Abstract
This article covers 26 Pt(ii) complexes of compositions Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se). These complexes crystallized in two crystal classes: monoclinic (14 examples) and triclinic (12 examples). The heterotridentate ligand with monodentate PL builds up a distorted square-planar geometry around each Pt(ii) atom. Each heterotridentate ligand Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) creates two metallocyclic rings with a common N1 atom of the O1C2N1C3O2, O1C3N1C3O2, O1C2NN1C3O2, C1C2N1C2C2, and Se1C2N1NC2Se2 types. In Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) complexes, the tridentate ligand with a common N2 atom forms the following types of metallocyclic rings: N1C2N2C2C1, N1C2N2NCS1, and N1CNN2NCSe1. The total mean values of τ4 for respective complexes as it grows in the sequence: 0.056 (Pt(η3-O1N1O2)(PL)) < 0.091 (Pt(η3-Se1N1Se2)(PL)) < 0.161 (Pt(η3-N1N2S1)(PL)) < 0.174 (Pt(η3-N1N2Se1)(PL)) < 0.188 (Pt(η3-C1N1C2)(PL)) < 0.211 (Pt(η3-N1N2C1)(PL)). The distortion of the square-planar geometry increases in the given sequences. The structural data (Pt–L, L–Pt–L) are analyzed and discussed with attention to the distortion of a square-planar geometry about the Pt(ii) atoms as well as of trans-influence.
Graphical abstract

Structure of [Pt(η3-C22H11F6N3O2)(PPh3)]
List of abbreviations
- C10H10N5S
-
(N-(1-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)ethylidene)carbamohydrazonothiolato)
- C12H11F6N3O2
-
(2,2′-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diyl)
- C12H16N2O4Se2
-
diethyl-3,3′-(diazone-1,2-diyl-N)bis(2-(hydroseleno)but-2-enoatato)
- C13H11ClN6OS
-
(N-(1-(3-acetyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)ethylidene)-N-(4-chlorphenyl) carbamohydrazonothiolato)
- C13H12N6OS
-
(N-(1-(3-acetyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)ethylidene)-N-phenylcarbamohydrazonothiolato)
- C13H9NO2
-
N(α,α′-dioxobenzylidene) anilinate
- C14H10N2O3
-
2-2′-carboxylatophenylazo-4-methylphenolate
- C14H10N3
-
(2-(6-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)pyridine-2-yl)phenyl)
- C14H10N3
-
(2-(6-(3-1H-pyrazolyl)-2-pyridyl)phenyl)
- C17H11N
-
2,2′-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)diphenyl
- C17H14F2N4
-
(2-(6-(5-t-butyl-1,2,4-triazol-2id-3-yl)pyridine-2-yl)-3,5-difluorophenyl)
- C17H9F2N
-
(2,2′-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(5-fluorophenyl))
- C17H9F2N
-
(2,2′-pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(5-fluorobenzenide)
- C18H11F2N
-
(2-(4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)-6-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridine)
- C18H11F2N
-
(5-fluoro-2-{6-(fluorobenzene-2-diyl)pyridine-2-yl}-methylbenzenide)
- C20H15NO2
-
(2,6-bis(O-phenylene)-4-ethoxycarbonylpyridine)
- C24H20N3
-
(2-(4-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-2,2′-bipyridin-6-yl)phenyl)
- C28H23N2
-
(3-(4-t-butyl-8-(isoquinolin-3-yl)pyridine-2-yl)-2-naphtyl)
- C28H24N4S2
-
PhSNC(MeC6H4)N-NC(MeC6H4)NSPh
- C30H19N2
-
(3-(4-phenyl-6-(isoquinolin-3-yl)pyridine-2-yl)-2-naphtyl)
- CL
-
ligand coordinated via the C atom
- m
-
monoclinic
- NL
-
ligand coordinated via the N atom
- OL
-
ligand coordinated via the O atom
- P(C14H19O5)(Ph2)
-
benzo-15-crown[5] diphenylphosphine
- P(CH2Et)3
-
tri-n-propylphosphine
- P(CH2Ph)3
-
tribenzylphosphine
- P(tolyl)3
-
tris(2-methylphenyl)phosphine
- Pcy3
-
tricyclohexylphosphine
- PL
-
ligand coordinated via the P atom
- PMe3
-
trimethylphosphine
- PPh3
-
triphenylphosphine
- tfh
-
tetrahydrofuran
- tr
-
triclinic
1 Introduction
Organophosphines as soft P donor ligands are very useful for building a wide variety of platinum complexes. Research activity in this field is always very active. Much attention is paid to heterotridentate organomonophosphines as ligands. Recently, we analyzed and classified structural data of monomeric Pt(ii) complexes in which a distorted square-planar geometry about each Pt(ii) atom is built up by heterotridentate organomonophosphine with monodentate Y ligands: Pt(η3-P1N1N2)(Y), Pt(η3-P1N1X1)(Y) (X1 = O1, C1, S1, or Se2); Pt(η3-N1P1N2)(Cl); Pt(η3-S1P1S2)(Cl); Pt(η3-P1S1Cl1)(Y); and Pt(η3-P1Si1N1)(OL) [1].
Structural data of monomeric Pt(ii) complexes of the compositions: Pt(η3-P1C1C2)(Y) (Y = NL or I) and Pt(η3-P1C1N1)(Y) (Y = OL, NL, CL, Cl, or Br) were also analyzed and classified [2]. There are several monomeric Pt(ii) complexes where the inner coordination sphere is built up by the homotridentate ligand with monodentate organomonophosphine of the composition: Pt(η3-X1X2X3)(PL) (X = N, S, or Te). Their structural data were also analyzed and classified [3].
The chemistry of platinum complexes is important in the fields of biochemistry, catalysis, and theory. The complexes presented in the article were used predominantly in catalytic processes or theoretical studies. This study aims to analyze and classify the structural data of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se).
2 Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) derivatives
There are 26 complexes that are based on heterotridentate ligands, and they can be divided into two groups, one of the compositions Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL), where (X1, X2 = O1, O2; C1, C2; or Se1, Se2), and the other Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C1, S1, or Se1). Their structural data are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Structural data used in this study for discussion and calculations were obtained from the Cambridge Crystallographic Database (CCDB).
Structural data for Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) derivatives (X1, X2 = O1, O2; C1, C2; or Se1, Se2)a
| Complex Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) | Crystal cl.Space gr. z | a (Å)b (Å)c (Å) | α (°)β (°)γ (°) | Chromophore(chelate rings)τ4b | Pt–Lc(Å) | L–Pt–Lc (°) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Pt{η3-C13H9NO2-O1N1O2}⸱ (PPh3)] | m | 15.721(4) | 106.05(2) | PtO2NP | O1 1.975(9) | O1, N1 82.4(4)d | [4] |
| P21/n | 9.106(2) | (O1C2N1C3O2) | N1 2.064(12) | N1, O2 94.8(4)e | |||
| 4 | 18.500(5) | 0.081 | O2 1.996(9) | O1, O2 176.1(4) | |||
| P 2.248 | O1, P 91.5(3) | ||||||
| O2, P 91.5(3) | |||||||
| N1, P 172.4 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C22H11F6N3O2-O1N1O2}⸱(PPh3)] | tr | 9.418(0) | 81.75(0) | PtO2NP | O1 1.994 | O1, N1 90.6e | [5] |
| (at 173 K) |
P
|
13.069(0) | 88.58(0) | (O1C3N1C3O2) | N1 2.021 | N1, O2 90.2e | |
| 2 | 14.123(0) | 80.29(0) | 0.028 | O2 2.004 | O1, O2 179.0 | ||
| P 2.256 | O1, P 90.6 | ||||||
| O2, P 87.5 | |||||||
| N1, P 177.0 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C14H10N2O3-O1N1O2}⸱(PPh3)] | tr | 8.928(0) | 73.64(0) | PtO2NP | O1 1.995 | O1, N1 88.2e | [6] |
| (at 150 K) |
P
|
12.223(0) | 83.72(0) | (O1C2NN1C3O2) | N1 2.000 | N1, O2 92.0e | |
| 2 | 14.145(0) | 69.36(0) | 0.06 | O2 1.988 | O1, O2 176.5 | ||
| P 2.251 | O1, P 89.0 | ||||||
| O2, P 90.7 | |||||||
| N1, P 175.0 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C17H9F2N-C1N1C2}·{P(o-tolyl)3}]·CHCl3 | m | 36.465(0) | 104.09(0) | PtC2NP | C1 2.085 | C1, N1 79.8d | [7] |
| C21/c | 8.393(0) | (C1C2N1C2C2) | N1 2.024 | C2, N1 79.5d | |||
| (at 150 K) | 8 | 23.214(0) | 0.168 | C2 2.094 | C1, C2 158.9 | ||
| P 2.255 | C1, P 103.1 | ||||||
| C2, P 97.5 | |||||||
| N1, P 177.3 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C18H11F2N-C1N1C2}·{P(CH2Ph) 3}]·1.4CHCl3 | m | 14.619(0) | 98.64(0) | PtC2NP | C1 2.062 | C1, N1 79.9d | [8] |
| P21/a | 17.398(0) | (C1C2N1C2C2) | N1 2.029 | C2, N1 80.2d | |||
| (at 150 K) | 4 | 28.629(0) | 0.282 | C2 2.071 | C1, C2 158.8 | ||
| P 2.241 | C1, P 102.2 | ||||||
| C2, P 98.7 | |||||||
| N1, P 169.8 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C17H9F2N-C1N1C2}⸱{P(CH2Ph)3}] | tr | 12.121(0) | 68.82(0) | PtC2NP | C1 2.075 | C1, N1 79.8d | [7] |
| (at 150 K) |
P
|
12.191(0) | 69.92(0) | (C1C2N1C2C2) | N1 2.033 | C2, N1 80.0d | |
| 2 | 12.273(0) | 64.64(0) | 0.242 | C2 2.085 | C1, C2 159.2 | ||
| P 2.228 | C1, P 103.8 | ||||||
| C2, P 96.9 | |||||||
| N1, P 168.7 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C18H11F2N-C1N1C2}·{P(CH2Et)3}] | m | 9.962(0) | 100.22(0) | PtC2NP | C1 2.056 | C1, N1 79.9d | [9] |
| (at 150 K) | P21/c | 9.222(0) | (C1C2N1C2C2) | N1 2.027 | C2, N1 80.5d | ||
| 4 | 27.300(0) | 0.186 | C2 2.074 | C1, C2 159.8 | |||
| P 2.299 | C1, P 102.1 | ||||||
| C2, P 97.7 | |||||||
| N1, P 174.2 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C17H9F2N-C1N1C2}·(PMe3)] | m | 23.994(0) | 107.33(0) | PtC2NP | C1 2.070 | C1, N1 79.5d | [10] |
| (at 150 K) | C21/c | 12.511(0) | (C1C2N1C2C2) | N1 2.005 | C2, N1 80.2d | ||
| 4 | 12.169(0) | 0.223 | C2 2.065 | C1, C2 158.5 | |||
| P 2.243 | C1, P 92.0 | ||||||
| C2, P 102.5 | |||||||
| N1, P 170.0 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C17H11N-C1N1C2}·(PPh3)] | m | 13.958(0) | 95.68(0) | PtC2NP | C1 2.073 | C1, N1 79.7d | [11] |
| (at 100 K) | P21/c | 9.423(0) | (C1C2N1C2C2) | N1 2.049 | C2, N1 80.2d | ||
| 4 | 20.659(0) | 0.222 | C2 2.074 | C1, C2 158.8 | |||
| P 2.241 | C1, P 103.0 | ||||||
| C2, P 98.7 | |||||||
| N1, P 169.8 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C20H15NO2-C1N1C2}·(PPh3)] | m | 17.866(0) | 101.97(0) | PtC2NP | C1 2.075 | C1, N1 79.8d | [12] |
| (at 150 K) | P21/c | 17.138(0) | (C1C2N1C2C2) | N1 2.007 | C2, N1 80.4d | ||
| 4 | 9.758(0) | 0.213 | C2 2.073 | C1, C2 159.0 | |||
| P 2.252 | C1, P 93.2 | ||||||
| C2, P 103.2 | |||||||
| N1, P 171.0 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C17H11N-C1N1C2}·{P(η1-C14H19O5)(Ph)2}]CH2Cl2 | tr | 9.114(1) | 83.56(1) | PtC2NP | C1 2.082 | C1, N1 79.4d | [13] |
| (at 100 K) |
P
|
20.627(2) | 82.70(1) | (C1C2N1C2C2) | N1 2.033 | C2, N1 80.1d | |
| 4 | 22.024(2) | 88.67(1) | 0.219 | C2 2.083 | C1, C2 157.3 | ||
| P 2.227 | C1, P 100.6 | ||||||
| C2, P 101.0 | |||||||
| N1, P 171.8 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C12H16N2O4Se2-Se1N1Se2}·(PPh3)] | m | 9.259(0) | 110.61(0) | PtSe2NP | Se1 2.394 | Se1, N1 83.3d | [14] |
| P21/c | 15.525(0) | (Se1C2N1NC2Se2) | N1 2.078 | N1, Se2 98.3e | |||
| 4 | 23.892(0) | 0.091 | Se2 2.349 | Se1, Se2 176.3 | |||
| P 2.259 | Se1, P 87.2 | ||||||
| Se2, P 90.7 | |||||||
| N1, P 170.9 |
aThe mean value is tabulated when more than one chemically equivalent distance or angle is present. The first number in parentheses is the e.s.d. and the second is the maximum deviation from the mean value. bParameter τ4 – degree of distortion of square-planar geometry. cThe chemical identity of the coordinated atom or ligand is specified in these columns. dFive-membered metallocyclic ring, eSix-membered metallocyclic ring.
Structural data for Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) derivativesa (X1 = C1, S1, Se1)a
| Complex Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) | Crystal cl. space gr. z | a (Å) | α (°) | Chromophore (chelate rings) | Pt–Lc (Å) | L–Pt–Lc (°) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b (Å) | β (°) | τ4 b | |||||
| c (Å) | γ (°) | ||||||
| [Pt{η3-C14H10N3-N1N2C1}·(PPh3)]ClO4 |
trP
|
9.406(0) | 70.95(0) | PtN2CP (N1C2N2C2C1) | N1 2.124 | N1, N2 78.2d | [15] |
| (at 173 K) | 12.549(0) | 73.13(0) | 0.168 | N2 2.022 | N2, C1 80.6d | ||
| 13.139(0) | 79.99(0) | C1 2.018 | N1, C1 158.8 | ||||
| P 2.243 | N1, P 103.2 | ||||||
| C1, P 97.1 | |||||||
| N2, P 177.5 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C14H10N3-N1N2C1}·(PPh3)]ClO4 |
trP
|
9.198(0) | 91.57(0) | PtN2CP (N1C2N2C2C1) | N1 2.101 | N1, N2 78.5d | [15] |
| (at 193 K) | 9.511(0) | 92.52(0) | 0.178 | N2 2.025 | N2, C1 81.1d | ||
| 16.467(0) | 92.95(0) | C1 2.005 | N1, C1 159.1 | ||||
| P 2.227 | N1, P 103.0 | ||||||
| C1, P 97.6 | |||||||
| N2, P 175.8 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C28H23N2-N1N2C1}·(Pcy3)]ClO4·2CH3CN | mP21/n4 | 16.423(3) | PtN2CP (N1C2N2C2C1) | N1 2.103 | N1, N2 78.5d | [16] | |
| (at 253 K) | 17.976(4) | 110.42(3) | 0.307 | N2 2.023 | N2, C1 79.7d | ||
| 17.270(4) | C1 2.054 | N1, C1 156.4 | |||||
| P 2.283 | N1, P 101.6 | ||||||
| C1, P 102.4 | |||||||
| N2, P 160.3 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C30H19N2-N1N2C1}·(Pcy3)]ClO4·0.5 CH3CN | mC21/c4 | 26.188(5) | PtN2CP (N1C2N2C2C1) | N1 2.154 | N1, N2 77.8d | [16] | |
| (at 253 K) | 14.708(3) | 99.88(3) | 0.266 | N2 2.029 | N2, C1 80.5d | ||
| 24.052(5) | C1 2.042 | N1, C1 156.6 | |||||
| P 2.297 | N1, P 103.3 | ||||||
| C1, P 99.8 | |||||||
| N2, P 165.9 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C30H19N2-N1N2C1}·(PPh3)]ClO4·MeOH |
trP
|
10.713(2) | 71.77(3) | PtN2CP (N1C2N2C2C1) | N1 2.133 | N1, N2 77.6d | [16] |
| (at 253 K) | 13.300(3) | 75.45(3) | 0.203 | N2 1.975 | N2, C1 81.1d | ||
| 16.081(3) | 77.53(3) | C1 2.000 | N1, C1 158.4 | ||||
| P 2.243 | N1, P 105.1 | ||||||
| C1, P 96.3 | |||||||
| N2, P 173.0 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C17H14F2N4-N1N2C1}·(PPh3)]thf |
trP
|
10.215(0) | 96.11(0) | PtN2CP (N1C2N2C2C1) | N1 2.076 | N1, N2 78.3d | [17] |
| (at 223 K) | 10.881(0) | 104.36(0) | 0.179 | N2 2.033 | N2, C1 80.7d | ||
| 15.715(0) | 104.29(0) | C1 2.027 | N1, C1 158.8 | ||||
| P 2.241 | N1, P 104.2 | ||||||
| C1, P 96.8 | |||||||
| N2, P 176.0 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C24H20N3-N1N2C1}·(PPh3)]ClO4 |
trP
|
8.526(2) | 101.27(0) | PtN2CP (N1C2N2C2C1) | N1 2.147 | N1, N2 77.8d | [18] |
| (at 113 K) | 10.015(3) | 101.72(0) | 0.184 | N2 2.022 | N2, C1 80.9d | ||
| 21.052(6) | 90.23(0) | C1 2.022 | N1, C1 158.2 | ||||
| P 2.246 | N1, P 106.1 | ||||||
| C1, P 95.3 | |||||||
| N2, P 175.8 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C14H10N3-N1N2C1}·(PPh3)]ClO4 | mP21/n4 | 15.135(1) | PtN2CP (N1C2N2C2C1) | N1 2.130 | N1, N2 79.0d | [19] | |
| 10.811(0) | 93.06(0) | 0.202 | N2 2.029 | N2, C1 81.0d | |||
| 17.558(1) | C1 2.005 | N1, C1 157.4 | |||||
| P 2.242 | N1, P 101.8 | ||||||
| C1, P 100.6 | |||||||
| N2, P 174.1 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C10H10N3S-N1N2S1}·(PPh3)]Cl·CH3CN·H2O | mP21/n4 | 10.505(5) | PtN2SP (N1C2N2NCS1) | N1 2.092 | N1, N2 78.8d | [20] | |
| 21.722(5) | 95.11(0) | 0.145 | N2 2.057 | N2, S1 83.5d | |||
| 14.104(5) | S1 2.249 | N1, S1 162.3 | |||||
| P 2.257 | N1, P 103.5 | ||||||
| S1, P 94.2 | |||||||
| N2, P 177.2 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C13H11ClN6OS-N1N2S1}·(PPh3)]Me2SO |
trP
|
9.037(0) | 103.87(0) | PtN2SP (N1C2N2NCS1) | N1 2.029 | N1, N2 79.0d | [21] |
| 14.343(0) | 101.62(0) | 0.148 | N2 2.039 | N2, S1 82.9d | |||
| 15.183(0) | 105.96(0) | S1 2.261 | N1, S1 161.9 | ||||
| P 2.251 | N1, P 99.7 | ||||||
| S1, P 90.4 | |||||||
| N2, P 177.3 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C13H12N6OS-N1N2S1}·(PPh3)]Me2SO |
trP
|
9.195(0) | 70.20(0) | PtN2SP (N1C2N2NCS1) | N1 2.022 | N1, N2 79.0d | [22] |
| 13.929(0) | 76.73(0) | 0.15 | N2 2.031 | N2, S1 83.1d | |||
| 14.943(0) | 73.55(0) | S1 2.258 | N1, S1 162.1 | ||||
| P 2.250 | N1, P 97.9 | ||||||
| S1, P 100.1 | |||||||
| N2, P 176.7 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C20H31N9S2-N1N2S1}·(PPh3)]EtOH |
trP
|
10.769(5) | 81.09(2) | PtN2SP (N1C2N2NCS1) | N1 2.042 | N1, N2 79.0d | [23] |
| (at 100 K) | 12.054(5) | 89.09(6) | 0.184 | N2 2.000 | N2, S1 82.0d | ||
| 17.499(5) | 70.97(1) | S1 2.270 | N1, S1 161.0 | ||||
| P 2.268 | N1, P 100.0 | ||||||
| S1, P 96.0 | |||||||
| N2, P 173.0 | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C28H24N4S2-N1N2S1}·(PPh3)].0.5thf | mP21/c4 | 14.234(5) | PtN2SP (N1CNN2NCS1) | N1 2.031(8) | N1, N2 78.5(4)d | [24] | |
| 18.922(3) | 105.19(2) | 0.179 | N2 1.987(7) | N2, S1 81.6(2)d | |||
| 16.032(3) | S1 2.266(3) | N1, S1 162.2(2) | |||||
| P 2.279(3) | N1, P 99.9(2) | ||||||
| S1, P 99.7(1) | |||||||
| N2, P 172.5(2) | |||||||
| [Pt{η3-C28H24N4Se2-N1N2Se1}·(PPh3)]⸱Et2O | mP21/c4 | 14.410(1) | 105.72(1) | PtN2SeP (N1CNN2NCSe1) | N1 2.020(1) | N1, N2 78.7(4)d | [25] |
| 19.003(3) | 0.174 | N2 1.980(1) | N2, Se1 82.3(3)d | ||||
| 16.169(2 | Se1 2.368(2) | N1, Se1 162.0 | |||||
| P 2.272(4) | N1, P 100.0(3) | ||||||
| Se1, P 98.6(1) | |||||||
| N2, P 173.4(1) |
aThe mean value is tabulated when more than one chemically equivalent distance or angle is present. The first number in parentheses is the e.s.d. and the second is the maximum deviation from the mean value, bParameter τ4 – degree of distortion of square-planar geometry, cThe chemical identity of the coordinated atom or ligand is specified in these columns, dFive-membered metallocyclic ring.
In the first step, Pt–L bond distances as well as L–Pt–L angles (cis, trans) were identified from the structures registered in the CCDB via program Diamond. In the second step, the sum of covalent radii was calculated from known values of covalent radii of particular atoms in the complexes. In the third step, distortion of the square-planar geometry by parameter τ4 was calculated according to the formula
2.1 Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) derivatives
There are 12 examples of such a type, and the structural data are given in Table 1. In three complexes, one monoclinic [Pt(η3-C13H9NO2)(PPh3)] [4] and two triclinic [Pt(η3-C22H11F6N3O2)(PPh3)] (at 173 K) [5] and [Pt(η3-C14H10N2O3)(PPh3)] (at 150 K) [6], heterotridentate ligands via O1N1O2 donor atoms and monodentate PPh3 ligands build up a distorted square-planar geometry about each Pt(ii) atom. The structure of [Pt(η3-C22H11F6N3O2)(PPh3)] [5] is shown in Figure 1 as an example. Each chelate ligand forms two metallocyclic rings with the common N1 atom of the O1C2N1C3O2 (monoclinic), O1C3N1C3O2 (triclinic), and O1C2NN1C3O2 (triclinic) types. The values of the respective chelate O1–Pt–N1/N1–Pt–O2 angles are 82.4/94.8° (monoclinic), 90.6/90.2° (triclinic), and 88.2/92.0° (triclinic).
![Figure 1
Structure of [Pt(η3-C22H11F6N3O2)(PPh3)] [5].](/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2023-0204/asset/graphic/j_chem-2023-0204_fig_001.jpg)
Structure of [Pt(η3-C22H11F6N3O2)(PPh3)] [5].
The remaining L–Pt–L bond angles open in the order (mean values): 89.9 (±2.4)° (O2–Pt–P) < 90.4 (±1.4)° (O1–Pt–P) < 174.8 (±2.2)° (N1–Pt–P) < 177.2 (±1.8)° (O1–Pt–O2). The Pt–L bond distance elongates in the sequence (mean values): 1.988 (±0.004) Å (Pt–O1, trans to O2) < 1.996 (±0.008) Å (Pt–O2) < 2.028 (±0.036) Å (Pt–N1, trans to P) < 2.251 (±0.005) Å (Pt–P).
In the following eight complexes: monoclinic [Pt(η3-C17H9F2N)({P(o-tolyl)3}]⸱CHCl3 (at 150 K) [7], monoclinic [Pt(η3-C18H11F2N) {P(CH2Ph)3}]·14CHCl3 (at 150 K) [8], triclinic [Pt(η3-C17H9F2N){P(CH2Ph)3}] (at 150 K) [8], monoclinic [Pt(η3-C18H11F2N) {P(CH2Et)3}] (at 150 K) [9], monoclinic [Pt(η3-C17H9F2N)(PMe3)] (at 150 K) [10], monoclinic [Pt(η3-C17H11N)(PPh3)] (at 100 K) [11], monoclinic [Pt(η3-C20H15NO2)(PPh3)] (at 150 K) [12], and triclinic [Pt(η3-C17H11N){P(η1-C14H19O5)(Ph)2}]·CH2Cl2 (at 150 K) [13]; each heterotridentate ligand via C1N1C2 donor atoms with monodentate PL donor ligand creates a distorted square-planar geometry about each Pt(ii) atom. Each chelate ligand forms a pair of five-membered metallocycles with a common N1 atom of the C1C2N1C2C2 type with the mean values of C1–Pt–N1 and N1–Pt–C2 angles 79.7(±0.3)° and 80.1(±0.4)°, respectively. The mean values of the remaining values of L–Pt–L bond angles open in the order: 98.4(±2.6)° (C2–Pt–P) < 102.3(±1.7)° (C1–Pt–P) < 158.8(±1.5)° (C1–Pt–C2) < 171.8(±3.1)° (N1–Pt–P). The Pt–L bond distance (mean value) elongates in the sequence 2.036(±0.013) Å (Pt–N1, trans to P) < 2.072(±0.013) Å (Pt–C1, trans to C2) < 2.080(±0.014) Å (Pt–C2) < 2.248(±0.046) Å (Pt–P, trans to N1).
The structure of monoclinic [Pt(η3-C12H16N2O4Se2)(PPh3)] [14] is shown in Figure 2. The heterotridentate Se1N1Se2 donor ligand with monodentate PPh3 ligand builds up a distorted square-planar geometry about the Pt(ii) atom. The chelate ligand creates five- and six-membered metallocycles with a common N1 atom of the Se1C2N1NC2Se2 type. The values of Se1–Pt–N1 and N1–Pt–Se1 angles are 83.3° and 98.3°. The remaining L–Pt–L bond angles open in the order: 87.2° (Se1–Pt–P) < 90.7° (Se2–Pt–P) < 170.9° (N1–Pt–P) < 176.3° (Se1–Pt–Se2). The Pt–L bond distance elongates in the sequence: 2.078 Å (Pt–N1, trans to P) < 2.259 Å (Pt–P) < 2.349 Å (Pt–Se2, trans to Se1) < 2.394 Å (Pt–Se1) (Table 1).
![Figure 2
Structure of [Pt(η3-C12H16N2O4Se2)(PPh3)] [14].](/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2023-0204/asset/graphic/j_chem-2023-0204_fig_002.jpg)
Structure of [Pt(η3-C12H16N2O4Se2)(PPh3)] [14].
2.2 Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C1, S1, or Se1) derivatives
Structural data for these complexes are displayed in Table 2. In eight complexes, triclinic [Pt(η3-C14H10N3)(PPh3)]ClO4 (at 173 K) [15], triclinic [Pt(η3-C14H10N3) (PPh3)]ClO4 (at 273 K) [15], monoclinic [Pt(η3-C28H23N2)(Pcy3)]ClO4⸱2CH3CN (at 253 K) [16], monoclinic [Pt(η3-C30H19N2)(Pcy3)]ClO4⸱0.5CH3CN [16], triclinic [Pt(η3-C30H19N2)(PPh3)]ClO4⸱MeOH (at 253 K) [16], triclinic [Pt(η3-C17H14F2N4)(PPh3)]thf (at 223 K) [17], triclinic [Pt(η3-C24H20N3)(PPh3)]ClO4 (at 113 K) [18], and monoclinic [Pt(η3-C14H10N3)(PPh3)]ClO4 [19], each heterotridentate ligand via N1N2C1 donor atoms with monodentate PL ligand builds up a distorted square-planar geometry about the Pt(ii) atom. Each heterotridentate ligand creates a pair of five-membered metallocycles with a common N2 atom of the N1C2N2C2C1 type. The N1–Pt–N2 and N2–Pt–C1 bond angles (mean values) are 78.2(±0.5)° and 80.7(±1.0)°. The remaining L–Pt–L bond angles (mean values) open in the order 98.3(±4.1)° (C1–Pt–P) < 103.5(±2.6)° (N1–Pt–P) < 157.9(±1.5)° (N1–Pt–C1) < 172.3(±7.5)° (N2–Pt–P). The Pt–L bond distance elongates (mean values) in the sequences: 2.020(±0.045) Å (Pt–N2, trans to P) < 2.022(±0.032) Å (Pt–C1, trans to N1) < 2.124(±0.048) Å (Pt–N1, trans to C1) < 2.252(±0.045) Å (Pt–P, trans to N2).
The heterotridentate ligands coordinated via N1N2S1 donor atoms with monodentate PPh3 build up a distorted square-planar geometry about each Pt(ii) atom. There are five such complexes: monoclinic [Pt(η3-C10H10N5S)(PPh3)]Cl⸱MeCN⸱H2O [20], triclinic [Pt(η3-C13H11ClN6OS)(PPh3)]Me2SO [21], triclinic [Pt(η3-C13H12N6OS) (PPh3)]Me2SO [22], triclinic [Pt(η3-C20H31N9S2)(PPh3)]EtOH (at 100 K) [23], and monoclinic [Pt(η3-C28H24N4S2)(PPh3)]⸱0.5thf [24]. The structure of [Pt(η3-C10H10N5S)(PPh3)]+ [20] is shown in Figure 3 as an example. Each heterotridentate ligand in these complexes creates two five-membered metallocycles with a common N2 atom of the N1C2N2C2S1 [20,21,22], N1C2N2NCS1 [23], and N1CNN2NCS1 [24] types. The mean values of N1–Pt–N2 and N2–Pt–S1 bond angles are 78.8(±0.3)° and 82.6(±1.4)°. The remaining L–Pt–L bond angles (mean values) open in the sequence: 69.0(±3.8)° (S1–Pt–P) < 99.8(±3.6)° (N1–Pt–P) < 161.5(±1.8)° (N1–Pt–S1) < 175.3(±2.8)° (N2–Pt–P). The Pt–L bond distance (mean values) elongates in the order: 2.022(±0.035) Å (Pt–N2, trans to P) < 2.049(±0.043) Å (Pt–N1, trans to S1) < 2.260(±0.010) Å (Pt–S1) < 2.262(±0.018) Å (Pt–P) (Table 2).
![Figure 3
Structure of [Pt(η3-C10H10N5S)(PPh3)]+ [20].](/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2023-0204/asset/graphic/j_chem-2023-0204_fig_003.jpg)
Structure of [Pt(η3-C10H10N5S)(PPh3)]+ [20].
The structure of [Pt(η3-C28H24N4Se2)(PPh3)]⸱Et2O [25] is shown in Figure 4. This is the only example with heterotridentate ligand coordinated via N1N2Se1 donor atoms. Monodentate PPh3 completed a distorted square-planar geometry about the Pt(ii) atom. The heterotridentate ligand forms two five-membered metallocyclic rings of the N1CNN2NCSe1 type. The values of N1–Pt–N2 and N2–Pt–Se1 bond angles are 78.7(4)° and 82.3(3)°, respectively. The remaining L–Pt–L bond angles open in the order: 98.6(1)° (N1–Pt–P) < 100.0(3)° (Se1–Pt–P) < 162.0° (N1–Pt–Se1) < 173.4(1)° (N2–Pt–P). The Pt–L bond distance elongates in the order: 1.980(1) Å (Pt–N2, trans to P) < 2.020(1) Å (Pt–N1, trans to Se1) < 2.272(4) Å (Pt–P) < 2.368(2) Å (Pt–Se1) (Table 2).
![Figure 4
Structure of [Pt(η3-C28H24N4Se2)(PPh3)] [25].](/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2023-0204/asset/graphic/j_chem-2023-0204_fig_004.jpg)
Structure of [Pt(η3-C28H24N4Se2)(PPh3)] [25].
3 Conclusions
This structural study includes 26 monomeric Pt(ii) coordination complexes with compositions of Pt(η3-X1N1X2) (PL) (X1,2 = O1,O2; C1,C2; or Se1, Se2) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1) (PL) (X1 = C1,S1, or Se1). These complexes crystallized in two crystal classes: monoclinic (14 examples) and triclinic (12 examples). The variable combination of donor atoms of heterotridentates which with PL build up Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) can be divided into two sub-groups. In each sub-group, the Pt–L bond distances (mean values) with sums of Pt–L(x4) bond distances are
3.1 Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL)
Pt(η3-O1N1O2)(PL): 1.986 Å (Pt–O1); 2.043 Å (Pt–N1); 1.996 Å (Pt–O2); 2.252 Å (Pt–P); Σ 8.28 Å [4,5,6]; Σ 3.27 Å, covalent radius.
Pt(η3-C1N1C2)(PL): 2.072 Å (Pt–C1); 2.036 Å (Pt–N1); 2.080 Å (Pt–C2); 2.248 Å (Pt–P); Σ 8.436 Å [7,8,9,10,11,12,13]; Σ 3.35 Å, covalent radius
Pt(η3-Se1N1Se2)(PL): 2.394 Å (Pt–Se1); 2.078 Å (Pt–N1); 2.349 Å (Pt–Se2); 2.259 Å (Pt–P); Σ 8.98 Å [14]; Σ 4.13 Å, covalent radius.
3.2 Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL)
Pt(η3-N1N2C1)(PL): 2.124 Å (Pt–N1); 2.020 Å (Pt–N2); 2.022 Å (Pt–C1); 2.25 Å (Pt–P); Σ 8.418 Å [15,16,17,18,19]; Σ 3.33 Å, covalent radius;
Pt(η3-N1N2S1)(PL): 2.043 Å (Pt–N1); 2.028 Å (Pt–N2); 2.258 Å (Pt–S1); 2.259 Å (Pt–P); Σ 8.588 Å [20,21,22,23,24]; Σ 3.58 Å, covalent radius;
Pt(η3-N1N2Se1)(PL): 2.020 Å (Pt–N1); 1.98 Å (Pt–N2); 2.363 Å (Pt–Se1); 2.272 Å (Pt–P); Σ 8.640 Å [25]; Σ 3.72 Å, covalent radius.
As expected, the sums of respective Pt–L (×4) bond distances grow with a covalent radius of coordinated donor atoms. The Pt–L bond distance in Pt(η3-X1N1X2) (PL) derivatives elongates in the orders (mean values):
Pt–X1(trans to X2): 1.985 Å (X1,2 = O) < 2.072 Å (X1,2 = C) < 2.394 Å (X1,2 = Se);
Pt–X2(trans to X1): 2.000 Å (X1,2 = O) < 2.080 Å (X1,2 = C) < 2.349 Å (X1,2 = Se);
Pt–N1(trans to P, when X1,2 are): 2.036 Å (C) < 2.043 Å (O) < 2.078 Å (Se);
Pt–P (trans to N1, when X1,2 are): 2.248 Å (C) < 2.252 Å (O) < 2.259 Å (Se).
In Pt(η3-N1N2X1) (PL) derivatives, the Pt–L bond distance elongates in the orders (mean value):
Pt–N1(trans to X1, when X1 is): 2.020 Å (X1 = Se) < 2.043 Å (S) < 2.124 Å (C);
Pt–N2(trans to P, when X1 is): 1.982 Å (X1 = Se) < 2.020 Å (C) < 2.028 Å (S);
Pt–X1(trans to N1, when X1 is): 2.022 Å (C) < 2.258 Å (S) < 2.368 Å (Se);
Pt–P (trans to N2, when X1 is): 2.252 Å (X1 = C) < 2.259 Å (S) < 2.272 Å (Se).
These orders correspond quite well with the trans-influence of the respective donor atoms.
The heterotridentate ligands create variates of the metallocyclic rings. Each of these ligands forms two metallocyclic rings with a common N1 atom in Pt(η3-X1N1X2) (PL) derivatives and an N2 atom in Pt(η3-N1N2X1) (PL). In Pt(η3-X1N1X2) (PL) derivatives, the respective chelate L–Pt–L angles are of the types
| 5 + 5-membered: C1C2N1C2C2 79.7° (C1–Pt–N1) and 80.1° (N1–Pt–C2); |
| 5 + 6-membered: O1C2N1C3O2 82.4° (O1–Pt–N1) and 94.8° (N1–Pt–O2); |
| 5 + 6-membered: Se1C2N1NC2Se2 83.3° (Se1–Pt–N1) and 98.3° (N1–Pt–Se2); |
| 6 + 6-membered: O1C3N1C3O2 90.6° (O1–Pt–N1) and 90.2° (N1–Pt–O2); |
| 6 + 6′-membered: O1C2NN1C3O2 88.2° (O1–Pt–N1) and 92.0° (N1–Pt–O2). |
| In Pt(η3N1N2X1) (PL) derivatives are |
| 5 + 5-membered: N1C2N2C2C1 78.2° (N1–Pt–N2) and 80.7° (N2–Pt–C1); |
| 5 + 5′-membered: N1C2N2NCS1 78.8° (N1–Pt–N2) and 82.8° (N2–Pt–S1); |
| 5 + 5-membered: N1CNN2NCSe1 78.7° (N1–Pt–N2) and 82.3° (N2–Pt–Se1). |
There are at least two contributing factors to the size of chelate bond angles, both ligands based. One is steric constraints imposed on the ligand, and the other is the need to accommodate denticity appropriately.
In transition metal complexes, the oxidation state plays a leading role in the geometry formed, and platinum is no exception. In four coordinates, Pt(ii) prefers a square-planar geometry. The utility of a simple metric to assess molecule shape and degree of distortion as well as exemplified best the τ4 parameter for a square-planar geometry by an equation introduced by Yang et al. [26]:
The values of τ4 range from 0.00 for a perfect square-planar geometry to 1.00 for a perfect tetrahedral geometry since 360 − 2(109.5) = 141.
It is well known that the trans L–Pt–L bond angles and the number and type of atoms involved in respective rings are responsible for a distortion of the square-planar geometry about the Pt(ii) atom. The total mean values of trans-α-L–Pt–L (L are terminal atoms of the respective η3-ligand) bond angles, and trans-β-N′–Pt–P (N′ central atom N1 or N2 of the rings) bond angles and τ 4 are given in Table 3.
Mean values of trans-α-L–Pt–L and trans-β-N’–Pt–P as well as τ4
| Metallocyclic rings | α-L–Pt–L (°) | β–N′–Pt–P (°) | τ 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 + 5 membered | |||
| N1C2N2C2C1 | 157.5 | 177.3 | 0.179 |
| C1C2N1C2C2 | 158.8 | 171.6 | 0.210 |
| N1CNN2NCS1 | 151.6 | 171.8 | 0.259 |
| N1CNN2NCSe1 | 162.0 | 176.2 | 0.154 |
| N1C2N2NCS1 | 162.2 | 177.1 | 0.147 |
| 5 + 6 membered | |||
| Se1C2N1NC2Se2 | 176.2 | 170.9 | 0.091 |
| O1C2N1C3O2 | 176.4 | 172.2 | 0.081 |
| 6 + 6 membered | |||
| O1C2NN1C3O2 | 170.5 | 175.0 | 0.103 |
| O1C3N1C3O2 | 176.0 | 177.0 | 0.048 |
There is a cooperative effect between a degree of distortion of square-planar geometry about Pt(ii) atom and the trans-L–Pt–L angles. The degree of distortion grows (τ4) when trans-L–Pt–L angles diminish. There is also a cooperative effect between a degree of distortion and trans-influence of X atom/ligand when trans-influence of the respective X weakness degree of distortion increases.
The covalent radii of the donor atoms and their sums in evaluated structures are responsible for the main structural characteristics (L–Pt–L angles, bond lengths of donor and acceptor atoms) and, by that, distortion (τ4) of the complexes. These structural characteristics and distortion, evaluated and calculated in our study, as well as resulting structural trends, discussed therein, will be reflected in the physical–chemical properties of the complexes (e.g., catalytic activity being relevant for the synthesis and catalysis studies).
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava. Structural data used in this study for discussion and calculations were obtained from the Cambridge Crystallographic Database (CCDB) with an institutional license of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava.
-
Funding information: This work was supported by the projects VEGA 1/0514/22 and VEGA 1/0146/23.
-
Author contributions: Conceptualization, M.M. and P.M.; methodology M.M. and P.M.; writing – original draft preparation, M.M., P.M., V.M., and D.Ž.; data curation, M.M.; writing – review and editing, M.M., P.M., V.M., and D.Ž.; supervision, M.M. and P.M.; funding acquisition, P.M. The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
-
Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.
-
Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
References
[1] Melník M, Mikušová V, Mikuš P. Heterotridentate organomonophosphines in Pt(η³-P1C1C2)(Y) and Pt(η3-P1C1N1)(Y) derivatives - structural aspects. Inorganics. 2023;11:338.10.3390/inorganics11080338Search in Google Scholar
[2] Melník M, Mikuš P. Heterotridentate organomonophosphines in Pt(κ3-X1P1X2)(Y) (X1,2 = N1,2 or S1,2), Pt(κ3-P1N1X1)(Y) (X1 = O, C, S or Se) Pt(κ3–P1S1Cl1)(Cl) and Pt(κ3–P1Si1N1)(OL) - structural aspects. Crystals. 2022;12:1772. 10.3390/cryst12121772.Search in Google Scholar
[3] Melník M, Mikuš P. Organomonophosphines in Pt(η3-X1X2X3)(PL), (X = N1, N2, N3; S1, S2, S3; or Te1, Te2, Te3) derivatives: Structural aspects. Inorganics. 2023;11:242. 10.3390/inorganics11060242.Search in Google Scholar
[4] Motschi H, Nussbaumer C, Pregosin PS, Bachechi F, Mura P, Zambonelli L. The trans-Influence in Platinum (II) Complexes. 1H- and 13C-NMR. and X-ray structural studies of tridentate Schiff’s base complexes of platinum (II). Helv Chim Acta. 1980;63:2071–86. 10.1002/hlca.19800630734.Search in Google Scholar
[5] Dahm G, Borre E, Fu C, Bellemin-Laponaz S, Mauro M. Tridentate Complexes of Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Bearing bis-Aryloxide Triazole Ligands: A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. Chem Asian J. 2015;10:2368–79. 10.1002/asia.201500600.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[6] Halder S, Drew MGB, Bhattacharya S. Palladium and platinum complexes of 2-(2′-carboxyphenylazo)-4-methylphenol: Synthesis, structure and spectral properties. J Chem Sci (Bangelore India). 2008;120:441–6.10.1007/s12039-008-0069-1Search in Google Scholar
[7] Shaw PA, Clarkson GJ, Rourke JP. Oxidation of an o -tolyl phosphine complex of platinum: C-H activation and transcyclometallation. J Organomet Chem. 2017;851:115–21. 10.1016/j.jorganchem.09.026 file.Search in Google Scholar
[8] Shaw PA, Clarkson GJ, Rourke JP. Reversible C–C bond formation at a triply cyclometallated platinum(iv) centre. Chem Sci. 2017;8:5547–58. 10.1039/C7SC01361B.Search in Google Scholar
[9] Shaw PA, Clarkson GJ, Rourke JP. Long-lived Five-Coordinate Platinum(IV) Intermediates: regiospecific C-C coupling. Organometallics. 2016;35:3751–62. 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00697.Search in Google Scholar
[10] Shaw PA, Phillips JM, Newman CP, Clarkson GJ, Rourke JP. Intramolecular transcyclometallation: the exchange of an aryl–Pt bond for an alkyl–Pt bond via an agostic intermediate. Chem Commun. 2015;51:8365–8. 10.1039/C5CC02355F.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[11] Baya M, Belío U, Fernandez I, Fuertes S, Martin A. Unusual Metal–Metal Bonding in a Dinuclear Pt–Au Complex: Snapshot of a Transmetalation Process. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2016;55:6978–82. 10.1002/anie.201602081.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[12] Fuertes S, Brayshaw SK, Raithby PR, Schiffers S, Warren MR. New C∧N∧C bis-cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes: Synthesis, structures, and photophysical properties. Organometallics. 2012;31:105–19. 10.1021/om200589q.Search in Google Scholar
[13] Yam VWW, Tang RPL, Wong KMC, Lu XX, Cheung KK, Zhu N. Synthesis, electronic absorption, emission, and ion-binding studies of platinum(III) C empty set N empty set C and terpyridyl complexes containing crown ether pendants. Chem Eur J. 2002;8:4066–76. 10.1002/1521-3765(20020902)8:17<4066: AID-CHEM4066>3.0.CO;2-O.Search in Google Scholar
[14] Arsenyan P, Oberte K, Rubina K, Belyakov S. Synthesis and application of a new selenoplatinum catalyst. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005;46:1001–3. 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.12.039.Search in Google Scholar
[15] Ho YM, Koo CK, Wong KL, Kong HK, Chan CTL, Kwok WM, et al. The synthesis and photophysical studies of cyclometalated Pt(ii) complexes with C,N,N-ligands containing imidazolyl donors. Dalton Trans. 2012;41:1792–800. 10.1039/C1DT11037C.Search in Google Scholar
[16] Kui SCF, Sham IHT, Cheung CCC, Ma CW, Yan B, Zhu N, et al. Platinum(II) Complexes with π-Conjugated, Naphthyl-Substituted, Cyclometalated Ligands (RC^N^N): Structures and Photo- and Electroluminescence. Chem Eur J. 2007;13:417–35. 10.1002/chem.200600686.Search in Google Scholar
[17] Sanning J, Stegemann L, Ewen PR, Schwermann C, Daniliuc CG, Zhag D, et al. Colour-tunable asymmetric cyclometalated Pt(II) complexes and STM-assisted stability assessment of ancillary ligands for OLEDs. J Mater Chem C. 2016;4:2560–5. 10.1039/C6TC00093B.Search in Google Scholar
[18] Xu QQ, Wang DH, Chi SM, Gan X, Fu WF. Synthesis, structures and spectroscopic properties of platinum(II), copper(I) and zinc(II) complexes bearing 4-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine ligand. Inorg Chim Acta. 2009;362:2529–36. 10.1016/j.ica.2008.11.020.Search in Google Scholar
[19] Koo CK, Ho YM, Chow CF, Lam MHW, Lau TC, Wong WY. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies of Cyclometalated Pt(II) Complexes Containing a Functionalized Cyclometalating Ligand, 2-Phenyl-6-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-pyridine. Inorg Chem. 2007;46:3603–12. 10.1021/ic062439j.Search in Google Scholar
[20] Poyraz M, Demirayak S, Banti CN, Manos MJ, Kourkoumelis N, Hadjikakou SK. Platinum(II)-thiosemicarbazone drugs override the cell resistance due to glutathione; assessment of their activity against human adenocarcinoma cells. J Coord Chem. 2016;69:3560–79. 10.1080/00958972.2016.1241394.Search in Google Scholar
[21] Matesanz AI, Albacete P, Souza P. Synthesis and characterization of a new bioactive mono(thiosemicarbazone) ligand based on 3,5-diacetyl-1,2,4-triazol diketone and its palladium and platinum complexes. Polyhedron. 2016;109:161–5. 10.1016/j.poly.2016.02.008.Search in Google Scholar
[22] Matesanz AI, Tapia S, Souza P. First 3,5-diacetyl-1,2,4-triazol derived mono(thiosemicarbazone) and its palladium and platinum complexes: Synthesis, structure and biological properties. Inorg Chim Acta. 2016;445:62–9. 10.1016/j.ica.2016.02.027.Search in Google Scholar
[23] Matesanz AI, Perles J, Souza P. New palladium and platinum complexes with bioactive 3,5-diacetyl-1,2,4-triazol bis(4-cyclohexyl thiosemicarbazone) ligand: chemistry, antiproliferative activity and preliminary toxicity studies. Dalton Trans. 2012;41:12538–47. 10.1039/C2DT31199B.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[24] Chivers T, McGregor K, Parvez M. Preparation and X-ray structures of tridentate (N,N,S) complexes of the diazene trarts-[PhSNC(4-MeC6H4)N[double bond, length half m-dash]NC(4-MeC6H4)NSPh] with platinum and palladium. J Chem Soc Chem Commun. 1993;12:1021–3. 10.1039/C39930001021.Search in Google Scholar
[25] Chivers T, McGregor K, Parvez M. Preparation and X-ray Structures of Platinum and Palladium Complexes of the Chalcogen-Substituted Diazenes trans-[PhEN(4-CH3C6H4)CN = NC(4-CH3C6H4)NEPh] (E = S, Se). Inorg Chem. 1994;33:2364–9. 10.1021/ic00089a010.Search in Google Scholar
[26] Yang L, Powell DR, Houser RP. Structural variation in copper(i) complexes with pyridylmethylamide ligands: structural analysis with a new four-coordinate geometry index, τ4. Dalton Trans. 2007;9:955–64. 10.1039/b617136b.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Articles in the same Issue
- Regular Articles
- Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
- Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
- Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
- Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
- Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
- Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
- Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
- Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
- Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
- Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
- Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
- Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
- Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
- The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
- Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
- Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
- Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
- Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
- Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
- Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
- Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
- Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
- Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
- Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
- Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
- pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
- Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
- Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
- Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
- Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
- Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
- Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
- Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
- Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
- Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
- Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
- Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
- Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
- Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
- Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
- Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
- Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
- Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
- GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
- Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
- Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
- One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
- Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
- A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
- Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
- Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
- Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
- Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
- FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
- Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
- 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
- Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
- Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
- Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
- Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
- Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
- Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
- Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
- Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
- Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
- Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
- Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
- Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
- Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
- Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
- Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
- Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
- Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
- LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
- Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
- Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
- Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
- Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
- Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
- A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
- Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
- Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
- Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
- Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
- Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
- Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
- Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
- Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
- Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
- Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
- Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
- Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
- Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
- Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
- Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
- Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
- Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
- Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
- Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
- Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
- Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
- Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
- Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
- The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
- A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
- Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
- Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
- Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
- Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
- HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
- Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
- Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
- Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
- Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
- Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
- Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
- Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
- Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
- Review Articles
- Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
- Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
- Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
- Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
- Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
- Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
- Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
- Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
- Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
- Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
- Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
- Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
- Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
- Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
- Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
- Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
- Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
- Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
- Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
- In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
- Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
- A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
- A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
- Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
- Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
- Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
- Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
- Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
- Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
- Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
- 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
- Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
- Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
Articles in the same Issue
- Regular Articles
- Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
- Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
- Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
- Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
- Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
- Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
- Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
- Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
- Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
- Synthesis of multi-template molecularly imprinted polymers (MT-MIPs) for isolating ethyl para-methoxycinnamate and ethyl cinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L., extract with methacrylic acid as functional monomer
- Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
- Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
- Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
- The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
- Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
- Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
- Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
- Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
- Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
- Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
- Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
- Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
- Integrated track of nano-informatics coupling with the enrichment concept in developing a novel nanoparticle targeting ERK protein in Naegleria fowleri
- Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
- Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
- pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
- Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
- Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
- Effect of silver nanoparticles formulated by Silybum marianum on menopausal urinary incontinence in ovariectomized rats
- Synthesis of new analogs of N-substituted(benzoylamino)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridines
- Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
- Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
- Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
- Preparation and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sodium aescinate solid lipid nanoparticles
- Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
- Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
- Investigating the interplay of genetic variations, MCP-1 polymorphism, and docking with phytochemical inhibitors for combatting dengue virus pathogenicity through in silico analysis
- Ultrasound induced biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles embedded into chitosan polymers: Investigation of its anti-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma effects
- Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
- Sprouted wheat flour for improving physical, chemical, rheological, microbial load, and quality properties of fino bread
- Comparative toxicity assessment of fisetin-aided artificial intelligence-assisted drug design targeting epibulbar dermoid through phytochemicals
- Acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of bis-thiourea derivatives
- Anti-diabetic activity-guided isolation of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory terpenes from Capsella bursa-pastoris Linn.
- GC–MS analysis of Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 metabolites and its computational analysis on familial pulmonary fibrosis hub genes
- Green formulation of copper nanoparticles by Pistacia khinjuk leaf aqueous extract: Introducing a novel chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of prostate cancer
- Improved photocatalytic properties of WO3 nanoparticles for Malachite green dye degradation under visible light irradiation: An effect of La doping
- One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
- Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
- A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
- Processing of alcohol pomelo beverage (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) using saccharomyces yeast: Optimization, physicochemical quality, and sensory characteristics
- Specialized compounds of four Cameroonian spices: Isolation, characterization, and in silico evaluation as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
- Identification of a novel drug target in Porphyromonas gingivalis by a computational genome analysis approach
- Physico-chemical properties and durability of a fly-ash-based geopolymer
- FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
- Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
- 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
- Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
- Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
- Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
- Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
- Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
- Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
- Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
- Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
- Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
- Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
- Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
- Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
- Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
- Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
- Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
- Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
- Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
- LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
- Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
- Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
- Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
- Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
- Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
- A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
- Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
- Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
- Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
- Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
- Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
- Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
- Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
- Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
- Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
- Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
- Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
- Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
- Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
- Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
- Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
- Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
- Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
- Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
- Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
- Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
- Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
- Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
- Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
- The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
- A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
- Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
- Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
- Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
- Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
- HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
- Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
- Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
- Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
- Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
- Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
- Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
- Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
- Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
- Review Articles
- Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
- Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
- Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
- Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
- Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
- Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
- Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
- Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
- Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
- Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
- Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
- Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
- Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
- Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
- Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
- Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
- Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
- Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
- Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
- In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
- Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
- A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
- A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
- Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
- Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
- Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
- Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
- Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
- Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
- Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
- 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
- Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
- Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models