Home Physical Sciences Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
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Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity

  • Xiao Xu , Zhipeng Diao , Bo Zhao , Huajuan Xu , Shuying Yan and Huilin Chen EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 3, 2024
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 22 Issue 1

Abstract

Panax japonicus has long been utilized as an herbal remedy in Chinese traditional medicine for treating various diseases. In this investigation, we present the environmentally friendly silver nanoparticle (AgNP) synthesis by the aqueous extract of P. japonicas to follow its cardioprotective effects. Through various analytical methods, we identified the nanoparticles (NPs). Our XRD findings revealed the formation of Ag@P. japonicus, while FE-SEM imagery indicated a spherical shape, with NPs measuring less than 40 nm. The UV–Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy confirm the green synthesis of Ag@P. japonicus. In the medicinal section, 45 Wistar rats were utilized. These groups consisted of a normal group, a group that was solely treated with isoproterenol for inducing myocardial infarction, and two groups that were pretreated with AgNPs at different doses for 14 days. These pretreated groups were then challenged with isoproterenol. The expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and other downstream inflammatory and apoptotic mediators were followed. Additionally, the expression of Keap1, Nrf2, ECG, cardiac markers, and other downstream antioxidant enzymes were assessed. Treatment with AgNPs ameliorated the apoptosis, inflammation, and myocardial autophagy, regulated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, increased the antioxidant enzyme efficacies, and activated the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. The findings suggest that AgNPs may have a cardioprotective efficacy on myocardial infarction by mitigating the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, GST, GPx, GSH, SOD, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, Bax, Bcl2, caspase-9, caspase-3, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, the treatment decreased the infarct region size, attenuated the cardiac indicators levels, and mitigated immune cell infiltration and myocardial necrosis.

Keywords: cardioprotective activities; isoproterenol; Panax japonicas ; silver nanoparticles

1 Introduction

The Panax genus (Araliaceae family) is comprised of roughly 20 species. These plants have gained significant recognition for their extensive application as food, functional food, dietary supplements, and medicinal materials in Chinese Traditional Medicine over thousands of years. Four notable plants within the Panax genus are Panax notoginseng, Panax quinquefolius, Panax vietnamensis, and Panax japonicus [1]. It is primarily found in the wild in Korea, Japan, and China. It is also referred to as “Zhujieshen” and serves as a significant alternative to ginseng roots among minority ethnic groups [2,3]. In Chinese Traditional Medicine, this plant is utilized as an agent for treating various conditions such as bleeding, meridian blockage, pain relief, enhanced circulation, and spleen and stomach invigoration [4]. Modern research indicates that P. japonicus has a crucial role in managing several diseases, including rheumatic arthritis, cancer, and cardiovascular ailments [5]. Studies have revealed that the key active components in P. japonicus are saponins, polysaccharides, phenolic acids, and alkaloids [6]. Among these, ginsenosides, a type of triterpenoid saponins, are predominant in P. japonicus. They exhibit numerous pharmacological effects that play a critical role in treating various cancers, cardiovascular issues, neuronal disorders, inflammation, immune regulation, and metabolic disorders [5]. In particular, Ginsenoside Re, which is abundant in P. japonicus, demonstrates the ability to inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis [7].

Among the several green-synthesized nanoparticles (NPs), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as highly valuable nanomaterials for numerous industrial applications and have already been successfully commercialized. Recently, there has been a growing focus on bioinspired AgNPs due to their increasing demand and the green synthesis significant advantages. AgNPs have found extensive usage in biomedical, medical, and textile industries, sunscreen, catalysis, food preservation, and cosmetics [8,9]. Numerous studies have explored the formation of AgNPs using aqueous herbal plant extracts. These extracts contain various secondary metabolites, including steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, and alkaloids [10,11]. Among these phytochemical compounds, saponins have acquired considerable attention in recent times due to their potential pharmaceutical and amphiphilic nature usages. Saponins consist of two sections: hydrophobic triterpenoid covalently attached hydrophilic sugar units or steroid components [12]. In environmental applications, the saponins have been utilized as biosurfactants [13]. In the AgNP synthesis context, it has been discovered that saponins can serve as effective surfactants for capping NPs. The capping agents have a critical role in the AgNP synthesis and can significantly influence the efficacy of the synthesis process [10,14]

In this investigation, we present the environmentally friendly AgNP synthesis by the P. japonicas aqueous extract. The NPs were characterized by UV–Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy, FE-SEM and TEM imaging, XRD, and EDX analysis. The AgNPs were examined for their protective activities on immunological, cellular, and molecular changes in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity. Furthermore, the signaling of Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, GST, GPx, GSH, SOD, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, Bax, Bcl2, caspase-9, and caspase-3 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway were evaluated.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Chemical and instruments

Silver nitrate and isoproterenol were purchased from Merck company, Germany. ELIZA kit was purchased from the Pars Azmoon company, Iran.

A Spekol 2000 was used for the recording of UV–Vis spectra; the FT-IR spectrum was recorded using a KBr disc at the range of 400–4,000 cm−1 using a Shimadzu FT-IR 8400; MIRA3TESCAN-XMU was used to report the FE-SEM images and EDS result. A Hitachi Transmission Electron Microscopes model 7800 was used to record TEM images. The XRD pattern was recorded in the 2θ range of 20–80° by an STOE instrument at a voltage of 40 kV, a current of 30 mA, and Cu-Kα radiation.

2.2 Synthesis of the AgNPs (Ag@P. japonicus)

A 10 g of dried leaves of P. japonicus was boiled in 20 mL of deionized water for 10 min. The extract was filtered after cooling. To synthesize Ag@P. japonicus, 20 mL of the extract was poured into 50 mL of AgNO3 (0.1 M). The reaction mixture was stirred for 12 h at 50°C. The clear solution was converted to a black cloudy one during the reaction. After that time, the AgNPs were separated using the centrifuging method at 15,000 RPM for 12 min. The NPs finally were put at 45°C to dry in an oven.

2.3 Following the cardioprotective efficacies of Ag@P. japonicus

In the recent study, a total of 40 Wistar rats were utilized to follow the protective efficacies of AgNPs containing P. japonicus on isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity. The study focused on the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. The rats were divided into four groups: a normal group, a group of myocardial infarction induced with isoproterenol, and two groups pretreated with different doses of AgNPs containing P. japonicus (500 or 100 µg/kg).

The pretreatment lasted for 14 days, and isoproterenol was administered on the 13th and 14th days. The rats were anesthetized by urethane at the end of the experiment and placed in a non-invasive computerized ECG apparatus to record ECG readings.

The blood samples were centrifuged to separate their serum for biochemical assays. The hearts of the rats were dissected, weighed, and stored at −80°C. The heart’s infarction size was determined by studying the histopathological slides and using ImageJ® software.

NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were measured in the extracted heart tissues using ELISA kits. Western blotting examination was conducted to measure the mTOR, Akt, PI3K, HO-1, NRf2, and Keap 1 protein expression. Additionally, a real-time PCR test was used to determine the gene expression levels of mTOR, Akt, PI3K, HO-1, NRf2, and Keap 1.

Antioxidant markers and the levels of Ca2+, mitochondrial ATP, and GSH were determined in the prepared mitochondria by assay kits following the manufacturer’s protocols.

2.4 Statistical analysis

To perform statistical calculations, SPSS version 18 software (one-way ANOVA statistical test) was used to compare different groups and Duncan’s support test. The limit of statistical inference was considered p < 0.05.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Chemical characterization of Ag@P. japonicus

The SPR of Ag@P. japonicus was analyzed by UV–visible spectroscopy. Figure 1 reveals the Ag@P. japonicus spectrum. A band at 223,261, 337, and 457 nm indicates the silver ions reduction by P. japonicus extract and the formation of Ag@P. japonicus. Similar peaks have been reported for AgNPs by other researchers [15,16]

Figure 1 Surface plasmon resonance spectrum of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract.
Figure 1

Surface plasmon resonance spectrum of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract.

The qualitative analysis of FT-IR spectroscopy was applied to approve the green synthesis of Ag@P. japonicus. In this technique, the appearance of the peaks at wavenumbers up to 700 cm−1 is assigned for metal bonds. For Ag@P. japonicus, the peaks can be observed at 470 and 513 cm−1 (see Figure 2). Similar peaks have been reported for AgNPs synthesized using Salvia leriifolia [17]. In addition, the peaks for the secondary metabolites of P. japonicus extract can be discerned at 1,026, 1,534–1,724, 2,920, and 3,292 cm−1 for functional groups of C–O, C═C, C═O, C–H, and O–H that found in secondary metabolites of P. japonicus.

Figure 2 The FT-IR spectrum of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract (KBr disc, in the region from 400 to 4,000 cm−1).
Figure 2

The FT-IR spectrum of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract (KBr disc, in the region from 400 to 4,000 cm−1).

The results for the qualitative analysis of EDS and elemental mapping of Ag@P. japonicus are presented in Figures 3a and b, respectively. The present signals in the EDS diagram (Figure 3a) include signals around 0.3 and 0.5 keV for C Lα and O Lα, respectively. Two signals of less and more than 3.0 keV, which are respected to Ag Lα and Ag Lβ, approve the formation of Ag@P. japonicus. Dakshayani et al. have reported a similar signal for the elements of AgNPs synthesized using Selaginella extract [18]. Furthermore, quantitative analysis revealed the percentage of 11.03, 25.55, and 63.42% for silver, oxygen, and carbon. The two last elements are associated with the organic compounds of P. japonicus that are linked to the synthetic NPs’ surface.

Figure 3 EDX diagram of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract.
Figure 3

EDX diagram of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract.

The crystallinity of Ag@P. japonicus was examined by the XRD technique, and according to the finding from the XRD graph of Ag@P. japonicus (Figure 4), the AgNPs’ crystallinity was confirmed. The signals at 37.77 (111), 43.56 (200), 64.12 (220), and 76.95 (311) are well matched to data of the standard JCPD card 04-0783 and previous reports for green-synthesized AgNPs [19,20]. The Debye Scherrer equation gave a crystal size of 28.88 nm for Ag@P. japonicus

Figure 4 The XRD diagram of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract. The graph was recorded in the 2θ range of 20–90° at a voltage of 40 kV, a current of 30 mA, and Cu-Kα radiation.
Figure 4

The XRD diagram of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract. The graph was recorded in the 2θ range of 20–90° at a voltage of 40 kV, a current of 30 mA, and Cu-Kα radiation.

The morphology of Ag@P. japonicus was investigated using TEM and FE-SEM (see Figure 5). The analysis shows the successful formation of the AgNPs in a spherical structure with an estimated size of less than 40 nm. The aggregation of Ag@P. japonicus has emerged in the FE-SEM image as well as TEM one, which is well-known as a familiar character for metallic NPs in literature [15,17,21,22]. The reported size for green synthetic AgNPs using different plants ranges from 5 to less than 80 nm [14–20,23].

Figure 5 (a) TEM image of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract; (b) FE-SEM image of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract.
Figure 5

(a) TEM image of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract; (b) FE-SEM image of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract.

3.2 Cardioprotective efficacies of Ag@P. japonicus

In this investigation, isoproterenol was utilized to induce cardiotoxicity. Isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity serves as a well-established model for examining the myocardial ischemia pathophysiology. Isoproterenol stimulates contractility and heart rate, thereby raising the consumption of myocardial oxygen [24,25]. The extra elevation in heart stimulation can potentially result in ischemia and subsequently lead to cardiotoxicity. During infarction and ischemia, myocytes result in reduced ATP production, which can compromise membrane integrity and lead to myocardial dysfunction and calcium overload [26]. Following an ischemic insult, the sudden restoration of oxygen supply yields ROS, particularly by mitochondria, which more damages myocytes [27–30]. Moreover, there is substantial evidence supporting the reduction in the PGC-1α and mitochondrial transcription factor A expression in various animal models of heart failure, accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress [30]. Also, NF-κB is related to the NLRs superfamily which is expressed highly in cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, targeting these genes for the treatment of cardiotoxicity holds significant promise [31].

The ECG traces of both the normal group and the Ag@P. japonicus group in this study were found to be normal. However, the group with isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction exhibited several ECG alterations, such as R–R and P–R intervals, QT interval, QRS complex, a shorter P wave, and a wider ST segment compared to the control group. Interestingly, pretreatment with Ag@P. japonicus at doses 50 or 100 µg/kg reversed most of these ECG alterations, as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on ECG components (ST elevation (mV), QT interval (s P wave (s), QRS complex (s), P–R interval (s), and R–R interval (s)).
Figure 6

Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on ECG components (ST elevation (mV), QT interval (s P wave (s), QRS complex (s), P–R interval (s), and R–R interval (s)).

Animals treated with isoproterenol exhibited a notable increase in heart-to-body ratios and the infarct areas presence. Conversely, the control group and the Ag@P. japonicus group displayed normal heart-to-body ratios and minimal infarct areas. Furthermore, the Ag@P. japonicus group demonstrated a decrease in the creatine kinase-myocardial bound, creatine phosphokinase, cardiac troponinin I, and cardiac troponin T levels when compared to the untreated group (Figure 7).

Figure 7 Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on creatine kinase-myocardial bound (IU/L), creatine phosphokinase (IU/L), infarct size (%), cardiac troponin T (ng/mL), cardiac troponin I (ng/mL), and heart/weight (%).
Figure 7

Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on creatine kinase-myocardial bound (IU/L), creatine phosphokinase (IU/L), infarct size (%), cardiac troponin T (ng/mL), cardiac troponin I (ng/mL), and heart/weight (%).

To evaluate the impact of Ag@P. japonicus on the mitochondrial antioxidant status, we measured the antioxidant enzymes GST, GPx, CAT, and SOD activities and the non-enzymatic antioxidant GSH levels in several treatment groups (Figure 8). The results showed a significant decrease in both GSH levels and the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme activities in animals challenged with isoproterenol, compared to the control group. However, in the groups treated with Ag@P. japonicus, the levels of these enzymes were found to increase.

Figure 8 Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on GST (nmol/mg protein), SOD (micromole H2O2/min/mg protein), CAT (micromole H2O2/min/mg protein), GPx (µg of GSH utilized/min/mg protein), and GSH (nmol/mg protein).
Figure 8

Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on GST (nmol/mg protein), SOD (micromole H2O2/min/mg protein), CAT (micromole H2O2/min/mg protein), GPx (µg of GSH utilized/min/mg protein), and GSH (nmol/mg protein).

The protein and mRNA expression levels of mTOR, Akt, PI3K, HO-1, NRf2, and Keap 1 were altered by the challenge with isoproterenol. However, the pretreatment with AgNPs resulted in a notable reduction in the mRNA and protein expression levels of HO-1, NRf2, and Keap 1, while simultaneously increasing the mRNA and protein expression levels of mTOR, Akt, and PI3K (Figure 9).

Figure 9 Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on Keap 1, NRf2, HO-1, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR mRNA (A) and protein (B) levels.
Figure 9

Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on Keap 1, NRf2, HO-1, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR mRNA (A) and protein (B) levels.

The levels of inflammatory markers were found to be similar in both the control group and the Ag@P. japonicus group. However, the markers showed a significant increase in response to isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity (Figure 10).

Figure 10 Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β (pg/mg protein), IL-6 (pg/mL), TNF-α (pg/mg protein), and NF-kB (pg/mg protein)) levels.
Figure 10

Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β (pg/mg protein), IL-6 (pg/mL), TNF-α (pg/mg protein), and NF-kB (pg/mg protein)) levels.

Following Figure 11, there was no disparity observed in the protein levels (caspase-3 and caspase-9 (ng/mL)) and mRNA expression (Bcl2 and Bax) between the Ag@P. japonicus group and the control group. However, the markers exhibited a notable increase in response to isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity.

Figure 11 Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on levels of protein (caspase-9 and caspase-3 (ng/mL)) and mRNA (Bcl2 and Bax) expression.
Figure 11

Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on levels of protein (caspase-9 and caspase-3 (ng/mL)) and mRNA (Bcl2 and Bax) expression.

In the cohort of animals with isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity, there was a notable increase in the levels of Ca2+ in the mitochondria of cardiac cells. Conversely, the levels of mitochondrial ATP were reduced. However, when the animals were pretreated with Ag@P. japonicus, the mitochondrial Ca2+ and ATP content levels were improved in comparison to the group treated with isoproterenol (Figure 12).

Figure 12 Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on mitochondrial ATP (nM/mg protein) and Ca2+ (nM/mg protein).
Figure 12

Effects of AgNPs prepared using P. japonicus extract on mitochondrial ATP (nM/mg protein) and Ca2+ (nM/mg protein).

AgNPs are extensively utilized as nanocarriers for delivering cardioprotective drugs. The AgNP utilization in combination with recent clinical drugs has been proposed as a new approach with raised efficacy for heart disease treatment. Ag nanocarriers are favored because of their low immunogenicity, low toxicity, synthesis ease, and stability [32]. Studies have shown that clinical drugs exhibit increased efficiency and accuracy when conjugated with NPs. Simdax, a confirmed drug for heart disease treatment, when combined with NPs, demonstrates cardioprotective efficacies in doxorubicin-induced heart failure rats. The nanoconjugates and simdax cardioprotective efficacies surpass those of their counterparts because of the nanoconjugates’ enhanced targeting of the injured tissue [33]. Metoprolol is combined with NPs to improve delivery to cardiac tissues [34]. miR155-NPs can be used to treat diabetic cardiomyopathy [34,35]. The in vivo miR155-NPs administration conjugates led to a significant rise in anti-inflammatory type 2 macrophages and a reduction in inflammation. Consequently, this led to a decrease in cell apoptosis and ultimately contributed to the cardiac function restoration [35].

Also, the cardioprotective efficacies of other metallic NPs have been indicated in previous studies [36–40]. Metal and metal oxide NPs possess distinct properties that can potentially impact the management and treatment of cardiovascular diseases [37,38]. The utilization of gold NPs in genetic technologies has been sanctioned by the FDA. These technologies are presently being explored through the identification of numerous molecular and genetic biomarkers [38,39]. Furthermore, additional types of NPs, like superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs, are recognized as secure and effective MRI contrast agents for assessing therapy or focusing on specific molecules. It is worth mentioning that precise management of the physicochemical properties of NPs greatly expedites the advancement of personalized medical treatments for individual patients [36–40]. NPs have shown significant progress in the treatment of cancer and hereditary diseases, whereas their application in managing or treating cardiovascular diseases is still in its early stages. However, they have demonstrated great potential for various uses [36–40], as illustrated in Table 1.

Table 1

Cardioprotective efficacies of several NPs with mentioning their therapeutic dose, remedial agent, and size in different models of animals

Nanoparticles Results Dose Animal model Remedial agent Size (nm)
Graphene oxide gold nanosheets [36] The cardiac contractility has been enhanced, leading to the restoration of ventricular functions. 5 × 2 mm scaffold Rat Chitosan-graphene oxide gold nanosheets scaffold <100
Graphene NPs [37] The size of the infarct was decreased, leading to enhancements in both capillary density and cardiac performance. 300 µL, intramyocardial Rat VEGF <40
Gold NPs [38] Myocardial injury was ameliorated (400 µg/kg/day) intravenous Rat Au 50
Gold NPs [39] Reduced infarction size, enhanced systolic performance, suppressed cardiac fibrosis, no impact on apoptosis or hypertrophy. 100 µL/day intravenous Mouse PEG coated 10
Copper NPs [40] Reduced infarct size, diminished levels of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis were observed. 1 mg/kg/day, p.o Rat Cu <100

4 Conclusion

To create the AgNPs, we followed a green synthesis approach utilizing the P. japonicus aqueous extract. The resulting Ag@P. japonicus was characterized using a variety of analytical examinations, including FE-SEM, FT-IR, UV–Vis, EDX, and XRD. The FT-IR spectrum confirmed the formation of Ag@P. japonicus, while XRD analysis revealed the AgNPs’ crystalline nature. TEM and FE-SEM imaging indicated a spherical structure for the synthesized NPs, with an observed tendency towards aggregation, a common property among metallic NPs. The AgNPs have shown positive effects on various cardiac markers, such as ECG, Nrf2, and Keap1 expression. Additionally, they have influenced the expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and other downstream inflammatory and apoptotic mediators. The NP treatment decreased the infarct region size, attenuated the cardiac indicators levels, and mitigated immune cell infiltration and myocardial necrosis. These NPs hold great potential for numerous medical usage in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in the new formulation development to combat cardiotoxicity. All, the present research revealed that green synthetic AgNPs provide valuable insights into the characteristics and potential applications to serve as cardioprotective and antioxidant agents. However, more investigations on AgNPs especially in vivo studies are required to introduce the AgNP as a drug for oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the Medical Research Project of Hongkou District Health and Wellness Committee (Grant fund number: 1902-32).

  2. Author contributions: Xiao Xu: Conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing. Zhipeng Diao: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft. Bo Zhao: project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing. Huajuan Xu: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision. Shuying Yan: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration. Huilin Chen: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, supervision, validation, visualization, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: There is no any conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The experiments were performed according to the ethical guidelines of the International Association for the Study of Humans.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-01-25
Revised: 2024-03-06
Accepted: 2024-03-08
Published Online: 2024-04-03

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2024-0006
Keywords for this article
cardioprotective activities; isoproterenol; Panax japonicas; silver nanoparticles
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
  3. Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
  4. Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
  10. Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
  11. Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
  12. Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
  13. Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
  14. Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
  15. The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
  16. Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
  17. Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
  18. Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
  19. Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
  20. Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
  21. Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
  22. Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
  24. Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
  26. Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
  30. Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
  31. Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
  32. Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
  35. Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
  39. Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
  40. Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
  42. Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
  43. Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
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  46. GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
  47. Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
  48. Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
  49. One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
  50. Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
  51. A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
  52. Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
  53. Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  54. Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
  55. Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
  56. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
  57. Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
  58. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
  59. Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
  60. Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
  61. Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
  62. Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
  63. Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
  64. Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
  65. Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
  66. Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
  67. Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
  68. Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
  69. Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
  70. Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
  71. Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
  72. Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
  73. Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
  74. Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
  75. Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
  76. LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
  77. Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
  78. Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
  79. Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
  80. Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
  81. Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
  82. A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
  83. Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
  94. Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
  95. Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
  108. A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
  113. Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
  116. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  119. Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
  138. Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
  140. Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
  143. In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
  144. Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
  150. Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
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