capacity to scavenge free radicals and is an efficient antimicrobial agent against various pathogenic bacteria [11,12]. The investigation of the phytochemicals of M. aquatica discovered the presence of various bioactive compounds, namely rosmarinic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, naringenin, rutin, and hesperidin [8]. Andro and coworkers showed that menthone, δ-cadinene, viridiflorol, viridiflorol, caryophyllene oxide, α-cadinol, β-bisabolenol, epoxide II, borneol, p-cymene, -myrcene, sabinene, geranyl acetate, α-trans-bergamotene 1,8-cineole, and linalyl acetate were distinctive bioactive chemicals of M. aquatica EO [13]. The chemical constituents of plants are strongly affected by a variety of geographical and environmental factors, most notably geological and ecological ones. However, little is acknowledged about the biological characteristics of Moroccan M. aquatica. Despite the greatest antimicrobial, antioxidant, and insecticidal ability of M. aquatica, EOs had never previously been evaluated for these bioactivities.
To our best insight, there are currently no reports that investigate the impact of Moroccan M. aquatica EO on antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and insecticidal capacities, and its potential toxic on the fecundity, fertility, and adult emergence of C. maculatus pest. The goals of the present study are to examine the chemical compounds of the EO that were isolated from Moroccan M. aquatica, as well as evaluate its activities as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticide using an in vitro and in silico approach. The chemical components of EO were identified using GC/MS/MS analysis, the DPPH scavenging capacity using 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS), reducing power (RP) and total antioxidant assays (TAC) were used to assess the in vitro antioxidant activities, as well as antibacterial and antifungal activities were also evaluated against the pathogenic strain. Furthermore, the insecticidal properties of MA-EO were assessed against C. maculatus, a cowpea grain pest.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Collection of vegetable matter
The aerial parts were gathered from Merja Zerga (or Moulay Bousselham lagoon) in June 2021 and subsequently processed into herbarium specimens. These specimens were then analyzed by botanist Professor Amina BARI from the Faculty of Biology at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University. The reference sample has been registered in the herbarium of the faculty under the number 002MAMZ2121.
2.2 EO extraction
About 100 g of M. aquatica leaves and flowers were dried, ground, and hydrodistilled for 3 h with 1 L of distilled water using Clevenger equipment [11]. The extracted EO was isolated from water using anhydrous sodium sulfate. It was then transferred to a sealed bottle and stored in a dark place at 4°C until use [14].
2.3 GC-MS/MS chemical analysis of EOs
Gas chromatography was used to perform the GC-MS analysis using a Trace GC ULTRA (S/N 20062969) coupled with a Polaris Q mass spectrometer (Thermo Fischer, France) fitted with an iron trap mass spectrometer. The chromatographic separations were conducted using an HP-5MS capillary column (60 m in length, with an internal diameter of 0.32 mm and a stationary phase thickness of 0.25 μm). The transition line and the ionic source had temperatures of 300 and 200°C, respectively. The scan range was 40–650AmU at 3.9 scans per second. The temperature was adjusted between 40 and 280°C with a ramp of 5°C/min; the temperature of the injector was 260°C; the gas carrier was helium at 1 mL/min; the volume injected was 1 μL (solution of 10% cyclohexane); and the splitting ratio was 1:30. The components were determined by comparing retention times with original samples and assessing the linear retention indices related to the series (C8–C29 alkanes). Computer matching is used to compare commercial NISTMS and laboratory-developed library mass spectral data, which were constructed from pure chemicals, components of recognized oils, and MS research data. [15].
2.4 Evaluation of the antioxidant potential
The antioxidant potential of the EO in vitro was investigated by four different assays: ABTS assay, DPPH assay, power-reducing assay, and tests of total antioxidant potential.
2.4.1 DPPH radical scavenging ability
The potential of EOs for scavenging free radicals was assessed utilizing the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging technique, according to Burits and Bucar [16]. In brief, 50 µL of EO with varying concentrations were dissolved in ethanol. In each dilution, 825 µL of the DPPH reagent (given as 60 μM with 0.7 absorbance at 517 nm) was included. After incubation at room temperature for 60 min, the absorbance at 517 nm was read. The graph was used to determine the IC50 values by calculating the percentage of inhibition using the following equation:
where co represents the control and sa represents the sample. BHT was used as the standard, and the concentration of IC50 was obtained by removing the inhibition curve percentage.
2.4.2 Radical cation decolorization (ABTS assay)
The extracts were decolorized by cationic radicals (ABTS+) in accordance with the technique designed by Re et al. [17]. For this, the ABTS+ radical was prepared by adding a 7 mM aqueous solution of ABTS to 2.45 mM K2S2O8 and reacting for 16 h in the dark. The absorbance at 734 nm was adjusted to 0.7 at room temperature. About 50 μL of EO was combined with 825 μL of ABTS solution. Following a 30-min incubation period in darkness, absorbances were recorded at 734 nm using a Perkin Elmer Lambda 40 UV/Vis (BARCELONA, SPAIN) spectrophotometer. The IC50 was determined by calculating the percentage of ABTS inhibition using the following formula:
Results were run in triplicate and expressed as mg/mL.
The positive control was Trolox, and the IC50 was determined by calculating the percentage of the inhibition curve.
2.4.3 RP
The assessment of the RP of EOs was conducted following the methodology outlined by Parki et al. [18]. With minor modification, 50 μL of M. aquatica EO was combined with 250.0 μL of 0.2 M Na + phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) and 250.0 μL of 1% K3Fe(CN)6. The mixture was incubated for 20 min at 50°C. Next, 250 μL of a 10% trichloroacetic acid solution was added and mixed with 250.0 μL of distilled water and 60.0 μL of 0.1% FeCl3. Absorbance values were measured at 700 nm using a PerkinElmer Lambda 40 spectrophotometer (Barcelona, Spain).
The reference standard was ascorbic acid. The results achieved comprised the concentration of the EO that contributed 0.5 of the absorbance (EC50). The EC50 results are expressed in μg/mL.
2.4.4 Total antioxidant capacity (TAC)
The TAC was assessed using the ammonium phosphomolybdate test according to Prieto et al. [19]: 25.0 µL of EO was added to 1 mL of the reagent solution (H2SO4 at 6 M, Na3PO4 at 28 mM, and ammonium molybdate at 4 mM). The sample absorbance was measured after 90 min at 95°C in a water bath at 700 nm vs blank. The results are presented in mg AAE/g EO (milligrams of ascorbic acid equivalent per gram of EO).
2.5 Assessing the antimicrobial activity
2.5.1 Antibacterial activities of EOs
The antimicrobial potency of the EOs was tested against different bacterial and fungal strains, including Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungal strains (Table 1). These strains were found to be highly resistant to several drugs. All isolates tested were clinically isolated at the Fez University Hospital Complex, Morocco.
Bacterial and fungal strains tested
| Gram-negative bacteria | Gram-positive bacteria | Fungal strains |
|---|---|---|
| Escherichia coli, K12 | Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 6633 | Candida albicans, ATCC 10231 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa, CIP A22 | Bacillus subtilis, DSM 6333 | Aspergillus niger, MTCC 282 |
2.5.2 Assessment of the antimicrobial capacity
The disc diffusion technique was used to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Mentha aquatica EO [20,21]. Briefly, 15–20 mL of Mueller–Hinton (MH) agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) were poured into Petri dishes. Spots were spotted on agar plates with culture medium, and each isolate was then cultured for 7 days at 30°C. After pre-inoculation with 100 µL of an overnight culture of the microorganism under test (OD 600 nm ≈ 0.1 for bacteria; OD 625 nm ≈ 0.1 for fungi), these plates were covered with 5 mL of soft agar (0.5% agar) of MH medium for bacteria or SDA for the growth of C. albicans and A. niger. These cultures were carefully placed on the surfaces of the plates and incubated for 24 h at 30°C for the yeast and 37°C for the tested bacteria. Next, Whatman paper discs with a diameter of 6 mm were impregnated with 10 µL of pure EO and then placed in a Petri plate that had previously been inoculated with bacteria (between 106 and 108 CFU/mL) and yeast. Petri dishes were inoculated with bacteria and yeast at 37 and 30°C. Inhibition diameters were measured for bacterial, fungal, and yeast strains after 24 and 48 h. Each trial was conducted in triplicate. This activity involves the use of streptomycin (STR), ampicillin (AMP), gentamycin (GEN), and fluconazole (FCZ) as antibiotics.
2.5.3 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
To determine the MIC of EO derived from Mentha aquatica for different microbiological strains, the microdilution technique is utilized. The following was achieved using a dilution series of M. aquatica EO. Mixing 100 μL of the oil with a dilution of 1:10 (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (10%) in a microplate pot containing sterile MH broth. Subsequently, 50.0 μL of microbial inoculum, adjusted to a final concentration of (106–108 CFU/mL), was added to each well. Following an incubation period lasting between 48 h and 1 week for fungal strains as well as 24 h for bacteria, maintained at 37°C [22], the MIC value was determined by the colorimetric technique with 0.015% resazurin [23].
2.6 Insecticidal activity
2.6.1 Breeding of insects
Following the scientific method, the glass must be positioned under controlled conditions, maintaining a T of 27 ± 1°C, HR% of 75%, and subjected to photoperiod of 14 h of light followed by 10 h of darkness [24]. This environment glass is the natural habitat where Callosobruchus maculatus typically thrives, fostering their growth and reproduction.
2.6.2 Efficacy of EOs against Callosobruchus maculatus by fumigation test
The fumigation assay was conducted to assess the insecticidal efficacy of the EO when vaporized. The assay was performed in jars of 1 L, which should prevent direct touch with insects. First, pieces of Whatman paper (3 cm2) were soaked with different concentrations of essential from 4 to 20 μL/L of air and fastened on the underside of each jar’s lid. Second, every container received 20 individual C. maculatus insects (10 males and 10 females), aged 0–48 h, introduced individually, while the control group did not receive any treatment. Each test was conducted with three replicates. The number of dead individuals was collected every day for each dosage for 1 day. The ability of females of C. maculatus to lay eggs was estimated using a magnifying binocular. The culture chamber was used to keep the jars (controls and treated) at T: 27 ± 1°C, HR%: 75%, and a photoperiod: 14 h (light)/10 h (darkness), up to the adult emergence stage [25].
By using the Abbott formula, the observed mortality rate was corrected [26].
2.6.3 Repellency bioassay of EOs
The repellency of EO against adult C. maculatus was tested by the preference zone flow-through method using filter paper according to the method described by McDonald et al. [27]. Discs of Whatman filter paper with a diameter of 8 cm were cut into segments. One segment was soaked with EO being tested at varying doses from 4 to 20 μL, made up of 0.5 mL of acetone. The remaining segment was saturated solely with a similar amount of acetone as a non-treated group (negative control). Both sides of the filter paper were air-dried before being taped together. The boxes were filled with ten insects with C. maculatus, with five males and five females. Three separate experiments are done for each dosage. The number of individuals on both portions was tallied after half an hour after each treatment.
The percentage of repulsion (PR) of adult C. maculatus individuals was determined using the formula of McDonald et al. [27].
2.7 Molecular docking
Molecular docking is a computer approach that predicts the degree of binding and direction of a small molecule (ligand) to a target protein or receptor. Molecular docking was conducted to investigate the possible antioxidant and antibacterial efficiency of the identified EO in Mentha aquatica.
2.7.1 Preparation of ligands
For the preparation of the ligands, the compounds present in the EO were obtained from the PubChem database as SDF files. The ligands were then prepared using the LigPrep tool from the Schrödinger software program (version 11.5) with the OPLS3 force field. Ionization state selection was performed on each ligand, resulting in 32 stereoisomers for each molecule at a pH of 7.0 ± 2.0 [28].
2.7.2 Preparation of proteins
The direct structures of human NADPH oxidase (PDB ID: 2CDU) were provided by the Protein Data Bank [29]: ß-ketoacyltransferase from Escherichia coli (PDB ID: 1FJ4) [30], Staphylococcus aureus nucleoside diphosphate kinase (PDB ID: 3Q8U), a beta-1,4-endoglucanase from Aspergillus niger (PDB ID: 5I77), and sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51) from the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans (PDB ID: 5FSA) [31]. The optimization method was carried out by the introduction of hydrogen atoms, the finalization of the bond order, the elimination of water molecules, the assignment of hydrogen bonds, the adjustment of the potential of the receptor atoms, and the energy reduction using the OPLS3 force field [32,33].
2.8 Statistical analysis
The mean standard deviation of the data was calculated using GraphPad Prism 8.0.1. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Variation was considered significant at p < 0.05. For the fumigation experiments, probit analysis was used to calculate lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) and chi-squared values for each regression coefficient.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Phytochemical profile of EO
The molecular makeup of M. aquatica EO was determined using gas chromatography-mass-mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), and the result is detailed in Figure 1 and Table 2. The analysis identified a total of 18 components, collectively constituting 100% of the detected constituents in the EO. The major constituents within the MA-EO include linalool (42.42%), α-elmol (10.58%), α-terpineol (8.07%), linalyl acetate (7.37%), caryophyllene (4.05%), geranyl acetate (3.02%), γ-eudesmol (2.90%), β-myrcene (2.56%), and 1,8-cineol (2.55%) (Figure 2). Oxygenated monoterpenes were the dominant class, accounting for a significant 71.03% of the EO composition, while sesquiterpenes account for 22.54% of the EO. Furthermore, other compounds made up 6.44% of the constituents detected in the MA-EO.
Chromatogram of the EO derived from M. aquatica leaves using GC-MS/MS analysis.
Phytochemical components found in the EO extracted from the leaves of M. aquatica
| Peak | RT (min) | Compounds | Chemical classes | RI | Formula | Area% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cal | Lit | ||||||
| 1 | 9.508 | β-Myrcene | Monoterpene | 958 | 987 | C10H16 | 2.56 |
| 2 | 10.818 | 1,8-Cineole | MO | 1,059 | 1,042 | C10H18O | 2.55 |
| 3 | 11.226 | Cis-β-Ocimene | MO | 976 | 1,027 | C10H16 | 1.99 |
| 4 | 12.811 | Linalool | MO | 1,082 | 1,082 | C10H18O | 42.42 |
| 5 | 14.271 | (+)-2-Bornanone | MO | 1,121 | 1,120 | C10H16O | 1.38 |
| 6 | 15.666 |
|
MO | 1,143 | 1,169 | C10H18O | 8.07 |
| 7 | 17.015 | Benzaldehyde, 4-(1-methylethyl)- | Other | 1,230 | 1,242 | C10H12O | 1.12 |
| 8 | 17.186 | Linalyl acetate | MO | 1,272 | 1,258 | C12H20O2 | 7.37 |
| 9 | 18.722 | Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- | O | 1,240 | 1,330 | C12H36O6Si6 | 1.96 |
| 10 | 20.146 | Neryl acetate | MO | 1,352 | 1,363 | C12H20O2 | 1.67 |
| 11 | 20.660 | Geranyl acetate | MO | 1,352 | 1,380 | C12H20O2 | 3.02 |
| 12 | 21.901 | Caryophyllene | Sesquiterpene | 1,494 | 1,434 | C15H24 | 4.05 |
| 13 | 23.060 | Cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl- | O | 1,447 | 1,494 | C14H42O7Si7 | 1.18 |
| 14 | 23.437 | (−)-Germacrene D | ST | 1,515 | 1,499 | C15H24 | 1.42 |
| 15 | 23.930 | Phenol, 2,4-di-tert-butyl- | O | 1,555 | 1,515 | C14H22O | 2.18 |
| 16 | 25.098 | α-Elemol | ST | 1,522 | 1,544 | C15H26O | 10.54 |
| 17 | 27.580 |
|
ST | 1,626 | 1,630 | C15H26O | 2.90 |
| 18 | 28.239 | Proximadiol | ST | 1,738 | 1,780 | C15H28O2 | 3.63 |
| Chemical classes | |||||||
| Monoterpene (MO) | |||||||
| Sesquiterpene (ST) | |||||||
| Others (O) | |||||||
| Total (%) | 100% | ||||||
Molecular structure of the volatile oil extracted from M. aquatica leaves.
Several bioactive compounds with biological effects were discovered in the identified EO, notably linalool, linalyl acetate, caryophyllene, and geranyl acetate [34,35]. Linalool, the main active constituent in M. aquatica EO, is well-documented and has a wide range of biological properties, namely antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and insecticide properties [36].
3.2 Antioxidant activities
The in vitro antioxidant capability of M. aquatica EO was performed using the DPPH scavenging test, ABTS˙+ reduction assay, RP, and TAC. Powerful antioxidant activity was found to scavenge DPPH and the ABTS˙+ radical cation, as shown in Figure 3a and b; the reduction power of the EO had an activity profile that was concentration-dependent, and the inhibition percentage of DPPH was increased due to an increase in EO concentration, and ABTS test. The IC50 values were 0.64 ± 0.01 µg/mL for the DPPH assay and 0.167 ± 0.13 µg/mL for the ABTS assay, which are lower than the synthetic antioxidants used as a standard (BHT and Trolox) (Figure 3c and d). The results obtained using M. aquatica EO are better than those obtained from south Tunisia M. aquatica EO with an IC50 value of 10 μg/mL for the DPPH test and 50 µg/mL for the ABTS assay [37]. Similarly, Getam and coworkers reported that the M. aquatica EO growing in Ethiopia exhibited an antiradical capacity with an IC50 value of 11.2 μg/mL using the DPPH method [38]. The RP findings of the examined EO show a low EC50 level of 1.95 ± 0.023 µg/mL in contrast to standard ascorbic acid (31 ± 0.07 µg/mL) (Figure 3e). Our results are much less favorable than others signaled by Brahmi et al. and Ahmed et al. for Mentha spicata growing in Algeria with an EC50 of 452. 3 ± 0.4 μg/mL and an EC50 of 22.68 ± 0.87 mg/mL for Moroccan Mentha pulegium EO [39,40].
(a) Antioxidant power utilizing DPPH scavenging activity (BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene), (b) antioxidant activity using ABTS assay (Trolox standard), (c) IC50 values of M. aquatica EO of DPPH, and BHT as a standard, (d) IC50 values of M. aquatica EO of ABTS, and Trolox as a standard, (e) EC50 value of M. aquatica EO and As.acide: Ascorbic acid as a standard. The variation between bars with identical letters is not significant (p < 0.05).
The TAC of M. aquatica EO was assessed using the ammonium phosphomolybdate assay. Table 3 displays the results and indicates that our sample possessed a TAC value of 188.21 ± 0.31 mg/mL. These findings are superior to the previous ones signaled by Baali et al. for Algerian Mentha pulegium, in which the TAC for rats was 109.52 ± 0.910 μg EAA/mg [41]. Many studies have pointed out that the variations in antioxidant capabilities are attributed to the in vitro synergy between phytochemical components. Ciesla and coworkers underlined the synergistic antioxidant effect of several monoterpenes [42]. Indeed, monoterpenes found in EOs were shown to possess potent antioxidant properties, support protecting cells against damage caused by oxidation, and reduce the risk of numerous chronic illnesses [43].
TAC of M. aquatica EO (mg/mL)
| TAC (mg/mL) | |
|---|---|
| MA-EO | 188.21 ± 0.31 |
3.3 Antibacterial activities of M. aquatica EO
The findings of the antibacterial capacity of M. aquatica EO against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis are summarized in Table 4 and Figure 4, which show that the M. aquatica EO has a powerful inhibitory effect on all examined bacteria, either of them Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria with various diameters of inhibition. E. coli were the most sensitive bacteria to M. aquatica EO with a zone of inhibition of 15.50 ± 0.71 mm and MIC of 0.010 ± 0.00 and to S. aureus that showed an inhibition diameter of 13.00 ± 0.00 mm and an MIC of 0.011 ± 0.00, compared to B. subtilis that displayed an area of inhibition of 11.00 ± 0.00 mm and MIC of 0.011 ± 0.00. However, P. aeruginosa showed an inhibition zone of 7.50 ± 1.41 mm and MIC of 0.011 ± 0.00. The data showed that all strains were found to be sensitive to antibiotics tested (STR, AMP, and GEN) with different diameters of inhibition (Table 3 and Figure 4).
MIC and diameter of the inhibition zone (mm) of M. aquatica EO compared with antibiotics
| Simple | Gram− Bact | Gram+ Bact | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P. aeruginosa | E. coli | S. aureus | B. subtilis | ||
| EO | Antiba activity (mm) | 7.50 ± 1.41 | 15.50 ± 0.71 | 13.00 ± 0.00 | 11.00 ± 0.00 |
| MIC (µg/mL) | 0.011 ± 0.00 | 0.010 ± 0.00 | 0.011 ± 0.00 | 0.011 ± 0.00 | |
| STR (5 mg/mL) | Antiba activity (mm) | 20 ± 0.00 | — | — | — |
| MIC (mg/mL) | 0.625 ± 0.00 | — | — | — | |
| AMP (5 mg/mL) | Antiba activity (mm) | — | 30 ± 0.00 | 13 ± 0.00 | 6 ± 0.00 (Re) |
| MIC (mg/mL) | — | 0.625 ± 0.00 | 0.625 ± 0.00 | 0.312 ± 0.00 | |
| GEN (5 mg/mL) | Antiba activity (mm) | — | — | — | 30 |
| MIC (mg/mL) | — | — | — | 0.078 ± 0.00 | |
| DMSO (10%) | Antiba activity (mm) | 6 ± 0.00 (Re) | 6 ± 0.00 (Re) | 6 ± 0.00 (Re) | 6 ± 0.00 (Re) |
Antiba activity: antibacterial activity; Re: resistant; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; Gram− Bact: Gram-negative bacteria; and Gram+ Bact: Gram-positive bacteria.
Antibacterial efficiency of M. aquatica EO against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. aureus. Essential oil (EO), ampicillin (AMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), streptomycin (STR), and gentamycin (GEN).
Likewise, our data stated that the tested volatile oil of M. aquatica has a potent antibacterial capacity against Gram (−), and Gram (+), which was in line with the result discovered by Tourabi et al., who demonstrated that the EO of M. longifolia had the seam efficiency against every tested pathogen [31]. In the seam context, the tested EO of M. aquatica demonstrated a potent inhibitory efficiency against E. coli with an inhibition zone of 15.50 ± 0.71 mm. This result was higher than those carried by Getahun and co-workers, who discovered that their M. aquatica EO gathered in Ethiopia showed no antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536) [38]. Another study showed that the Korean M. aquatica EO has the seam effect carried out by our EO into E. coli (KF 918342) with an inhibition zone of 16.00 ± 0.00 mm [44]. Furthermore, the volatile oil of M. aquatica significantly inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, notably S. aureus and B. subtilis, with inhibition diameters of 13.00 ± 0.00 mm and 11.00 ± 0.00 mm, respectively. Our findings were contrasted with those discovered by Getahun et al., who indicated a light inhibition of 11.5 mm and 10.50 mm against Staphylococcus aureus (29737) and B. subtilis (ATCC) growth, respectively, by M. aquatica EO [38].
Antibiotic resistance has grown in importance and become a danger to human health in recent years. Multidrug-resistant bacteria-caused chronic diseases remain one of the main causes of death in both industrialized and developing nations nowadays. To combat this, new approaches and solutions must be developed [45]. In the same concept, EO can serve as a perfect matrix for the search for novel, secure, and potent antibacterial molecules that can either supplement or improve the potency of traditional antibacterial treatments [46]. Several studies have reported the mechanisms of the antibacterial effect of monoterpenes via various pathways, notably membrane potential decrease, infiltrating the cell wall of bacteria, and cytoplasmic protein membranes have been attributed to their lipophilic character, causing the breakdown of the proton pump, producing ion loss and overexploitation of the ATP reserve. Consequently, they cause bacterial cell destruction and the evacuation of their contents by causing the separation of lipids between cell membranes and mitochondria.
Furthermore, the mode of action of EO molecules depends on their concentrations, chemical composition, placement of functional groups, and structures. The volatile oil of M. aquatica is rich in terpene molecules, especially oxygenated monoterpenes that are the dominant class, including linalool, linalyl acetate, α-terpineol, and 1,8-cineole. They are now well-recognized for their strong antibacterial properties against a range of pathogens [34,47,48].
Linalool is the major oxygenated monoterpene found in our EO and presents about 50%. Similarly, a great deal of research is now being conducted to identify how linalool functions against photogenic bacteria. Additionally, Herman and co-workers have studied the antimicrobial efficiency of linalool against several types of bacteria, and the results have shown that the above molecule has a potent inhibitory growth in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCTC 12924) with inhibitory zones of 8 and 21 mm against E. coli (NCTC 12923) [49]. Another research carried out by Liu et al. stated that linalool exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC9027) with MIC and MBC of 431 and 862 μg/mL, respectively. According to Liu et al., the high concentration of linalool caused the cell’s normal structure to be disrupted by the leakage of nucleic acids, and the decrease in membrane potential revealed that P. aeruginosa membrane integrity had been damaged [34]. The distinctive hydrophobic nature of EOs and their components is a key element that enables them to interact with the fats in bacterial cell walls of mitochondria. This interaction disrupts cell morphology and increases membrane permeability [50]. Consequently, the inhibitory power of EO components arises from synergistic effects among several molecular groups rather than being solely attributed to a single potent inhibitor effect.
3.4 Antifungal activity of M. aquatica EO
The antifungal effectiveness of M. aquatica EO was evaluated using the disc diffusion technique against C. albicans and A. niger. The results are displayed in Table 5 and Figure 5 and show that the EO of M. aquatica has an appreciable antifungal effect, especially against C. albicans with an inhibitory zone of 21 mm. The antibiotics used as a standard or positive control (FCZ) were more effective against both strains when compared to the tested EO with an inhibition zone of 30 mm. The obtained findings revealed that our tested EO exhibited a potent efficacy against both yeast C. albicans and A. niger in comparison to the positive control with MIC values of 33.01 ± 0.00 and 0.011 ± 0.00 µg/mL, respectively.
Antifungal capability of M. aquatica EO, the diameter of the inhibition zone (mm), and MIC (µg/mL)
| Sample | Antifungal activity | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| C. albicans | A. niger | ||
| EO | Antifungal activity (mm) | 21.00 ± 0.00 | 33.01 ± 0.00 |
| MIC (µg/mL) | 0.010 ± 0.00 | 0.011 ± 0.00 | |
| FCZ (5 mg/mL) | Antifungal activity (mm) | 30 ± 0.00 | 00.00 ± 0.00 |
| MIC (mg/mL) | 1.25 ± 0.00 | 1.25 ± 0.00 | |
| DMSO | Antifungal activity (mm) | 6 ± 0.00 (Re) | 6 ± 0.00 (Re) |
C. albicans: Candida albicans and A. niger: Aspergillus niger.
Antifungal activity of M. aquatica EO against C. albicans and A. niger: Essential oil (EO), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Fluconazole (FCZ).
Recently, antifungal resistance has been an important defiance to clinicians in treating invasive fungal infections since the number of systemically accessible antifungal drugs is limited. However, C. albicans is the most often isolated species of Candida from patients who suffer from candidiasis. Furthermore, Aspergillus is a genus of mold fungi that encompasses a diverse group of airborne spore-forming molds. While many species of Aspergillus are harmless and play essential roles in natural processes, certain strains pose health risks to humans [51]. Additionally, major side effects or toxicities that prevent continuous usage or dose increases may restrict the effectiveness of existing drugs (e.g., FCZ). In addition, the development of future strategies to combat this resistance is urgent. Additionally, a wide range of plant extracts and EOs have been used to treat the most complex infections, including those caused by resistant bacteria and yeasts.
Indeed, the findings obtained demonstrated that the tested EO has an appreciable antifungal potential, especially toward C. albicans, with a zone of inhibition of 21.00 ± 0.00 mm. This result was more important than those found by Dhifi and colleagues, indicating that the EO of M. aquatica gathered in Tunisia unregistered no antifungal potency toward C. albicans with a zone of inhibition of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm [37]. Similarly, the EO of M. aquatica tested by Mimica-Dukic et al. revealed moderate antifungal ability against C. albicans with an MIC of 4 µL/mL [52]. In addition, the antifungal capacity of the tested volatile oil is contributed to its richness of a wide range of bioactive molecules, notably linalool, which is well known to have potent antimicrobial properties [49,53].
Several current reports have described the toxicity and mechanism of action of linalool, using both acute and long-term studies [53,54]. According to experiments on long-term toxicity, exposure to linalool induces changes in the fatty acid composition of cell membranes, particularly increasing levels of polyunsaturated and unsaturated fatty acids. These changes disrupt the normal structure of the fungal plasma membrane, ultimately activating cellular signaling pathways that lead to the programmed cell death process known as apoptosis [55]. The cytotoxic effects of this monoterpene on fungal cells arise from the build-up of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide (
3.5 Insecticidal activity
The toxicity of EO of M. aquatica against C. maculatus was the subject of our current study; over 96 h at different doses were used to perform fumigation and repellency tests. The LC50 value was calculated for every EO dose at appropriate treatment durations.
3.6 Fumigation bioassay of MA-EO
The fumigation bioassay was used to assess the toxicity of the volatile oil of M. aquatica against the C. maculatus pest of cowpea grains. Because of their extreme volatility and slight toxicity to animals with warm blood, EO has displayed intriguing fumigant capabilities.
3.6.1 Effect on adult mortality
The biocide efficacy of MA-EO is illustrated in Table 6. Our results indicate that the variability in the fumigation test results can be linked to factors such as the concentration of oil, the type of plant species used, and the duration of exposure. MA-EO is harmful in all dosages tested, with a complete mortality rate of 100% on C. maculatus at concentrations from 12.0 μL/L in air of MA-EO in 48 h of treatment. In contrast, under 24 h, the lethal concentration (LC50) for M. aquatica EO was 3.33 μL/L in air, with a 95% confidence interval (0.613–5.506), and the LC90 was 15.08 μL/L in air with a 95% confidence interval (10.011–42.485) after the same exposure time (Table 7). The highest dose (16.00 µL/L in air) of MA-EO indicates the strongest fumigant effect with 100% mortality of insects after a whole day of exposure.
MA-EO effect on C. maculatus mortality rate in a fumigation bioassay depends on both the concentration and duration of exposure
| EO doses (µL/L) | Exposure time | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 h | 48 h | 72 h | 96 h | ||
| MA-EO | Control | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| 4 | 58.33 ± 5.77 | 75 ± 5 | 95 ± 5 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 12 | 80 ± 18.02 | 95 ± 8.66 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 16 | 91.66 ± 7.64 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
| 20 | 96.66 ± 2.88 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | 100 ± 0 | |
M. aquatica EO fumigation test against C. maculatus: LC50 and chi-square (χ 2) values
| Treatment (h) | LC50(μL/L) | 95% CI | LC90 (μL/L) | 95% CI | df | χ 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MA-EO | 24 | 3.33 | 0.613–5.506 | 15.08 | 10.011–42.485 | 2 | 1.001 |
| 48 | 2.32 | 0.251–3.86 | 6.821 | 4.236–13.701 | 2 | 0.821 | |
| 72 | 1.76 | — | 3.33 | — | 2 | 0.001 | |
| 96 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
(−): No data are available because the insects were killed the first time of the test.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the efficiency of MA-EO fumigant against C. maculatus. Nevertheless, the fumigation activity of EO of the Mentha species has been examined against a range of insects such as the efficiency of Moroccan M. pulegium L. against the chickpea crop pest, C. maculatus, has been studied [56]. Fumigant efficacy of EOs from Mentha piperita L. (peppermint) leaves was studied against Musca domestica L. [57]. Mentha rotundifolia L. showed remarkable fumigant activity against Rhyzopertha dominica [58].
Other toxicity studies of EO from different wild mint timija populations against Tribolium castaneum adults displayed activity to a different level with the M. suaveolens EO. Insecticidal activity corresponding with their chemical [59], as well as M. aquatica EO rich in linalool, α-terpineol, and linalyl acetate, exhibited potent insecticidal activity against insect vectors and agricultural pests [60].
The robust insecticidal effect of the EO that was tested can be attributed to the substantial existence of major monoterpene and sesquiterpene composites, notably linalool, linalyl acetate, α-terpineol, 1,8-cineole, and caryophyllene. This is consistent with prior reports, indicating the robust insecticidal efficacy of these compounds [60,61].
3.6.2 Effect of MA-EO on fecundity
The examined EO significantly affects C. maculatus females’ fecundity by its insecticidal activity. The effect of MA-EO on fecundity results showed a marked diminution in the eggs laid by females in comparison to the non-treated group after exposure to MA-EO vapor (Figure 6 and Table 8). The MA-EO significantly reduces fecundity as the dose tested increases when compared to the control of 196.67 ± 11.55 at the superior test doses. According to statistical analysis, the MA-EO-induced toxic effect on C. maculatus fecundity was very significant for various doses (ANOVA: F = 614.8; df = 4, 10; p < 0.0001). Prior reports affirmed that different plant products, including EOs and their constituents, reduced insect fertility [25,62]. According to the current literature, this study describes the first exploration of MA-EO’s effectiveness on the fecundity of C. maculatus, a common pest of cowpea grains. However, the effects of EOs from Mentha species on fertility have been investigated against several pests, notably the impact of M × rotundifolia (L.) Huds. EO reduces female fecundity by 64–90% of C. maculates at the volatile oil dose of 0.25–1% [63]. Indeed, M. piperita L. EO decreases 52% of fecundity from Anopheles stephensi [64]. In the same regard, Saxena and Mathur proposed that the decrease in fertility caused by plant extracts could be linked to the disturbance of regulation mechanisms, not directly to the ovarian tissue [65].
Effects of MA-EO on the fecundity of C. maculatus (mean ± SD). The findings are expressed as mean ± SD. (*) Control group compared to all other concentrations (significance at ****p < 0.0001).
Influence of MA-EO on multiple biological parameters of C. maculatus (mean + SD)
| Dose (μL/L) | Fecundity | Fertility (%) | Adult emergence (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4 µL | 16.33 ± 6.11 | 67.32 ± 16.15 | 29.09 ± 10.12 |
| 12 µL | 7 ± 2 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| 16 µL | 3 ± 11 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| 20 µL | 2.33 ± 0.57 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 |
| Control | 196.67 ± 11.55 | 94.02 ± 11.55 | 93.35 ± 5.20 |
3.6.3 Effect on fertility
Additionally, our results demonstrated that the examined EO exhibited inhibitory effects on the fertility of C. maculatus. The data indicated that MA-EO was dependent on both dose and time in reducing egg production, which had a significant difference from the control group (Figure 7 and Table 8). Furthermore, MA-EO demonstrated a significant inhibitory impact on the hatching of eggs (fertility) at a dose of 12 μL/10 g compared to the control. The EO’s power to repel insects was tested, and the results indicated that varied concentrations significantly decreased the fertility of C. maculatus females (F = 110.3; df = 4, 10; p < 0.0001) (Figure 7, Table 5). In our experiment, the female C. maculatus eggs were protected from hatching at the lowest dosage of MA-EO applied. Our data were stronger than those reported by Ansari and colleagues, particularly at a concentration of 3 mL/m2 of EO derived from M. piperita L., which completely suppressed the fertility of Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus [64]. In addition, the EO of M. × piperita L. was found to reduce 96.9% of the hatching eggs of An. Stephensi at a dose of 2 mL/m2 [64].
Effects of MA-EO on the fertility of C. maculatus (mean ± SD). The findings are expressed as mean ± SD. (*) Control group compared to all other concentrations (significance at ****p < 0.0001).
3.7 Effect on adult emergence
The obtained results suggested that there was no emergence of C. maculatus females in cowpea seed that received preliminary treatment with MA-EO, initiation at 12 µL/10 g (Figure 8 and Table 8). Prior studies indicated that Mentha species EO had the most powerful impact on a variety of insect pests [60,65,66]. On the other hand, when the EO of M. pulegium L. was tested through inhalation against C. maculatus, it significantly decreased larval emergence, resulting in 100% mortality within 24 h of application at a concentration of 20.0 µL/L air [56]. Similarly, Kumar et al. stated that the M. arvensis L. EO inhibits totally (100%) C. chinensis adult emergence at a concentration of 200 µL/L using contact assay [67].
Effects of MA-EO on the adult emergence of C. maculatus (mean ± SD). The findings are expressed as mean ± SD. (*) Control group compared to all other concentrations (significance at ****p < 0.0001).
3.8 Repellency bioassay
The effectiveness of Mentha species in repelling agricultural insect pests was evaluated through multiple experiences [64,67,68]. The repelling effect in the current study depends on the concentration utilized. Indeed, MA-EO demonstrated a powerful repellent effect against C. maculatus insect. In the test using filter paper discs, within 24 h of treatment, the repulsion power against C. maculatus was greater than 50% for all doses of MA-EO (Table 9). According to McDonald’s 1970 classification, at a high dose of 20 µL/cm2, MA-EO exhibited a robust repellent effect of 80%, which had an average repulsion rate of 68.75%. This places EO in the repellent category. The obtained results are in line with those signaled by Kumar and their collaborators who discovered that M. arvensis EO shows 85% repelled adult against C. chinensis [67].
Repellent efficiency of MA-EO against C. maculatus
| Dose (μL/cm2) | Repellency class | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| MA-EO | MA-EO | ||
| 4 | 45 ± 5.14 | Repellent | 68.75 |
| 12 | 60 ± 9.33 | Repellent | |
| 16 | 75 ± 10 | Repellent | |
| 20 | 95 ± 10 | Repellent | |
Multiple investigations have been conducted on plant extracts, specifically focusing on the EOs derived from Mentha species to assess their effectiveness in combating pest insects that infest stored crops. Our results indicate that MA-EO showed high efficacy against the insect pest Callosobruchus maculatus, aligning with previously reported findings [4].
Similarly, multiple EOs derived from plants are rich in volatile chemicals possessing biocidal properties comprised terpenoids (monoterpenoids), alkanes, alcohols, and aldehydes [69]. Volatile oil and its components influence metabolic processes via multiple mechanisms, especially affecting the endocrinological functioning of insects [70]. Monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, highly volatile compounds, have a characteristic that protects plants from insect invasion. Monoterpenoids, being lipophilic compounds, have been extensively examined due to their neurotoxic properties, namely features such as convulsions, agitation, and convulsions followed by immobility are comparable to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides [61,71]. Its operation through various mechanisms of action, namely via GABA, blocking neurotransmitters including octopamine synapses [72] as well as acetylcholinesterase [73]. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that exists inside synaptic gaps and can be blocked by AChE inhibition; it is a particular enzyme utilized by pest control agents [73].
The EO of M. aquatica is abundant in numerous molecular components; nevertheless, certain components are more abundant, such as linalool, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, β-myrcene, caryophyllene, germacrene D, α-elemol, and α.-terpineol. Antecedent reports have exhibited the phyto-insecticidal efficiency of these major compounds [74–80]. Unfortunately, the mechanism of action from M. aquatica EO has not been proposed, except for the mode of action from the earlier cited individual compounds. Thus, linalool was previously reported to be insect repellent, but it is not completely known what the mode of action of this molecule. It is mostly known that monoterpenes can influence a variety of insect pests through several pathways, notably at the nervous system level, starting to act particularly on acetylcholine esterase, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) induced activation of chloride and sodium channels, tyramine nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChR) receptors, octopamine, and other targets [73,81,82].
Thus, the inhibitory impact of EO components occurred due to synergistic interactions among different chemical groups rather than relying solely on one potent inhibitor [83].
Overall, this examination indicates that EO extracted from Moroccan Mentha aquatica has a potent repellency capacity and can be applied as a biocidal to control C. maculatus invasion in stored cowpea grain. In an appropriate control of pests setting, it is necessary to conduct additional research to discover the ideal dosage and strategy for using this EO.
3.9 Molecular docking
NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) plays a critical function in antioxidant activity inside cells. It functions as a reducing agent, supplying electrons to antioxidant enzymes like glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase, which in turn replenish antioxidants like glutathione and thioredoxin, respectively. NADPH inhibition may drastically alter antioxidant function, adding to oxidative stress and related clinical disorders.
Throughout the in silico study, all the compounds discovered in the M. aquatica EO displayed a significant antioxidant capacity reflected by binding energy between −4.991 and −1.565 kcal/mol.
In the antimicrobial efficacy, phenol 2,4-di-tert-butyl- showed the strongest activity against E. coli, with a glide score of −6.402 kcal/mol. In contrast, benzaldehyde, 4-(1-methylethyl)- demonstrated higher effectiveness against S. aureus, with a glide score of −5.558 kcal/mol. Regarding the antifungal activity, phenol 2,4-di-tert-butyl- displayed remarkable efficiency against Candida albicans, with a glide score of −7.964 kcal/mol. Similarly, this molecule emerged as the most powerful compound versus Aspergillus niger, with a glide score of −5.094 kcal/mol (Table 10).
Docking results of ligands in the active sites
| Title | Glide score (kcal/mol) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant activity | Antibacterial activity | Antifungal activity | |||
| 2CDU | 1FJ4 | 3Q8U | 5I77 | 5FSA | |
| (−)-Germacrene D | −3.08 | −5.993 | −3.202 | −3.889 | −6.825 |
| (+)-2-Bornanone | −3.081 | −5.676 | −3.953 | −4.415 | −5.38 |
| 1,8-Cineole | −3.312 | −5.703 | −3.275 | −4.451 | −4.739 |
| α-Elemol | −3.402 | −4.577 | −4.348 | −3.374 | −6.188 |
| α-Terpineol | −4.055 | −6.102 | −4.874 | −4.397 | −5.921 |
| Benzaldehyde,4-(1-methylethyl)- | −4.599 | −5.722 | −5.558 | −3.945 | −5.83 |
| β-Myrcene | −1.606 | −3.247 | −1.866 | −1.6 | −3.004 |
| Caryophyllene | −3.94 | −5.056 | −3.298 | −3.869 | −7.025 |
| Cis-beta-Ocimene | −1.948 | −3.769 | −2.106 | −2.012 | −3.452 |
| Cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl- | −1.692 | — | −2.103 | −2.44 | — |
| Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- | −1.803 | — | −1.23 | −2.148 | — |
|
|
−4.991 | −4.96 | −4.816 | −4.351 | −6.49 |
| Geranyl acetate | −2.06 | −4.474 | −4.864 | −2.51 | −3.717 |
| Linalool | −2.325 | −3.99 | −3.158 | −2.652 | −3.673 |
| Linalyl acetate | −2.731 | −5.067 | −3.604 | −2.459 | −4.636 |
| Neryl acetate | −3.032 | −5.364 | −4.419 | −2.489 | −4.48 |
| Phenol, 2,4-di-tert-butyl- | −4.379 | −6.402 | −4.478 | −5.094 | −7.964 |
2D and 3D imaging of the interaction between ligands and the functional site of beta-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase from Escherichia coli showed that phenol, 2,4-di-tert-butyl- established a single hydrogen bond with residue HIE 333 and another pi–pi stacking bond with residue PHE 392.
In the energetic site of Staphylococcus aureus nucleoside diphosphate kinase, benzaldehyde, 4-(1-methylethyl)- formed a sole hydrogen bond with HIE 52 residue. Additionally, phenol 2,4-di-tert-butyl- formed two hydrogen bonds with residues SER 233 and PGE 402 in the active site of a beta-1,4-endoglucanase from Aspergillus niger. This same molecule, phenol 2,4-di-tert-butyl-, established a single hydrogen bond with the SER 378 residue and a single pi–pi stacking bond with the TYR118 residue in the active site of sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51) generated by pathogenic fungi Candida albicans (Figures 9 and 10).
![Figure 9
The ligand’s interaction with the active site is shown in the 2D viewer. (a) γ_Eudesmol interacts with NADPH oxidase’s active site. (b, d, and e) Phenol and 2,4-di-tert-butyl interactions with the active site of Aspergillus niger’s beta-1,4-endoglucanase, Escherichia coli’s beta-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase, and Candida albicans’ pathogenic yeast sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51). (c) Staphylococcus aureus nucleoside diphosphate kinase’s active site interacts with benzaldehyde, 4-(1-methylethyl)-.](/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2024-0057/asset/graphic/j_chem-2024-0057_fig_009.jpg)
The ligand’s interaction with the active site is shown in the 2D viewer. (a) γ_Eudesmol interacts with NADPH oxidase’s active site. (b, d, and e) Phenol and 2,4-di-tert-butyl interactions with the active site of Aspergillus niger’s beta-1,4-endoglucanase, Escherichia coli’s beta-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase, and Candida albicans’ pathogenic yeast sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51). (c) Staphylococcus aureus nucleoside diphosphate kinase’s active site interacts with benzaldehyde, 4-(1-methylethyl)-.
![Figure 10
The 3D viewer of ligands interactions with the active site. a: Eudesmol interactions with the active site of NADPH oxidase. (b, d, and e): Phenol, 2,4-di-tert-butyl- interactions with the active site of beta-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase from Escherichia coli, a beta-1,4-endoglucanase from Aspergillus niger, and sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51) from the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. c: benzaldehyde, 4-(1-methylethyl)- interactions with active site of Staphylococcus aureus nucleoside diphosphate kinase.](/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2024-0057/asset/graphic/j_chem-2024-0057_fig_010.jpg)
The 3D viewer of ligands interactions with the active site. a: Eudesmol interactions with the active site of NADPH oxidase. (b, d, and e): Phenol, 2,4-di-tert-butyl- interactions with the active site of beta-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase from Escherichia coli, a beta-1,4-endoglucanase from Aspergillus niger, and sterol 14-alpha demethylase (CYP51) from the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. c: benzaldehyde, 4-(1-methylethyl)- interactions with active site of Staphylococcus aureus nucleoside diphosphate kinase.
4 Conclusion
Our research indicates that the EO derived from M. aquatica leaves is distinguished by a broad category of bioactive compounds, notably terpenoids, which are known by a wide spectrum of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal activities. The investigated volatile oil demonstrated powerful antioxidant capacity. The antimicrobial test showed that the tested oil revealed a powerful toxic effect against all strains tested in the current study, with a better effect against Gram-negative bacterial strains. Regarding the insecticidal activity, the EO extracted from M. aquatica showed a more effective effect against the biological parameters of the C. maculatus insect pest of legume seeds. The findings show that MA-EO is a rich source for developing innovative drugs to combat bacterial infections and insect infestations in the food sector.
Acknowledgment
The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2024R437), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
-
Funding information: This work is financially supported by the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP-2024R437), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
-
Author contributions: Conceptualization, original draft writing, reviewing, and editing: Meryem Tourabi, Asmae Baghouz, Khaoula Faiz, Asmae El Ghouizi, and Mohamed Chebaibi. Formal analysis, investigations, funding acquisition, reviewing, and editing: Latifa Zbadi, Najoua Soulo, Samir Ibenmoussa, and Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah. Resources, data validation, data curation, and supervision: Musaab Dauelbait, Mohammed Bourhia, Badiaa Lyoussi, Elhoussine Derwich.
-
Conflict of interest: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest concerning the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
-
Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.
-
Data availability statement: Data will be available upon request from the corresponding author.
References
[1] Shaikh S. Prospective role in treatment of major illnesses and potential benefits as a safe insecticide and natural food preservative of mint (Mentha spp.): A review. Asian J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2014;4:1–12.Search in Google Scholar
[2] Esmaeili A, Rustaiyan A, Masoudi S, Nadji K. Composition of the essential oils of Mentha aquatica L. and Nepeta meyeri Benth. from Iran. J Essent Oil Res. 2006;18:263–5.Search in Google Scholar
[3] Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for herbal medicines (Physicians’ Desk Reference). Montvale, New Jersey: Medical Economics Company; 2000.Search in Google Scholar
[4] Singh P, Pandey AK. Prospective of essential oils of the genus Mentha as biopesticides: A review. Front Plant Sci. 2018;9:1295.Search in Google Scholar
[5] Ebrahimzadeh M, Nabavi SM, Nabavi SF, Eslami B. Biological activity of Mentha aquatica L. Pharmacologyonline. 2010;2:611–9.Search in Google Scholar
[6] Park Y, Baek S-A, Choi Y, Kim J, Park S. Metabolic profiling of nine Mentha species and prediction of their antioxidant properties using chemometrics. Molecules. 2019;24:258.Search in Google Scholar
[7] Mkaddem M, Bouajila J, Ennajar M, Lebrihi A, Mathieu F, Romdhane M. Chemical composition and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Mentha longifolia L. and viridis essential oils. J Food Sci. 2009;74:M358–63.Search in Google Scholar
[8] Pereira OR, Macias RIR, Domingues MRM, Marin JJG, Cardoso SM. Hepatoprotection of Mentha aquatica L., Lavandula dentata L. and Leonurus cardiaca L. Antioxidants. 2019;8:267.Search in Google Scholar
[9] Sharma V, Hussain S, Gupta M, Saxena AK. In vitro anticancer activity of extracts of Mentha spp. against human cancer cells. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 2014;51(5):416–9.Search in Google Scholar
[10] Gul H, Abbas K, Qadir MI. Gastro-protective effect of ethanolic extract of Mentha longifolia in alcohol- and aspirin-induced gastric ulcer models. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2015;10:241–5.Search in Google Scholar
[11] Golestan L, Seyedyousefi L, Kaboosi H, Safari H. Effect of Mentha spicata L. and Mentha aquatica L. essential oils on the microbiological properties of fermented dairy product, kashk. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2016;51:581–7.Search in Google Scholar
[12] Benabdallah A, Boumendjel M, Aissi O, Rahmoune C, Boussaid M, Messaoud C. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory of wild Mentha species from northeastern Algeria. South Afr J Botany. 2018;116:131–9.Search in Google Scholar
[13] Andro A-R, Boz I, Zamfirache M-M, Burzo I. Chemical composition of essential oils from Mentha aquatica L. at different moments of the ontogenetic cycle. J Med Plants Res. 2013;7(9):470–3.Search in Google Scholar
[14] Hajlaoui H, Trabelsi N, Noumi E, Snoussi M, Fallah H, Ksouri R, et al. Biological activities of the essential oils and methanol extract of two cultivated mint species (Mentha longifolia and Mentha pulegium) used in Tunisian folkloric medicine. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;25:2227–38.Search in Google Scholar
[15] Adams RP. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, 3rd ed.; Pennsylvania, PA, USA: Allured Publishing Corporation; 2007. p. 804.Search in Google Scholar
[16] Burits M, Bucar F. Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil. Phytother Res. 2000;14:323–8.Search in Google Scholar
[17] Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;26:1231–7.Search in Google Scholar
[18] Parki A, Chaubey P, Prakash O, Kumar R, Pant AK. Seasonal variation in essential oil compositions and antioxidant properties of Acorus calamus L. accessions. Medicines. 2017;4:81.Search in Google Scholar
[19] Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal Biochem. 1999;269:337–41.Search in Google Scholar
[20] Bauer AW, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol. 1966;45:493–6.Search in Google Scholar
[21] Ait Assou S, Anissi J, Sendide K, El Hassouni M. Diversity and antimicrobial activities of actinobacteria isolated from mining soils in Midelt Region, Morocco. Li WJ, éditeur. Sci World J. 2023;2023:1–19.Search in Google Scholar
[22] Sarker SD, Nahar L, Kumarasamy Y. Microtitre plate-based antibacterial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator of cell growth, and its application in the in vitro antibacterial screening of phytochemicals. Methods. 2007;42:321–4.Search in Google Scholar
[23] Golus J, Sawicki R, Widelski J, Ginalska G. The agar microdilution method – a new method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing for essential oils and plant extracts. J Appl Microbiol. 2016;121:1291–9.Search in Google Scholar
[24] Baghouz A, Bouchelta Y, Es-safi I, Brahimi R, Imtara H, AlZain M, et al. Biocidal activity of Ziziphora hispanica L and Satureja calamintha Scheele L essential oils against the Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) pest on cowpea seeds during storage. Front Sustain Food Syst. 2024;8:1329100.Search in Google Scholar
[25] Baghouz A, Bouchelta Y, Es-safi I, Bourhia M, Abdelfattah EM, Alarfaj AA, et al. Identification of volatile compounds and insecticidal activity of essential oils from Origanum compactum Benth, and Rosmarinus officinalis L. against Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.). Heredia JB, éditeur. J Chem. 2022;2022:1–9.Search in Google Scholar
[26] Abbott WS. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. 1925. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1987;3:302–3.Search in Google Scholar
[27] McDonald LL, Guy RH, Speirs RD. Preliminary evaluation of new candidate materials as toxicants, repellents, and attractants against stored-product insects. Washington: U.S. Agricultural Research Service; 1970. p. 183.Search in Google Scholar
[28] Lafraxo S, El Moussaoui A, A Bin Jardan Y, El Barnossi A, Chebaibi M, Baammi S, et al. GC-MS profiling, in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and in silico NADPH oxidase inhibition studies of essential oil of Juniperus thurifera Bark. M. El Sayed S, éditeur. Evid-Based Complementary Altern Med. 2022;2022:1–13.Search in Google Scholar
[29] El Abdali Y, Beniaich G, Mahraz AM, El Moussaoui A, Bin Jardan YA, Akhazzane M, et al. Antibacterial, antioxidant, and in silico NADPH oxidase inhibition studies of essential oils of Lavandula dentata against foodborne pathogens. Evid-Based Complementary Altern Med. 2023;2023:e9766002.Search in Google Scholar
[30] Bouslamti M, Metouekel A, Chelouati T, El Moussaoui A, Barnossi AE, Chebaibi M, et al. Solanum elaeagnifolium Var. Obtusifolium (Dunal) Dunal: Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of polyphenol-rich extracts chemically characterized by use of in vitro and in silico approaches. Molecules. 2022;27:8688.Search in Google Scholar
[31] Tourabi M, Nouioura G, Touijer H, Baghouz A, El Ghouizi A, Chebaibi M, et al. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal properties of chemically characterized essential oils extracted from Mentha longifolia: in vitro and in silico analysis. Plants. 2023;12:3783.Search in Google Scholar
[32] Abdali YE, Mahraz AM, Beniaich G, Mssillou I, Chebaibi M, Jardan YAB, et al. Essential oils of Origanum compactum Benth: Chemical characterization, in vitro, in silico, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. Open Chem. 2023;7(10):4166–70.Search in Google Scholar
[33] Amrati FE-Z, Elmadbouh OHM, Chebaibi M, Soufi B, Conte R, Slighoua M, et al. Evaluation of the toxicity of Caralluma europaea (C.E) extracts and their effects on apoptosis and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cells. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2023;41:8517–34.Search in Google Scholar
[34] Liu X, Cai J, Chen H, Zhong Q, Hou Y, Chen W, et al. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of linalool against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microb Pathogen. 2020;141:103980.Search in Google Scholar
[35] Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils – A review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46:446–75.Search in Google Scholar
[36] Kamatou GPP, Viljoen AM. Linalool – a review of a biologically active compound of commercial importance. Nat Prod Commun. 2008;3:1934578X0800300727.Search in Google Scholar
[37] Dhifi W, Litaiem M, Jelali N, Hamdi N, Mnif W. Identification of a new chemotye of the plant Mentha aquatica grown in Tunisia: Chemical composition, antioxidant and biological activities of its essential oil. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants. 2011;14:320–8.Search in Google Scholar
[38] Getahun Z, Asres K, Mazumder A, Bucar F. Essential oil composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Mentha aquatica growing in Ethiopia. Ethiop Pharm J. 2008;26:9–16.Search in Google Scholar
[39] Brahmi F, Adjaoud A, Marongiu B, Falconieri D, Yalaoui-Guellal D, Madani K, et al. Chemical and biological profiles of essential oils from Mentha spicata L. leaf from Bejaia in Algeria. J Essent Oil Res. 2016;28:211–20.Search in Google Scholar
[40] Ahmed A, Ayoub K, Chaima AJ, Hanaa L, Abdelaziz C. Effect of drying methods on yield, chemical composition and bioactivities of essential oil obtained from Moroccan Mentha pulegium L. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2018;16:638–43.Search in Google Scholar
[41] Baali F, Boumerfeg S, Napoli E, Boudjelal A, Righi N, Deghima A, et al. Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils from two wild algerian medicinal plants: Mentha pulegium L. and Lavandula stoechas L. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants. 2019;22:821–37.Search in Google Scholar
[42] Ciesla LM, Wojtunik‐Kulesza KA, Oniszczuk A, Waksmundzka‐Hajnos M. Antioxidant synergism and antagonism between selected monoterpenes using the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl method. Flavor Fragr J. 2016;31:412–9.Search in Google Scholar
[43] Silva RCe, Costa JSd, Figueiredo ROd, Setzer WN, Silva JKRd, Maia JGS, et al. Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes of essential oils from Psidium species and their biological properties. Molecules. 2021;26:965.Search in Google Scholar
[44] Park YJ, Baskar TB, Yeo SK, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Lim SS, et al. Composition of volatile compounds and in vitro antimicrobial activity of nine Mentha spp. SpringerPlus. 2016;5:1628.Search in Google Scholar
[45] Talebi Bezmin Abadi A, Rizvanov AA, Haertlé T, Blatt NL. World health organization report: Current crisis of antibiotic resistance. BioNanoSci. 2019;9:778–88.Search in Google Scholar
[46] Basavegowda N, Patra JK, Baek KH. Essential oils and mono/bi/tri-metallic nanocomposites as alternative sources of antimicrobial agents to combat multidrug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms: an overview. Molecules. 2020;25:1058.Search in Google Scholar
[47] Alavi M, Ashengroph M. Interaction of zincite, alpha-terpineol, geranyl acetate, linalool, myrcenol, terpinolene, and thymol with virulence factors of Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Expert Rev Anti-infect Ther. 2023;22:1–20.Search in Google Scholar
[48] Trombetta D, Castelli F, Sarpietro MG, Venuti V, Cristani M, Daniele C, et al. Mechanisms of antibacterial action of three monoterpenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:2474–8.Search in Google Scholar
[49] Herman A, Tambor K, Herman A. Linalool affects the antimicrobial efficacy of essential oils. Curr Microbiol. 2016;72:165–72.Search in Google Scholar
[50] Nourbakhsh F, Lotfalizadeh M, Badpeyma M, Shakeri A, Soheili V. From plants to antimicrobials: Natural products against bacterial membranes. Phytother Res. 2022;36:33–52.Search in Google Scholar
[51] Malcolm D, Richardson KB, Hope W. CHAPTER 11 - Aspergillus. In: Anaissie EJ, McGinnis MR, Pfaller MA. Clinical mycology. 2nd edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2009. p. 271–96. [referred $1 $22024] Disponible sur. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416056805000116.Search in Google Scholar
[52] Mimica-Dukić N, Božin B, Soković M, Mihajlović B, Matavulj M. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three Mentha species essential oils. Planta Med. 2003;69:413–9.Search in Google Scholar
[53] Máté G, Kovács D, Gazdag Z, Pesti M, Szántó Á. Linalool-induced oxidative stress processes in the human pathogen Candida albicans. Acta Biol Hung. 2017;68:220–31.Search in Google Scholar
[54] Blaskó Á, Gazdag Z, Gróf P, Máté G, Sárosi S, Krisch J, et al. Effects of clary sage oil and its main components, linalool and linalyl acetate, on the plasma membrane of Candida albicans: an in vivo EPR study. Apoptosis. 2017;22:175–87.Search in Google Scholar
[55] Mączka W, Duda-Madej A, Grabarczyk M, Wińska K. Natural compounds in the battle against microorganisms – Linalool. Molecules. 2022;27:6928.Search in Google Scholar
[56] Aimad A, Sanae R, Anas F, Abdelfattah EM, Bourhia M, Mohammad Salamatullah A, et al. Chemical characterization and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal properties of essential oil from Mentha pulegium L. Cruz JN, éditeur. Evid-Based Complementary Altern Med. 2021;2021:1–12.Search in Google Scholar
[57] Palacios SM, Bertoni A, Rossi Y, Santander R, Urzúa A. Efficacy of essential oils from edible plants as insecticides against the house fly, Musca domestica L. Molecules. 2009;14:1938–47.Search in Google Scholar
[58] Brahmi F, Abdenour A, Bruno M, Silvia P, Alessandra P, Danilo F, et al. Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial, insecticidal, and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Mentha pulegium L. and Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds growing in Algeria. Ind Crop Prod. 2016;88:96–105.Search in Google Scholar
[59] Kasrati A, Alaoui Jamali C, Bekkouche K, Spooner-Hart R, Leach D, Abbad A. Chemical characterization and insecticidal properties of essential oils from different wild populations of Mentha suaveolens subsp. timija (Briq.) Harley from Morocco. Chem Biodivers. 2015;12:823–31.Search in Google Scholar
[60] Ferrati M, Spinozzi E, Baldassarri C, Maggi F, Pavela R, Canale A, et al. Efficacy of Mentha aquatica L. essential oil (Linalool/Linalool Acetate Chemotype) against insect vectors and agricultural pests. Pharmaceuticals. 2023;16:633.Search in Google Scholar
[61] Kumar P, Mishra S, Malik A, Satya S. Insecticidal properties of Mentha species: A review. Ind Crop Prod. 2011;34:802–17.Search in Google Scholar
[62] Hategekimana A, Erler F. Fecundity and fertility inhibition effects of some plant essential oils and their major components against Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J Plant Dis Prot. 2020;127:615–23.Search in Google Scholar
[63] Aziz EE, Abbass MH. Chemical composition and efficiency of five essential oils against the pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on Vigna radiata seeds. Am-Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci. 2010;8:411–9.Search in Google Scholar
[64] Ansari MA, Vasudevan P, Tandon M, Razdan RK. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil. Bioresour Technol. 2000;71:267–71.Search in Google Scholar
[65] Saxena BP, Mathur AC. Loss of fecundity in Dysdercus koenigii F. due to vapours ofAcorus calamus L. oil. Experientia. 1976;32:315–6.Search in Google Scholar
[66] Regnault-Roger C, Hamraoui A. Efficiency of plants from the South of France used as traditional protectants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. against its bruchid Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say). J Stored Prod Res. 1993;29:259–64.Search in Google Scholar
[67] Kumar A, Shukla R, Singh P, Singh AK, Dubey NK. Use of essential oil from Mentha arvensis L. to control storage moulds and insects in stored chickpea. J Sci Food Agric. 2009;89:2643–9.Search in Google Scholar
[68] Odeyemi OO, Masika P, Afolayan AJ. Insecticidal activities of essential oil from the leaves of Mentha longifolia L. subsp. capensis against Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Afr Entomol. 2008;16:220–5.Search in Google Scholar
[69] Ahn YJ, Lee SB, Lee HS, Kim GH. Insecticidal and acaricidal activity of carvacrol and beta-thujaplicine derived from Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai sawdust. J Chem Ecol (USA) [Internet]. 1998;24:81–90.Search in Google Scholar
[70] Rattan RS. Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin. Crop Prot. 2010;29:913–20.Search in Google Scholar
[71] Isman MB. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Prot. 2000;19:603–8.Search in Google Scholar
[72] Price DN, Berry MS. Comparison of effects of octopamine and insecticidal essential oils on activity in the nerve cord, foregut, and dorsal unpaired median neurons of cockroaches. J Insect Physiol. 2006;52:309–19.Search in Google Scholar
[73] López MD, Pascual-Villalobos MJ. Mode of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by monoterpenoids and implications for pest control. Ind Crop Prod. 2010;31:284–8.Search in Google Scholar
[74] Lee S-E, Lee B-H, Choi W-S, Park B-S, Kim J-G, Campbell BC. Fumigant toxicity of volatile natural products from Korean spices and medicinal plants towards the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L). Pest Manag Sci. 2001;57:548–53.Search in Google Scholar
[75] Lee S, Peterson CJ, Coats JR. Fumigation toxicity of monoterpenoids to several stored product insects. J Stored Prod Res. 2003;39:77–85.Search in Google Scholar
[76] Lee CE, Petersen CH. Effects of developmental acclimation on adult salinity tolerance in the freshwater-invading copepod Eurytemora affinis. Physiol Biochem Zool. 2003;76:296–301.Search in Google Scholar
[77] Sun JS, Feng Y, Wang Y, Li J, Zou K, Liu H, et al. α-pinene, caryophyllene and β-myrcene from Peucedanum terebinthaceum essential oil: insecticidal and repellent effects on three stored-product insects. Rec Nat Prod. 2020;14:177–89.Search in Google Scholar
[78] Chu SS, Jiang GH, Liu ZL. Insecticidal compounds from the essential oil of Chinese medicinal herb Atractylodes chinensis. Pest Manag Sci. 2011;67:1253–7.Search in Google Scholar
[79] Jang Y-S, Yang Y-C, Choi D-S, Ahn Y-J. Vapor phase toxicity of marjoram oil compounds and their related monoterpenoids to Blattella germanica (Orthoptera: Blattellidae). J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:7892–8.Search in Google Scholar
[80] Al-Ghanim KA, Krishnappa K, Pandiyan J, Nicoletti M, Gurunathan B, Govindarajan M. Insecticidal potential of Matricaria chamomilla’s essential oil and its components (E)-β-farnesene, germacrene D, and α-bisabolol oxide A against agricultural pests, malaria, and Zika virus vectors. Agriculture. 2023;13:779.Search in Google Scholar
[81] López MD, Pascual-Villalobos MJ. Are monoterpenoids and phenylpropanoids efficient inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase from stored product insect strains? Flavour Fragr J. 2015;30:108–12.Search in Google Scholar
[82] Re L, Barocci S, Sonnino S, Mencarelli A, Vivani C, Paolucci G, et al. Linalool modifies the nicotinic receptor-ion channel kinetics at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Pharmacol Res. 2000;42:177–82.Search in Google Scholar
[83] Tak J-H, Isman MB. Enhanced cuticular penetration as the mechanism of synergy for the major constituents of thyme essential oil in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. Ind Crop Prod. 2017;101:29–35.Search in Google Scholar
© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Articles in the same Issue
- Regular Articles
- Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
- Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
- Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
- Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
- Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
- Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
- Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
- Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
- Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
- Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
- Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
- Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
- Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
- The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
- Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
- Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
- Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
- Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
- Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
- Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
- Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
- Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
- Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
- Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
- Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
- pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
- Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
- Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
- Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
- Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
- Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
- Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
- Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
- Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
- Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
- Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
- Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
- Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
- Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
- Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
- Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
- Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
- Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
- GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
- Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
- Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
- One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
- Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
- A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
- Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
- Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
- Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
- Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
- FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
- Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
- 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
- Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
- Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
- Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
- Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
- Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
- Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
- Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
- Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
- Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
- Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
- Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
- Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
- Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
- Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
- Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
- Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
- Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
- LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
- Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
- Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
- Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
- Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
- Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
- A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
- Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
- Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
- Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
- Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
- Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
- Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
- Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
- Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
- Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
- Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
- Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
- Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
- Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
- Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
- Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
- Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
- Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
- Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
- Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
- Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
- Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
- Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
- Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
- The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
- A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
- Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
- Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
- Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
- Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
- HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
- Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
- Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
- Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
- Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
- Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
- Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
- Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
- Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
- Review Articles
- Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
- Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
- Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
- Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
- Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
- Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
- Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
- Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
- Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
- Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
- Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
- Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
- Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
- Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
- Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
- Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
- Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
- Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
- Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
- In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
- Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
- A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
- A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
- Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
- Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
- Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
- Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
- Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
- Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
- Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
- 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
- Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
- Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
Articles in the same Issue
- Regular Articles
- Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
- Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
- Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
- Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
- Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
- Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
- Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
- Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
- Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
- Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
- Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
- Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
- Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
- The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
- Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
- Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
- Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
- Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
- Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
- Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
- Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
- Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
- Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
- Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
- Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
- pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
- Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
- Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
- Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
- Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
- Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
- Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
- Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
- Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
- Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
- Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
- Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
- Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
- Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
- Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
- Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
- Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
- Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
- GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
- Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
- Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
- One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
- Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
- A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
- Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
- Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
- Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
- Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
- FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
- Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
- 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
- Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
- Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
- Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
- Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
- Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
- Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
- Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
- Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
- Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
- Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
- Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
- Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
- Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
- Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
- Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
- Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
- Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
- LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
- Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
- Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
- Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
- Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
- Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
- A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
- Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
- Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
- Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
- Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
- Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
- Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
- Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
- Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
- Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
- Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
- Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
- Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
- Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
- Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
- Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
- Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
- Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
- Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
- Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
- Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
- Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
- Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
- Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
- The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
- A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
- Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
- Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
- Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
- Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
- HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
- Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
- Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
- Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
- Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
- Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
- Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
- Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
- Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
- Review Articles
- Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
- Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
- Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
- Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
- Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
- Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
- Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
- Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
- Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
- Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
- Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
- Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
- Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
- Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
- Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
- Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
- Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
- Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
- Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
- In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
- Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
- A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
- A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
- Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
- Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
- Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
- Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
- Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
- Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
- Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
- 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
- Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
- Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
