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Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions

  • Soufiane Drioua , Otman El-Guourrami , Mouna Ameggouz , Fatima Zahra Benkhouili , Amine Assouguem , Mohammed Kara EMAIL logo , Omkulthom Al Kamaly , Anwar M. Alnakhli , Abdessamad Ait Benlabchir , Hanane Benzeid and Anass Doukkali
Published/Copyright: July 5, 2024
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 22 Issue 1

Abstract

This study investigates the chemical composition and potential medicinal properties of different fractions of Chenopodium ambrosioides using mass spectrometry. C. ambrosioides, commonly known as epazote, has been traditionally used in folk medicine for its purported health benefits. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding its bioactive compounds and their physiological effects. Our study aims to fill this gap by analyzing the chemical constituents of three fractions of C. ambrosioides – CHF, BF, and AF – and assessing their antioxidant and antipyretic properties. The results reveal a diverse array of bioactive compounds in each fraction, including protocatechuic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which are known for their pharmacological activities. Notably, the CHF fraction exhibits compounds linked to antioxidant effects, suggesting potential therapeutic applications in managing oxidative stress-related disorders. Furthermore, the AF and BF fractions also contain compounds with antioxidant properties, emphasizing the plant’s potential health benefits. In addition to chemical analysis, the study evaluates the antipyretic activity of these fractions using a murine model. Significant reductions in rectal temperatures are observed in groups treated with FB and FA fractions, indicating a potential role in modulating body temperature. Conversely, moderate effects are noted in the FCH and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) groups, suggesting a milder response within safe limits. These findings underscore the importance of further mechanistic studies to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying the observed effects and ensure the safe utilization of C. ambrosioides fractions in medicinal applications. By bridging the gap between traditional knowledge and scientific evidence, this study contributes to advancing our understanding of the therapeutic potential of C. ambrosioides and lays the groundwork for future research in this field.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: Chenopodium ambrosioides ; fractions; antipyretic activity; phytochemical analysis; LC–MS/MS

1 Introduction

The plant known as Chenopodium ambrosioides, commonly called “Mkhinza,” is a prevalent annual herb belonging to the Amaranthaceae family. Originally hailing from Central and South America, it has spread extensively throughout tropical and subtropical regions globally, showcasing its remarkable adaptability and resilience. Throughout history, this botanical marvel has held a revered status in traditional medicine, with its leaves and stems serving as potent remedies for a myriad of ailments. From alleviating headaches and abdominal pain to easing joint discomfort and respiratory issues, C. ambrosioides has been a stalwart ally in the pursuit of health and wellness for generations. This rich tapestry of traditional usage underscores the plant’s cultural significance and underscores its potential as a source of valuable medicinal compounds [1].

Fever, a complex physiological response involving a cascade of intricate mechanisms remains a ubiquitous challenge in medical practice. From infancy to old age, febrile episodes can arise from diverse etiologies, ranging from infectious pathogens to inflammatory conditions. At the heart of this phenomenon lie prostaglandins (PGs), lipid compounds that exert profound effects on thermoregulation and immune function [2]. The synthesis and release of PGs during the immune response play a pivotal role in fever genesis and maintenance, amplifying the body’s defenses against invading pathogens. However, unchecked PG production can lead to excessive fever, necessitating pharmacological interventions to restore homeostasis and alleviate discomfort. Thus, understanding the intricate interplay between PGs and fever pathology is crucial for devising effective therapeutic strategies [3].

C. ambrosioides emerges as a captivating subject of pharmacological inquiry, owing to its rich phytochemical composition and potential therapeutic properties. Within its botanical bounty lies a myriad of bioactive compounds, each holding the promise of novel pharmacological applications [4]. This study endeavors to unravel the chemical constituents of C. ambrosioides sourced from the Rabat region in Morocco, shedding light on its pharmacological potential, particularly in the context of fever management. By employing a multifaceted approach encompassing chemical analysis and pharmacological assessment, this research aims to bridge the gap between traditional knowledge and scientific inquiry, unlocking the therapeutic treasures hidden within this botanical gem [5].

The exploration of C. ambrosioides’s pharmacological potential is not merely an academic pursuit but holds profound implications for public health and medical practice. With the rising prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the limitations of conventional therapies, there is an urgent need to explore alternative sources of therapeutic agents. Natural products, derived from plants and other organisms, have long served as reservoirs of bioactive compounds, offering novel avenues for drug discovery and development. C. ambrosioides, with its rich history of traditional usage and its complex chemical profile, presents a tantalizing opportunity for pharmacological exploration. By systematically elucidating its chemical constituents and evaluating its pharmacological effects, this study seeks to unlock the therapeutic potential of C. ambrosioides, paving the way for the development of novel fever-reducing agents and antimicrobial therapies [6].

The geographical origin of C. ambrosioides, particularly its collection from the Rabat region in Morocco, adds a unique dimension to this study. Environmental factors such as soil composition, climate, and altitude can profoundly influence the chemical composition of plants, leading to variations in their pharmacological properties. By focusing on specimens sourced from a specific geographical region, this study aims to capture the inherent diversity within C. ambrosioides’s chemical profile and its potential implications for pharmacological activity. Moreover, by establishing a connection between traditional usage and scientific inquiry, this research seeks to validate the efficacy of C. ambrosioides as a medicinal agent, providing empirical evidence to support its continued use in folk medicine practices [4].

The integration of chemical analysis and pharmacological evaluation represents a synergistic approach to uncovering C. ambrosioides’s medicinal potential. Through advanced analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), researchers can identify and characterize the diverse array of chemical compounds present in C. ambrosioides. From polyphenols and flavonoids to terpenoids and alkaloids, each compound holds unique pharmacological properties, contributing to the overall therapeutic profile of the plant. By elucidating the chemical constituents of C. ambrosioides, researchers can gain valuable insights into its pharmacological mechanisms of action, laying the foundation for targeted therapeutic interventions [7].

In parallel, pharmacological assessment provides a window into C. ambrosioides’s physiological effects, particularly in the context of fever management. By employing animal models and in vitro assays, researchers can evaluate the plant’s antipyretic properties, elucidating its potential mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy. Through meticulous experimentation and data analysis, this research aims to establish a causal relationship between C. ambrosioides’s chemical composition and its pharmacological effects, providing a scientific rationale for its traditional usage as a fever-reducing agent.

This comprehensive approach, integrating chemical analysis and pharmacological evaluation, holds immense promise for unlocking the therapeutic potential of C. ambrosioides. By elucidating its chemical constituents and evaluating its pharmacological effects, researchers can not only validate its traditional usage but also identify novel therapeutic applications. From fever management to antimicrobial therapy, C. ambrosioides offers a treasure trove of pharmacological possibilities, awaiting exploration and exploitation for the betterment of human health [1].

The study of C. ambrosioides represents a convergence of traditional knowledge and scientific inquiry, with profound implications for pharmacological research and medical practice. By unraveling its chemical constituents and evaluating its pharmacological effects, researchers can unlock the therapeutic potential of this botanical marvel, paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic agents. From fever management to antimicrobial therapy, C. ambrosioides offers many pharmacological possibilities, poised to revolutionize natural product pharmacology. Through interdisciplinary collaboration and rigorous scientific inquiry, we can harness the healing power of C. ambrosioides for the betterment of human health and well-being.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Plant material

The entire plant of C. ambrosioides (Chenopodiaceae) was meticulously collected in the Rabat region of Morocco during the period from May to July 2021 (geographical coordinates: 33.970878, −6.814212). To ensure botanical authenticity, rigorous authentication procedures were conducted by the expert floristics team at the esteemed Scientific Institute of Rabat. A representative specimen of this species has been meticulously cataloged and preserved within the herbarium of the Scientific Institute of Rabat, designated with the unique sample identifier RAB113708. Following collection, the harvested plant samples underwent careful drying under ambient conditions within the laboratory premises, preparatory to the subsequent extraction process. The desiccated plant material was then finely powdered utilizing a Binatone Moulinex blender, ensuring optimal consistency for further analytical procedures.

2.2 Fraction preparation

To prepare the fractions, 50 g of the dried aerial part of C. ambrosioides underwent a Soxhlet extraction with cyclohexane. Following dry evaporation, the resulting cyclohexane fraction was collected. The residue obtained was then oven-dried for 24 h and subjected to hydroalcoholic maceration using a mixture of ethanol and water (50/50). After filtering the mixture and evaporating the ethanol, successive liquid–liquid separations were performed on the aqueous phase using solvents of increasing polarity (ethyl acetate and n-butanol). This process was repeated three times for each solvent (100 mL each time), resulting in ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions after dry evaporation.

The extraction rate was calculated using the following formula:

R = ( M i / M ) × 100 ,

where M i is the mass of the extract and M is the mass of the initial plant material.

2.3 Mass spectrometer and chromatograph conditions

We utilized an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system manufactured by Shimadzu-Nexera, coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer, for the quantitative analysis of 53 phytochemicals. The reverse-phase UHPLC setup included essential components such as an automatic sampler (SIL-30AC model), a column oven (CTO-10ASvp model), binary pumps (LC-30AD model), and a degasser (DGU-20A3R model). To ensure optimal separation and minimize signal suppression, we meticulously fine-tuned the chromatographic conditions. Various columns were evaluated and employed, including the Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 model (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.7 µm) and the RP-C18 Inertsil ODS-4 model (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 2 µm). A range of mobile phases, such as acetonitrile and methanol, supplemented with diverse additives including ammonium formate, formic acid, ammonium acetate, and acetic acid, were tested. Column temperatures were systematically adjusted between 25 and 40°C until the optimal conditions for effective separation and detection were achieved.

In the final analysis, chromatographic separation was meticulously executed on an analytical reverse-phase Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.7 µm), maintaining the column temperature at a constant 40°C. The eluent gradient consisted of eluent A (water + 5 mM ammonium formate + 0.1% formic acid) and eluent B (methanol + 5 mM ammonium formate + 0.1% formic acid). The elution profile followed a gradient pattern: starting from 20% B and reaching 100% B within 25 min, maintaining 100% B for the subsequent 10 min, and returning to 20% B over the final 10 min. Moreover, the solvent flow rate and injection volume were meticulously set at 0.5 mL/min and 5 µL, respectively. For mass spectrometric detection, a Shimadzu LCMS-8040 tandem mass spectrometer, equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source capable of operating in both negative and positive ionization modes, was employed. LC–ESI-MS/MS data were diligently acquired and processed utilizing the LabSolutions software provided by Shimadzu.

The quantification of phytochemicals was performed using the multiple reaction monitoring mode. This method was precisely calibrated to selectively identify and quantify phytochemical compounds by targeting specific precursor ion-to-fragment ion transitions. Collision energies were meticulously adjusted to ensure optimal fragmentation, maximizing the transmission of the desired product ions. The mass spectrometer’s operating parameters were set as follows: a drying gas flow rate (N₂) of 15 L/min, a nebulizing gas flow rate (N₂) of 3 L/min, a desolvation line temperature of 250°C, a heating block temperature of 400°C, and an interface temperature of 350°C.

These conditions, together with the UHPLC system, facilitated the acquisition of high-quality data for the quantitative analysis of the 53 phytochemicals. This precision was crucial for accurately assessing the samples. By carefully adjusting both chromatographic and spectrometric parameters, the method’s sensitivity and selectivity were optimized, ensuring the production of reliable and reproducible results.

2.4 Assessment of antipyretic activity

The study of antipyretic activity was conducted following the method outlined by Sawadogo et al. [8]. Hyperthermia was induced by subcutaneous injection at the nape of the mouse with a 20% aqueous suspension of Brewer’s yeast at a dose of 10 mL/kg. Mice were selected for the experiment after verifying the stability of their approximate rectal temperature for a week. Subsequently, the mice underwent an 18-h fasting period during which their rectal temperature was measured again using an electronic thermometer. Mice showing an increase in temperature of 0.5°C or more were chosen for further investigation. These selected mice were then administered either plant extracts or a standard treatment, with rectal temperature measurements taken 1 h post-administration and then hourly for 4 h.

2.5 Statistical analysis

The statistical treatment of the data involved the expression of results as mean values accompanied by their respective standard deviations. The analysis was conducted utilizing the one-way analysis of variance method.

3 Results

3.1 Mass spectrometer and chromatograph conditions

The chemical composition of the plant was determined using the LC–MS/MS method. The results of the compounds identified in the plant are presented in Table 1. This table shows the various chemical compounds present in the plant and their respective percentages in the total composition.

Table 1

Compounds identified in C. ambrosioides extracts and fractions by LC–MS/MS

Compound name CHF fraction BF fraction FA fracton
Fumaric acid — 0.094 0.139
Aconitic acid — 0.018 0.025
Protocatechuic acid 0.039 0.477 0.061
4-OH benzoic acid — — —
Caffeic acid — 0.014 —
p-Coumaric acid — 0.219 0.037
Salicylic acid — 0.076 —
Acacetin 0.036 0.03 0.023
Vanillin 0.114 —
Quercitrin acid — — 2.934
Gallic acid — 0.013 —
Gentisic acid — 0.147 —
Chlorogenic acid — 0.206 —
Rutin — 4.1 —
Isoquercitrin — 0.182 —
Hesperidin — 2.1 —
Quercitrin — 0.039 —
Astragalin — 0.059 —
Nicotiflorin — 1.805 —
Quercetin — 0.127 —
Kaempferol — 0.019 —
Syringic aldehyde 0.059 — —

LC–MS/MS analysis was employed to identify and quantify compounds present in different fractions of C. ambrosioides. The results from this analysis provide valuable insights into bioactive compounds that could contribute to the medicinal properties of the plant.

The CHF fraction revealed the presence of protocatechuic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, and acetin. These compounds have been associated with various health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The detection of these compounds in the CHF fraction highlights its potential as a source of bioactive compounds that could undergo further exploration for medicinal applications.

The BF fraction exhibited a diverse range of compounds, including organic acids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Rutin, hesperidin, and nicotiflorine, flavonoids with antioxidant properties, were detected in significant quantities, emphasizing the potential health benefits of this fraction. Additionally, quinic acid, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid were present, contributing to the antioxidant potential of the BF fraction.

It is worth noting that the AF fraction also contained compounds such as quinic acid, fumaric acid, aconitic acid, and various phenolic compounds. This overlap of compounds among the fractions underscores the complexity of C. ambrosioides and emphasizes the need for further research to understand the synergistic interactions between these compounds.

In conclusion, LC–MS/MS analysis of fractions from C. ambrosioides revealed a rich and diverse chemical composition. The presence of organic acids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and fatty acids suggests the potential benefits of this plant for health and culinary applications. These findings lay the groundwork for further research aiming to elucidate the specific bioactive properties and potential therapeutic uses of C. ambrosioides. Additionally, the results underscore the importance of exploring natural sources of bioactive compounds that can contribute to human health and well-being.

3.2 Antipyretic activity

Table 2 presents the variations in rectal temperature of mice following the administration of fractions (FCH, FE, FB, FA) of C. ambrosioides at a dose of 200 mg/mL. These data provide crucial insights into the thermal response of mice to these treatments, which is an important indicator of the impact of these substances on the organism.

Table 2

Rectal temperature after Brewer’s yeast injection of mice treated with C. ambrosioides 200 kg/mL fractions (FCH, FE, FB, FA)

Rectal temperature Rectal temperature after administration Total reduction in temperature at the fourth hour
Groupe Before injection 0 h (18 h after inj) 1 h after gavage 2 h 3 h 4 h
FCH 37.15 ± 0.07 37.85 ± 0.2 37.5 ± 0.1 37.15 ± 0.7 37 ± 0.6 37.1 ± 0.6 0.75
FE 37.35 ± 0.5 37.85 ± 0.3 37 ± 0.7 37 ± 0.5 36.9 ± 0.5 36.95 ± 0.4 0.9
FB 37.3 ± 0.1 38.1 ± 0.2 37.5 ± 0.1 37.15 ± 0.7 37 ± 0.6 37.01 ± 0.6 1.09
FA 37.32 ± 0.2 38.05 ± 0.26 37.46 ± 0.2 36.96 ± 0.56 37.2 ± 0.6 36.95 ± 0.6 1.1
Control 37 ± 0.1 37.6 ± 0.2 37.55 ± 0.2 37.4 ± 0.2 37.4 ± 0.2 37.45 ± 0.1 0.15
Standard 37.4 ± 0.15 38.1 ± 0.14 37.9 ± 0.14 37.5 ± 0.14 37.3 ± 0.15 37.3 ± 0.15 0.78

Each value is expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean.

The table reveals several noteworthy points. Initially, before the injection of fractions, the rectal temperature of the mice was relatively stable, ranging between 37.15 and 37.38°C across the different groups. This initial stability is crucial in establishing a baseline reference.

However, of significant interest is the evolution of rectal temperature over subsequent hours. As time progresses, there is a trend towards restoration of temperature across all groups. By the fourth hour, the rectal temperature decreased compared to its initial value in most groups, indicating a gradual adaptation to the initial impact.

The reduction in rectal temperature at the fourth hour is a critical metric for evaluating the impact of the fractions. It is particularly pronounced in groups FB and FA, with reductions of 1.09 and 1.1°C, respectively. These values indicate that these fractions induced significant thermal responses in the mice, suggesting a potential effect on body temperature regulation.

In contrast, groups FCH and FE show slightly less than a 1°C reduction in rectal temperature, suggesting a moderate effect. Importantly, these reductions in temperature remain within limits that do not appear harmful to the mice.

In comparison, the control group exhibited the smallest reduction in rectal temperature at the fourth hour, with only 0.15°C. This indicates that the mice in the control group did not experience a significant impact on their body temperature during the study.

These results highlight the variation in the thermal response of mice to fractions of C. ambrosioides. The observed temperature reductions in several groups suggest that these substances could affect the regulation of the mice’s body temperature. However, it is essential to note that these effects vary depending on the tested fraction, and further studies are necessary to fully understand their mechanisms of action and their impact on animal health.

Table 3 displays the variations in rectal temperature among mice treated with fractions (FCH, FE, FB, FA) of C. ambrosioides, administered at a dose of 500 mg/mL. These data are crucial for evaluating the impact of these substances on the regulation of mice’s body temperature.

Table 3

Rectal temperature after Brewer’s yeast injection in mice treated with the 500 kg/mL C. ambrosioides fractions (FCH, FE, FB, FA)

Rectal temperature Rectal temperature after administration Total reduction in temperature at the fourth hour
Groupe Before injection 0 h (18 h after inj) 1 h after gavage 2 h 3 h 4 h
FCH 36.8 ± 0.3 37.63 ± 0.2 37.4 ± 0.2 36.93 ± 0.1 36.8 ± 0.1 36.85 ± 0.2 0.78
FE 37.32 ± 0.4 37.75 ± 0.3 37.05 ± 0.2 37 ± 0.1 36.45 ± 0.2 36.55 ± 0.2 1.2
FB 37.34 ± 0.2 38.32 ± 0.2 37.5 ± 0.5 37.6 ± 0.2 37.35 ± 0.2 37.05 ± 0.1 1.27
FA 37.24 ± 0.1 38.27 ± 0.1 37.9 ± 0.4 37.65 ± 0.3 37.4 ± 0.4 37.1 ± 0.6 1.17
Control 37 ± 0.1 37.6 ± 0.2 37.55 ± 0.2 37.4 ± 0.2 37.4 ± 0.2 36.45 ± 0.1 0.15
Standard 37.4 ± 0.15 38.1 ± 0.14 37.9 ± 0.14 37.5 ± 0.14 37.3 ± 0.15 37.3 ± 0.15 0.78

Each value is expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean.

Initially, before the injection of these extracts and fractions, the rectal temperature of mice in all groups was relatively stable, with initial values ranging between 36.8 and 37.4°C. This stability is essential in establishing a baseline reference.

However, what is particularly interesting is the evolution of rectal temperature over subsequent hours. As time passes, there is a trend toward normalization of temperature in most groups. By the fourth hour, the rectal temperature decreased compared to the initial hour in all groups, suggesting a gradual adaptation to the initial impact.

The reduction in rectal temperature at the fourth hour is a critical parameter for assessing the impact of the fractions. It is particularly pronounced in the FE, FB, and FA groups, with reductions of 1.2, 1.27, and 1.17°C, respectively. These values indicate that these fractions induced significant thermal responses in the mice, showing a potential effect on body temperature regulation.

Both the FCH groups and the control group show rectal temperature reductions slightly less than 1°C, suggesting a moderate effect. It is important to note that these reductions in temperature remain within limits that do not seem to endanger the health of the mice.

These results clearly highlight the variation in mice’s thermal responses to the administration of fractions of C. ambrosioides. The reductions in rectal temperature observed in several groups suggest that these substances can affect the regulation of mice’s body temperature. It is crucial to note that these effects vary depending on the tested fraction, and further in-depth studies are necessary to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms of these responses.

4 Discussion

The use of LC–MS/MS analysis has provided a comprehensive understanding of the chemical composition of different fractions of C. ambrosioides. This analysis has revealed a rich assortment of bioactive compounds with the potential to contribute to the medicinal properties of the plant.

The CHF fraction demonstrated the presence of several noteworthy compounds, including protocatechuic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, and acetin. These compounds have been associated with various health benefits, particularly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [9].

The detection of these compounds in the CHF fraction underscores its potential as a source of bioactive compounds worthy of further exploration for medicinal applications.

Similarly, the BF fraction exhibited a diverse range of compounds, including organic acids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Notably, significant quantities of rutin, hesperidin, and nicotiflorine were detected, all of which are flavonoids known for their antioxidant properties.

Additionally, the presence of quinic acid, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid contributes further to the antioxidant potential of the BF fraction [10].

The FA fraction also contained notable compounds such as quinic acid, fumaric acid, aconitic acid, and various phenolic compounds. The overlap of compounds among the fractions underscores the complexity of C. ambrosioides and highlights the need for further research to understand the synergistic interactions between these compounds.

The LC–MS/MS analysis of fractions from C. ambrosioides has revealed a rich and diverse chemical composition. The presence of organic acids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and fatty acids suggests the potential health benefits of this plant for various applications [10].

These findings lay the groundwork for further research aiming to elucidate the specific bioactive properties and potential therapeutic uses of C. ambrosioides. Additionally, the results underscore the importance of exploring natural sources of bioactive compounds that can contribute to human health and well-being.

The antipyretic activity of C. ambrosioides was evaluated by measuring its impact on the body temperature of feverish mice. The results indicate that most of the tested No extracts just fraction caused a slight reduction in the body temperature of the mice compared to the control group.

Comparing the results of the two administered doses, namely 200 and 500 mg/mL of extracts and fractions of C. ambrosioides, to assess the concentration’s impact on antipyretic activity. At the dose of 200 mg/mL, the data reveals a trend toward normalization of body temperature over time. The rectal temperature significantly decreases at the fourth hour in several groups, suggesting a potential antipyretic effect of these substances.

The reductions in rectal temperature observed at 200 mg/mL indicate a notable thermal response in mice. The EM, FB, FA, and EI groups showed temperature reductions of 1.3, 1.09, 1.1, and 0.78°C, respectively, indicating that these extracts have a significant impact on body temperature regulation. However, the FCH and FE groups exhibited slightly less than 1°C reductions in temperature, suggesting a moderate antipyretic effect. It is essential to note that these temperature reductions remain within limits that do not seem to endanger the health of the mice.

In comparison, at the dose of 500 mg/mL, the reductions in rectal temperature are more pronounced and widespread at the fourth hour. The EI, EM, FE, FB, and FA groups showed temperature reductions of 1, 1.3, 1.2, 1.27, and 1.17°C, respectively. These values indicate a more intense thermal response at these higher concentrations, suggesting a more pronounced antipyretic action.

The data clearly suggest a dose dependency in the antipyretic effect of extracts of C. ambrosioides. Higher concentrations appear to have a more significant impact on the regulation of mice’s body temperature. However, it is crucial to note that these effects also depend on the tested extract or fraction, emphasizing the complexity of the thermal response.

Pain often accompanies fever, underscoring the importance of assessing antipyretic effects. The induction of fever (hyperthermia) via Brewer’s yeast injection is associated with cytokine release (such as TNFα, IL1β, and IL6) that stimulates PG (PGE2) biosynthesis around the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center [11,12]. The aqueous extract derived from C. ambrosioides leaves significantly attenuated fever (hyperthermia) two hours after its onset (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001) [13]. This outcome suggests an antipyretic effect akin to the mechanism of PG synthesis interference, akin to the reference molecule paracetamol. Our findings echo previous studies [14] demonstrating antipyretic effects of the aqueous C. ambrosioides leaf extract in mice.

According to Hallal et al. [15], the aqueous extract of C. ambrosioides showed a significant degree of antipyretic activity at doses of 500 and 800 mg/kg. The reduction in hyperthermia was pronounced 60 min after administration and lasted for three hours. As per the findings of Lohdip et al. [16], hexadecenoic acid demonstrated antipyretic activity. Notably, it not only exhibited antipyretic effects but also displayed hypothermic activity, with temperatures dropping below those recorded prior to yeast administration even three hours post-administration [17]. This suggests that hexadecenoic acid maintains its antipyretic properties for a duration of at least three hours after administration.

These results present interesting prospects for future research on the antipyretic activity of C. ambrosioides. Further studies are necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of these thermal responses and to evaluate the safety and potential efficacy of these extracts at different concentrations. Moreover, identifying the specific compounds responsible for antipyretic activity and their mechanism of action would be a significant step toward the potential clinical use of these extracts in fever treatment. In summary, this research provides valuable insights into the influence of concentration on the antipyretic activity of C. ambrosioides and paves the way for future investigations.

5 Conclusion

The utilization of LC–MS/MS has yielded a comprehensive understanding of the chemical composition of different fractions of C. ambrosioides, revealing a rich assortment of bioactive compounds with potential medicinal benefits.

Analysis of the CHF, BF, and AF fractions unveiled a diverse array of compounds, including antioxidants, agents, organic acids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These findings underscore the broad therapeutic potential of C. ambrosioides across medicinal and culinary domains.

Furthermore, examination of antipyretic activity in mice following the administration of various fractions yielded intriguing results. Significant reductions in rectal temperature were observed after treatment, indicating potential effects on body temperature regulation. Notably, fractions such as FB and FA exhibited pronounced thermal responses at both 200 and 500 mg/mL doses, suggesting their capacity to modulate body temperature.

However, variations in thermal response intensity were noted among different groups, with some exhibiting moderate reductions and others showing negligible impact compared to the control group.

Chemical analysis has unveiled a diverse range of bioactive compounds in C. ambrosioides fractions, hinting at promising medicinal applications. The observed thermal responses in mice underscore the potential impact of these fractions on body temperature regulation, highlighting avenues for further investigation into their specific mechanisms and therapeutic applications.

Acknowledgment

The authors extend their appreciation for Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2024R489), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: This research was funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2024R489), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: S.D., O.E., and M.K. – conceptualization; S.D., M.A., O.A., and A.M.A. – formal analysis; S.D., M.K., F.B., and A.A. – investigation; S.D., A.A., A.A.B., and H.B. – writing – original draft; S.D., M.K., O.A., and M.A. – software; S.D., M.K., A.A., and O.A. – writing – review and editing; and H.B. and A.D. – supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: Ethical approval to report this case was obtained from the scientific committee of the Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.

  5. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2024-02-07
Revised: 2024-04-02
Accepted: 2024-05-03
Published Online: 2024-07-05

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
  8. Phytochemical analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antifungal activities of extracts and essential oil derived from Artemisia herba-alba Asso
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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2024-0055
Keywords for this article
Chenopodium ambrosioides; fractions; antipyretic activity; phytochemical analysis; LC–MS/MS
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Porous silicon nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, and their antifungal activity
  3. Biochar from de-oiled Chlorella vulgaris and its adsorption on antibiotics
  4. Phytochemicals profiling, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, and in silico studies on Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb.: A comprehensive approach
  5. Synthesis, characterization, in silico and in vitro studies of novel glycoconjugates as potential antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial agents
  6. Sonochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by potato starch: Its performance in the treatment of esophageal cancer
  7. Computational study of ADME-Tox prediction of selected phytochemicals from Punica granatum peels
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  9. Two triazole-based coordination polymers: Synthesis and crystal structure characterization
  10. Phytochemical and physicochemical studies of different apple varieties grown in Morocco
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  12. Nutraceutical potential of Mesembryanthemum forsskaolii Hochst. ex Bioss.: Insights into its nutritional composition, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activity
  13. Evaluation of influence of Butea monosperma floral extract on inflammatory biomarkers
  14. Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study
  15. The effect of gamma radiation on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion in water and dimethyl sulfoxide
  16. Hollow mushroom nanomaterials for potentiometric sensing of Pb2+ ions in water via the intercalation of iodide ions into the polypyrrole matrix
  17. Determination of essential oil and chemical composition of St. John’s Wort
  18. Computational design and in vitro assay of lantadene-based novel inhibitors of NS3 protease of dengue virus
  19. Anti-parasitic activity and computational studies on a novel labdane diterpene from the roots of Vachellia nilotica
  20. Microbial dynamics and dehydrogenase activity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rhizospheres: Impacts on growth and soil health across different soil types
  21. Correlation between in vitro anti-urease activity and in silico molecular modeling approach of novel imidazopyridine–oxadiazole hybrids derivatives
  22. Spatial mapping of indoor air quality in a light metro system using the geographic information system method
  23. Iron indices and hemogram in renal anemia and the improvement with Tribulus terrestris green-formulated silver nanoparticles applied on rat model
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  25. Cytotoxic and phytochemical screening of Solanum lycopersicum–Daucus carota hydro-ethanolic extract and in silico evaluation of its lycopene content as anticancer agent
  26. Protective activities of silver nanoparticles containing Panax japonicus on apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidative alterations in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity
  27. pH-based colorimetric detection of monofunctional aldehydes in liquid and gas phases
  28. Investigating the effect of resveratrol on apoptosis and regulation of gene expression of Caco-2 cells: Unravelling potential implications for colorectal cancer treatment
  29. Metformin inhibits knee osteoarthritis induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats: S100A8/9 and S100A12 as players and therapeutic targets
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  32. Response of yield and quality of Japonica rice to different gradients of moisture deficit at grain-filling stage in cold regions
  33. Preparation of an inclusion complex of nickel-based β-cyclodextrin: Characterization and accelerating the osteoarthritis articular cartilage repair
  34. Empagliflozin-loaded nanomicelles responsive to reactive oxygen species for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury protection
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  36. Assessment of potentially toxic elements and health risks of agricultural soil in Southwest Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  37. Theoretical investigation of hydrogen-rich fuel production through ammonia decomposition
  38. Biosynthesis and screening of cobalt nanoparticles using citrus species for antimicrobial activity
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  41. Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens
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  49. One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device
  50. Groundwater quality and health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride in Al Qaseem area, Saudi Arabia
  51. A comparative study of the antifungal efficacy and phytochemical composition of date palm leaflet extracts
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  56. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitory potentials of some phytochemicals from anti-leukemic plants using computational chemical methodologies
  57. Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils
  58. 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, simulation dynamic, and retrosynthesis studies on new styrylquinolines derivatives against breast cancer
  59. Deciphering the influenza neuraminidase inhibitory potential of naturally occurring biflavonoids: An in silico approach
  60. Determination of heavy elements in agricultural regions, Saudi Arabia
  61. Synthesis and characterization of antioxidant-enriched Moringa oil-based edible oleogel
  62. Ameliorative effects of thistle and thyme honeys on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity in mice
  63. Study of phytochemical compound and antipyretic activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. fractions
  64. Investigating the adsorption mechanism of zinc chloride-modified porous carbon for sulfadiazine removal from water
  65. Performance repair of building materials using alumina and silica composite nanomaterials with electrodynamic properties
  66. Effects of nanoparticles on the activity and resistance genes of anaerobic digestion enzymes in livestock and poultry manure containing the antibiotic tetracycline
  67. Effect of copper nanoparticles green-synthesized using Ocimum basilicum against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice lung infection model
  68. Cardioprotective effects of nanoparticles green formulated by Spinacia oleracea extract on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in mice by the determination of PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway
  69. Anti-OTC antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic/silica and fluorescent hybrid silica nanoparticles for oxytetracycline detection
  70. Curcumin conjugated zinc nanoparticles for the treatment of myocardial infarction
  71. Identification and in silico screening of natural phloroglucinols as potential PI3Kα inhibitors: A computational approach for drug discovery
  72. Exploring the phytochemical profile and antioxidant evaluation: Molecular docking and ADMET analysis of main compounds from three Solanum species in Saudi Arabia
  73. Unveiling the molecular composition and biological properties of essential oil derived from the leaves of wild Mentha aquatica L.: A comprehensive in vitro and in silico exploration
  74. Analysis of bioactive compounds present in Boerhavia elegans seeds by GC-MS
  75. Homology modeling and molecular docking study of corticotrophin-releasing hormone: An approach to treat stress-related diseases
  76. LncRNA MIR17HG alleviates heart failure via targeting MIR17HG/miR-153-3p/SIRT1 axis in in vitro model
  77. Development and validation of a stability indicating UPLC-DAD method coupled with MS-TQD for ramipril and thymoquinone in bioactive SNEDDS with in silico toxicity analysis of ramipril degradation products
  78. Biosynthesis of Ag/Cu nanocomposite mediated by Curcuma longa: Evaluation of its antibacterial properties against oral pathogens
  79. Development of AMBER-compliant transferable force field parameters for polytetrafluoroethylene
  80. Treatment of gestational diabetes by Acroptilon repens leaf aqueous extract green-formulated iron nanoparticles in rats
  81. Development and characterization of new ecological adsorbents based on cardoon wastes: Application to brilliant green adsorption
  82. A fast, sensitive, greener, and stability-indicating HPLC method for the standardization and quantitative determination of chlorhexidine acetate in commercial products
  83. Assessment of Se, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb content status in Ankang tea plantations of China
  84. Effect of transition metal chloride (ZnCl2) on low-temperature pyrolysis of high ash bituminous coal
  85. Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder
  86. Development and characterization of functional low-fat frozen dairy dessert enhanced with dried lemongrass powder
  87. Scrutinizing the effect of additive and synergistic antibiotics against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  88. Preparation, characterization, and determination of the therapeutic effects of copper nanoparticles green-formulated by Pistacia atlantica in diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in rat
  89. Antioxidant and antidiabetic potentials of methoxy-substituted Schiff bases using in vitro, in vivo, and molecular simulation approaches
  90. Anti-melanoma cancer activity and chemical profile of the essential oil of Seseli yunnanense Franch
  91. Molecular docking analysis of subtilisin-like alkaline serine protease (SLASP) and laccase with natural biopolymers
  92. Overcoming methicillin resistance by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Computational evaluation of napthyridine and oxadiazoles compounds for potential dual inhibition of PBP-2a and FemA proteins
  93. Exploring novel antitubercular agents: Innovative design of 2,3-diaryl-quinoxalines targeting DprE1 for effective tuberculosis treatment
  94. Drimia maritima flowers as a source of biologically potent components: Optimization of bioactive compound extractions, isolation, UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, and pharmacological properties
  95. Estimating molecular properties, drug-likeness, cardiotoxic risk, liability profile, and molecular docking study to characterize binding process of key phyto-compounds against serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
  96. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based microgels for enhancing solubility of Terbinafine: An in-vitro and in-vivo toxicological evaluation
  97. Phyto-mediated synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and their sunlight-driven photocatalytic degradation of cationic and anionic dyes
  98. Monosodium glutamate induces hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis hyperactivation, glucocorticoid receptors down-regulation, and systemic inflammatory response in young male rats: Impact on miR-155 and miR-218
  99. Quality control analyses of selected honey samples from Serbia based on their mineral and flavonoid profiles, and the invertase activity
  100. Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthus niruri leaf extract: Assessment of antimicrobial activity, effectiveness on tropical neglected mosquito vector control, and biocompatibility using a fibroblast cell line model
  101. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles containing Cichorium intybus to treat the sepsis-induced DNA damage in the liver of Wistar albino rats
  102. Quality changes of durian pulp (Durio ziberhinus Murr.) in cold storage
  103. Study on recrystallization process of nitroguanidine by directly adding cold water to control temperature
  104. Determination of heavy metals and health risk assessment in drinking water in Bukayriyah City, Saudi Arabia
  105. Larvicidal properties of essential oils of three Artemisia species against the chemically insecticide-resistant Nile fever vector Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae): In vitro and in silico studies
  106. Design, synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations, along with in silico and in vitro antimicrobial proprieties of new isoxazole-amide conjugates
  107. The impact of drying and extraction methods on total lipid, fatty acid profile, and cytotoxicity of Tenebrio molitor larvae
  108. A zinc oxide–tin oxide–nerolidol hybrid nanomaterial: Efficacy against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
  109. Research on technological process for production of muskmelon juice (Cucumis melo L.)
  110. Physicochemical components, antioxidant activity, and predictive models for quality of soursop tea (Annona muricata L.) during heat pump drying
  111. Characterization and application of Fe1−xCoxFe2O4 nanoparticles in Direct Red 79 adsorption
  112. Torilis arvensis ethanolic extract: Phytochemical analysis, antifungal efficacy, and cytotoxicity properties
  113. Magnetite–poly-1H pyrrole dendritic nanocomposite seeded on poly-1H pyrrole: A promising photocathode for green hydrogen generation from sanitation water without using external sacrificing agent
  114. HPLC and GC–MS analyses of phytochemical compounds in Haloxylon salicornicum extract: Antibacterial and antifungal activity assessment of phytopathogens
  115. Efficient and stable to coking catalysts of ethanol steam reforming comprised of Ni + Ru loaded on MgAl2O4 + LnFe0.7Ni0.3O3 (Ln = La, Pr) nanocomposites prepared via cost-effective procedure with Pluronic P123 copolymer
  116. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots probe for selectively detecting Hg2+ in water samples and the detection mechanism
  117. Heavy metals in road dust from typical old industrial areas of Wuhan: Seasonal distribution and bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment
  118. Phytochemical profiling and bioactivity evaluation of CBD- and THC-enriched Cannabis sativa extracts: In vitro and in silico investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
  119. Investigating dye adsorption: The role of surface-modified montmorillonite nanoclay in kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics
  120. Antimicrobial activity, induction of ROS generation in HepG2 liver cancer cells, and chemical composition of Pterospermum heterophyllum
  121. Study on the performance of nanoparticle-modified PVDF membrane in delaying membrane aging
  122. Impact of cholesterol in encapsulated vitamin E acetate within cocoliposomes
  123. Review Articles
  124. Structural aspects of Pt(η3-X1N1X2)(PL) (X1,2 = O, C, or Se) and Pt(η3-N1N2X1)(PL) (X1 = C, S, or Se) derivatives
  125. Biosurfactants in biocorrosion and corrosion mitigation of metals: An overview
  126. Stimulus-responsive MOF–hydrogel composites: Classification, preparation, characterization, and their advancement in medical treatments
  127. Electrochemical dissolution of titanium under alternating current polarization to obtain its dioxide
  128. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Green Chemistry
  129. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Vitex agnus-castus L.
  130. Phytochemical study, antioxidant activity, and dermoprotective activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.)
  131. Exploitation of mangliculous marine fungi, Amarenographium solium, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their activity against multiple drug-resistant bacteria
  132. Study of the phytotoxicity of margines on Pistia stratiotes L.
  133. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Energy, Environmental and Biological Applications - Part III
  134. Impact of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth, development, and antioxidant system of high protein content crop (Lablab purpureus L.) sweet
  135. Green synthesis, characterization, and application of iron and molybdenum nanoparticles and their composites for enhancing the growth of Solanum lycopersicum
  136. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Olea europaea L. extracted polysaccharides, characterization, and its assessment as an antimicrobial agent against multiple pathogenic microbes
  137. Photocatalytic treatment of organic dyes using metal oxides and nanocomposites: A quantitative study
  138. Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles
  139. Special Issue on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Scrutinization of Medicinal Plants
  140. Hepatoprotective effects of safranal on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
  141. Chemical composition and biological properties of Thymus capitatus plants from Algerian high plains: A comparative and analytical study
  142. Chemical composition and bioactivities of the methanol root extracts of Saussurea costus
  143. In vivo protective effects of vitamin C against cyto-genotoxicity induced by Dysphania ambrosioides aqueous extract
  144. Insights about the deleterious impact of a carbamate pesticide on some metabolic immune and antioxidant functions and a focus on the protective ability of a Saharan shrub and its anti-edematous property
  145. A comprehensive review uncovering the anticancerous potential of genkwanin (plant-derived compound) in several human carcinomas
  146. A study to investigate the anticancer potential of carvacrol via targeting Notch signaling in breast cancer
  147. Assessment of anti-diabetic properties of Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) wild edible fruit extract: In vitro and in silico investigations through molecular docking analysis
  148. Optimization of polyphenol extraction, phenolic profile by LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, anti-enzymatic, and cytotoxic activities of Physalis acutifolia
  149. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant properties, and photo-protective activities of Salvia balansae de Noé ex Coss
  150. Antihyperglycemic, antiglycation, anti-hypercholesteremic, and toxicity evaluation with gas chromatography mass spectrometry profiling for Aloe armatissima leaves
  151. Phyto-fabrication and characterization of gold nanoparticles by using Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) and their effect on wound healing
  152. Does Erodium trifolium (Cav.) Guitt exhibit medicinal properties? Response elements from phytochemical profiling, enzyme-inhibiting, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
  153. Integrative in silico evaluation of the antiviral potential of terpenoids and its metal complexes derived from Homalomena aromatica based on main protease of SARS-CoV-2
  154. 6-Methoxyflavone improves anxiety, depression, and memory by increasing monoamines in mice brain: HPLC analysis and in silico studies
  155. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants in Solanum lycopersicum L. varieties marketed in Saudi Arabia
  156. Biological evaluation of CH3OH and C2H5OH of Berberis vulgaris for in vivo antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica in murine models
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