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Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS

  • Tahreer M. ALRaddadi EMAIL logo , Saleh O. Bahaffi , Lateefa A. Alkhateeb and Mohammad W. Sadaka
Published/Copyright: July 24, 2024
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 22 Issue 1

Abstract

Boerhavia elegans L. (Nyctaginaceae) is a tropical plant widely distributed in the eastern part of Yemen, Oman, and many other countries. B. elegans is used in traditional medicine to treat inflammation, anemia, and urinary tract disorders. The seeds, called Alhydawan, are used as food additives to prepare porridge, one of the most popular foods in Yemen. The present study aims to analyze the bioactive constituents of the methanolic extract of B. elegans seeds after fractionation on silica gel column chromatography. The methanolic extract was subjected to column chromatography and eluted with a hexane and hexane diethyl ether mixture of different compositions. The eluted fractions were tested with thin-layer chromatography. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of fractions indicated some compounds such as dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl, butylated hydroxytoluene, 2,6,10-trimethyltridecane, hexadecane,2,6,11,15-tetramethyl, nonadecane, 2-methyl, 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5) deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, n-hexadecenoic acid, octadecanoic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 13-docosenamide, (Z)-, and phenol,2,4-bis(1,1-dimethyl ethyl) phosphite (3:1). Hence, B. elegans may have antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities due to the presence of secondary metabolites in the extract.

Keywords: Boerhavia elegans seeds; GC-MS analysis; medicinal plants; bioactive compounds

1 Introduction

Herbs have been the primary source of practically all medical remedies from ancient times until the introduction of synthetic pharmaceuticals in the nineteenth century [1]. Because of their long history of medicinal use and minimal carcinogenic risk compared to synthetic alternatives, medicinal plants are highly esteemed in many cultures [2]. Researchers currently source many traditional drugs from natural sources [3]. Utilizing therapeutic plants in conventional medical practices has created opportunities for further investigation, and biodiversity preservation is now widely acknowledged [4]. The designated genus of Boerhavia is in honor of Hermann Boerhaave, an eighteenth-century Dutch botanist affiliated with the University of Leiden in Germany. Scientists frequently mention the generic name Boerhaavia in scientific texts [5]. However, Linnaeus adapted Boerhaave’s name to Boerhavius when establishing the genus; thus, Boerhavia is the correct spelling for the plant [6]. Boerhavia, often spelled as “Boerhaavia,” is a diverse genus of Nyctaginaceae, commonly referred to as the four o’clock family because the majority of species in this genus bloom their flowers 4 h after noon, namely in the early evening or morning. The family Nyctaginaceae comprises 300–400 species classified into around 30 genera. These include trees, shrubs, and herbs found widely across tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, America, and Australia [7,8]. The genus Boerhavia within this family contains approximately 40 species, also distributed widely in the tropics and subtropics of these same continents [9,10]. Boerhavia is known for its unique alkaloid mix, including flavonoids, phenolic glycosides, phenolic acids, sterols, and organic acids [11]. Quinolizidine alkaloids like punarnavine are one example. India contains six major Boerhavia species: B. diffusa, B. repens, B. chinensis, B. erecta, B. elegans, and B. reniformis. The medicinal value of plants from the Boerhavia genus has long been acknowledged across various traditional medicine systems globally. Boerhavia species find therapeutic applications in Indian practices like Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani medicine. They are also prominently featured in folk remedies, such as traditional Chinese prescriptions and African herbalism. Moreover, B. elegans are recognized in the pharmacopeias of Brazil and India for their healing properties, classifying B. elegans as belonging to the Boerhavia genus, the Nyctaginaceae plant family. Botanists classify Choisy as belonging to the Nyctaginaceae family and place it under the genus Boerhavia, which includes a wide range of more than 100 species. The tropical and subtropical zones are the most common habitats for this blooming plant; it is also in West India, Iran, Pakistan, Oman, and Saudi Arabia [12,13,14,15]. In 2015, Al-Farga et al. examined the physicochemical properties, proximate composition, amino acid, mineral, vitamin concentrations, phenolic acids, and volatile oil components extracted from dry B. elegans seeds [15]. The edible herbaceous plant from which B. elegans seeds come is a member of a family that native tribes in southern Yemen frequently use in traditional dishes. They are a primary ingredient for making porridge and are also in bread and cake mixtures [16].

Nevertheless, there are many prepared traditional medicines and there are only a few chemical and pharmacological studies from Boerhavia genera, including Boerhavia plumbaginea, Boerhavia chinensis, Boerhavia repens, Boerhavia diffusa, Boerhavia erecta and B. elegans. Therefore, modern pharmacochemical research is needed to reveal the bioactivity claimed by traditional knowledge. Hence, this work aims to fractionate methanolic extract on a silica gel column to examine the chemical constituents of the seeds by separation and qualitative determination of B. elegans chemical constituents using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and identify the constituents responsible for any observed bioactivity.

1.1 Bioactivity of Boerhavia genus plants

Boerhavia has received growing attention from physiochemists because previous research has documented its diverse pharmacological and biological activities, indicating therapeutic potential. Research has shown that a methanolic extract of B. diffusa leaves has antibacterial properties and significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus, one of numerous harmful bacteria [17]. In their 2010 work, Ramazani et al. reported on the antimalarial effects of B. elegans, representing one of the initial studies to demonstrate this plant’s effectiveness against malaria [18]. Traditional medicine practices have suggested that B. elegans can remedy numerous other health issues, such as painful menstruation, urinary tract problems, intestinal infections, inflammation, jaundice, and general weakness [19].

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Chemicals and reagents

The Direct-Q water purification system was utilized to acquire ultrapure water. The Milli-Q® water purification system (Merck) used solvents such as methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, and hexane obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). p-Anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid and 50% sulfuric acid were used as spray chemicals to determine the terpenes, steroids, and phenols.

2.2 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)

TLC was performed using pre-coated silica gel plates with a 0.2 mm layer (Merck 60F 254). TLC spot visualization was carried out under UV light at 254 and 366 nm. Then, the TLC plate was sprayed with a 50% sulfuric acid spray reagent prepared with 50% methanol, and 50% concentrated sulfuric acid was added slowly [20]. After that, the TLC plates were sprayed and heated at 150°C for 1 min, and the plates revealed color spots.

2.3 Plant material and extract preparation

Dried B. elegans seeds were originally imported from the Hadramout region of South Yemen. They were then milled into powder using an electric grinder. After that, the powder was passed through a 100-mesh sieve and stored in a refrigerator at 4°C until use. One kilogram of the B. elegans powder was extracted three times (once daily) over 3 days of maceration in 1.5 L MeOH at ambient temperature, followed by filtration using Whatman No. 41 filter paper to remove the solid residue. The extract was evaporated in a rotary evaporator (Stuart RE300 Rotary Evaporator) at 40°C, yielding 41.5 g of oily material.

2.4 Column chromatography

An open glass column 80 cm in length and 3.5 cm in diameter was manufactured in the glassware workshop of the Chemistry Department at King Abdulaziz University. First, a small amount of glass wool was placed at the bottom of the chromatography column, and then the column was filled 2/3 with silica gel 60 (70–230 mesh, Grade 60) by slurry packing using n-hexane. After homogenization with an appropriate quantity of silica gel, the oily extract (41.5 g) was added to the top of the column [21]. The initial eluent was n-hexane, and then the polarity increased gradually using diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The volume of the collected fractions was 30 mL for each. The amount of solvent consumed varied depending on TLC observations. To follow the fractionation, TLC and UV light were used, and spray reagents were collected, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Hexane diethyl ether column fraction

Hexane % Diethyl ether % Fractions obtained Weight (mg) Color
100 0 1–21 (F1) 924.9 Dark brown
90 10 22–38 (F2) 811.5 Light yellow
80 20 39–57 (F3) 782.3 Black
70 30 58–71 (F4) 386.2 Yellow
60 40 72–82 (F5) 842.6 Yellow
50 50 84–97 (F6) 355.1 Dark green

2.5 GC-MS

The bioactive compounds from hexane and hexane diethyl ether extracts of B. elegans seeds were analyzed using GC-MS with a GC TRACE 1300-TSQ 8000 EVO mass spectrometer from Thermo Scientific equipped with a capillary non-polar-5%-phenyl-column (Thermo-17MS, 30 m in length, 0.25 mm id, 0.15 μm film thickness). The GC-MS detection involved an electron ionization system (70 eV). Sampling split was performed with an injection volume of 1 µL and a pulsed split less (pulse: 25 psi, unit 1 min). Helium was used as the carrier gas, with a purity of 99.9995% at a 1 mL/min flow rate. The injection temperature was 280°C, and the heated ion source was 250°C. The oven’s initial temperature was at 70°C (held for 2 min), then raised to 150°C at 25°C/min (held for 2 min), then raised to 200°C (3°C/min) (held for 2 min), and the final temperature was 280°C (6.07°C/min) with a hold time of 10 min – the total run time for a 49.03-min measurement period. NIST library mass spectra were used to identify and interpret bioactive compounds’ GC-MS mass spectra.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Fractionation of the hexane extract

Approximately 2 L of 100% n-hex was used for the initial elution, and 2 L of hexane and diethyl ether mixtures were added in the following proportions: (n-hex 9: Et2O 1), (n-hex 8: Et2O 2), (n-hex 7: Et2O 3), (n-hex 6: Et2O 4), and (n-hex 5: Et2O 5). Using 10 ml of petroleum ether and EtOAc mixtures as the mobile phase, petroleum ether 9:EtOAc 1 was used for fractions F1, F2, and F3, while for fractions F5 and F6, petroleum ether 8:EtOAc 2 was used. The fractions whose retention factors were comparable to the gathered fractions were merged and analyzed by TLC. GC-MS was used to further examine the fractions F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, and F6. Table 1 summarizes all fractions.

3.2 GC-MS analysis

3.2.1 Hexane extract

Figure 1 shows the GC-MS chromatogram of the B. elegans seed eluted by 100% hexane and the probable bioactive compounds present in the extract with their retention time t R. Table 2 provides detailed information about the component’s names, retention time, molecular formula, molecular weight, match factor (SI), reversed match factor (RSI), and % peak area. The primary ingredients consisted of phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phosphite (3:1) (32.48%), 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (19.25%), and tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (16.26%). These three components represent 67.99%, while the other six components were 32.01%. A library spectrum search was conducted to yield three numerical values for each shown spectrum and a single value for the overall search. The three numbers consist of (1) a match factor (SI) between the unknown and the library spectrum, taking into account all peaks; (2) a match factor (RSI) between the unknown and the library spectrum, disregarding any peaks in the unknown that are not present in the library spectrum; and (3) a probability value.

Figure 1 GC-MS chromatogram of methanolic crude extract fractionated with 100% hexane.
Figure 1

GC-MS chromatogram of methanolic crude extract fractionated with 100% hexane.

Table 2

GC-MS components of the methanolic extract fractionated using 100% hexane

No. tR* Compound name Molecular formula Molecular weight SI RSI Area %
1 4.31 Dodecane,2,6,11-trimethyl- C15H32 212 877 882 1.87
2 5.37 2,6,10-Trimethyltridecane C16H34 226 876 878 3.27
3 5.58 Tetradecane C14H30 198 848 856 9.88
4 5.88 Heptadecane,2,6,10,15-tetramethyl C21H44 269 854 856 2.11
5 7.47 Hexadecane,2,6,11,15-tetramethyl- C20 H42 282 845 866 11.5
6 10.88 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione C17H24O3 267 859 927 19.25
7 11.59 Phthalic acid, butyl tetradecyl ester C23H36O4 376 797 838 3.39
8 35.31 Phenol,2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phosphite(3:1) C42H63O3P 646 869 881 32.48
9 37.42 Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate C42H36O4P 662 537 551 16.26

*tR: retention time.

3.2.2 Hexane–diethyl ether extract

Diethyl ether was added to hexane in increments of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% to increase its polarity. The detected components in each extract are shown in Table 3, associated with the corresponding retention period. Certain chemicals, such as oleic acid, were only in specific percentages. In contrast, primary chemicals persisted in all percentages despite increased polarity concentration, indicating much of it in B. elegans. Standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence limit based on the retention time of chemical compounds identified in Table 3 are tabulated in Table 4, considering that oleic acid (RT = 15.69) has only one reading.

Table 3

GC-MS components of the methanolic extract fractionated using hexane and diethyl ether

RT Compound name 100% hexane 90% hexane 80% hexane 70% hexane 60% hexane 50% hexane
4.31 Dodecane,2,6,11-trimethyl- √ √ √ √ ND √
5.37 2,6,10-Trimethyltridecane √ √ ND ND ND √
5.58 Tetradecane √ √ ND ND ND √
5.77 Butylated hydroxytoluene √ ND ND √ ND ND
5.89 Hexadecane,2,6,11,15-tetramethyl √ √ ND √ ND √
7.46 Nonadecane,2-methyl √ √ √ ND ND √
7.53 Heptadecane,2,6,10,15-tetramethyl √ √ √ √ ND ND
11.02 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione √ √ √ √ ND √
12.37 n-Hexadecanoic acid √ ND √ ND √ √
15.69 Oleic acid ND ND √ ND ND ND
16.86 Octadecanoic acid √ ND √ ND ND √
24.67 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ND ND √ ND ND ND
28.33 13-Docosenamide, (Z)- ND ND √ ND √ √
35.31 Phenol,2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) phosphite (3:1) √ √ ND ND ND ND
37.36 Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate √ √ √ √ ND √

ND: not detected.

Table 4

SD and 95% confidence limit based on the retention time for isolated compounds from B. elegans seeds

Compound name Mean SD 95% confidence interval Number of tests
Dodecane,2,6,11-trimethyl- 4.3140 0.0055 4.3140 ± 0.0048 5
2,6,10-Trimethyltridecane 5.3733 0.0058 5.3733 ± 0.0065 3
Tetradecane 5.6400 0.1039 5.6400 ± 0.1176 3
Butylated hydroxytoluene 5.7650 0.0071 5.7650 ± 0.0098 2
Hexadecane,2,6,11,15-tetramethyl 5.7400 0.1732 5.7400 ± 0.1697 4
Nonadecane,2-methyl 7.4850 0.0311 7.4850 ± 0.0305 4
Heptadecane,2,6,10,15-tetramethyl 6.2225 0.8827 6.2225 ± 0.8650 4
7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5) deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione 10.9620 0.0610 10.9620 ± 0.0535 5
n-Hexadecanoic acid 12.0100 0.7742 12.0100 ± 0.7587 4
Octadecanoic acid 16.4500 0.6589 16.4500 ± 0.7456 3
13-Docosenamide, (Z)- 28.2967 0.0071 28.2967 ± 0.0080 3
Phenol,2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) phosphite (3:1) 35.3350 0.0354 35.3350 ± 0.0490 2
Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate 37.4880 0.0746 37.4880 ± 0.0654 5

Table 5 shows the chemical compounds eluted with hexane diethyl ether and their biological activities. Phosphatene, 2,6,10,15-tetramethyl, 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4, 5) DECA-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, n-hexadecenoic acid, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, 13-docosenamide, (Z)-, phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1 dimethyl ethyl) phosphite (3:1), and Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate are among these bioactive compounds, and categorized chemicals into various groups, including phenols, flavonoids, amides, and fatty acids.

Table 5

GC-MS bioactive components isolated using hexane and diethyl ether

No Compound name Nature of the compound Activity References
1 Dodecane,2,6,11-trimethyl- Alkane No activity reported
2 2,6,10-Trimethyltridecane Alkane No activity reported
3 Tetradecane Hydrocarbons Antimicrobial [22]
4 Butylated hydroxytoluene Phenols Antioxidant [23]
5 Hexadecane,2,6,11,15-tetramethyl Alkane Lipid biomarker, catalyst [24]
6 Nonadecane,2-methyl Volatile heterocyclic hydrocarbon Antioxidant [22,25]
7 Heptadecane,2,6,10,15-tetramethyl Alkane Dyeing, anti-HIV, anticancer [24]
8 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4, 5) deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione Flavonoid Antimicrobial, antifungal [22,26]
9 n-Hexadecanoic acid Palmitic acid (saturated fatty acid) Anti-inflammatory, antiandrogenic, antioxidant, antibacterial, hypocholesterolemic, nematicide, pesticide, lubricant, antiandrogenic, hemolytic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, antipsychotic [27,28]
10 Oleic acid Primary amide Antifungal [29]
11 Octadecanoic acid Fatty acid Antifungal, antitumor activity, antibacterial [30,31]
12 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Esters of phthalic acid Antibacterial, larvicidal activity [32]
13 13-Docosenamide, (Z)- Amide compound Antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive [33]
14 Phenol,2,4-bis (1,1 dimethyl ethyl) phosphite (3:1) Phenol Anti-enterococcal, antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, additive [24,34]
15 Tris (2,4-di-tert-butyl phenyl) phosphate Phenol Anti-enterococcal, antioxidant activities [34]

4 Conclusions

GC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts of the seeds of B. elegans fractionated on column chromatography with hexane and hexane diethyl ether showed a composite profile of different natural compounds such as alkane hydrocarbons, phenols, flavonoids, phosphates, and fatty acids. Most of these compounds have biological activity. 2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phosphite (3:1) had the highest peak area (32.48%), and heptadecane 2,6,10,15-tetramethyl had the lowest peak area (2.11%). Ethyl acetate and methanol extracts will be subject to further analysis and investigation. According to the literature survey, B. elegans treats inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, and antioxidant conditions due to the significant biological activity exhibited by these substances.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Saudi Food and Drug Authority for the GC-MS analysis and the King Fahad Medical Research Center (KFMRC), Main Laboratory. They would also like to thank Abduh Alrabee, the technical director of the glassware workshop in the chemistry department at King Abdulaziz University.

  1. Funding information: No funding was received for conducting this study.

  2. Author contributions: All authors contributed equally as the main contributors to this manuscript. Tahreer M. AL-Raddadi: investigation, writing – original draft, and formal analysis, Mohammad W. Sadaka: formal analysis, Saleh O. Bahaffi: project supervision, writing review, and editing. FLateefa ALkhateeb: project co-supervisor. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-12-25
Revised: 2024-02-01
Accepted: 2024-07-03
Published Online: 2024-07-24

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
  3. Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
  4. Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
  10. Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
  11. Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
  12. Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
  13. Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
  14. Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
  15. The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
  16. Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
  17. Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
  18. Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
  19. Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
  20. Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
  21. Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
  22. Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
  24. Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
  26. Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
  30. Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
  31. Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
  32. Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
  35. Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
  39. Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
  40. Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
  42. Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
  43. Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
  44. Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
  45. Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
  46. GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
  47. Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
  48. Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
  49. One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
  50. Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
  51. A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
  52. Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
  53. Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  54. Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
  55. Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
  56. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
  57. Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
  58. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
  59. Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
  60. Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
  61. Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
  62. Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
  63. Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
  64. Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
  65. Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
  66. Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
  67. Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
  68. Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
  69. Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
  70. Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
  71. Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
  72. Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
  73. Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
  74. Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
  75. Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
  76. LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
  77. Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
  78. Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
  79. Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
  80. Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
  81. Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
  82. A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
  83. Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
  94. Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
  95. Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
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  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
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  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
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  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
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  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
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  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
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  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
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  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
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  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2024-0068
Keywords for this article
Boerhavia elegans seeds; GC-MS analysis; medicinal plants; bioactive compounds
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
  3. Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
  4. Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
  10. Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
  11. Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
  12. Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
  13. Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
  14. Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
  15. The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
  16. Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
  17. Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
  18. Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
  19. Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
  20. Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
  21. Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
  22. Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
  24. Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
  26. Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
  30. Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
  31. Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
  32. Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
  35. Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
  39. Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
  40. Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
  42. Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
  43. Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
  44. Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
  45. Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
  46. GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
  47. Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
  48. Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
  49. One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
  50. Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
  51. A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
  52. Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
  53. Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  54. Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
  55. Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
  56. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
  57. Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
  58. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
  59. Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
  60. Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
  61. Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
  62. Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
  63. Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
  64. Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
  65. Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
  66. Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
  67. Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
  68. Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
  69. Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
  70. Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
  71. Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
  72. Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
  73. Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
  74. Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
  75. Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
  76. LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
  77. Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
  78. Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
  79. Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
  80. Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
  81. Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
  82. A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
  83. Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
  94. Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
  95. Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
  108. A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
  113. Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
  116. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  119. Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
  138. Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
  140. Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
  143. In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
  144. Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
  150. Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
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