Home Physical Sciences Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
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Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair

  • Fengkun Ji , Xu Zeng , Zhendong Wang , Hui Chen , Wenchao Li and Haoyu Li EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 11, 2024
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 22 Issue 1

Abstract

Osteoarthritis is caused by the cartilage destruction of the bones of the joint surfaces and structures that produce synovium fluid. Osteoarthritis treatment includes the use of surgical methods and non-surgical or maintenance treatments including knee orthoses, medical insoles with external edges, use of physiotherapy techniques, exercise, weight loss in obese people, and teaching the principles of joint care. The main goal of treatment in osteoarthritis of the knee is to ameliorate physical function, decrease pain, and reduce the progression of the disease, through correcting the knee alignment and reducing the varus torque. Previous studies have indicated that medicinal plants and herbal nanoparticles (NPs) have the best anti-inflammatory effects. β-Cyclodextrin is a cyclic carbohydrate molecule that is used as a host to prepare inclusion complexes. In this study, the synthesis of nickel NPs is based on β-cyclodextrin (NiBCD NPs) for accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair. The FT-IR and XRD techniques confirmed the formula of NiO for the NiBCD NPs. The FE-SEM imaging shows a non-spherical structure for NiBCD NPs with a size of less than 100 nm. In EDX, the signals at the energy levels of 8.3, 7.5, and 0.87 keV are assigned for the electron migration of Ni Kβ, Ni Kα, and Ni Lα. Furthermore, the signals for the elements of oxygen and carbon of BCD appeared at 0.52 and 0.28 keV. The effectiveness of NiBCD NPs in promoting chondrogenesis was examined in orthopedic experiments using primary cultured chondrocytes. Subsequently, we determined the functional restoration following NiBCD NPs’ transplantation in a knee osteoarthritis articular cartilage injury model. We conducted histological, PCR, and Western blot assays. In the immunological analysis, the levels of MMPs, IL-1β, TNF-α, and p-p65 expression were found to be reduced by NiBCD NPs. This reduction may be attributed to the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis through Nrf2. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated the positive impact of NiBCD NPs on stimulating chondrogenesis in vitro. Notably, the NiBCD NPs’ application accelerated the recovery of injury-induced dysfunction. Additionally, the presence of NiBCD NPs at the injury site suppressed abnormal fibrosis and angiogenesis. The histological assay revealed the chondrocytes’ proliferation and increased cartilage matrix synthesis in the NiBCD NPs’ presence.

Keywords: nickel; β-cyclodextrin; osteoarthritis; articular cartilage repair

1 Introduction

Osteoarthritis is a usual skeletal disorder that influences people and makes life difficult for these people. This condition leads to the protective cartilage breakdown that protects the bone end from impact. Usually, the joints involved in this disease include the joints of the knees, thighs, hands, legs, and lumbar vertebrae [1,2,3]. The final result of this process will be the emergence of clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis in the form of pain and reduced range of motion, and in more advanced cases, inflammation and swelling of the joint and complete destruction of cartilage and disability. The biggest risk factor for this disease is age. Arthritis symptoms are usually seen from the ages of 45 to 50 years, and at the age of less than 50 years, men are more affected than women, and women over 50 years old are affected more than men [3,4,5]. Knee osteoarthritis is one of the disability causes in the elderly. Patients with knee osteoarthritis suffer from progressive disability when walking up and down stairs [4,5,6,7]. The knee is the most common weight-bearing joint that is involved in osteoarthritis, and the incidence rate is 10 times higher on the knee’s inner side than on the outer side [2,3,4,5]. Osteoarthritis may be primarily idiopathic or secondary to trauma, surgery, infection, or other diseases. Currently, no effective drug treatment can restore the original function and structure of damaged cartilage and other tissues involved in osteoarthritis or any other form of arthritis. Arthritis is managed in the usual way by controlling the symptoms of pain and immobility through non-steroidal anti-inflammatory painkillers. In research, it has been revealed that NSAIDs that are usually prescribed prevent cartilage matrix synthesis in humans, which in turn increases the destruction of joint cartilage in osteoarthritis [6,7,8,9]. Existing anti-inflammatory drugs have many side effects that sometimes lead to drug discontinuation. Hence, the finding of new drugs with fewer side effects is known as an important goal of researchers; herbal nanoparticles (NPs), which are more compatible with the human body and have acceptable diverse biological activities, can be considered a new class of drugs with significant advantages over chemical drugs [8,9,10].

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are known as cyclic compounds, which consist of glucopyranose units. Among cyclodextrins, α-, β-, and γ-CDs are the popular class of compounds that are different in the number of glucopyranose units (6 units for α-, 7 units for β-, and 8 units for γ-). The stereochemistry shows a torus-like molecular shape for CDs. This unique structure provides various applications for the compounds. CDs are utilized in food, pharmaceutics, biology, targeting drug delivery, and pollution removal [11,12,13]. The low water solubility, the appropriate cavity size, and no toxicity of β-CD make it the most usable compound compared to the other CDs [12]. The presence of 2 types of hydroxyl groups in the external layer of β-CD and the suitable size of the internal cavity of β-CD make it a convenient host to prepare inclusion complexes [12,14]. So far, β-CD has been utilized to encapsulate a range of chemical and natural products, including drugs and essential oils. Examples of these products include the essential oils of orange [15], yarrow [16], tea tree [17], Thymus vulgaris [18], as well as the drugs of fluconazole [19], resveratrol [20], and capecitabine [21]. Additionally, the β-CD complexes are found to have applications as catalysts and contamination removal [22,23,24,25].

The metallic ions play essential functions in all the life tissues from humans to microorganisms. The usage of metals to treat various diseases began in the early 1900s and it is continued to the present time [26]. Based on our literature analysis, numerous research teams have endeavored to green synthesize metallic NPs including gold, silver, palladium, zinc, titanium, nickel, manganese copper, and tin using plants as natural reducing and capping agents. Besides, the chemical, physical, biological, and medical properties of this class of NPs have been studied [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. In contrast, the reports on the synthesis or complex preparation of metallic NPs using β-CD are limited. In the recent research, we focused on the synthesis of nickel NPs using β-CD for the first time. The NPs were identified by XRD, FT-IR, EDX, and FE-SEM. In the in vivo design, accelerating properties of the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair of NiBCD NPs were determined.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Synthesis procedure of NiBCD

A 0.2 g of β-CD was added to 10 mL of NiNO3 (1.5 × 10−3). The mixture was stirred for 1 day at 25°C. Then, the reaction mixture was sonicated at 45°C for 30 min. Next, the container was placed in the refrigerator for 24 h. After that, the mixture was centrifuged. The residues were washed with deionized water. Finally, the products were dried using an oven at 50°C. The NiBCD was formed in a dark green powder.

2.2 Osteoarthritis experiment

Sixty chicks, approximately 14 days old, were utilized in the study. Before commencing the experiment, the chicks were housed in standard laboratory conditions for 1 week. They had unrestricted access to food and water, and the temperature was maintained at 25°C. The chicks were kept in plastic containers. As per Wang et al., chondrocytes from the chick embryos articular cartilage were obtained through primary culture [3]. The chondrocytes underwent three passages before being utilized for the implementation process. The cell viability determination was indirectly established through the ratio of absorbance values between the control group and CGA-treated cells. Other studies have led to the creation of a chick injury model [3,4]. Initially, the xylazine intravenous injection was used for anesthetizing the chicks. The right femur lateral condyle was then exposed under a stereoscope, followed by the creation of an osteochondral defect using a 21 G needle. The NiBCD NPs’ (50 µg/mL) implantation was performed to address the osteochondral defects. The gait analysis was conducted 20 days post-operation. To distinguish between the injured left side foot and the control side (right) foot, the former was colored green while the latter was colored with black ink. The animals were then allowed to walk on white paper. Subsequently, evaluations were made regarding sway, stance, and stride lengths. After the study, the chicks were euthanized under anesthesia using 2% (v/v) isoflurane. After fixing the 10 samples of lateral femoral condyle articular surface in paraformaldehyde, the surgical procedure was performed on the distal femur lateral 1/3. This section was then removed and utilized to extract RNA and protein for more analysis in the case of the other five animals. The integral optical density (IOD) of PicroSirius red and Safranin O staining was determined and compared. The defect site was evaluated and quantified for blood vessel density (BSD) and cell numbers using Image Pro-Plus. Safranin O staining was assessed by the sulfated proteoglycans presence [4]. To create first-strand cDNA, the SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis SuperMix was used, resulting in a final volume of 25 μL [3]. Subsequently, a polymerase chain reaction was performed. For Western blotting, the standard procedure was followed, utilizing antibodies [4].

2.3 Antioxidant efficacy

Within this method, different levels of NPs (ranging from 0 to 1,000 µg/mL) were combined with 1 mL of DPPH (300 µmol/l). The resultant blend was subsequently thinned with methanol until it reached a total volume of 4,000 µL.

Following incubation in the absence of light for a duration of 60 min, the absorbance at a wavelength of 517 nm was recorded. The percentage of DPPH radical inhibition was calculated using the formula provided in ref. [31].

Seavenging activity (%) = A 517 of control − A 517 of sample A 517 of control × 100 .

The sample absorption was indicated by A 517 of the sample, whereas the control absorption was represented by A 517 of the control.

2.4 Statistical analysis

Minitab software-21 was employed to evaluate the normality of the data. Following this, the non-normal outcomes were adjusted. Data variance analysis was carried out utilizing SPSS version 22 software, and Excel software was utilized to generate the graphs.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Chemical characterization of NiBCD

The XRD analysis provides valuable information on the crystallinity of BCD complexes [36]. Figure 1 exhibits the XRD pattern of NiBCD NPs. The results suggest that NiBCD NPs are materialized in a fine crystalline powder. The signals at values of 26.76 (110), 37.41 (111), 43.47 (200), 63.22 (220), 75.76 (311), and 79.75 (222) are matched to standard JCDDS card No 1313-991, which belong to nickel oxide (NiO). The crystal size of NiBCD was measured by the Debye equation and found 31.85 nm.

Figure 1 The XRD pattern of NiBCD.
Figure 1

The XRD pattern of NiBCD.

The FT-IR spectroscopy qualitative analysis was run to evaluate the formation of NiBCD. The spectra of β-CD and NiBCD are indicated in Figure 2. The FT-IR spectrum of NiBCD is very similar to that of BCD. The peaks at 3,340, 2,943, 1,635, 1,415, 1,157 and 1,031 cm−1 are related to the O–H, C–H, β-CD, O–H, C–H, and C–O bonds as the common peaks in β-CD H–O–H water deformation bands present in β-CD, 1,415 cm−1 belongs to in-plane bending vibration of O–H, 1,157 cm−1 attributed to overtone of C–H overtone stretching, and 1,031 cm−1 for the stretching vibrational band of C–O are the common peaks in β-CD that are matched to previous reports for FT-IR spectrum of β-CD [37,38]. For NiBCD NPs, all peaks of β-CD can be observed. Besides, according to previous studies, the vibration bands of Ni–O have been recorded in the region of 400–700 cm−1 [32,37,38]. In consequence, the other peaks in the NiBCD spectrum at 438, 530, 578, and 707 cm−1 are associated with Ni–O bonds for the nickel oxide or those of oxygen from the hydroxyl groups of BCD as the ligands to bind NiO. The FT-IR results of NiBCD and the starting material of β-CD approve that β-CD has performed a reducing function for the synthesis of NiBCD. Furthermore, the peaks NiBCD NPs approve the inclusion of complex formation by β-CD, which is shown in Scheme 1.

Figure 2 The FT-IR spectra of NiBCD and BCD.
Figure 2

The FT-IR spectra of NiBCD and BCD.

Scheme 1 The procedure synthesis of NiBCD NPs.
Scheme 1

The procedure synthesis of NiBCD NPs.

The elemental analysis of NiBCD NPs was evaluated by the qualitative analysis of the EDX method. The results are shown in Figure 3. The signals at the energy levels of 8.3, 7.5, and 0.87 keV are assigned for the electron migration of Ni Kβ, Ni Kα, and Ni Lα. Furthermore, the signals for the elements of oxygen and carbon of BCD appeared at 0.52 and 0.28 keV. These signals confirm the formation of the complex as well as the FT-IR results. Previous studies on the nickel oxide NPs’ synthesis have reported similar EDX signals for nickel and oxygen [32,37,38].

Figure 3 The EDX diagram of NiBCD.
Figure 3

The EDX diagram of NiBCD.

The microscopic imaging technique, such as FE-SEM imaging, is known as an efficient method to evaluate the morphology of NPs. The FE-SEM image of NiBCD NPs is illustrated in Figure 4a and b. Based on the data, NiBCD NPs have been formed in a non-spherical morphology with a size of less than 100 nm. Other research on the green synthesis of nickel NPs has presented an aggregation property for this class of material. In the opposite of these reports, NiBCD NPs do not show a strong tendency to aggregate.

Figure 4 The FE-SEM images (a, b) of NiBCD NPs.
Figure 4

The FE-SEM images (a, b) of NiBCD NPs.

3.2 Anti-osteoarthritic efficacy of NiBCD NPs

Nickel is widely recognized as a crucial element in the life cycles of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Its significance lies in its ability to activate carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, thereby facilitating the conversion of carbon monoxide into acetate in acetogenic bacteria. Additionally, Ni interacts with Fe in hemoglobin, aiding in the oxygen transportation. Furthermore, it plays a vital role in stimulating metabolism [39,40,41,42]. Moreover, nickel contributes to the genetic information encoded transmission in RNA and DNA. Lastly, it is present in the specific sugars enzyme matrix involved in metabolism. Nickel plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and excitation. It achieves this by replacing calcium in the excitation process and participating in the binding with membrane ligands [41,42,43]. In rats, a deficiency of nickel has been observed to result in decreased iron levels in organs and a decline in hemoglobin, ultimately leading to the development of anemia. Nickel additionally functions as a cofactor in the activation of calcineurin, a phosphoprotein phosphatase that relies on calmodulin [42,43]. Furthermore, it plays a crucial role in regulating the production of cGMP, cardiovascular health, control of high blood pressure, and sperm physiology. Moreover, Ni is consistently found in RNA and forms bonds with serum albumins, proteins, and amino acids [41,42,43].

In this study, Figure 5 demonstrates that the mRNA levels of Sox9, IGF-1, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, and Col2a were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by the NiBCD NPs compared to the untreated group. Moreover, the mRNA levels of keap1, Nrf2, SOD2, SOD1, NQO-1, and HO-1 were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by the NiBCD NPs compared to both the control and untreated groups. However, there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) in the expressions of Sox9, IGF-1, TGF-β, TNF-α, Col2a, and IL-1β between the control and NiBCD NP groups, as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 5 The activities of NiBCD NPs on the expressions of Sox9, IGF-1, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, and Col2a at the mRNA level.
Figure 5

The activities of NiBCD NPs on the expressions of Sox9, IGF-1, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-1β, and Col2a at the mRNA level.

Figure 6 The activities of NiBCD NPs on the expressions of keap1, Nrf2, SOD2, SOD1, HO-1, and NQO-1 at the mRNA level.
Figure 6

The activities of NiBCD NPs on the expressions of keap1, Nrf2, SOD2, SOD1, HO-1, and NQO-1 at the mRNA level.

The untreated group showed a decrease in the BSD and IOD of the articular cartilage, along with an increase in the average cell numbers in isogenous groups of chondrocytes (ACN) and SRSA. In contrast, the NiBCD NPs had the opposite effect, increasing the BSD and IOD while decreasing the ACN and SRSA (P < 0.05) (Figure 7).

Figure 7 The activities of NiBCD NPs on ACN, SRSA, BSD, and IOD of the articular cartilage.
Figure 7

The activities of NiBCD NPs on ACN, SRSA, BSD, and IOD of the articular cartilage.

According to the findings presented in Figure 8, the protein level analysis revealed that the NiBCD NPs led to a decrease in the expressions of p-p65 and MMP-13 (P < 0.05). No significant difference (P < 0.05) was reported in these parameters between the control and NiBCD NP groups.

Figure 8 The activities of NiBCD NPs on the expressions of p-p65 and MMP-13 at the protein level.
Figure 8

The activities of NiBCD NPs on the expressions of p-p65 and MMP-13 at the protein level.

According to the findings presented in Figure 9, it can be observed that the NiBCD NPs exhibited a significant increase in both the fluorescent intensity of F-actin and the pHIS3+ cells (P < 0.05).

Figure 9 The activities of NiBCD NPs on F-actin fluorescent intensity (FFI) and pHIS3+ cells (PC).
Figure 9

The activities of NiBCD NPs on F-actin fluorescent intensity (FFI) and pHIS3+ cells (PC).

On day 20, the untreated group revealed no significant difference (P < 0.05) in terms of footprint area (cm2), sway length (cm), stance length (cm), and stride length (cm) compared to the NiBCD NPs and control groups. However, the NiBCD NPs demonstrated an increase in these parameters, including footprint area (cm2), sway length (cm), stance length (cm), and stride length (cm), as shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10 The activities of NiBCD NPs on several parameters on day 20. A: stride length. B: stance length. C: sway length. D: footprint area of the injured side.
Figure 10

The activities of NiBCD NPs on several parameters on day 20. A: stride length. B: stance length. C: sway length. D: footprint area of the injured side.

Furthermore, the application of NiBCD NPs resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the cell viability rate (CVR) as observed in the cell counting kit-8 assay (Figure 11).

Figure 11 The activities of NiBCD NPs on CVR in the cell counting kit-8 assay.
Figure 11

The activities of NiBCD NPs on CVR in the cell counting kit-8 assay.

The activation of the inflammasome plays a significant role in the various diseases development, including pulmonary fibrosis, type II diabetes, gout, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis. Macrophages, as the body’s primary defense mechanism, are responsible for processing NPs and facilitating the targeting of macrophages by nanomaterials, which distinguishes them from small molecule drugs [44]. In the preceding investigation, Jin et al. (2023) discovered that the inhibition of inflammasome assembly can be effectively achieved by Ni NPs. Specifically, they observed the inhibition of NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasomes. Furthermore, their research demonstrated that Ni NPs can impede neutrophil recruitment in a mouse model of acute peritonitis and alleviate symptoms in a colitis mouse model. The underlying mechanism behind these effects was identified as the inhibition of IL-1β maturation. This finding stands in stark contrast to previous studies suggesting that inorganic NPs typically induce inflammasome activation. Instead, Jin et al. provide evidence that inorganic NPs themselves possess the ability to inhibit the activation of various inflammasome types. Ni NPs have shown their ability to effectively inhibit the activation of inflammasomes by suppressing Neat1. Further investigation is required to understand the precise mechanism through which Ni NPs regulate Neat1 transcription. If successful, this research could potentially address the existing challenge of limited inflammasome activation in engineered NP applications by developing Ni NPs with enhanced biocompatibility [44].

The enhanced anti-inflammatory efficacy in this research was achieved through the combined effectiveness of β-cyclodextrin and nickel. The primary reason behind this outcome was the increase in surface/volume, resulting in an atom’s greater influence on the particle’s surface compared to its interior. The result of this phenomenon is a rise in the surface energy [45]. The surface area expansion of NiNPs facilitates optimal interaction between β-cyclodextrin and the receptor site, resulting in its therapeutic benefits. This process typically reduces systemic inflammation and concurrently promotes the growth of peripheral blood lymphocytes, thereby augmenting the natural killer cells’ cytotoxic effectiveness [45].

3.3 Antioxidant efficacy of NiBCD NPs

The outcomes derived from the DPPH assay illustrated a rise in the inhibition rate with the escalation of NiBCD NP concentration. Throughout this study, NiBCD NPs displayed the greatest antioxidant effectiveness at 1,000 μg/mL, showcasing an inhibition rate of around 100%. The NiBCD NPs exhibited an antioxidant IC50 value of 173 µg/mL, whereas the standard positive control or BHT showed a value of 78 µg/mL. The results of the antioxidant assay can be observed in Figure 12.

Figure 12 The antioxidant activities of NiBCD NPs.
Figure 12

The antioxidant activities of NiBCD NPs.

4 Conclusion

The structure of BCD provides a great ability for molecules to use as a sufficient host to prepare inclusion complexes of different compounds such as drugs or catalysts. In the present research, the nickel oxide NPs were synthesized using BCD as a capping and reducing agent. The NiBCD was materialized in the formula of NiO. The FT-IR results approved the binding of NiO to BCD as well as the XRD and EDX diagrams. The levels of MMPs, p-p65, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression were reduced by the NiBCD NPs. The presence of these NPs in the histological assay resulted in chondrocyte proliferation and increased cartilage matrix synthesis, as well as decreased abnormal vasculature formation. It was discovered that the NPs’ application accelerated the recovery of injury-induced dysfunction. Furthermore, we demonstrated the positive effectiveness of NiBCD NPs in stimulating chondrogenesis. The application of the NPs also suppressed angiogenesis and abnormal fibrosis at the injury site. Based on the results of clinical trial studies, these recent NPs may serve as a novel drug for expediting osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair.

# Fengkun Ji is first author and Xu Zeng is co-first author.

  1. Funding information: This research received no external funding.

  2. Author contributions: Fengkun Ji: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing. Xu Zeng: conceptualization, investigation, project administration, resources, supervision, validation, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing. Zhendong Wang: formal analysis, acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, and visualization. Hui Chen: investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing. Wenchao Li: conceptualization, acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, and resources. Haoyu Li: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, acquisition, investigation, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2024-01-09
Revised: 2024-03-01
Accepted: 2024-03-11
Published Online: 2024-04-11

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2024-0007
Keywords for this article
nickel; β-cyclodextrin; osteoarthritis; articular cartilage repair
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
  3. Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
  4. Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
  10. Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
  11. Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
  12. Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
  13. Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
  14. Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
  15. The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
  16. Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
  17. Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
  18. Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
  19. Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
  20. Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
  21. Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
  22. Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
  24. Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
  26. Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
  30. Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
  31. Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
  32. Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
  35. Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
  39. Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
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  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
  42. Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
  43. Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
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  45. Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
  46. GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
  47. Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
  48. Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
  49. One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
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  52. Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
  53. Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  54. Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
  55. Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
  56. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
  57. Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
  58. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
  59. Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
  60. Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
  61. Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
  62. Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
  63. Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
  64. Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
  65. Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
  66. Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
  67. Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
  68. Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
  69. Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
  70. Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
  71. Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
  72. Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
  73. Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
  74. Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
  75. Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
  76. LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
  77. Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
  78. Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
  79. Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
  80. Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
  81. Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
  82. A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
  83. Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
  94. Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
  95. Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
  108. A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
  113. Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
  116. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  119. Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
  138. Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
  140. Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
  143. In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
  144. Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
  150. Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
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