Home Physical Sciences Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
Article Open Access

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes

  • Syeda Safia Hashmi , Muhammad Ibrahim , Muhammad Adnan EMAIL logo , Asad Ullah , Muhammad Nauman Khan , Asif Kamal , Majid Iqbal , Alevcan Kaplan , Nasir Assad , Mohamed Soliman Elshikh , Saeedah Musaed Almutairi and Wajid Zaman EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 24, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 22 Issue 1

Abstract

Recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology have revolutionized the medical field, particularly in the treatment and prevention of disease. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered one of the best supreme and most important nanomaterials with a variety of compulsive nanomaterial having diverse array of multifunctional bioapplications. The current study focuses on the green biosynthesis of AgNPs using polysaccharides extracted from Olea europaea leaves. The synthesized AgNPs were thoroughly analyzed and characterized using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques including, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The absorption peak at 440 nm showed a high plasmon resonance band, confirming the formation of green AgNPs by the reduction of Ag+ ions to Ag0. FTIR analysis showed the appearance and extension of different functional groups. The results of EDX and SEM confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs with spherical shape, crystalline structure, and an average size of 64.42 nm. The biosynthesized AgNPs possessed improved antimicrobial activities, indicating the importance of biosynthesized NPs in the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, the biosynthesized AgNPs were biocompatible and exhibited anti-inflammatory activity (86.29%), almost similar to that of a standard drug (87.78%) at a concentration of 500 µL/mL. The polysaccharides obtained from O. europaea could be considered as effective reducing agent, leading to an environmentally friendly synthesis of stable and biologically important AgNPs with a wide range of applications.

Keywords: AgNPs; biosynthesis; Olea europaea ; polysaccharides; spectroscopic analysis

1 Introduction

Nanobiotechnology is a new field in medicine in which nano-sized materials are used for targeted cell or tissue-specific medicinal interventions. The goal of nanotechnology is the development and application of methods to produce nanosystems that can interact at the molecular level with high specificity to achieve maximum therapeutic effects with minimal adverse effects [1]. Nanotechnology has emerged as the most important tool in the bioproduction process of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs). Over the past decades, nanotechnology has made several advances. Compared to other sectors, the importance of this technology in agricultural research is relatively new. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) as nano-fertilizers plays an important role in successful crop production. Used in the appropriate concentration, these nano-fertilizers significantly increase plant growth, crop yield, and plant tolerance [2]. Nowadays, new applications with great technological potential are still being discovered. In the nanoworld, the motto is: smaller size with greater potential. This has led to the creation of NPs in various sizes and shapes.

Due to their small size, large surface area, and other important and unique features, NPs have attracted considerable attention especially in the field of medicine [3]. The synthesis of metal NPs has attracted great interest in the last decade due to their wide range of applications, including crop production [4], antioxidants [1], bio-imaging, diagnostics, bio-sensing, gene therapy, antimicrobials [5,6], and anticancer drugs [7]. Compared to conventional drugs, the higher biocompatibility of NPs ensures site-specific delivery, increasing the efficiency of therapeutics while reducing adverse side effects. Within metal and metal oxide NPs, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received meticulous attention due to their wide range of biological applications, including anticancer, antimicrobial activity [8,9], antioxidant [10], and medical imaging [11,12].

Several physical and chemical processes can be used to synthesize AgNPs. However, the high production costs and toxicity concerns associated with the above methods paved the way for a highly affordable, reliable, and environmentally friendly green synthesis process [13,14,15,16,17]. In green synthesis, different plant extracts are used as reducing and stabilizing agents to synthesize the AgNPs [18,19,20,21]. Although several studies have been reported on the green synthesis of AgNPs using different plant parts, Rehman et al. [22] synthesized AgNPs using Delphinium uncinatum root and stem extract and investigated its antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial potential [22]. In a study by Widatalla et al. [23], green tea leaf extracts were used to synthesize AgNPs. UV-Vis spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the synthesized AgNPs [23].

Antibiotic resistance is a serious public health problem in both emerging and industrialized countries. Antibiotic treatment is severely compromised by the increasing prevalence of diseases that are resistant to many drugs [3,7]. Therefore, it is important to look for other sources of antimicrobial agents, such as plant-based nanomaterials, which contain a variety of bioactive elements that have been shown to have therapeutic properties [7]. It is now widely recognized that the development of environmentally friendly methods for the production of MNPs is an important advance in development. The antibacterial activity of green synthesized AgNPs was evaluated by Widatalla et al. [23]. Khader et al. [24] synthesized AgNPs from Phoenix dactylifera L. seed extract and evaluated in vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, and anti-proliferative activities without using additional stabilizing or capping agents [24]. Sivakumar et al. [25] documented the eco-friendly method of synthesizing AgNPs from the leaf extract of Andrographis macrobotrys Nees. Moreover, a range of biological activities were investigated including antibacterial, antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS), cytotoxic (using lung cancer (A549) cell lines), and anti-inflammatory (albumin denaturation and HRBC membrane) [25]. Naik and David [26] performed biosynthesis of AgNPs using Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Fleming leaf extract. The biosynthesized AgNPs were tested for their anti-inflammatory properties using a protein denaturation technique. The anti-cancer efficacy against MCF-7 cells was tested using the MTT assay [26].

The use of medicinal and aromatic plants has increased significantly in recent years, both as traditional remedies and as raw materials for the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. The evergreen olive tree (O. europaea) is highly valuable as it is one of the several medicinal plants that have been used for hundreds of years and are rich in phenols with beneficial bioactive properties [27]. The olive leaf is naturally resistant to assault by microbes and insects, and the antibacterial effect of the chemicals contained in the olive fruit and olive oil has been the subject of numerous scientific studies. Olive leaves, with their antibacterial characteristics, have long been used in traditional medicine as a means of treating fever and overcoming infections [11]. The biosynthesis of NPs from medicinal plants has recently gained interest due to numerous advantages, including a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach. The biosynthesis approach offers the possibility of overcoming the problem of using stabilizer agents to avoid NP aggregation. A range of biological agents have been effectively used in the biosynthesis of NPs, including algae, fungi, enzymes, bacteria, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, DNA, and human cell lines [28].

The aim of this study was to synthesize AgNPs using the olive plant through a low-cost and green technology protocol. The green synthesized AgNPs were thoroughly characterized by several spectroscopic and microscopic techniques and their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Plant collection and extraction

The leaves of O. europaea were collected and dried at room temperature in the shade and then mechanically ground. The powdered sample (500 g) was soaked in methanol and heated at 90℃ for 4 h with constant stirring to wipe out pigments, polyphenols, and monosaccharides. The defatted residue was filtered and the procedure was repeated three times.

2.2 Extraction and de proteinization of polysaccharides

The residue of the methanol extraction was air-dried at room temperature in the shade for 1 day and then added with hot water (80°C) and stirred for 2 h. The liquid filtrate and the solid residue were collected and kept in two separate containers. The pH of the filtrates was adjusted to 7.0 using dilute NaOH solution [29]. Five times the volume of ethanol was added to the filtrate, and after 15 h, the crude polysaccharide was recovered by centrifugation at 6,000 rpm for 20 min. The polysaccharides obtained were deproteinized using the Sevag method. In brief, chloroform and n-butanol were added to the crude polysaccharide solution at 5:1 ratio and stirred continuously for 30 min. The resulting mixture was centrifuged at 600 rpm for 15 min, forming a separate layer of polysaccharide and protein. The protein settled as a precipitate and the deproteinized polysaccharide was dried in an oven at 40℃. The deproteinized polysaccharides were characterized using advanced spectroscopic techniques, i.e., UV, FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) [30].

2.3 Biosynthesis of AgNPs

The AgNPs were synthesized according to the protocol described in literature. In brief, a 4 mM solution of AgNO3 in 250 mL of distilled water (DW). Similarly, 0.13 g of polysaccharide was dissolved in 50 mL of DW . To reduce the Ag+ ion, 20 mL of AgNO3 solution was mixed with 20 mL of polysaccharide solution and stirred for 2 h at a temperature of 50℃. After an incubation time of 24 h, the mixture was centrifuged (600 rpm, 20 min) to obtain AgNPs. The NPs were rinsed with 30 mL of DW and dried in an oven at 50℃ [31,32].

2.4 Characterization of AgNPs

Different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were used to determine the properties of the green synthesized AgNPs and polysaccharides. The UV-Vis spectrophotometer was used in the 200 and 800 nm wavelength range to verify the synthesis of AgNPs. After diluting the tiny aliquot in DW, the concentration of pure Ag+ ions was usually measured after 3 to 5 h. Polysaccharide and green synthesized AgNPs were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy in the range of 4,000–500 cm−1 to identify the corresponding functional groups and structural characteristics. XRD was used to study the crystallinity of the polysaccharides and the green synthesized AgNPs, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the surface morphology of the green synthesized AgNPs [25]. The elemental composition of the polysaccharides and AgNPs was determined using EDX spectra [33]. The physical dimension of the nanocrystals was determined using the Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS.

2.5 Antimicrobial activities of polysaccharides and AgNPs

2.5.1 Antibacterial activity

The antibacterial activity was assessed using the protocol described by Khan et al. [34], with few modifications. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 23235), Salmonella typhi (ATCC 14028), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27833) were selected based on their clinical and pharmacological significance. The bacterial strains were cultivated on nutrient broth and incubated at 37℃ for 24 h. For antimicrobial activity, nutrient media were prepared by dissolving 15 g nutrient agar in 700 mL of DW and autoclaved at 121°C for 20 min. Inoculum containing 106 CFU/mL bacteria was spread on the culture media using a sterile swab moistened with bacteria containing suspension. A sterile cork borer was used to make the wells and the samples (5, 10, 15, and 20 µg/L) from a stock solution of 1 mg/mL in DMSO were added to the wells. Control experiments were performed under similar conditions with lincomycin as standard drug. After 30 min of diffusion of the sample and the negative and positive controls, the Petri dishes were incubated at 37℃ for 24 h. The diameters of the inhibition zones were measured in millimeters (mm).

2.5.2 Antifungal activity

The antifungal activity was evaluated against, Alternia solani, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus niger, and Alternaria alternata. The antifungal activity was used with the exception of potato dextrose agar as a culture medium, while Clotrimazole Topical Solution USP (United States Pharmacopeial Convention) was used as a positive control and the incubation period was 42 h. The antifungal activity was performed using the disc diffusion method [35,36].

2.6 Anti-inflammatory activity

The anti-inflammatory effects of the polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea-mediated AgNPs were analyzed by protein denaturation according to a method described in previous studies [34,37] with some minor modifications. To obtain a final volume of 5 and 2.8 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 6.4), 0.2 mL of fresh egg albumin and 100–500 µL/mL of polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea-mediated AgNPs were mixed. The mixtures were incubated at 37°C for 20 min and then heated to 70°C for 5 min. Absorbance for the reference drug diclofenac sodium (500 µL/mL) was determined in a similar manner. After processing the sample solution, a control solution was prepared by mixing 2.8 mL of PBS (pH 6.4) with 0.2 mL of egg albumin solution and bringing the volume to 5 mL with DW. The turbidity was measured at a wavelength of 660 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The percentage (%) inhibition was calculated using the following formula [38]:

Inhibiton of protein denaturation ( % ) = ( Abs 660 of sample / Abs 660 of control − 1 ) × 100

2.7 Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using statistical software including origin and SPSS7.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 UV-visible analysis of polysaccharides and AgNPs

The UV-Vis spectral analysis of the crude polysaccharide solution was performed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer in the 200–800 nm range and revealed that the less conspicuous peaks at 280 nm indicate the presence of protein and nucleic acid impurities. Figure 1b shows a high plasmon resonance band observed at an absorption peak of 440 nm, confirming the formation of AgNPs by the reduction of Ag+ ions [26]. Our results were in good agreement with previous literature reports [12,13,39]. The absorption peak at 440 nm indicates the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 in the form of AgNPs in the solution mixture.

Figure 1 UV-Vis spectra of polysaccharides (a) and their AgNPs (b).
Figure 1

UV-Vis spectra of polysaccharides (a) and their AgNPs (b).

3.2 FTIR

The FTIR spectra of the polysaccharides (Figure 2a) show that the peaks at 3343.707, 2920.131, and 2850.909 cm−1 correspond to the stretching vibration of the N–H bond, indicating the presence of an amine group. The peaks at 1633.990 and 949.949 cm−1 represent the C–H stretching of the aromatic compound and the peaks at 1142.826 cm−1 show stretching of the N–H bond, indicating the presence of an aromatic amine. The FTIR spectra (Figure 2b) of the AgNPs show that the peaks at 3368.192 cm−1 correspond to an O–H bond, indicating the presence of an alcohol group. The peak at 2918.667 cm−1 corresponds to the C–H bond, which represents the alkane group. The peaks at 1633.768 and 1403.828 cm−1 correspond to C–C and S–O stretching vibrations, indicating the presence of alkene and sulphate groups, respectively [31,40]. The stretching vibration at 519.92 can be assigned to the Ag–O bond [18,41]. The overall FTIR spectrum of AgNPs synthesized with polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea leaves showed similarity, though with minor shifts in the positions of the bands indicating the presence of Ag.

Figure 2 FTIR spectra of polysaccharides (a) and their biosynthesized AgNPs (b).
Figure 2

FTIR spectra of polysaccharides (a) and their biosynthesized AgNPs (b).

3.3 XRD

XRD analysis of polysaccharides and AgNPs (Figure 3) shows the XRD patterns of (a) pure polysaccharides and (b) their biosynthesized AgNPs, to evaluate the purity and crystallinity. Three minor peaks, with 2θ at 24.8 and 31.8 [42], were observed in the XRD plot of the extracted polysaccharide (Figure 3a), while prominent peaks at 2θ values of 38.4 can be observed in the XRD plot of the synthesized AgNPs at 44.97, 64.45, and 77.75 are observed, which are assigned to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) diffraction planes, respectively (Figure 3b). These diffractions could be attributed to the cubic structure of the pure Bragg reflection of the face-centered cube structure of the metal powder phase [43]. Two additional peaks in the diffractogram at 2θ values of 27.85 and 32.15 are observed, which can be attributed to unreduced AgNO3. Similar results were reported by Mehta et al. [44].

Figure 3 XRD graph of polysaccharide (a) extracted from Olive leaves and their NPs (b).
Figure 3

XRD graph of polysaccharide (a) extracted from Olive leaves and their NPs (b).

In this study, the XRD data were used to measure the grain size or crystallite size of AgNPs. The crystallite size was calculated using the Scherrer equation (equation (1)).

(1) D = K λ cos θ ,

where the Scherrer standard, denoted by K, has a value of 0.9. The λ-ray, or X-ray, source used in this study has a wavelength of 0.15407 nm. The symbol β stands for the value of the full width at half maximum of the investigated peaks. Furthermore, the direction of the peak in radians is denoted by θ. The size of the crystallite, determined by examining the XRD peaks, of the sample is 43.41 nm on average.

3.4 EDX and SEM analysis of polysaccharides and its AgNPs

Polysaccharides and green synthesized AgNPs were quantitatively and qualitatively characterized by EDX study [45]. Figure 4c shows the AgNPs produced by polysaccharides; with the silver mass fraction of 15.25%, C mass of 53.74%, and an O of 38.94%, the formation of green AgNPs was confirmed [29]. Figure 4a, and b show the SEM and histograms, respectively. According to the SEM findings, the vast majority of NPs have round forms with an average size of 64.42 ± 2.3 nm [46].

Figure 4 (a) SEM analysis of AgNPs, (b) Histogram, (c) EDX analysis, and (d) particle size distribution of AgNPs synthesized by polysaccharide.
Figure 4

(a) SEM analysis of AgNPs, (b) Histogram, (c) EDX analysis, and (d) particle size distribution of AgNPs synthesized by polysaccharide.

3.5 Zeta sizer

The dynamic dispersion of light (DLS) method was performed to estimate the particle dimension, using the Zeta sizer Nano ZS (Malvern Panalytical) device. The data presented indicate an average particle size of 71 nm as shown in Figure 4d, which closely agrees with the results of the SEM investigation, as shown in Figure 4a. The DLS size was found to be larger than the crystalline size measured by XRD. Compared to XRD, DLS is a more efficient and cost-effective method for measuring a large number of samples. DLS also provides much bigger numbers, which could be due to the hydrodynamic shell. In addition, the shape and roughness of a particle can change its hydrodynamic shell size [47,48].

3.6 Antimicrobial activities of polysaccharides and AgNPs

3.6.1 Antibacterial activity of polysaccharides and AgNPs

The biosynthesized AgNPs were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal potential in comparison to pure polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea and standard drugs. For this purpose, a standard protocol for diffusion into wells was applied and different clinically important bacterial and fungal species were tested. The results showed that the biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited pronounced antibacterial activity compared to the extracted polysaccharides, with the highest zone of inhibition, i.e., 24 mm, was observed against Salmonella typhi (ATCC14028) (Gram −ve bacteria) at a concentration of 20 µg/L, while against the bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 23235) (Gram +ve) the AgNPs showed an inhibition of 23 mm at a concentration of 20 µg/L (Figure 5). The current study suggests that the green synthesized AgNPs showed antibacterial activity at different concentrations as shown in Figure 6. The antibacterial activity of the green synthesized AgNPs was greater than that of the pure polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea and was compared with the standard drug lincomycin.

Figure 5 Antibacterial activity of pure polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea, AgNPs, and standard drug at concentration of 20 µg/L. (A) Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 23235): (a) positive control (25 mm), (b) AgNPs (23 mm), (c) polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea (18 mm), and (d) negative control DH2O (0 mm); (B) Salmonella typhi (ATCC14028): (a) positive control (26 mm), (b) AgNPs (24 mm), (c) polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea (7 mm), and (d) negative control DH2O (0 mm); (C) Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536): (a) positive control (24 mm), (b) AgNPs (23 mm), (c) polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea (16 mm), and (d) negative control DH2O (0 mm); and (D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27833): (a) positive control (26 mm), (b) AgNPs (21 mm), (c) polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea (18 mm), and (d) negative control DH2O (0 mm).
Figure 5

Antibacterial activity of pure polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea, AgNPs, and standard drug at concentration of 20 µg/L. (A) Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 23235): (a) positive control (25 mm), (b) AgNPs (23 mm), (c) polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea (18 mm), and (d) negative control DH2O (0 mm); (B) Salmonella typhi (ATCC14028): (a) positive control (26 mm), (b) AgNPs (24 mm), (c) polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea (7 mm), and (d) negative control DH2O (0 mm); (C) Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536): (a) positive control (24 mm), (b) AgNPs (23 mm), (c) polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea (16 mm), and (d) negative control DH2O (0 mm); and (D) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27833): (a) positive control (26 mm), (b) AgNPs (21 mm), (c) polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea (18 mm), and (d) negative control DH2O (0 mm).

Figure 6 Antibacterial activity of pure polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea, AgNPs, and standard drug at concentrations of (a) 5 µg/L, (b) 10 µg/L, (c) 15 µg/L, and (d) 20 µg/L.
Figure 6

Antibacterial activity of pure polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea, AgNPs, and standard drug at concentrations of (a) 5 µg/L, (b) 10 µg/L, (c) 15 µg/L, and (d) 20 µg/L.

3.6.2 Antifungal activity of polysaccharides and AgNPs

The results suggested that both the pure polysaccharide and the biosynthesized AgNPs possessed moderate antifungal activity against the tested species while the AgNPs were surprisingly completely inactive against A. terreus at all concentrations. The highest antifungal potential of the synthesized AgNPs was noted against A. alternata, while the extracted polysaccharide with 22 mm zone of inhibition was more active against A. niger at a concentration of 20 µg/L, as shown in Table 1. The positive controls used in the wells were ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, and fluconazole for antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively, while the solvent DMSO was used as a negative control.

Table 1

Antifungal activity of pure polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea, AgNPs, and standard drug

S. no Fungal strains Zones of inhibition by polysaccharide (mm) Zones of inhibition by AgNPs (mm) Zones of inhibition by standard (mm)
5 µg/L 10 µg/L 15 µg/L 20 µg/L 5 µg/L 10 µg/L 15 µg/L 20 µg/L 5 µg/L
1 A. solani 9.6 12.8 14.7 16.4 12.2 14.9 16.8 19.2 30
2 A. terreus 12.2 14.6 16 18.2 0 0 0 0 35
3 A. niger 16.4 18.6 20.8 22 8.2 9 9.6 10 38
4 A. alternata 8 12.9 14.8 16 14.4 16.4 17.8 20.2 35

3.7 Anti-inflammatory activity

Medicinal plants are considered an important resource for novel compounds that may offer therapeutic advantages. For this reason, the study of plants is considered a productive strategy in the search for novel anti-inflammatory drugs that can be used as anti-inflammatory agents in folk medicine. Inflammation has the potential to cause harmful effects, including life-threatening hypersensitivity reactions and chronic organ damage [45]. NSAIDs have the potential to inhibit the denaturation of proteins that act as antigens and induce autoimmune diseases. In some inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, the body responds by denaturing proteins [49]. For this reason, the fact that the investigated polysaccharides from O. europaea-mediated AgNPs could stop protein denaturation and reduce inflammation. The dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect demonstrated in this study was caused by polysaccharides from O. europaea-mediated AgNPs, as shown in Table 2. The percent inhibition values of the synthesized AgNPs ranged from 86.29% at the highest concentration (500 µL/mL) to 39.90% at the lowest concentration (100 µL/mL). According to the results of this study, the biosynthesized AgNPs were capped by the secondary metabolites polysaccharides extracted from O. europaea. Some secondary metabolites of polysaccharides from O. europaea-mediated AgNPs have been shown to inhibit neutrophils from releasing lysosomal components at the site of inflammation. When proteinases and antimicrobial enzymes stored in lysosomes are released into the extracellular space, they cause more damage to cells and inflammation [50]. Similar results were described by Gwatidzo et al. [51]. Our results are also in good agreement with previous literature [52].

Table 2

Anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharides extracted from olive plant and biosynthesized AgNPs

Concentration (µL) O. europaea (% inhibition) O. europaea mediated AgNPs (% inhibition) Diclofenac sodium (500 µL) (% inhibition)
100 13.70 39.90
200 21.34 51.79
300 35.31 67.59 87.78
400 39.64 79.87
500 43.98 86.29

3.8 Comparison with literature

A comparison of the previously reported synthesized AgNPs and their applications and sizes with the current study is provided in Table 3.

Table 3

Comparison of the previously reported synthesized AgNPs

Plant source Plant part Size (nm) Applications References
Cotoneaster nummularius Lindl. Leaves 122.8 Antimicrobial, wound healing [41]
Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Stem 8–200 Control microbial, oxidative stress [34]
Mimosa pudica L. Seeds 2–18 Antimicrobial, wound healing [53]
Olea europaea L. Fruit 77 Antibacterial, antioxidant [21]
Olea europaea L. Leaves 64.4 Antibacterial, antifungal Current work

4 Conclusion

This study demonstrated a rapid, cost-effective, ecofriendly, and green route for the synthesis of AgNPs using methanol extract from O. europaea. The structural and morphological analysis confirmed the biosynthesis of AgNPs from polysaccharides extracted from the olive plant. The polysaccharide acted not only as a reducing agent but also as a stabilizer of the NPs, which made the whole process economical and environmentally friendly. The successful synthesis of AgNPs was determined using various analytical techniques such as UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and DLS. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited improved antimicrobial potential compared to the pure polysaccharides. Furthermore, the biosynthesized AgNPs showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activity. The results demonstrated that the biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited a dose-dependent activity of 39.90–86.29% at a concentration of 100–500 µL/mL. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed more potent anti-inflammatory activity compared to the polysaccharides extracted from the olive plant and are almost similar to the standard drug diclofenac sodium. The results suggest that the synthesized AgNPs can potentially be used in many areas of the pharmaceutical and food industries without causing adverse effects, although a detailed mechanism of action and further biological studies are suggested.

Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers supporting Project number (RSP2024R470), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: The research was financially supported by the Researchers supporting Project number (RSP2024R470), King Saud University.

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization: R.S.S.H., A.K., M.I., and M.A.; methodology: S.S.H. and M.I.; software: M.N.K., A.U., and M.I; validation: W.Z., A.K., N.A., and M.S.E.; formal analysis: W.Z.,A., M.H.K., and M.A.; investigation: A.K. and M.I.; resources: S.M.A.; data curation: W.Z., N.A., A.K., and M.I.; writing – original draft preparation: R.S.S.H., A.K., and M.I.; writing – review and editing: W.Z., A.K., and N.A.; visualization: S.M.A.; supervision: M.S.E.; project administration: M.N.K. and W.Z.; funding acquisition: N.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

  5. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

References

[1] Ullah R, Bibi S, Khan MN, Al Mohaimeed AM, Naz Q, Kamal A. Application of bio-inspired gold nanoparticles as advanced nanomaterial in halt nociceptive pathway and hepatotoxicity via triggering antioxidation system. Catalysts. 2023;13(786):1–24.10.3390/catal13040786Search in Google Scholar

[2] Ul Haq T, Ullah R, Khan MN, Nazish M, Almutairi SM, Rasheed RA. Seed priming with glutamic-acid-functionalized iron nanoparticles modulating response of Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (Mung Bean) to induce osmotic stress. Micromachines. 2023;14(736):1–17.10.3390/mi14040736Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[3] Oves M, Rauf MA, Aslam M, Qari HA, Sonbol H, Ahmad I, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Conocarpus Lancifolius plant extract and their antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29(1):460–71.10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[4] Ajmal M, Ullah R, Muhammad Z, Khan MN, Kakar HA, Kaplan A, et al. Kinetin capped zinc oxide nanoparticles improve plant growth and ameliorate resistivity to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress in Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek (Mung Bean). Molecules. 2023;28(5059):1–19.10.3390/molecules28135059Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[5] Javed MN, Bangash SAK, Abbas M, Ahmed S, Kaplan A, Iqbal S, et al. Potential and challenges in green synthesis of nanoparticles: A review. Xi’an Shiyou Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban). J Xi’an Shiyou Univ. 2023;19(02):1155–65.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Ullah R, Jan SA, Khan MN, Nazish M, Kamal A, Kaplan A, et al. Euphorbia royleana Boiss derived silver nanoparticles and their applications as a nanotherapeutic agent to control microbial and oxidative stress-originated diseases. Pharmaceuticals. 2023;16(1413):1–20.10.3390/ph16101413Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[7] Zanjage A, Khan SA. Ultra-fast synthesis of antibacterial and photo catalyst silver nanoparticles using neem leaves. JCIS Open. 2021;3(100015):1–7.10.1016/j.jciso.2021.100015Search in Google Scholar

[8] Ishaque MZ, Zaman Y, Arif A, Siddique AB, Shahzad M, Ali D, et al. Fabrication of ternary metal oxide (ZnO: NiO: CuO) nanocomposite heterojunctions for enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial applications. RSC Adv. 2023;13(44):30838–54.10.1039/D3RA05170FSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[9] Jabbar A, Abbas A, Assad N, Naeem-ul-Hassan M, Alhazmi HA, Najmi A, et al. A highly selective Hg2+ colorimetric sensor and antimicrobial agent based on green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Equisetum diffusum extract. RSC Adv. 2023;13(41):28666–75.10.1039/D3RA05070JSearch in Google Scholar

[10] Ghaffar S, Abbas A, Naeem-ul-Hassan M, Assad N, Sher M, Ullah S, et al. Improved photocatalytic and antioxidant activity of olive fruit extract-mediated ZnO nanoparticles. Antioxidants. 2023;12(6):1–17.10.3390/antiox12061201Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[11] Kakakhel MA, Sajjad W, Wu F, Bibi N, Shah K, Yali Z, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their shortcomings, animal blood a potential source for silver nanoparticles: A review. J Hazard Mater Adv. 2021;1(1):1–12.10.1016/j.hazadv.2021.100005Search in Google Scholar

[12] Oves M, Rauf MA, Hussain A, Qari HA, Khan AAP, Muhammad P, et al. Ismail II. Antibacterial silver nanomaterial synthesis from Mesoflavibacter zeaxanthinifaciens and targeting biofilm formation. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10(801):1–16.10.3389/fphar.2019.00801Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[13] Ahmed S, Ahmad M, Swami BL, Ikram S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract. J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 2016;9(1):1–7.10.1016/j.jrras.2015.06.006Search in Google Scholar

[14] Shinde N, Lokhande A, Lokhande C. A green synthesis method for large area silver thin film containing nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol. 2014;136:19–25.10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.04.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[15] Tippayawat P, Phromviyo N, Boueroy P, Chompoosor A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in Aloe vera plant extract prepared by a hydrothermal method and their synergistic antibacterial activity. Peer J. 2016;19(4):1–15.10.7717/peerj.2589Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[16] Venkatesham M, Ayodhya D, Madhusudhan A, Veera Babu N, Veerabhadram G. A novel green one-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles using chitosan: Catalytic activity and antimicrobial studies. Appl Nanosci. 2014;4(1):113–9.10.1007/s13204-012-0180-ySearch in Google Scholar

[17] Verma A, Mehata MS. Controllable synthesis of silver nanoparticles using neem leaves and their antimicrobial activity. J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 2016;9(1):109–15.10.1016/j.jrras.2015.11.001Search in Google Scholar

[18] Khan ZuR, Assad N, Naeem-ul-Hassan M, Sher M, Alatawi FS, Alatawi MS, et al. Aconitum lycoctonum L. (Ranunculaceae) mediated biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles as potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antidiabetic agents. BMC Chem. 2023a;17(128):1–15.10.1186/s13065-023-01047-5Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[19] Mohammed AA, Jawad KH, Çevik S, Sulaiman GM, Albukhaty S, Sasikumar P. Investigating the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects of Elettaria cardamomum seed extract conjugated to green synthesized silver nanoparticles by laser ablation. Plasmonics. 2023;1–14.10.1007/s11468-023-02067-6Search in Google Scholar

[20] Rehman I, Gondal HY, Zamir R, Al-Hussain SA, Batool F, Irfan A, et al. Green synthesis: the antibacterial and photocatalytic potential of silver nanoparticles using extract of Teucrium stocksianum. Nanomaterials. 2023b;13(8):1–14.10.3390/nano13081343Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[21] Ullah S, Khalid R, Rehman MF, Irfan MI, Abbas A, Alhoshani A, et al. Biosynthesis of phyto-functionalized silver nanoparticles using olive fruit extract and evaluation of their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Front Chem. 2023c;11(1202252):1–14.10.3389/fchem.2023.1202252Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] Rehman H, Ali W, Ali M, Khan NZ, Aasim M, Khan AA, et al. Delpinium uncinatum mediated green synthesis of AgNPs and its antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, cytotoxic and antimicrobial potentials. PLoS One. 2023a;18(e0280553):1–21.10.1371/journal.pone.0280553Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[23] Widatalla HA, Yassin LF, Alrasheid AA, Ahmed SAR, Widdatallah MO, Eltilib SH, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using green tea leaf extract, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Nanoscale Adv. 2022;4(17):911–5.10.1039/D1NA00509JSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[24] Khader SZA, Ahmed SSZ, Mahboob MR, Prabaharan SB, Lakshmanan SO, Kumar KR, et al. In vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-proliferative activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles Phoenix dactylifera (Rothan dates). Braz J Pharm Sci. 2022;58(e18594):1–12.10.1590/s2175-97902022e18594Search in Google Scholar

[25] Sivakumar S, Subban M, Chinnasamy R, Chinnaperumal K, Nakouti I, El-Sheikh MA, et al. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Andrographis macrobotrys Nees leaf extract and its potential to antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and lung cancer cells cytotoxicity effects. Inorg Chem Commun. 2023;153(1):1–13.10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110787Search in Google Scholar

[26] Naik JR, David M. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Caesalpinia bonducella leaf extract: Characterization and evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Inorg Nano-Metal Chem. 2023;80:104084.10.1080/24701556.2021.2025093Search in Google Scholar

[27] Wang Y, Chinnathambi A, Nasif O, Alharbi SA. Green synthesis and chemical characterization of a novel anti-human pancreatic cancer supplement by silver nanoparticles containing Zingiber officinale leaf aqueous extract. Arab J Chem. 2021;14(10):1–8.10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103081Search in Google Scholar

[28] Corciova A, Ivanescu B. Biosynthesis, characterisation and therapeutic applications of plant-mediated silver nanoparticles. J Serb Chem Soc. 2018;83(5):515–38.10.2298/JSC170731021CSearch in Google Scholar

[29] Melkamu WW, Bitew LT. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) JF Gmel plant leaf extract and their antibacterial and anti-oxidant activities. Heliyon. 2021;7(e08459):1–11.10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08459Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[30] Zangiabadi S, Pourmirzaie A, Naseri F, Ahmadimoghadam A. Floristic status of galoochar juniper forest reservoir, Iran. Middle-East J Sci Res. 2012;12(2):141–4.Search in Google Scholar

[31] Jaast S, Grewal A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, characterization and evaluation of their photocatalytic dye degradation activity. Curr Res Green Sustain Chem. 2021;4(100195):1–6.10.1016/j.crgsc.2021.100195Search in Google Scholar

[32] Sukweenadhi J, Setiawan KI, Avanti C, Kartini K, Rupa EJ, Yang DC. Scale-up of green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using ethanol extract of Plantago major L. leaf and its antibacterial potential. South Afr J Chem Eng. 2021;38(1):1–8.10.1016/j.sajce.2021.06.008Search in Google Scholar

[33] Muthulakshmi L, Rajini N, Rajalu AV, Siengchin S, Kathiresan T. Synthesis and characterization of cellulose/silver nanocomposites from bioflocculant reducing agent. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017;103:1113–20.10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.068Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[34] Khan M, Khan T, Wahab S, Aasim M, Sherazi TA, Zahoor M, et al. Solvent based fractional biosynthesis, phytochemical analysis, and biological activity of silver nanoparticles obtained from the extract of Salvia moorcroftiana. PLoS One. 2023;18(e0287080):1–26, Ullah B, Hassan S, Khan MN, Razzaq A, Al-Sadoon MK, Wahab S, et al. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial, antipellicle and antibiofilm activities of the root of alpine medicinal plant ( Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I.M.Johnst.). Pol J Environ Stud. 2023;33(1):425–42.10.1371/journal.pone.0287080Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[35] Dos Reis CM, da Rosa BV, da Rosa GP, do Carmo G, Morandini LMB, Ugalde GA, et al. Antifungal and antibacterial activity of extracts produced from Diaporthe schini. J Biotechnol. 2019;294:30–7.10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.01.022Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[36] Hussain I, Salman S, Iftikhar S, Jan S, Akhter J, Ramzan M, et al. Synthesis of Cephradine metal complexes and its anti-bacterial evaluation. Sains Malays. 2018;47(4):749–54.10.17576/jsm-2018-4704-13Search in Google Scholar

[37] Sen S, Chakraborty R, Maramsa N, Basak M, Deka S, Dey B. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Amaranthus caudatus L. leaves. Indian J Nat Prod Resour. 2015;6(4):326–9.Search in Google Scholar

[38] Kyene MO, Droepenu EK, Ayertey F, Yeboah GN, Archer M-A, Kumadoh D, et al. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanomaterial from Cassia sieberiana and determination of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Sci Afr. 2023;19(e01452):1–11.10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01452Search in Google Scholar

[39] Obaid AY, Al-Thabaiti SA, El-Mossalamy E, Al-Harbi LM, Khan Z. Extracellular bio-synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Arab J Chem. 2017;10(2):226–31.10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.12.035Search in Google Scholar

[40] Gudikandula K, Vadapally P, Charya MS. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles from white rot fungi: Their characterization and antibacterial studies. OpenNano. 2017;2:64–78.10.1016/j.onano.2017.07.002Search in Google Scholar

[41] Assad N, Naeem-ul-Hassan M, Ajaz Hussain M, Abbas A, Sher M, Muhammad G, et al. Diffused sunlight assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cotoneaster nummularia polar extract for antimicrobial and wound healing applications. Nat Product Res. 2023;1–15.10.1080/14786419.2023.2295936Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[42] Trilokesh C, Uppuluri KB. Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from jackfruit peel. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1–9.10.1038/s41598-019-53412-xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[43] Jalab J, Abdelwahed W, Kitaz A, Al-Kayali R. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Acacia cyanophylla and its antibacterial activity. Heliyon. 2021;7(9):1–9.10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08033Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[44] Mehta B, Chhajlani M, Shrivastava B. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their characterization by XRD. J Phys: Conf Ser. 2017;836(012050):1–5IOP Publishing.10.1088/1742-6596/836/1/012050Search in Google Scholar

[45] Sangeetha G, Vidhya R. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of different parts of Pedalium murex (L.). Int J Herb Med. 2016;4(3):31–6.Search in Google Scholar

[46] Rodríguez-Félix F, López-Cota AG, Moreno-Vásquez MJ, Graciano-Verdugo AZ, Quintero-Reyes IE, Del-Toro-Sánchez CL, et al. Sustainable-green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) waste extract and its antibacterial activity. Heliyon. 2021;7(4):1–11.10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06923Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[47] Barzinjy AA, Azeez HH. Green synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Eucalyptus globulus Labill. leaf extract and zinc nitrate hexahydrate salt. SN Appl Sci. 2020;2(991):1–14.10.1007/s42452-020-2813-1Search in Google Scholar

[48] Yedurkar S, Maurya C, Mahanwar P. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using ixora coccinea leaf extract - A green approach. Open J Synth Theory Appl. 2016;5:1–14.10.4236/ojsta.2016.51001Search in Google Scholar

[49] Sharifi-Rad M, Pohl P, Epifano F, Álvarez-Suarez JM. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Astragalus tribuloides delile. root extract: Characterization, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Nanomaterials. 2020;10(12):1–17.10.3390/nano10122383Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[50] Govindappa M, Naga S, Poojashri M, Sadananda T. Chandrappa C. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract and active phytochemical screening of Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. J Pharmacogn Phytother. 2011;3(1):1–5.10.5530/pj.2011.25.15Search in Google Scholar

[51] Gwatidzo L, Chowe L, Musekiwa C, Mukaratirwa-Muchanyereyi N. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Vangueria infausta: An edible wild fruit from Zimbabwe. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2018;12(13):168–75.10.5897/AJPP2018.4894Search in Google Scholar

[52] Kedi PBE, Meva FE, Kotsedi L, Nguemfo EL, Zangueu CB, Ntoumba AA, et al. Eco-friendly synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of silver nanoparticle-mediated Selaginella myosurus aqueous extract. Int J Nanomed. 2018;12(13):8537–48.10.2147/IJN.S174530Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[53] Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Amin M, Hussain SZ, Hussain I, Bukhari SNA, et al. Glucuronoxylan-mediated silver nanoparticles: green synthesis, antimicrobial and wound healing applications. RSC Adv. 2017: 7(68); 42900–8.10.1039/C7RA07555CSearch in Google Scholar
Received: 2023-12-06
Revised: 2024-02-21
Accepted: 2024-03-15
Published Online: 2024-04-24

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
  3. Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
  4. Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
  10. Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
  11. Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
  12. Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
  13. Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
  14. Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
  15. The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
  16. Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
  17. Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
  18. Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
  19. Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
  20. Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
  21. Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
  22. Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
  24. Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
  26. Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
  30. Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
  31. Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
  32. Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
  35. Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
  39. Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
  40. Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
  42. Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
  43. Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
  44. Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
  45. Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
  46. GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
  47. Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
  48. Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
  49. One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
  50. Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
  51. A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
  52. Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
  53. Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  54. Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
  55. Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
  56. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
  57. Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
  58. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
  59. Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
  60. Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
  61. Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
  62. Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
  63. Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
  64. Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
  65. Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
  66. Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
  67. Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
  68. Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
  69. Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
  70. Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
  71. Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
  72. Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
  73. Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
  74. Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
  75. Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
  76. LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
  77. Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
  78. Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
  79. Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
  80. Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
  81. Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
  82. A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
  83. Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
  94. Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
  95. Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
  108. A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
  113. Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
  116. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  119. Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
  138. Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
  140. Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
  143. In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
  144. Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
  150. Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2024-0016
Keywords for this article
AgNPs; biosynthesis; Olea europaea; polysaccharides; spectroscopic analysis
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
  3. Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
  4. Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
  10. Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
  11. Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
  12. Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
  13. Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
  14. Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
  15. The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
  16. Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
  17. Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
  18. Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
  19. Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
  20. Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
  21. Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
  22. Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
  24. Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
  26. Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
  30. Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
  31. Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
  32. Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
  35. Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
  39. Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
  40. Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
  42. Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
  43. Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
  44. Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
  45. Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
  46. GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
  47. Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
  48. Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
  49. One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
  50. Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
  51. A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
  52. Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
  53. Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  54. Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
  55. Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
  56. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
  57. Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
  58. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
  59. Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
  60. Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
  61. Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
  62. Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
  63. Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
  64. Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
  65. Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
  66. Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
  67. Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
  68. Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
  69. Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
  70. Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
  71. Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
  72. Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
  73. Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
  74. Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
  75. Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
  76. LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
  77. Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
  78. Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
  79. Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
  80. Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
  81. Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
  82. A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
  83. Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
  94. Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
  95. Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
  108. A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
  113. Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
  116. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  119. Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
  138. Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
  140. Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
  143. In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
  144. Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
  150. Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 6.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2024-0016/html
Scroll to top button