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Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China

  • Huawei Ji , Pingxuan Lin EMAIL logo , Hui Wang , Jiping Chen EMAIL logo , Rui Ren and Aorui Li
Published/Copyright: August 30, 2024
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 22 Issue 1

Abstract

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans. The Ankang tea plantation area in China is the best place for producing high-quality and Se-enriched organic tea. However, accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil and tea leaves has attracted a lot of attention. Therefore, in this research, the content status of Se and five PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb) in soil and tea leaf samples collected from 88 Ankang tea plantations was studied. Results showed that the average Se content was 0.17 mg kg −1 and the Se-enrichment rate was 25% for the 88 tea leaf samples, and As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb contents in all tea leaf samples met the Chinese standard for pollution-free tea except for 11.2% excess Cr in only one sample. Cd concentrations in 56.82% soil samples exceeded the Chinese risk screening value for soil contamination of the agricultural land, and therefore the pollution degree of Cd is high in these soil samples. Moreover, the Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment of soil As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb indicated that the Ankang tea plantation area was at a medium potential ecological risk level. These results will provide theoretical support for ecological risk management and safe production of Se-enriched tea in Ankang Se-enriched tea plantations.

Keywords: selenium; potentially toxic elements; tea leaves; tea plantations; potential ecological risk

1 Introduction

Selenium (Se), which is called “life element,” is an essential trace element for humans and animals [1,2]. Studies have confirmed that Se has important roles in the treatment of Keshan disease, Kashin–Beck disease, prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, scavenging free radicals in the body, preventing membrane lipid peroxidation, and as anti-cancer and anti-aging agents [2,3,4,5]. Therefore, Se supplements are extremely beneficial to people’s health, especially in the low-Se zone. Moreover, developing Se-enriched foods is the most effective and safe means of Se supplementation [6,7], such as the successfully developed Se-enriched tea, garlic, and broccoli [8,9,10,11].

Like tea [12], Se-enriched tea also exhibits properties like anti-genotoxic, cancer chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties [9,10]. China’s tea culture has a long history, and tea is the most widely used daily drink in the world [13]. Therefore, Se-enriched tea can be used as a safe and effective means to improve Se deficiency in humans, and it will also be favored by consumers for its high quality and health care effect [9].

In China, the Ankang City, located in the Shaanxi Province and bordered by the Qinling-Bashan Mountains, is the largest natural Se-rich area at present. The area has ideal geological and geographical conditions for Se accumulation and utilization; the area is thick in strata and large in exposed area, and the soil area with a Se content above 0.2 mg kg −1 exceeds 10,000 km2, forming a natural Se-rich belt covering the whole city with Ziyang County as the center [14,15]. The Ankang tea plantation area is mainly distributed in mountainous and hilly areas at higher altitudes in Ziyang, Pingli, Hanbin, Langao, and other counties, belonging to the high latitude tea area in the North of the Yangtze River. The climate, light, humidity, and Se-enriched soil in this area are recognized as the main reasons for high-quality Se-enriched organic tea in China and abroad [14,15].

Large quantities of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are present in the environment due to the increased anthropogenic activities and natural processes, and accumulation of PTEs in soil and tea leaves has been a particular concern for tea consumers worldwide; moreover, there are still challenges in identifying the pollution characteristics of PTEs at the local scale [16,17,18,19,20]. Throughout the Ankang area, there are black shales which contain black shale, carbonaceous rocks, and coal in the Cambrian Donghe Formation, and thus it is very important to figure out the influence of black shales, enriched with trace elements, on soils and edible plants growing in the soils [14]. Therefore, in this study, 88 tea leaf samples and 88 soil samples from 88 tea plantations in 3 counties of the Ankang tea planting area in Shaanxi Province, China, were selected as the research objects, the content characteristics of Se and five PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb) in tea plantation soils and cultivated tea leaves were analyzed and studied, and the classical Lars Hakanson potential ecological risk index method was used to evaluate the potential ecological risk of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb in the soils of the tested tea plantations [19,21,22,23]. These study results will provide a scientific basis for pollution-free planting, ecological risk warning, and safe production of Se-enriched tea in Ankang Se-enriched tea plantations.

2 Experimental section

2.1 Materials

The tea plantation soil and tea leaves in Ziyang County, Hanyin County, and Pingli County, the main planting areas of Ankang Se-enriched tea, were selected as the investigation objects. A total of 88 tea plantations were randomly selected in the 3 tea planting counties, from which 88 fresh tea leaf samples and 88 corresponding root soil samples were collected (Figure 1). Fresh tea leaf samples were dried after fixation then they were ground, and passed through a 20-mesh nylon sieve for complete analysis of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb. Soil mixed samples were naturally air-dried, ground, and then passed through a 100-mesh nylon sieve for the full analysis of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb.

Figure 1 Sampling sites of tea leaves and root soils in Ankang.
Figure 1

Sampling sites of tea leaves and root soils in Ankang.

2.2 Method of elemental analysis and detection

Sample analysis and testing were undertaken by the Xi’an Mineral Resources Supervision and Testing Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, China. To 0.5 g soil samples, 10 mL of nitric acid and 2 mL of hydrogen peroxide were added for digestion by a microwave system (ETHOS UP, Milestone, Italy), then the resulting solution was diluted to a certain volume for determining the total Se content in soils. To 0.1 g soil samples, 5 mL of nitric acid, 2 mL of hydrofluoric acid, and 2 mL of hydrogen peroxide were added for digestion by the microwave system, then the resulting solution was diluted to a certain volume for determining the content of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb in soils. Tea leaf samples of 0.2–0.5 g (accurate to 0.001 g) weight were first soaked in 5–8 mL of nitric acid overnight, then put in the microwave for 3–4 h of digestion, and then diluted to a certain volume for analysis. Details of testing elements, methods, and main instruments for tea leaf and root soil samples are, respectively, shown in Tables 1 and 2. Moreover, operating conditions for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; Agilent 7800 and XSERIES 2), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES; iCAP7400), hydride generation – atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS-8500), and vapor generation – cold atomic fluorescence spectrometry (XGY 1011A) are shown in Tables S1–S5. Selected isotopes, internal standard elements, and interference correction for the ICP-MS and elemental analysis line and background correction for the ICP-AES are shown in Tables S6–S8. During the test, national first-level standards were randomly added to control the analysis quality. The rate of all samples was reported to be 100%, and the qualification rate of accuracy and precision monitoring of samples were over 98%.

Table 1

Testing elements, methods, and main instruments for tea leaf samples

Elements Detection standard (method number and name) Detection limit Testing instruments and models Environmental conditions
Temperature (°C) Humidity (%)
As GB 5009.268-2016 National food safety standard – Determination of many elements in food 0.0017 mg kg−1 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Agilent 7800) 24 36
Cd 0.0019 mg kg−1 24 36
Cr 0.0472 mg kg−1 24 36
Pb 0.0174 mg kg−1 24 36
Se 0.005 mg kg−1 24 36
Hg GB 5009.17-2021 National food safety standard – Determination of total mercury and organic mercury in food 0.0025 mg kg−1 Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (XGY 1011A) 24 30
Table 2

Testing elements, methods, and main instruments for root soil samples

Elements Detection standard (method number and name) Detection limit Testing instruments and models Environmental conditions
Temperature (°C) Humidity (%)
Cd DZ/T 0279.5-2016 Analysis methods for regional geochemical sample – Part 5: Determination of cadmium contents by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 0.021 mg kg−1 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (XSERIES 2) 25 30
Pb DZ/T 0279.3-2016 Analysis methods for regional geochemical sample – Part 3: Determination of 15 elements including barium, beryllium, bismuth etc. by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 0.50 mg kg−1 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (XSERIES 2) 25 30
Cr DZ/T 0279.2-2016 Analysis methods for regional geochemical sample – Part 2: Determination of 27 components including calcium oxide etc. by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry 0.20 mg kg−1 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (iCAP7400) 25 35
Se DZ/T 0279.14-2016 Analysis methods for regional geochemical sample – Part 14: Determination of selenium contents by hydride generation – atomic fluorescence spectrometry 0.0096 mg kg−1 Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS-8500) 23 40
Hg DZ/T 0279.17-2016 Analysis methods for regional geochemical sample – Part 17: Determination of mercury by vapor generation – cold atomic fluorescence spectrometry 0.50 ng g−1 Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (XGY 1011 A) 23 35
As DZ/T 0279.13-2016 Analysis methods for regional geochemical sample – Part 13: Determination of arsenic, antimony and bismuth contents by hydride generation – atomic fluorescence spectrometry 0.20 mg kg−1 Atomic fluorescence spectrometry (2022E) 21 31

2.3 Evaluation method and evaluation standard of PTEs

In this study, to evaluate and analyze the contents of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb in soils and tea leaves, the soil background levels of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb in Shaanxi Province, China, were taken as the reference value, and standard values specified by the soil environmental quality risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land of China (GB15618-2018) [24] and the agricultural industry standards “Pollution-Free Food and Tea” (NY5244-2004) [25] and “Residue limits for chromium, cadmium, mercury, arsenic and fluoride in tea” (NY659-2003) [26] were also used for comparison.

Moreover, the classical Lars Hakanson potential ecological risk index method, which was characterized by comprehensive consideration of the concentration, toxicity, ecological sensitivity, and synergy of multiple elements, was used to evaluate the potential ecological risk of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb in the soils of the tested tea plantations [21]. Its calculation is shown in formulas (1)–(4) as follows

(1) C f i = C s i / C n i ,

(2) C d = ∑ i = 1 7 C f i ,

(3) E r i = T r i C f i ,

(4) I R = ∑ i = 1 7 E r i ,

where C f i is the single-factor pollution index of the ith element; C s i is the measured content of the ith element in the soil, mg kg−1; C n i is the background reference value of the ith element, mg kg−1; C d is the sum of multiple element pollution indices; E r i is the potential ecological risk index of a single element; T r i is the toxicity response coefficient of element i, and the toxicity response coefficients of the five PTEs are Hg(40) > Cd (30) > As(10) > Pb(5) > Cr(2) [19]; and I R is the comprehensive potential ecological risk index of various elements in the region. The evaluation standard of potential ecological risk indices is shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Evaluation standard of potential ecological risk indices

Potential ecological risk index of a single element, E r i Degree of ecological risk Comprehensive potential ecological risk index of various elements, I R Degree of ecological risk
<40 Slight <150 Minor
[40, 80) Medium [150, 300) Medium
[80, 160) Strong [300, 600) Higher
[160, 320) Very strong ≥600 High
≥320 Extremely strong

2.4 Statistical analysis

ArcGIS 10.7 (ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CA, USA) was used to mapping and showing the sampling sites of tea leaves and root soils in Ankang, China. The data were the average of the measured results of parallel samples, and Microsoft Office Excel 2007 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) and IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) were used for statistical analysis.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characteristics of Se content in tea leaves from different regions

The Se content of tea leaves in the tea plantations in the Ankang City ranged from 0.02 to 1.64 mg kg−1, showing a large spatial variation of Se content (Table 4). Moreover, the average Se content (0.17 mg kg−1) of tea leaves in the Ankang tea plantations was higher than the Se content standard of Se-enriched tea (0.15 mg kg−1), and the Se enrichment rate of tea leaves was 25% (Table 4). In different regions, the spatial variation of Se content data in Pingli tea plantations was larger than that in Hanyin and Ziyang; the average Se content of tea leaves in Pingli (0.27 mg kg−1) was significantly higher than the Se content standard of Se-enriched tea (0.15 mg kg−1), but the average Se content of tea leaves in both Hanyin (0.10 mg kg−1) and Ziyang (0.11 mg kg−1) was lower than the Se content standard of Se-enriched tea (0.15 mg kg−1) (Table 4). In addition, the rate of Se enrichment of tea leaves in Pingli was higher than that of tea leaves in Hanyin and Ziyang (Table 4). Similar to some previously reported results, the Se content in green tea is generally not high (about 0.1 mg kg−1) [9]. The variation of Se content in tea leaves in this study should be caused by the variation of soil Se content for that tea leaves with high Se content (1.4 mg kg−1) mainly grown in areas with high Se soil [9].

Table 4

Characteristics of Se content in tea leaf samples from different regions

Region N Minimum (mg kg−1) Maximum (mg kg−1) Mean (mg kg−1) Standard deviation (mg kg−1) Coefficient of variation (%) Se enrichment standard (mg kg−1) Se enrichment ratio (%)
Pingli county 34 0.02 1.64 0.27 0.41 150 ≥0.15 35.3
Hanyin county 32 0.04 0.31 0.10 0.06 61 ≥0.15 15.6
Ziyang county 22 0.04 0.32 0.11 0.07 60 ≥0.15 22.7
Ankang city 88 0.02 1.64 0.17 0.27 157 ≥0.15 25.0

The total Se content of soil in Ankang tea plantations ranged from 0.05 to 8.04 mg kg−1, with a large spatial variation of Se content and an average value of 0.97 mg kg−1 (Table 5). Moreover, according to the ecological landscape threshold of Se in topsoil in China [23], the Se content of 37.5% of the soil samples reached the Se-enriched level (0.40–3.00 mg kg−1), and 6.82% of the soil samples had excess Se (>3.00 mg kg−1), showing a moderate Se content in the Ankang region (Table 5). There were differences in the average Se content among Ziyang (1.33 mg kg−1), Hanyin (1.06 mg kg−1), and Pingli (0.65 mg kg−1), although no significant differences were observed by one-way ANOVA. The percentages of soil Se content in different regions reaching the Se-enriched level are as follows: Ziyang (63.6%) > Pingli (44.1%) > Hanyin (12.5%) (Table 5). Based on Spearman’s nonparametric correlation analysis, the Se content of tea leaves was found to be significantly correlated with the soil Se content in the 88 tea plantations (Spearman’s rho = 0.449, p < 0.01); moreover, there were significant correlations between the Se content in tea leaves and soils in tea plantations in Pingli (Spearman’s rho = 0.615, p < 0.01) and Hanyin (Spearman’s rho = 0.507, p < 0.01) except Ziyang (Spearman’s rho = 0.001, p = 0.998). Therefore, results showed that the changes in the Se content in tea plantation soil affected the change in the Se content in tea leaves to a certain extent.

Table 5

Characteristics of Se content in soil samples from tea plantations in different regions

Region N Minimum (mg kg−1) Maximum (mg kg−1) Mean (mg kg−1) Standard deviation (mg kg−1) Coefficient of variation (%) Se content standard of Se enrichment (mg kg−1) Se content standard of Se excess (mg kg−1) Se enrichment rate (%) Se excess ratio (%)
Pingli county 34 0.13 2.40 0.65 0.56 86.6 0.4–3.00 >3.00 44.1 0.00
Hanyin county 32 0.05 8.04 1.06 2.06 193 0.4–3.00 >3.00 12.5 9.38
Ziyang county 22 0.31 7.53 1.33 1.79 134 0.4–3.00 >3.00 63.6 13.6
Ankang city 88 0.05 8.04 0.97 1.57 162 0.4–3.00 >3.00 37.5 6.82

3.2 Assessment and analysis of the content status of PTEs in soils and tea leaves in Ankang tea plantations

According to GB15618-2018 [24], 2.27% of the tested soil samples had As and Cr contents higher than the risk screening values but far lower than the risk intervention value; the Cd content of 56.8% of the soil samples was higher than the risk screening values, and 5 of the 88 samples exceeded the risk intervention values; the contents of Pb and Hg did not exceed the risk screening values; moreover, the average contents of As, Cr, Hg, and Pb were all lower, but Cd was higher, than the risk screening values (Table 6). The average contents of As, Cd, Cr, and Pb were 2.09, 6.56, 1.37, and 1.25 times that of the soil background values of Shaanxi Province, China, and the proportion of Cd, As, Pb, Cr, and Hg contents exceeding the background value were 100, 89.8, 83.0, 81.8, and 4.54%, respectively, indicating that in the tea plantation soil of the study area, external factors have led to a high accumulation of Cd, As, Pb, Cr, and Hg, and the accumulated effect of As, Cd, Cr, and Pb was greater (Table 6). In addition, the spatial distribution of As, Cd, and Hg in different tea plantation soils in the study area was quite different, and the spatial distribution of Pb and Cr was relatively uniform [27].

Table 6

Summary statistics of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb concentrations in soils from tea plantations

Elements Maximum (mg kg−1) Minimum (mg kg−1) Mean (mg kg−1) Coefficient of variation (%) Standard deviation (mg kg−1) Soil background levels of elements in Shaanxi Province, China* (mg kg−1) pH range of tea plantation soil Screening values for different soil pH segmented ranges**
≤5.5 >5.5–6.5 >6.5–7.5 >7.5
As 77.8 2.10 13.4 75.4 10.1 6.42 4.28–7.49 40 40 30 25
Cd 5.90 0.10 0.59 127 0.75 0.09 4.28–7.49 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.60
Cr 181 8.64 83.8 34.6 29.0 61.1 4.28–7.49 150 150 200 250
Hg 0.42 0.01 0.08 72.7 0.06 0.18 4.28–7.49 1.30 1.80 2.40 3.40
Pb 89.5 7.35 26.1 35.9 9.36 20.9 4.28–7.49 70 90 120 170

* represents the soil background levels of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb in Shaanxi Province, China; ** represents the risk screening values of the Chinese soil environmental quality risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land (GB 15618-2018) [23].

According to NY5244-2004 [25] and NY659-2003 [26], the content of five PTEs of 87 tea leaf samples met the agricultural industry standards NY5244-2004 and NY659-2003; the Cr content in one sample was higher than the standard limit (NY659-2003), exceeding the standard limit by 11.2%. Like other studies have shown [28,29,30,31], our results indicated that there were no health hazards to consumers after consuming the tea infusions in this study. Moreover, results indicated that the content of related PTEs in tea leaves in the study area might be affected by the content of PTEs in soil or by other external factors (Table 7). The coefficient of variation values showed that the contents of Cd, Cr, and Hg in tea leaves changed greatly, and the variation range of Pb and As was small.

Table 7

Summary statistics of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb concentrations in tea leaves from tea plantations

Elements Maximum (mg kg−1) Minimum (mg kg−1) Mean (mg kg−1) Coefficient of variation (%) Standard deviation (mg kg−1) Standard values* (mg kg−1)
As 0.25 0.04 0.11 35.7 0.04 2.0
Cd 0.31 0.02 0.05 73.9 0.03 1.0
Cr 5.56 0.50 1.36 55.4 0.75 5.0
Hg 0.04 0.00 0.01 54.7 0.01 0.3
Pb 1.02 0.18 0.53 39.2 0.21 5.0

*represents the Chinese standards for pollution-free tea, including “Pollution-Free Food and Tea” (NY5244-2004) [24] and “Residue limits for chromium, cadmium, mercury, arsenic and fluoride in tea” (NY659-2003) [25].

The soil Cd content significantly correlated with soil As, Cr, Hg, and Pb contents, and there were significant correlations between soil As and Cd or Hg, Cr, and Hg or Pb, and Hg and Pb (p < 0.05) (Table 8), showing that Cd, Pb, Cr, and As in soil might have similar sources, and presenting a complex pollution phenomenon accompanied by each other. It could be seen from the correlation analysis that the Cd content in tea leaves significantly correlated with the soil Cd content (p < 0.01), but there were no significant correlations between As, Cr, Hg, and Pb in tea leaves and their respective contents in the soil. For soil pH and redox potential can affect the absorption of related components in the soil by tea plants, thus it could not simply determine that these PTEs in tea leaves were not affected by PTEs in soil. The soil pH of the tested tea plantations ranged from 4.28 to 7.49, with an average value of 5.50. If the pH was reduced, the amount of insoluble state to easily soluble state would increase, which would increase the PTE content in tea plants. Moreover, in this study, it might be affected by the pH value, and the content of soluble Cd in soil increased, which increased the content of Cd in tea leaves [18].

Table 8

Correlation analysis of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb contents between tea leaves and soils in tea plantations

Elements in soils Elements in soils Elements in tea leaves
As Cd Cr Hg Pb As Cd Cr Hg Pb
As 1.000 −0.015 0.14 −0.02 0.048 0.007
Cd 0.484** 1.000 0.024 0.345** −0.116 −0.064 −0.044
Cr 0.159 0.481** 1.000 −0.146 0.017 0.018 −0.316** −0.216*
Hg 0.631** 0.700** 0.467** 1.000 −0.001 0.128 −0.006 −0.116 −0.004
Pb 0.181 0.231* 0.453** 0.271* 1.000 −0.065 0.029 0.126 −0.174 −0.126

** represents the correlation was significant at the 0.01 level (p < 0.01); * represents the correlation was significant at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05).

3.3 Comprehensive assessment of the ecological risks of PTEs in Ankang tea plantations

The average potential ecological risk indexes of As, Cr, Hg, and Pb were all less than 40, while the average potential ecological risk index of Cd and its highest value were significantly greater than 40, indicating that the ecological risk degrees of Cd were higher, and As, Cr, Hg, and Pb showed low risk (Table 9). In addition, the highest value of potential ecological risk index for As and Hg was greater than 40, while that for Cr and Pb was less than 40, indicating that As and Hg also had certain contribution to the total potential ecological risk of the Ankang tea plantation area. The highest value of the comprehensive potential ecological risk index for As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb in the soil of the Ankang tea plantation area was 2.16 × 103, the lowest value of that was 40.6, and the average value of that was 244, indicating that the Ankang tea plantation area was generally at a moderate potential ecological risk level (Table 9).

Table 9

Statistical analysis of the ecological risk index of soil As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb

Elements Highest value of potential ecological risk index of single element, E r,Max i Lowest value of potential ecological risk index of single element, E r,Min i Average value of potential ecological risk index of single element, E r,Mean i Highest value of comprehensive potential ecological risk index of various elements, I R,Max Lowest value of comprehensive potential ecological risk index of various elements, I R,Min Average value of comprehensive potential ecological risk index of various elements, I R,Mean
As 121 3.27 20.9 2.16 × 103 40.6 244
Cd 1.97 × 103 32.7 197
Cr 5.91 0.28 2.74
Hg 92.9 2.60 17.6
Pb 21.4 1.76 6.24

In recent years, significant antagonism was found between Se and trace elements such as As, Hg, Cd, and Sb in the soil–rice system [32,33], and this phenomenon was also observed in vegetables [34] and fruits [35]. However, there is no relevant research report on whether Se can reduce the accumulation of toxic elements in tea plants, thereby reducing its health risk. In this study, the soil sampling points in Ziyang, Hanyin, and Pingli were distributed in the high Se background area, and Se in the soil mainly came from the carbonaceous shale in the black rock series [14,15,36]. Moreover, consistent with the characteristics of black rock series widely distributed in other regions of China, the bioavailability of Cd in the soil of the Ankang tea plantation area should be high and therefore the risk of Cd enrichment in crops should be very large [37,38]. However, in this study, although the Cd content in tea leaves significantly correlated with the soil Cd content and the average soil Cd content significantly exceeded the Chinese risk screening value for soil contamination of agricultural land (GB 15618-2018), the Cd content in the tea leaves still met the Chinese standard of pollution-free tea. Our conclusions suggested that tea plants grown in the Se-enriched tea plantations seemed to reduce the accumulation of Cd content. Furthermore, investigation found that the Se-rich soil in the black rock series inherited the characteristics of high Se and Cd content and led to Se enrichment and excessive Cd content in agricultural products; however, there was no mass disease in local residents for a long time and showed the characteristics of strong physique, high Se content in hair, low Cd content in hair, and more long-lived elderly people [39]. These research results provide new ideas and new opportunities for the in-depth development of Se-rich soils in the black rock series.

4 Conclusions

This study first presented the content characteristics of Se and five PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb) in soils and tea leaves in 88 tea plantations in the Ankang tea planting area, a typical black shale area, where black shales contained toxic elements. We found that although Cd pollution in tea plantation soil posed high ecological risk, the quality of tea across the Ankang tea planting area was generally good. The Se enrichment rate of tea leaves was 25%, and except one tea leaf sample, all samples met the limitation of the Chinese standards for pollution-free tea. The average contents of five PTEs, apart from Cd, in tea plantation soils were lower than their risk screening values in China. Meanwhile, Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment indicated that the ecological risk degree of Cd was very strong and that of As, Cr, Hg, and Pb was slight, and the Ankang tea plantation area was at a moderate potential ecological risk level. Results suggest that tea plants grown in the Se-enriched tea plantations reduced the accumulation of Cd content. These research results are very helpful for a deeper understanding of the ecological risk status of the local tea plantation area and provide new ideas for the in-depth development of Se-rich soils in the black rock series.

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  1. Funding information: This study was funded by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (Program No. 2022JQ-245) and was supported by the Shaanxi Public Welfare Special Project of geological prospecting (Program No. 201908).

  2. Author contributions: Pingxuan Lin designed the protocol and outlines of this study. Jiping Chen performed the sampling and mapping work. Huawei Ji performed the statistical analysis, drew the figures, and wrote this article. Hui Wang reviewed this manuscript. Rui Ren and Aorui Li performed the sampling work. All authors discussed and approved the included results.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

  5. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2024-02-29
Revised: 2024-05-23
Accepted: 2024-05-24
Published Online: 2024-08-30

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2024-0054
Keywords for this article
selenium; potentially toxic elements; tea leaves; tea plantations; potential ecological risk
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
  24. Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
  26. Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
  30. Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
  31. Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
  32. Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
  35. Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
  39. Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
  40. Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
  42. Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
  43. Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
  44. Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
  45. Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
  46. GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
  47. Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
  48. Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
  49. One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
  50. Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
  51. A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
  52. Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
  53. Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  54. Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
  55. Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
  56. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
  57. Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
  58. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
  59. Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
  60. Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
  61. Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
  62. Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
  63. Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
  64. Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
  65. Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
  66. Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
  67. Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
  68. Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
  69. Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
  70. Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
  71. Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
  72. Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
  73. Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
  74. Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
  75. Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
  76. LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
  77. Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
  78. Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
  79. Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
  80. Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
  81. Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
  82. A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
  83. Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
  94. Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
  95. Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
  108. A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
  113. Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
  116. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  119. Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
  138. Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
  140. Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
  143. In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
  144. Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
  150. Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
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