Volume 10, Issue 1

Farmers cannot achieve the optimum profits using an integrated system in corn and cattle farming because they are not utilizing their resources in the best way possible. Therefore, finding better ways to use farm waste as animal food and cow manure as corn plant fertilizer is of utter importance. Goal programming enables a combination of production because it can complete several goals simultaneously. To the best of our knowledge, this type of analysis has not been used in previous livestock crop integration studies. Our study aims to (1) determine the optimal production combination in corn–cattle integration and (2) analyze the optimal allocation of resource use in corn–cattle integration. A total of 66 corn–cattle farmers were interviewed for this study. Data were analyzed through a goal programming model using Linear Interactive and Discrete Optimizer. The results indicate that (1) the optimal production combination with profit targets, production costs, and production risks in corn–cattle integration is met, but the achievement value obtained is still below the target, where the best optimal production combination is 14,693 kg of corn, 18 cows, 3,061 kg of corn waste, and 6,087 kg of compost. (2) In the corn–cattle integration system, the best way to use resources is to increase the supply of medicine, land, and labor by one unit. This is true even if those resources are scarce. The sensitivity interval for the optimal use of production resources in the corn–cattle integration system with the target of profit, cost, and production risk can be increased by 1% from the amount of resources used to infinity and can be reduced by 4–16% of the amount of resources used. To be more food secure, independent, wealthy, and able to support ecosystem sustainability in rural areas, farmers should set up an integrated corn–cattle system with the right mix of output and resource allocation.

Nutmeg has been one of the oldest domestically and globally traded spices. This study aims to explore its competitiveness in the global market and examine factors increasing this competitiveness to provide potential policy recommendations for Indonesia’s nutmeg export improvement. Based on the analysis of competitiveness indicators, Indonesia’s export-oriented nutmeg undergoes declining productivity, low export prices, and stagnant progress of export competitiveness compared to other producing and exporting countries. From the results of panel data estimations, human resource endowment is the most influencing factor in boosting export competitiveness of nutmeg. Consumer Price Index, Foreign Direct Investment and agricultural shares in total gross domestic product have a positive link with export competitiveness. Logistics performance for international trade is also a potential driver for competitiveness. These findings imply that policies towards high export competitiveness of the nutmeg should be tailored to improving the productivity of the product standardising global trade procedures, advancing the quality of economic outcomes, and strengthening logistics infrastructure and management.

The depletion of resources and the generation of significant waste pose considerable environmental challenges. Post-utilization of walnut kernels leaves behind substantial amounts of shells as the unused residue. Walnut shells find application in various production processes, offering an opportunity to mitigate environmental impacts through resource utilization. This study investigates the influence of chemical pretreatment on the properties of liquefied lignocellulosic biomass, specifically focusing on walnut shells as a prominent lignocellulosic material. The results reveal that samples subjected to alcohol pretreatment exhibited the lowest degree of liquefaction (85.00% at 120°C for 45 min), while the highest degree of liquefaction was observed in samples after alkaline pretreatment (90.76% at 90°C for 15 min). Analyzing functional groups in liquefied walnut shell biomass, formed during the addition of polyhydric alcohols, glycols, and organic acids, underscores its potential for diverse bioproducts. Pretreatment significantly increases the hydroxyl (OH) number, irrespective of the type, temperature, and duration of chemical pretreatment. Compared to the untreated sample, alkali pretreatment produces the highest OH number (1288.03 KOH/g), surpassing mean values after acid and alcohol pretreatment. The results highlight the efficacy of chemical pretreatment in tailoring the properties of liquefied walnut shell biomass, addressing the challenges associated with resource depletion and waste accumulation.

The whitefly, B. tabaci , poses a significant threat to cucumber cultivation. While traditional insecticides are commonly used to manage this pest, they frequently raise ecological and health concerns. In contrast, naturally derived biopesticides offer a promising and environmentally friendly alternative for controlling whitefly populations, thereby reducing negative impacts on non-target organisms. This study evaluates the efficacy of two novel Betaproteobacteria-based insecticides: Burkholderia spp. strain A396 (Venerate XC) and Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 (Grandevo WDG) against B. tabaci . Leaf-dipping bioassays were performed to compare the effectiveness of these biopesticides with spirotetramat (Movento ® 240 SC) as a standard control. Both biopesticides significantly reduced egg hatching rates and decreased survival rates in nymphs and adults by 74.5, 94.8, and 76.5%, respectively, indicating concentration-dependent effects. Direct exposure to Venerate and Grandevo exhibited toxicity levels comparable to spirotetramat across all tested concentrations. However, spirotetramat residues were found to be more toxic to adult whiteflies than the other products, while the mortality associated with Venerate residues was relatively low. Both Venerate and spirotetramat produced significant sublethal effects on the duration of nymph development, although these effects were not consistently concentration-dependent; Grandevo did not affect nymph development. These findings suggest that the novel insecticides may effectively manage B. tabaci populations in Jordan, warranting further investigation under field conditions.

The use of chemical fertilizer based on farmers' experience has led to fertilizer over-application in Hau Giang province, leading to increased production costs and severe environmental pollution. Therefore, it is important to assess crop nutrition status and make nutrient recommendations. Therein, the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) is a well-known approach to evaluating the nutrition status of crops. The current study aimed (i) to evaluate the sensitivity of established DRIS norms set for ratoon pineapple and (ii) to appraise the nutrition status of the plants in different regions of Hau Giang province, Vietnam. An omission plot experiment was conducted with a fully fertilized treatment and treatments omitting each nutrient of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) at leaves +1, +3, +7, +14, +15, +18, +20, +22, and +24. In the results, at leaf +1 and leaf +7, the DRIS indices of the groups omitting each of P, K, Ca, and Mg nutrients were lower than those of the NPKCaMg group, i.e., the leaves +1 and +7 had greater reliabilities. Based on leaf +1, the requirement order for nutrients of the ratoon pineapple was Cu > Ca > K > Zn > P > N > Fe > Mn. The newly established DRIS can be provided to the local agriculture managers to recommend the farmers to improve their profits and lower the use of chemical fertilizers for ratoon pineapple. Moreover, the results of this study will be a valuable reference for the establishment of DRIS in the world. Graphical abstract. Source: Created by Authors.

The widespread popularity of fresh avocados is linked to perceptions of their high nutritional value and sensory appeal. The cultivar Hass accounts for 95% of world production, so we used this cultivar as a reference to evaluate the nutritional and consumer assessment of 12 elite genotypes from the cross Hass × Pionero. A completely randomised experimental design was established, with three replicates per genotype (39 trees in total). The following characteristics were assessed: shelf life, fruit weight (FW), fruit weight loss (FWL), firmness, colour, chlorophyll (Chl) a and b, total carotenoids (TCr), total phenols (TP), total flavonoids (TFl), antioxidant capacity (AC), dry matter (DM), oil, lutein, β-carotene, and α-tocopherol. Sensory and quality characteristics, external and internal, were also assessed: flavour, texture, and fibrousness. The genotypes exhibited significant differences ( p ≤ 0.05) for shelf life, WL, LWF, Chl, TCr, TP, and AC. Oil content was higher in the genotypes H×P40, H×P96, and S2/405. Lutein content varied in the genotypes S2/405 (0.713 mg kg −1 ), β-carotene in S2/27 and S2/29 (0.189 and 0.187 mg kg −1 ), and α-tocopherol in H×P40 (237.73 mg kg −1 ). On the other hand, the multivariate analysis facilitated the discernment of five distinct groups of genotypes, each clearly distinguished by their content of bioactive compounds and sensory attributes. Overall, the analysis identified several genotypes with quality, taste, and texture characteristics similar to those of Hass and one with less fibrousness (S2/249). Results identify several genotypes having good commercial potential for fresh consumption and as sources of bioactive compounds.

Indonesia generally has better food security performance, but the extent of food access at the commodity and regional level still needs to be questioned. The present study examines the causes of purchasing frequency and dietary habits of beef (access to beef) in eastern Indonesia, a low-income region. The variables under study are related to Turner’s and colleagues’ model, so the other aim of the present study is to prove the workability of the model. This research used a survey by randomly distributing an online questionnaire from July to October 2023 to 408 meat consumers/buyers in Indonesia’s western part (high-income region) and eastern part (low-income region). Data collected from the survey were analysed mainly using the structural equation modelling technique using RStudio. This study discovered that people in eastern Indonesia purchase beef less frequently, which is caused by low incomes and high prices. People in east Indonesia also have irregular beef consumption habits contributed by infrequent purchasing, low incomes, and high prices. Moreover, the extended model proposed by Turner and colleagues is workable under a moderation test with limited variables (e.g., price, income, geographical factor, and food purchase). Besides the findings, this study has made scientific contributions to food accessibility and consumer behaviour, developed an extended model by Turner and colleagues, and conducted a comparative study on beef consumption (between marginal and non-marginal regions and between coastal and non-coastal regions). The efforts to improve accessibility to food will contribute to achieving zero goals under the Sustainable Development Goals.

Humans have been consuming milk obtained from domesticated animals since ancient times. Milk is a very complete food with important nutrients that can support life. However, the patterns of consumption of milk have been shifting. On one hand, due to the increase in the number of people with intolerances (to lactose, for example), and on the other hand, due to some trend to avoid foods from animal origin owing to specific conviction (like animal welfare, for example). In this context, this study focused on the milk consumption patterns in two different European Countries and the evaluation of possible differences. The object of study was milk obtained from animal sources, namely, cows, and no other derived fermented dairy products were included. For the development of the study, a questionnaire survey was applied to a sample of 542 participants from both countries using the Internet. The results showed that a high percentage of participants in both countries consume milk regularly, and the usual amount varies between 125 and 250 mL per day. For those who do not consume milk, the most relevant reason pointed out in both countries was because they do not feel the need to consume it. While in France, a high percentage also do not consume because they do not like milk, and in Portugal, a high percentage do not consume milk due to lactose intolerance. The most consumed is semi-skimmed milk, and preferences are towards consuming plain milk or consuming it with chocolate. Significant differences were found in the consumption of white brands, which are preferred in France, while in Portugal, consumers prefer commercial brands, as well as the preferred package, tetra packs for the Portuguese, while the French prefer plastic bottles. In conclusion, although the results showed some similar trends among the participants from both countries, some differences were also identified that can be used to better plan public policies in both countries.

Black glutinous rice is a local pigmented rice that attracts the interest of many people due to its high nutritional value. While cultivating, black glutinous rice may experience abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity threat. Drought and salinity may lead to oxidative stress, which leads to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the enzymatic defense mechanism of black glutinous rice against ROS, which depends on the stress type and the plant’s growth stages, remains unclear. This study was performed to determine the defense response of black glutinous rice to drought (10% PEG) and salinity (80 mM NaCl) stresses at different growth stages (vegetative [V], reproductive [R], and vegetative+reproductive [V+R]) and then continued to recover at every growth stage. This study showed enhanced accumulation of ROS under drought and salinity stresses, with the reproductive stage presenting the highest accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde. In contrast, the recovery phase decreased the ROS accumulation. The antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase [CAT], ascorbate peroxidase [APX], and peroxidase [POD]) showed different responses between the biochemical and transcript levels of antioxidant genes ( OsCATA, OsAPX, and OsPOD ) during stress and in the recovery phase. These results indicate the foundation for elucidating the defense mechanism response of black glutinous rice to different growth stages and stresses, such as drought and salinity.

Salicylic acid (SA) serves as a pivotal signaling agent, activating defense mechanisms such as hypersensitive responses and systemic acquired resistance in various plants. This study aims to investigate the impact of SA application on bacterial blight (BB) resistance across diverse rice cultivars. The optimization of SA spraying involved testing three distinct methods: Method Ⅰ (daily spraying with SA for 2 consecutive days before inoculation), Method II (spraying with SA once before inoculation and again 1 day after inoculation), and Method III (daily spraying with SA for 2 consecutive days after inoculation). Each method was evaluated using varying SA concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM) to determine their efficacy in susceptible rice cultivars. The most effective approach, Method I, was then extended to different rice cultivars to evaluate SA’s influence on disease resistance induction and defense-related gene expression in “Phitsanulok 2” (“PSL2”), “IRBB21,” and backcrossed lines (“PSL2- Xa21 ” BC 5 F 6 ). The results revealed that Method Ⅰ, with 2 mM SA applied before inoculation, significantly reduced lesion length by 4.6% in the susceptible “PSL2” cultivar compared to the H 2 O treatment. However, the impact was less pronounced in the resistant “IRBB21” and moderately resistant “PSL2- Xa21 ” cultivars, both carrying the Xa21 resistance gene. SA spraying up-regulated OsPal2 gene expression in the “PSL2” cultivar and enhanced OsXa21 gene expression in the “IRBB21” and “PSL2- Xa21 ” cultivars, compared to the H 2 O treatment control. These findings emphasize the potential of SA as a signaling molecule capable of activating defense mechanisms against BB disease in a range of rice cultivars, warranting further investigation into its application for BB management. Future research should focus on conducting field trials to assess the practical applicability of this approach under diverse agricultural settings. Additionally, investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction of SA and genetic resistance in rice will provide deeper insight into optimizing this strategy for effective disease control. Graphical abstract Source: Created by the authors.

Nitrogen is essential nutrient that supports the growth and yield of corn. The correct dose of nitrogen fertilization is one of the keys to increasing corn productivity by its yield potential. Using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) drones, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) can be obtained, which can provide accurate information about the health condition of plant vegetation directly. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer dose and type of maize variety on crop production and vegetation index obtained through UAV technology. This study was designed with a separate plot design and a group randomized design as the environmental design. The research was conducted by applying various doses of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250) and maize varieties (Sinhas, Nasa 29, HJ 36, Bisi 18, and Pioneer). The combination of all treatments resulted in 35 combinations and was repeated three times, resulting in 105 experimental units. Vegetation condition measurements were conducted using drones at time intervals (40, 55, and 70 DAP). Selection criteria were determined systematically through Pearson correlation, path, and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that higher nitrogen doses increased NDVI values, which reflected better vegetation health and contributed to increased crop yields. The PCA results showed that four principal components had eigenvalues greater than 1 with a cumulative proportion of 0.21. This research indicates that using optimal nitrogen doses and vegetation health monitoring using UAVs can significantly increase maize yields. These findings provide valuable insights to increase maize production through the best maize cultivation technologies that farmers can use.

Research on land use change (LUC) is considered as one of the important studies contributing to the assessment of land use efficiency and the development of appropriate policies for sustainable land use in the current urbanization period. Modeling is a method of simulating changes based on the understanding of LUC laws and forecasting future LUC. This study uses Markov chains to simulate the probability of the transition matrix to forecast LUC in Ho Chi Minh (HCM) city by 2050. The research results show that the three main land groups in HCM city were agricultural land, residential land, and water. The agricultural land group occupied the largest area, but it has decreased by nearly 10% from 2000 to 2020. In contrast, the urban land group had a strong increasing trend, with an increase of nearly 25% after 20 years. In terms of spatial distribution, HCM city tended to develop in three main directions: east, southwest, and northwest. With an accuracy of 91%, the study predicts that by 2030, agricultural land will still account for more than half of HCM city’s area, but by 2050, this land group will only account for less than 40%. In contrast, by 2050, residential land is projected to become the largest land group in the city with more than 50%. As a result, this forecast shows a difference from HCM city’s land use target by 2030.

The raspberry sector in Kosovo is increasingly recognized for its potential to drive economic growth and improve livelihoods in rural communities, yet it faces significant technical challenges. This study evaluates the organizational-economic efficiency of raspberry farms in Kosovo, using data envelopment analysis and Tobit regression in R. The findings indicate that raspberry farms are operating at 57.3% of their potential production under constant returns to scale, with considerable room for improvement. Variable returns to scale analysis shows efficiency at 80.7%, suggesting efficiency varies with operating scale. Inefficient farmers are advised to reduce labor and orchard maintenance costs to improve the efficiency of their farms. Tobit regression highlights the positive effects of farmer experience and education on efficiency. This study underscores the raspberry sector’s potential to contribute significantly to Kosovo’s economy through improved input optimization and scale efficiency enhancements. By focusing on education and experience, policymakers and farmers can work together to unlock the sector’s full potential, ultimately benefiting local communities and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

Highly saline soils negatively affect crop growth, especially rice. Although chemical approaches can be used, they damage the environment and the sustainability of the agriculture. Thus, a biological candidate should be assessed. Therefore, the study evaluated the impact of nitrogen (N)-fixing purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) strains on improving soil properties, nutrient uptake, growth, and rice yield on highly saline soil in My Xuyen district, Soc Trang province. The N-fixing PNSB were hypothesized to boost soil nutrient availability and reduce soil salinity, leading to a greater rice growth and yield. A pot experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with two factors, including four N applying rates (100, 75, 50, and 0%) and N-fixing PNSB Rhodobacter sphaeroides (no added bacteria, single bacterial strain R. sphaeroides S01, single bacterial strain R. sphaeroides S06, and a mixture of two bacterial strains R. sphaeroides S01 and S06). The results showed that adding single strains S01, S06, and mixed strains S01 and S06 improved plant height by 4.02–10.4% (the first season) and 3.86–6.84% (the second season). Under the application of the mixture of two strains S01 and S06, the soil NH 4 + increased by 31.8–50.5%, while the soil Na + decreased by 16.0–25.7% in both seasons. From there, the total N uptake was also improved by 34.9–73.8% and the total Na uptake went down by 19.1–26.5% via two seasons. This led to greater rice growth and yield traits, such as the number of panicles per pot, the number of seeds per panicle, and the filled seed rate in both seasons. Ultimately, the rice grain yield was improved by 10.2–14.8% by the N-fixing PNSB under greenhouse condition. In conclusion, the current study successfully provided a potent N-fixer as a candidate for improvements of saline rice growth and soil health. Thus, this liquid biofertilizer should be further tested under field trails.

The transformation of the agricultural sector amidst the decline in farmer regeneration in the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 and the threat of climate change demands a new approach that combines digital technology with the adaptability of human resources to deal with change. It is important to understand how effectively individual farmers respond to new demands arising from the uncertainty, complexity, and rapid changes in their work environments, which are often associated with unclear challenges. Measuring the level of digital competence, online participation, and adaptability of millennial farmers can form the basis for formulating human resource development strategies. The aim of this study is to analyze the mechanism of digital communication competence in influencing the adaptability of small-scale millennial farmers facing digital technological disruptions. Data from 345 millennial farmers were obtained from a survey conducted in Bogor Regency, Indonesia. Partial least squares structural equation modeling method was applied to test the hypothetical model. The findings showed that motivation has a positive and significant relationship with digital knowledge and skills. In addition, digital communication skills have a statistically positive and significant impact on the adaptive performance of millennial farmers, as digital skills can improve adaptive performance through their increased involvement of millennial farmers in online participation. This study contributes to the micro-analysis from the perspective of small-scale millennial farmers, providing relevant implications for policymakers in an effort to produce farmers who are adaptive to change through the development of digital communication competencies and online participation.

This study investigates the biological characteristics of fruit development and physiological disorders in the Musang King durian ( Durio zibethinus Murr.). The experiment was conducted on 20 7-year-old trees cultivated in Nhon Nghia commune, Phong Dien district, Can Tho City, from October 2023 to July 2024. The results revealed a 7-day flowering period post-first bloom, with peak blooming observed between the second and fourth days. Flower opening commenced at 16:00–17:00 h, achieving a fruit set rate of 93%. Fruit development spanned 90 days after fruit set (DAFS) and was characterized by three distinct growth phases: slow growth (0–28 DAFS), rapid growth (28–70 DAFS), and ripening (70–90 DAFS). Immature fruit drop primarily occurred within the first 14 days (35.0%). The fruit’s flesh began to form at 42 DAFS, reaching its maximum growth rate by 56 DAFS. At harvest, fruits averaged 2161.8 ± 74.7 g, with an edible portion constituting 24.8% of total weight. Physiological disorders, including hardened flesh and discoloration, were first observed at 70 DAFS (16.7%), increasing to 30.0, 6.7, and 13.3% at harvest for hardened flesh, aril tip burn, and flesh discoloration, respectively. These disorders significantly impacted commercial fruit quality.

Food security in Indonesia faces challenges due to declining domestic rice production; therefore, technological innovation is required to increase rice productivity. This study focuses on the IPB 3S rice variety, which has productivity advantages of up to 11.23 tons/ha and disease resistance. Despite these advantages, farmers’ adoption of this variety remains low. This study aimed to analyze the benefits, barriers, and communication strategies that can accelerate the adoption of IPB 3S. This research uses a mixed approach, namely a quantitative method through a questionnaire administered to 56 farmers in Karawang, as well as a qualitative method through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The results showed that the main benefits of IPB 3S were increased yield (average 3.70) and disease resistance, but the obstacles included limited seed distribution, relatively low selling prices, and technical difficulties, such as the grain threshing process. Recommendations include strengthening the seed distribution network through cooperation between universities, the government, and producers; improving the quality of rice to increase market attractiveness; and developing supporting technologies such as appropriate harvesting tools. In addition, communication strategies through counseling and digital media need to be optimized to accelerate adoption. The implementation of these measures is expected to support national food security and improve farmers’ welfare.

This dynamic system simulation model was designed to describe Indonesia’s soybean availability system’s dynamic structure. Methodologically, this was the first application to combine the production subsystem, demand subsystem, and import subsystem in one dynamic system simulation model. This study provides an overview of the current and future conditions of the system. Readers will know how the next 20 years will be the state of the production level, soybean demand, imports, self-sufficiency ratio (SSR), and import dependency ratio (IDR) of soybean commodities in Indonesia. The forecast results were significant because it was concerned with the availability of soybeans in the future. If the future situation is not known, then it is impossible to know the anticipatory steps that need to be prepared early. The driving factor of the soybean production system lies in productivity and the size of the soybean crop area. The driving factor of the number of imports lies in demand shortage, while soybean demand depends on population growth. The simulation results showed that the increase in productivity and crop area will have an impact on the posture of the soybean availability structure in Indonesia. The changes that occurred were a shift in the SSR value to be higher and the IDR value to be lower. Finally, this article presents various policy simulations based on measurable and rational targets that stakeholders can use.

The study explores the integration of gender roles within local economic organizations (LEOs) to support sustainable rural development, using Ampekale Village in Indonesia as a case study. While existing studies acknowledge women’s significant contributions to post-harvest fisheries and rural entrepreneurship, there remains limited understanding of the shared roles of men and women in business settings. This study addresses this gap by examining gender-specific contributions and task allocation in business operations, focusing on the Ujung Parappa company, a leading LEO in crab capture and processing. Employing a case study methodology, which included purposive sampling, in-depth interviews with business participants and development facilitators, and descriptive analysis, the research provides critical insights. The findings reveal that women, more than men, possess a comprehensive understanding of LEO functions and actively engage in economic activities, particularly in processing and marketing. LEOs play a vital role in providing training and financial support, which boosts productivity and strengthens the resilience of their members. Furthermore, the study underscores how integrating crab fishing enterprises managed by men with crab processing enterprises operated by women fosters gender-inclusive business practices. This integration promotes community empowerment, generates employment, and enhances income, thereby contributing to sustainable economic growth. These results underscore the importance of balanced gender involvement in advancing rural socio-economic development and inform policies that aim to strengthen gender equality and sustainable practices. This research contributes to the broader discourse on strategies for rural development that leverage inclusive business practices to achieve resilient and thriving communities.

The 69 enterobacterial strains were evaluated for histamine synthesis in which 40.6% were positive. The effects of factors on the histamine synthesis and histidine decarboxylase ( hdc ) gene expression of Citrobacter sp. ENTSF 29-3 were evaluated. Static condition and 0.2% potassium sorbate contributed to positive and negative effects on the histamine concentration, respectively. pH values (5.5, 6.5, and 7.5), temperatures (15 and 37°C), 5% inulin, and 5% NaCl did not significantly affect histamine concentration. Based on a quantitative real-time PCR analysis, static condition, 5% NaCl, and pH 5.5 upregulated the hdc gene expression, in decreasing order. The storage of short mackerel ( Rastrelliger brachysoma ) at 25°C for 2 days and at 25°C for 2 days after inoculation of the histamine-producing bacterium (HPB) resulted in the histamine synthesis and altered the bacterial community. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene clarified that the predominant bacterial phyla in short mackerel under different storage conditions were Proteobacteria (40.17–97.40%), Firmicutes (1.31–30.40%), and Bacteroidota (0.66–9.72%). Bacterial diversity decreased, while bacterial dominance and the gamma -Proteobacteria abundance increased under the conditions in which histamine was synthesized. The storage at 25°C for 2 days conferred increases in abundance of the families Enterobacteriaceae , Defluviicoccaceae, and Wohlfahrtiimonadaceae . The principal component analysis plots regarding the predicted genes, enzymes, and metabolic pathways illustrated that the bacterial communities of short mackerel from the original frozen condition and the storage at 4°C for 2 days were overlapped, while that from the storage at 25°C for 2 days and the HPB inoculation were unique. Graphical abstract Source: Created by Authors.

Smallholder farmers are critical to Indonesia’s oil palm sector, cultivating more than 40% of the total plantation area. Despite their importance, many smallholders have not adopted Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), often due to resource constraints. Given this context, partnerships are considered essential for enhancing GAP adoption, with women expected to contribute positively as integral members of smallholder groups. However, empirical evidence on the specific impact of such partnerships on women’s roles within smallholder operations is limited. This study, utilizing a structural equation modeling approach with data from 480 smallholder households across four Indonesian oil palm centers, investigates the engagement of women in on-farm tasks, on-farm support, farm administration, and financial management. The analysis reveals that women’s involvement in decision-making remains low, and negatively associated with GAP implementation. Notably, however, partnerships demonstrate a significant positive impact on women’s engagement in farm administration and income management. Additionally, the study confirms the positive effect of partnerships on GAP implementation and further shows an indirect positive correlation between women’s participation and GAP adoption. These results underscore that leveraging strategic partnerships is critical in advancing both women’s roles and promoting the adoption of GAP among oil palm smallholders.

Over the past century, the inefficient use of reactive nitrogen (N r ) has raised concerns regarding global food production and planetary sustainability. This study investigates nitrogen (N) losses in tomato production near Kabul, Afghanistan, aiming to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for enhanced food security and environmental protection. Three fertilizer treatments were tested: (A) animal manure + ¼ dose of chemical fertilizer, (B) night soil + ¼ dose of chemical fertilizer, and (C) full dose of chemical fertilizer, with sub-treatments varying in N application (25% less, 25% excess, and farmers’ practice). A no-fertilizer control treatment was included. Nitrogen losses through ammonia emissions and nitrate–N leaching were monitored, while nitrogen balances and NUE were calculated. The findings revealed that ammonia emissions decreased by 33% in treatment A 2 and by 30% in treatment B 3 compared to surface application. However, nitrate–N leaching peaked at 145 kg N ha −1 in A 2 and 128 kg N ha −1 in B 3 , with positive N balances observed across treatments, the highest being 300 kg N ha −1 in treatment A. NUE ranged from 30% (A and B) to 55% (control), highlighting the widespread overapplication of N in Afghan agriculture. This study demonstrates that efficient N management practices can reduce environmental losses while maintaining tomato yield, offering a novel pathway toward sustainable farming in the region.

The commercial cultivation of yacon is relatively new, creating several knowledge demands regarding its agricultural management, including water relations. Thus, the aim of this study is to understand the effects of different soil water availability levels on the physiological activities of yacon. The first experiment aimed to establish the survival limit of the plants under water deficit, while the second aimed to determine the range for optimal development within a smaller range of water availability. A completely randomized design was adopted, with four replications and five treatments (soil water tension levels). The first experiment used tensions of 30, 60, 100, 200, and 300 kPa, while the second used tensions of 20, 30, 45, 60, and 75 kPa. Evaluations included net CO 2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO 2 concentration, chlorophyll indices, nitrogen balance, anthocyanin, and flavonoid content. The yacon’s survival limit under water deficit occurred at 200 kPa, when the plant reached the lowest assimilation rate (11.607 µmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 ), representing a 57.53% reduction in its photosynthetic capacity before dying under the 300 kPa tension. From 100 kPa tension, flavonoid production increased, indicating that yacon plants activated defense mechanisms to mitigate the effects of water stress. The highest photosynthetic rates in yacon were observed under higher water availability (lower tension, 20 kPa), close to the soil’s field capacity (10 kPa). In the first experiment, significant tuberous root production was observed only at 30 kPa, yielding approximately 1,100 g plant −1 . In the other treatments, fresh tuberous root production was around 100 g plant −1 , but without meeting commercial standards (small and very thin roots). In the second experiment, a linear decrease in production was observed as soil water availability declined. Overall, the production ranged from 1156.3 to 135.2 g plant −1 , between the highest and lowest water availability levels applied (tensions of 20 and 75 kPa, respectively), with a 16.05% reduction in yield for every 10 kPa increase in soil water tension. This result has the practical implication of demonstrating that yacon potato exhibits better physiological performance, and therefore the potential for higher productivity, when soil water availability is close to field capacity. This is a fundamental and guiding piece of information for irrigation management in yacon cultivation.

The poultry industry has faced two significant challenges in the last 4 years: the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and El Niño drought, which pose significant business risk. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by conducting a comparative analysis of the vulnerability of poultry farms to COVID-19 and El Niño events and identifying potential mitigation strategies to reduce their impacts. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach and case study methodology on two different types of farms: broiler and layer. Data were collected through semi-structured and in-depth interviews, observations, and document analyses of 36 farmers and agri-food companies. The results showed that both types of farms were more vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic than during the El Niño drought period. However, based on farm characteristics, layer farms using independent systems were more vulnerable to both events than broiler farms using contract systems. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in several economic vulnerabilities, including fluctuations in the prices of feed and poultry products, reduction in labor, and the reallocation of investment funds. In contrast, El Niño droughts pose different challenges, including feed scarcity and the need to develop poultry breeds that can withstand extreme weather conditions. Different mitigation strategies are recommended for these two types of farms facing different disasters: the new disaster due to the current pandemic and decades-old climate change disasters, such as drought. Developing specific mitigation strategies based on disaster types and farm characteristics, such as improving reserve funds and market strategies, government-provided financial assistance, biosecurity measures, strengthening relationships with farmers and companies, using family labor, diversifying feed sources, and adopting climate-resilient housing, can provide practical solutions to reduce vulnerability and enhance the economic resilience of both broiler and layer farms in future crises.

During storage, wheat kernels undergo complex biochemical changes that affect their quality. Therefore, accurate and rapid measure of wheat freshness has immense economic and societal value. Using biophotonics and deep learning, this article explores the intricate relationship between wheat's ultra-weak bioluminescence signatures and its freshness. First, we select an advanced biophotonic system to capture time-varying bioluminescence data from kernels, which is then transformed into two-dimensional image styles employing the innovative Gramian angular field (GAF) method. Second, the image data serve as input to our proposed GAF-ResNet-GCT network architecture, which is specifically designed for wheat freshness classification and discrimination. The results underscore the effectiveness of our approach, demonstrating the model's remarkable ability to swiftly and precisely identify freshness with accuracy and robustness. The findings presented herein offer a groundbreaking scientific methodology for rapid, non-destructive wheat freshness detection, thereby advancing the application of biophotonics technology within the agricultural sector.

The new world challenges under climate change call for eco-friendly practices that make agriculture’s economic and social dimensions compatible with environmental preservation and ecosystem resilience. Carbon farming has emerged as an interesting alternative for dealing with these new frameworks, as it promotes conservation agriculture with practices that increase carbon sequestration in soils and plants. Considering these motivations, this research intends to bring more insights into the levels of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the Portuguese context, and this variable is interrelated with land use, land attributes, and soil characteristics. Statistical information from the INFOSOLO legacy database was analyzed through statistical methodologies and machine-learning approaches. The findings provide interesting support for the stakeholders about the influence of land use and soil types on the levels of SOC.

Thermal weed control can contribute to the development of sustainable integrated weed management systems. This study aimed to optimize hot foam use for thermal weed control in vineyards ( Vitis vinifera L.), spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.), and onions ( Allium cepa L.). In the vineyard, a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was established with four treatments repeated three times. The treatment list included three different hot foam application rates (13.33, 26.67, and 39.99 L m −2 ) and a control. The results showed that at the application rate of 39.99 L m –2 , the total weed density and biomass were reduced by 91 and 98%, respectively, compared to the control. This treatment was very effective on Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist. For both vegetables, four treatments were replicated three times (RCBD): untreated control (SSB-0) and stale seedbed with hot foam for thermal weed control before sowing but after 1 (SSB-1), 2 (SSB-2) and 3 weeks (SSB-3) of seedbed preparation. Compared to the control, SSB-3 reduced the biomass of Sinapis arvensis L., Papaver rhoeas L., and Lolium rigidum Gaud. in spinach by 85, 83, and 91%, respectively, and that of Amaranthus retroflexus L. in onions by 90%. In perennial crops, weed infestation appeared to decrease as the application rate of hot foam was increased. For open-field vegetables, the longer the period between seedbed preparation and pre-sowing thermal weed control, the greater the efficacy of hot foam in a stale seedbed. Further research is required to optimize hot foam as a thermal weed control tool in more cropping systems and environments.

Pesticides are substances widely used to control or eliminate pests, including weeds, insects, and other harmful organisms. Agricultural pesticides, in particular, must meet specific safety and quality standards before being marketed. In this study, the acute and chronic toxicity of metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, and methoxyfenozide were predicted using quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis through the EPI Suite program. Furthermore, in vivo testing was conducted to evaluate skin irritation, eye irritation, and skin sensitization based on modified OECD 404, OECD 405, and OECD 406 guidelines. The QSAR analysis indicated that all three pesticides have low acute and chronic toxicity profiles. In the skin irritation and skin sensitization tests, metsulfuron-methyl (100 mg), nicosulfuron (125 mg), and methoxyfenozide (150 mg) showed a primary irritation score of 0 and a sensitization score of 0, indicating no irritant or sensitization effects on rabbit and guinea pig skin. In the eye irritation test, metsulfuron-methyl caused mild conjunctival redness and eyelid swelling, with an average irritation score of 1.25, classifying it as a mild irritant (Category 2B). In contrast, nicosulfuron and methoxyfenozide did not cause any observable eye irritation, with an irritation score of 0. These findings suggest that while metsulfuron-methyl may cause mild eye irritation, all three pesticides are non-irritating to the skin and do not induce skin sensitization. This research provides essential toxicological data for regulatory safety evaluations and underscores the importance of integrating QSAR analysis with in vivo methods to assess pesticide safety comprehensively.

The goal of this experiment was to compare fermentation parameters and the nutritional value of silages made of fodder mallow ( Malva verticillata L.), white sweet clover ( Melilotus albus Medik.), and their mixtures. Chopped plants of Malva verticillata L., Melilotus albus Medik., and Malva verticillata L./ Melilotus albus Medik. were used to prepare silages in the ratios of 1:0, 3:7, 1:1, 7:3, and 0:1, respectively. The crops were harvested at BBCH 51–61 vegetation stage (formation of flowers → flowering) with the stand height at harvest being 75 cm; a stubble height after the harvest was 8 cm. Fermentation parameters of the silage process, composition of carbohydrate fibre complex, concentration of nutrients, metabolizable energy (ME3×), net energy for lactation (NEL3×), protein fractions, and rumen non-degraded proteins (RUP5) were evaluated. Due to the low dry matter content and higher degree of proteolysis in the Malva verticillata L. silage ( P < 0.001), the concentration of ammonia (NH 3 ) was significantly higher than in the Melilotus albus Medik. variant. Differences in the concentrations of ME3× and NEL3× between silages from solitary Malva verticillata L. and Melilotus albus Medik. were significant, respectively, but low. The nutritional value of silages from both evaluated alternative crops and their mixtures represented by NEL3× and RUP5 concentrations is comparable to the nutritional value of silages from the conventional forages mentioned in feed databases.

Energy costs are the main concerns of the agricultural stakeholders, because of their economic, environmental, and social impacts on the farms and the development of interrelated activities. In fact, it is important to save costs with the energy use to improve the profitability of the farms, but the level of these costs is often interlinked with the options to manage the energy consumption and the respective implications on sustainability. This framework highlights the importance of good management and planning for energy utilisation in the farming sector, namely to promote a balanced and integrated rural development. Considering these perspectives, this research intends to identify which factor, and how, impacted the energy costs in the European Union farms over the last decades. To achieve these objectives data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network database were considered for the European Union agricultural regions and the period 2013–2021. This statistical information was analysed through machine learning approaches following the procedures proposed by the software IBM SPSS Modeler. The linear support vector machine, regression, random forest, random trees, and the classification and regression tree are the most accurate models. On the contrary, the level of production, the size of farms, the economic and financial structure, and policy measures are the most important predictors. The findings here may be important insights for the European Union farming stakeholders, specifically to allow the design of policies for a more adjusted energy resources management.

Vegetation and trees in Amazonian ecosystems influence soil chemistry. Understanding these effects is essential for selecting the right tree species in silvopastoral systems to promote soil conservation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of different silvopastoral systems (SPS) on the soil chemical properties within a livestock system. The research was developed at the Estación Experimental Agraria El Porvenir in San Martín Department, Peru, which is characterized by a humid tropical climate, with an annual temperature of 33°C, humidity levels between 70 and 80%, and precipitation of 1,225 mm. Six SPS [Bolaina ( Guazuma crinita Mart.), Teak ( Tectona grandis L.), an arboretum, Pucaquiro ( Sickingia tinctoria Schult.), Quinilla ( Manilkara bidentata A. DC.), and a natural forest – NF] and two sampling depths were compared, with two replicas for each. The main effect showed that the Quinilla SPS was higher in pH ( p < 0.05), while the Quinilla SPS, Pucaquiro SPS, and NF stood out in K + and Ca 2+ ( p < 0.05). Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen content were higher at the 0–10 cm depth; however, there was an interactive effect on EC, OM, and nitrogen in the Quinilla SPS ( p < 0.05). A total of 65.31% of the variance is explained by exchangeable cations (47.98%) and OM and nitrogen (17.33%). The planting of M. bidentata A. DC. and S. tinctoria Schult. trees in SPS could enhance soil nutrient availability similarly to natural forests, although the age of systems may influence these outcomes.

Industrialized agro-food supply systems often negatively impact health, social relationships, and the environment. Short food supply chains (SFSCs) have emerged as a sustainable alternative, improving farmers’ livelihoods and reconnecting producers with consumers. This study explores the potential of SFSCs to foster a healthier, more inclusive, and sustainable food system in Semarang City, a unique metropolis with significant agricultural characteristics. Specific objectives include assessing SFSC readiness, identifying key commodities and actors, defining success parameters, and proposing an institutional framework. The research employed desk studies and focus group discussions, utilizing official reports and relevant stakeholders to identify relevant components. Findings indicate Semarang City’s readiness, as evidenced by an increase in farmer groups (FGs) (371 in 2017 to 406 in 2021) and urban farming initiatives (8 in 2015 to 113 in 2021). Key commodities include vegetables, fruits, cereals, and tubers, distributed through various channels like bazaars and e-commerce. Success relies on quality, consistency, market access, technology, government support, institutional strength, and consumer education. Challenges such as surplus harvests, logistical inefficiencies, and systemic barriers require stakeholder collaboration. Institutional models suggest FGs for market-oriented production and women FGs for community cohesion. Initiatives like farmers’ markets and support from farmer-owned enterprises enhance producer-consumer connections. Improving the elements that support short food supply chains (SFSCs) can accelerate the transformation of Semarang’s food system. This includes enhancing the city’s environmental conditions, providing better nutrition, and encouraging active participation from both farmers and consumers, which in turn strengthens the connection between upstream and downstream processes. At the policy level, this study’s results offer a promising framework for transforming Semarang’s urban food systems. By utilizing available agricultural land and optimizing quality, market access, and technology, local institutions and government support can be strengthened, while engaging consumers and fostering collaboration to benefit both producers and consumers.

Farmers have different characteristics in facing agricultural risks and decision-making. Access to finance is important for farmers to cope with the risks, including chili production. This research aimed to identify farmers’ behavior in facing the risks of chili production and analyze the financial and other factors that influence the behavior. The research was performed applying a survey of 300 chili farmers in West Java, Indonesia. The risk was analyzed using the coefficient of variation and risk aversion, while factors related to the farmers’ behavior in facing the risks were investigated using logistic regression analysis. The results show that chili farmers face high chili production risk. The farmers’ behavior is significantly influenced by their access to finance and farm size. This study provides insights to policymakers and financial sources, indicating the need to provide farmers with wider access to finance to help farmers cope with the risk.

The ratio of ingredients in the mixture of botanical insecticides affects the insecticide activity. This study conducted a single and mixed insecticide test of Azadirachta indica and Callophylum soulattri against Spodoptera frugiperda. Insecticide application used the residue method on leaves with a microsyringe and acetone + methanol solvent (4:1). The test concentration was based on the preliminary tests. Optimization of the ratio between A. indica and C. soulattri was carried out using response surface methods. The test results showed that the LC 50 and LC 95 values of the single insecticides A. indica and C. soulattri were 0.099, 0.420 and 0.537, 3.481%, respectively. The response surface method optimization showed that the ratio between A. indica and C. soulattri resulted in the highest mortality and the lowest feed consumption at 2.0800:1.1657. The LC 50 and LC 95 values of the mixed insecticide were 0.030 and 0.224%, respectively. The mixed insecticide of A. indica and C. soulattri has strong synergy at LC 50 and weak synergy at LC 95 . The mixed insecticides of A. indica and C. soulattri can be used as an alternative environmentally friendly control against S. frugiperda in maize fields.

The expansion of oil palm estates in West Papua, Indonesia, has had profound socio-economic and environmental impacts on local communities. This study aims to map and quantify the socio-economic vulnerable and conflict of these communities and actors in the face of increasing land use for oil palm cultivation. We used a mixed-method approach, combining socio-economic indicators to assess vulnerability and conflicts at the household level, involving 94 farmers, both Papua and non-Papua, as well as community actors. Key variables, including income diversification, access to land, social capital, and dependency on palm oil-related activities, were analysed to understand the adaptive capacities of local populations. The importance-performance analysis was conducted using Cartesian, multivariate, and stakeholder analyses, employing tools such as Excel, SmartPLS, and SocNetV software. The results indicate that land use has a positive and significant effect on both economic indicators and social variables. In contrast, perceptions negatively impact both economic participation and social variables. Social factors, while interconnected, appear to have a weaker direct effect on economic participation. Land use shows the strongest positive correlation with revenue generation, while perceptions tend to negatively affect revenue. Although social factors are related, they exert a lesser direct influence on revenue generation. The constructed model explains a considerable proportion of the variance in economic parameters, with a 36% explanatory power. Farmers have roles and functions in inducing vulnerability and conflict, including actors. This correlation matrix reveals the structural dynamics of relationships between actors in the network. Some actors play pivotal roles in connecting multiple actors, while others are more peripheral or disconnected.

This study investigates the causal effects of rice consumption patterns and carbohydrate source diversification among the Indonesian community in Hungary. The research aims to understand the interplay of availability, convenience, cultural persistence, and substitution in shaping food consumption behavior and dietary diversity. This study employed a mixed methods research design, with a dominant quantitative approach supported by a non-dominant qualitative component. Data were collected from 125 respondents (drawn from a population of approximately 1,191 persons) via online and offline questionnaires, using snowballing technique. Data were measured on a Likert scale and analyzed using a partial least square structural equation model with RStudio. The reflective measurement model confirms indicator reliability, with all reflective indicator loadings exceeding acceptable thresholds. Although the culture constructs slightly fall below Cronbach’s alpha threshold, it remains reliable based on rhoA and rhoC values. The structural model reveals that increased convenience and cultural persistence significantly enhance rice consumption by 21.3 and 33.8%, respectively, whereas a one-point increase in substitution decreases rice consumption by 35.9% while increasing food diversity by 43%. Collinearity tests show no significant issues, and the model demonstrates moderate explanatory power ( R ² = 0.351 for consumption and 0.297 for diversity). These findings highlight the critical roles of convenience, culture, and substitution in shaping food consumption patterns and dietary diversity. Under the qualitative side, samples were 125 drawn by snowballing technique. The qualitative data were analyzed using Ms Excel to display a distribution of frequencies. The study contributes to food security discussions by providing insights into how migrant communities balance traditional dietary habits with new food environments. By supporting the Sustainable Development Goal of Zero Hunger, this research offers actionable recommendations to improve food security and dietary diversity among immigrants.

Rice is a very strategic staple food and plays an important role in supporting sustainable food security. Understanding consumer preferences is essential for stakeholders in the rice supply chain, including producers, marketers, and policymakers. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the hedonic price of rice and analyze the factors that determine the lexicographic preferences of rice consumers. Sampling is carried out using the cluster sampling method for urban and rural areas, with a total of 200 observations. Data analysis uses multiple linear regression and binomial logit regression. The results of this study indicate that the hedonic price of low-quality rice is influenced by cleanliness, durability, softness of rice, and urban areas. The hedonic price of medium quality rice is influenced by cleanliness, durability, packaging, whiteness level, and urban areas. The hedonic price of premium quality rice is influenced by aroma, brand, durability, packaging, whiteness level, and urban areas. The factors that determine the lexicographic preferences of premium quality rice consumers toward premium quality rice are aroma, brand, whiteness level, and urban areas. The determinants of consumer lexicographic preferences of premium quality rice compared to low-quality rice are price, brand, packaging, and urban area. The determinants of consumer lexicographic preferences of medium quality rice compared to low-quality rice are price, aroma, and rice grains. Consumer behavior continues to evolve based on sustainability principles, so hedonic pricing methods are emerging as an important tool to understand the market dynamics and help develop agricultural policies that support sustainable practices. Consumer awareness of sustainability can result in more appropriate policies that encourage sustainable practices in rice production and marketing, thus benefiting the environment and agricultural economy.

Hop ( Humulus lupulus ) is a medicinal plant that has been used through centuries for its medicinal effects. A number of beneficial effects have been discovered. These may be useful not only in human nutrition but also in animal husbandry, specifically in swine husbandry. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the inclusion of hops in diets on the growth performance of weaned piglets and finishing pigs. Dried hops were added in amounts of 0.5 and 0.8% of the total ration to feed mixes designed according to the nutritional requirements for weaned piglets and finishing pigs, respectively. Twelve piglets were fed the experimental mixture for 3 weeks after weaning. Their performance was compared with that of a control group fed the basic mixture without hops. At an average weight of 70 kg, the experimental group was then fed the mixture with the addition of 0.8% hops until slaughter (average weight 120 kg). Performance and meat quality were analysed. The addition of dried hops did not affect the intensity of piglet growth after weaning or on feed intake during this period. Hops in finishing pigs did not affect growth intensity but reduced feed consumption. This affected the ratio of feed consumption per unit weight gain. Chemical analysis of the produced meat revealed a change in the representation of several fatty acids (C14:0, C15:1n-5, C24:1n9). This is beneficial from the viewpoint of human nutrition.

There are many factors that can influence people’s attitudes towards healthy eating, including personal nature, sociodemographic influences, and lifestyle. This work investigated to what extent the motivations for healthy food consumption are shaped in individuals from different countries. A questionnaire survey was carried out on a sample of 11,919 participants from 16 countries. The results indicated that the strongest motivations for healthy food consumption were related to the perception of consuming healthy food, eating foods rich in vitamins and minerals, allied to food safety and hygiene concerns. Significant differences were found in healthy motivations between countries. Additionally, the sociodemographic variables that had a higher influence on health motivation levels were country, age, and gender. Concerning the anthropometric and lifestyle variables influencing healthy motivation for food consumption, the discriminating variables were: believing in having a healthy diet, physical exercise, and chronic diseases. In conclusion, the work showed important differences in the motivations for a healthy diet in different countries, but other variables also play a role in the motivation for the consumption of foods for health and well-being.

Economic specialization and diversification have long been central themes in spatial development studies. This article aims to evaluate the role of state policy in shaping the specialization of agricultural organizations (farms), using evidence from Armenia. Given Armenia’s diverse climatic conditions, it is essential to promote agricultural specialization that aligns with regional characteristics while ensuring maximum efficiency, minimal environmental impact, social benefits, and optimal resource use – principles that align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The article utilizes a mixed-method approach, combining political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) analyses – a framework that considers PESTLE factors, with weighted scoring, a quantitative method used to assess and rank alternatives based on expert-defined criteria. Regional agricultural output data from 2018 to 2022, specifically in horticulture and animal husbandry, were analyzed to identify prevailing patterns of specialization across Armenian regions. Expert evaluations were conducted using a Likert scale to assess the potential impact of selected policy measures. Findings indicate that technological and economic factors (such as support programs for pedigree farms and agricultural insurance) exert the most significant influence on specialization outcomes. Notable regional disparities in land use and production emphasize the need for spatially informed, targeted policy interventions. This article not only identifies high-impact state measures but also offers practical policy recommendations aimed at enhancing resource efficiency, boosting agricultural productivity, and strengthening food security. The proposed methodological framework can be adapted for use in other regions or countries facing similar challenges in agricultural planning and specialization.

The effects of chitosan-boron (CS-B) and chitosan-silicon (CS-Si) combined with soybean protein hydrolysate (SPH) on the growth and yield of Rice Department 79 (RD 79) variety plants in a greenhouse were examined. Particle sizes were 331.9 nm (CS-B), 310.4 nm (CS-Si), and 188.5 nm (SPH solution containing CS-B and CS-Si), with zeta potentials of 30.8, 25.3, and −4.7 mV, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the surface morphology and characteristic functional groups of these nano-fertilizers. A nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) fertilizer was applied to rice plants at 1 g/pot (full rate) via the soil at 30 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT), and it served as the control group. The other treatments were applied with half-rate NPK fertilizer (0.5 g/pot) at the same time points, combined with a foliar spray (200 mL/plant) of a solution containing CS-B (0.5% w/v), CS-Si (0.1% w/v), and SPH (0.5:2:100 v/v/v ratio) diluted to final concentrations of 1 and 2 mL/L. At 75 DAT, applying half-rate NPK with the 2 mL/L SPH solution containing the CS-B and CS-Si nano-fertilizer significantly increased the canopy diameter (42 ± 2 cm) and plant height (129 ± 3 cm) compared to the full-rate NPK treatment ( p < 0.05). At 118 DAT, this treatment also increased the number of rice grains (215 ± 14 grains) and grain yield per plant (127 ± 16 g) ( p < 0.05). These results suggested that the CS-B and CS-Si nano-fertilizers conjugated with SPH could be a novel technique to enhance RD 79 rice growth and yield by reducing fertilizer usage. Graphical abstract

An assessment of the stability and adaptability of released varieties is needed to ensure their potential. Analysis of both approaches can be performed through PBSTAT-GE. However, the application of PBSTAT-GE in combination with index selection for elucidating stability and adaptability in hybrid maize has not been reported in depth. Therefore, this study aimed to identify suitable high-yielding maize hybrids based on stability and adaptability analyses using PBSTAT-GE software followed by index selection. The study was conducted in eight locations having different agro-climates in 2023, including eight test hybrids and two check varieties. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with three replications in each environment, so there are 300 experimental units in this study. This study focused on the grain yield, which was analyzed for potential stability and adaptability in the PBSTAT-GE. Based on the results of this study, PBSTAT-GE has the potential to be applied for comprehensive stability and adaptability analysis. The max–min standardization-based accumulation index can combine parametric stability-based assessment, non-parametric stability, and productivity potential of a genotype. Based on this approach, MAI-UH 08 and MAI-UH 03 are recommended for hybrid maize variety release with good stability and adaptability potential in both. In addition, lines MAI-UH 01, MAI-UH 02, and MAI-UH 05 can be recommended in Tomohon and Boyolali based on good adaptability potential. In conclusion, PBSTAT-GE is highly suitable and recommended for stability and adaptability analysis in identifying high-yielding maize hybrids, especially using a max–min standardization-based accumulation index.

Nutrient deficiencies in semi-arid soils limit crop productivity and degrade soil health. This study evaluated the combined effects of rock phosphate (RP), poultry manure (PM), and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on soil nutrient dynamics and maize performance under field conditions. A factorial randomized complete block design with three replications was employed. Changes in soil properties, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter (SOM), and nutrient dynamics, were assessed. The integration of RP and PM, particularly with PSB inoculation, significantly ( p < 0.05) improved soil and plant nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) levels. The most pronounced improvements were in the treatment with 90-RP + 6-PM + PSB, which increased soil total N by 285%, available P by 79%, and available K by 51%. Plant total N, P, and K were enhanced by 53, 419, and 50%, respectively. Similarly, nutrient uptake improved, with N uptake increasing by 142%, P by 283%, and K by 149.6%. This treatment also increased soil EC and SOM by 43% and 77%, respectively, while soil pH decreased by 3.23%. Consequently, maize grain yield, biological yield, 1,000-grain weight, and plant height were increased by 9.5, 13.8, 263.3, and 42%, compared to the control. Principal component analysis and Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between soil and plant nutrient parameters, except for soil pH, which was negatively correlated. Overall, RP, PM, and PSB present a sustainable, scalable, and environmentally friendly strategy to enhance soil fertility and maize productivity in nutrient-deficient semi-arid soils.

Consumers now have more health awareness; accordingly, the demand for organic food is increasing worldwide. This increase in demand is combined with increased attention from academic researchers. However, most related studies concern developed countries with bigger sizes and more mature markets than developing countries. In addition, the literature lacks systematic research that comprehensively reviews the factors influencing purchase intention in undeveloped markets. In response to these academic gaps, this article aims to identify the role of subjective norms, health awareness, environmental consciousness, safety, price, and brand credibility in determining consumers’ purchase intention of organic food in developing countries through a systemic review of relevant studies. The results demonstrated the role of all these factors in consumers’ purchase intention. In addition, the scarcity of research on precursors of consumer purchase intention is confirmed, especially on food safety, price, and brand credibility. The findings of this study stimulate momentum to enrich the growing literature with studies on consumer behaviors, particularly in developing countries. The findings help managers, marketing strategists, environmentalists, policymakers, and organic food companies formulate various marketing strategies to induce consumers to purchase organic food.

Land-use changes have increasingly threatened bee populations by reducing the availability of floral resources and nesting sites. Habitat loss and fragmentation have been identified as major drivers of bee decline, affecting their foraging behavior and pollination services. This study investigated the foraging behavior, and pollen preferences of Tetragonula laeviceps were assessed across four different locations, comparing treatment plots featuring nine species of flowering plants with control plots that lacked floral diversity and contained only maize ( Zea mays ). A total of 48 pollen species were identified, with 14 species common across all sites, indicating ecological overlap. In total, 50% of the identified pollen species were found both on bee bodies and in the hive, with 20.8% exclusive to bee bodies and 29.2% only in the hive. Bees in treatment plots exhibited more selective foraging, focusing on a limited range of plant species, while control plots showed more generalized foraging behavior. Dominant pollen sources included Carica papaya , Mikania micrantha , and Cyperus rotundus . Statistical analysis (GLM and ANOVA) revealed significantly fewer pollen species ( p < 0.001) and lower pollen abundance ( p < 0.001) in treatment plots compared to control plots. ANOSIM analysis showed significant differences in pollen composition between the control and treatment plots at most sites ( p < 0.05). The bipartite interaction network revealed that control plots supported greater plant diversity (41 species vs 19) and more generalized foraging, while treatment plots had fewer plant species and exhibited more specialized foraging. These findings highlight the adaptability of T. laeviceps , with more selective foraging in low-diversity environments and generalized behavior in high-diversity areas.

Combining the water deficit of Meloidogyne javanica poses a challenge for tomato production. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of combining Bacillus subtilis 34 ( BS 34) and water-retaining polymer (WRP) on the control of M. javanica in tomato crops under water-deficit conditions. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with eight replications, using a 4 × 5 factorial arrangement consisting of four growing environments with different applications of BS 34 and WRP (control, WRP alone , BS 34 alone, and BS 34 + WRP) and five soil water tensions (10, 25, 40, 55, and 70 kPa). Agronomic and nematological variables were evaluated 65 days after transplanting. The application of WRP + BS 34 improved the environmental conditions for tomato plant development, regardless of soil water tension. The treatments with WRP + BS 34 and BS 34 alone resulted in effective control of M. javanica . Soil water tensions exceeding 10 kPa reduced tomato plant development.

The study assessed the response to antioxidant activity (AA) and chemical stability of meat produced from broilers fed on Vachellia tortilis leaf meal (VTLM). A total of 180 14-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to six diets (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 g/kg of VTLM) for 21 days. Birds were slaughtered at 35 days of age, and the Pectoralis major and thigh muscles were analyzed for chemical stability and physico-chemical properties. AA of meat was highest at 41%, corresponding to an inclusion level of 115 g/kg dry matter VTLM. Increasing levels of VTLM up to 125 and 117 g/kg DM in broiler diets increased a * redness and b * yellowness to maximum values of 8.7 and 19.7, respectively, for a storage period lasting 28 days. There was a quadratic response in alkaline phosphatase and albumin concentrations with increases in VTLM inclusion levels. Inclusions of 115 g/kg DM VTLM are recommended for improved AA but without improvement of colour stability of broiler meat. The lack of response in pH with increases in VTLM inclusion and AA revealed that high levels of antioxidants are required to cause a change in pH. The lack of chemical reactions suggests that there is a need to allow more time to get a reaction and explore higher levels of inclusion levels. Including VTLM at 115 g/kg DM, therefore, enhances the AA of meat.

This study evaluates the competitiveness of 12 leading coffee-producing nations – Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Uganda, and Vietnam – by analyzing their comparative advantages across five product categories: (1) green coffee (excluding roasted/decaffeinated), (2) decaffeinated coffee (excluding roasted), (3) roasted coffee (excluding decaffeinated), (4) roasted and decaffeinated coffee, and (5) coffee by-products (husks, skins, substitutes). Using trade data from 2001 to 2021 (UN Comtrade, HS codes 090111–090122), we employ three quantitative indices: revealed comparative advantage (RCA), relative import advantage (RMA), and relative trade advantage (RTA). The RCA identifies export competitiveness, the RMA assesses import reliance, and the RTA combines both to measure net trade performance. Thresholds of >1 (RCA/RMA) and >0 (RTA) indicate competitiveness. The findings reveal that most countries (10 of 12) exhibit strong competitiveness in green coffee exports (HS 090111), except India and Nicaragua. Mexico and Vietnam show emerging advantages in decaffeinated coffee (HS 090112), but no nation competes in roasted coffee or by-products. This pattern reflects structural constraints in downstream processing, validated through robustness checks comparing RTA trends across sub-periods. The study underscores the need for policies to upgrade value chains, emphasizing industrialization, technological adoption, and diversification into higher-value coffee products to enhance export revenues and sustainable development.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of a potentially protective culture of L. plantarum LP5 in vacuum-packed cooked ham (CH) and the modifications in the sensory and physicochemical characteristics of the product. The study was conducted in triplicate for each treatment (control cooked ham [CCH] and treated cooked ham [TCH]), analysed on days 0, 28, 42, and 84. TCH samples were treated with the protective culture at concentrations approximately 8 log10 CFU/mL per sample by surface spraying. During the product’s shelf life, pH, hardness, colour, and microbial composition were evaluated. The pH values in TCH and CCH presented final values like those of samples treated with bioprotective cultures. An increase in hardness was observed during the shelf life of both samples. At the end of shelf life, the TCH presented lower luminosity and greater redness than the CCH. Microbiological analysis showed the absence of Listeria , Salmonella , and Escherichia coli O157:H7. No sulphite-reducing anaerobes or coagulase-positive Staphylococcus were observed in any sample. In both groups, yeast counts at 28 days of study exceeded the limit permitted by the Argentine Food Code but were lower in the TCH group. L. plantarum LP5 remained viable until the end of the study. Sensory analysis showed no differences between groups. The development of a CH supplemented with beneficial microorganisms and biopreservatives without altering its organoleptic characteristics represents a potential alternative for obtaining healthier foods.

Improving tomato fruit characteristics is a crucial step to address the decline in production, which is primarily caused by biotic stress and the limited adaptability of existing varieties in lowland areas. This improvement can be achieved through plant breeding programs involving crossbreeding techniques. The primary objective of developing superior varieties is to produce tomatoes with high fruit quality and excellent productivity. The selection criteria were further refined using both principal component analysis (PCA) and path analysis. PCA was employed to identify the primary traits contributing to variability, while path analysis helped establish the strength and direction of relationships between key traits and supporting characteristics. The most significant direct impact will be incorporated into the index value to determine the genotype with the best overall performance. The findings identified 12 F1 tomato breeding lines deemed suitable for progression to the next generation, offering significant potential for enhancing tomato production. This study underscores the effectiveness of targeted breeding strategies. It contributes to developing more sustainable and efficient approaches to tomato cultivation, paving the way for improved productivity and quality in future varieties.

To achieve the SDGs 13 of taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impact, SDGs 2 of ending hunger and poverty, and the African Union CAADP Strategy and Action Plan: 2026–2035 of ending hunger and intensifying sustainable food production, agro-industrialization, and trade, there is a need to enhance farmers coping and adaption strategies for shocks. Agricultural drought has remarkably affected the economies of many sub-Saharan African countries, especially South Africa, in the recent past and still poses a challenge to commercial livestock farming. Understanding the adaptive and coping mechanisms and their determinants is pertinent to informing future preparedness for agricultural drought. This study analyses data from 123 commercial livestock farmers using a multivariate probit model to examine determining factors for the choice of adaptation and coping strategies. The results revealed that livestock management strategies, including the adoption of drought-resilient breeds, feedbanks, and herd size reduction, are the most preferred adaptive strategies, followed by conservation agriculture. Reducing animal numbers and feed management were the most preferred drought coping strategies. The choice of adaptive and coping strategies was mainly influenced by livestock farmers’ experience with past droughts, farmers’ age, the strength of social networks, asset size, and market accessibility. The study advocates for integrated policy, managerial, and social interventions that enhance infrastructure to support market access, improve access to asset-backed financing, strengthen both horizontal (farmer-to-farmer) and vertical (cooperatives) networking, promote conservation agriculture, and ensure water security. These measures aim to bolster the short-term and long-term adaptive capacities, coping strategies, and resilience of livestock farmers in the face of agricultural drought.

Desertification is one of the greatest environmental issues affecting sustainable development and food security in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the dry conditions and dependence on groundwater as the main irrigation source, the West El-Minya region of Egypt is particularly susceptible to the increasing hazards of desertification. This research study aims to evaluate and map the environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) to desertification in this study region using the modified Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use Model (MEDALUS) approach supported by sophisticated geospatial techniques. The model was utilized as a case study in the West El-Minya region of Egypt, covering an area of 447.12 km 2 (44712.54 ha). The five thematic quality indices of soil (SQI), geomorphology (GQI), climate (CQI), vegetation (VQI), and management (MQI) were characterized through the analysis of satellite images, climatic data, field observations, and soil samples taken from 150 soil profiles. All these indices were integrated in a geographical information system (GIS) framework for ESAs in relation to desertification. According to the model, the findings indicated that the whole area (100%) is within the Critical type of ESA, with no area being assessed as the “Non-Affected” or “Fragile” or “Potential” type. A total of 84.79% (37911.99 ha) of the study area is classified as Critical sub-type 2, while 12.74% (5698.51 ha) and 2.46% (1102.04 ha) are classified as sub-type 3 and sub-type 1, respectively. This is mainly due to the arid climatic conditions and very low vegetation cover, with a strongly negative impact on the study area. The results of the study confirm the urgent need to develop integrated policies for managing natural resources. This study illustrates an innovative application of the MEDALUS model with the addition of geomorphological parameters and applies it in an under-researched area of Egypt. It also presents an explicit spatial assessment that can be utilized to support policy decision-making for land degradation mitigation and sustainable land management.

The objective of the investigation is to use a meta-analysis method to resolve uncertainty, identify research gaps, and create new insights using published data on the effect of garlic intervention on lipid profiles, productive traits, and egg quality indices in laying quails. Twenty studies on the topic were identified based on a systematic search conducted on four bibliographic databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed in OpenMEE and STATA/MP 14.0 software. Results were expressed as raw mean differences at 95% confidence intervals. Pooled estimation showed that garlic increased egg production (EP) and serum high-density lipoprotein by 0.38% ( p = 0.034) and 1.18 mg/dl ( p < 0.001), respectively, in laying quails with evidence of significant heterogeneity. In contrast, feed conversion ratio, concentrations of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and egg cholesterol were reduced by 1.09 mg/dl ( p < 0.001), 0.72 mg/day ( p = 0.003), 1.55 mg/dl ( p < 0.001), and 2.04 mg/g yolk ( p < 0.001), respectively. Subgroup analysis results revealed that laying quails that received <1.0% garlic had better EP than those that received garlic at 1.0, 1.5, and >2.0%. In contrast, laying quails that received 1.0% garlic had significantly lower triglycerides than those offered >2.0% garlic. Meta-regression results indicated that covariates explained most of the sources of significant heterogeneity. The findings of the current meta-analysis revealed the potential of garlic intervention to improve lipid profiles, productive traits, and egg quality indices in laying quails.

Portugal is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Thus, the dietary patterns in Portugal include both the Mediterranean diet (MD) and the Atlantic diet (AD). This review examines the characteristics of both diets, highlighting their commonalities and unique features. This descriptive literature review analyses scientific articles on the MD and AD. It addresses the health effects of both diets based on published evidence. It includes a review of 15 studies specifically focused on the Portuguese population. Most of the studies were conducted with younger people (children or adolescents) or older people, and some were made with patients suffering from a specific pathology, like heart disease, AIDS, or macular degeneration. Both diets emphasize natural, local, and seasonal foods prepared using traditional methods. They consist of foods rich in macronutrients, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds that offer health benefits. Both the MD and the AD are recommended as healthy diets, associated with physical activity as fundamental elements of a healthy lifestyle promoting general well-being. While the health effects of the MD have been extensively studied, the AD remains under-researched.

Global agriculture feeds over seven billion people and alarmingly, this number is expected to increase by a further 50% by 2050. To meet the additional food demand, the world development report has estimated that crop production should increase by 70–100% by 2050. However, climate change, expanding soil salinization, and the developing shortages of freshwater have negatively affected crop production of edible plants around the world. Current attempts to adapt to these conditions include the use of salt-tolerant plant species with potential economic value to fulfil the increasing food demand escalated by the increasing human population. The wild edible halophyte Tetragonia decumbens commonly known as dune spinach has the potential to be used as a leafy vegetable, a source of dietary salt, in phytoremediation and as a source of secondary metabolites. However, it remains underutilized in South Africa as commercial farming of this species has never been explored. This review examined the potential of domesticating the wild dune spinach as a leafy vegetable, describing its morphology and ecology, its propagation and cultivation requirements as well as its potential use on human health and in phytoremediation of saline soils. Furthermore, this analysis is expected to be useful towards further research and popularization of this underexploited halophyte. Source Avela Sogoni.

In Morocco, the efforts offered by the government are improving the field of agriculture. In recent years, the fruit tree sector has provided a growth boost to the country’s GDP. This review aims to present a synthesis of the background surrounding the current situation, the place of Morocco in the world, and the future challenges of the apple tree field. Indeed, we highlight the main findings of previous studies and reports proposed by the administration and the scientific articles published until now. According to current data available online, the apple sector has been improved by various strategies deployed by the government. Among these strategies, the Green Morocco Plan (GMP) is considered the main strategy that has contributed to the improvement of the sector. Despite the success of this sector, it remains subject to multiple abiotic and biotic factors affecting the development of the sector. Climate change, reduced rainfall, increased temperatures, hail, frost, salinity, susceptibility of planted cultivars to diseases, and pests (codling moth, spider mite, scab, and root rot symptoms) are the main scourges of this sector. The consolidation of this success must be maintained by focusing more on the effects of climate change on the yield and quality of apples produced. The identification and characterisation of all varieties planted in Morocco should be further studied using a classical, genetic, and molecular approach, as well as developing others that are more adapted to the local climate. The use of apples for purposes other than raw consumption must also be considered for the development of this sector.

Acorns, historically a fundamental component of diets during times of food scarcity until the mid-twentieth century, have gradually waned in consumption within modern dietary trends. However, a resurgence in interest has emerged with the prospect of developing efficient methods for the removal of tannins, the astringent compounds abundant in acorns. This resurgence is fueled by the recognition of the untapped potential within acorns’ bioactive compounds, which hold promise for promoting human health and well-being. The bioactive compounds found in acorns exhibit the capacity to aid in the management and prevention of various ailments, ranging from atherosclerosis to Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes. As a naturally gluten-free source, acorns represent a valuable alternative to conventional flour, offering not only nutritional diversity but also a rich array of essential minerals, including calcium and iron. The challenge of effectively removing tannins persists as a significant obstacle in maximizing the utilization of acorns and is the subject of previous studies included in the review. Notably, heat treatment presents a viable avenue for tannin removal while concurrently preserving the antioxidant activity inherent within acorns. Based on the collected data, the possible higher usage of acorns in different industries, including the food industry, can be expected.

Plant diseases pose a significant threat to global food security, causing substantial crop yield losses and economic damage. Traditional diagnostic methods often lack the speed, specificity, and sensitivity required for effective disease management. The emergence of CRISPR/Cas-based detection systems offers a novel and highly efficient approach for identifying plant pathogens. This review explores the principles of CRISPR/Cas technology, its adoption for pathogen detection, and its advantages over conventional diagnostic techniques. Recent advancements in CRISPR-based detection tools, including SHERLOCK, DETECTR, and other Cas-mediated platforms, and their potential for rapid, field-deployable diagnostics have been discussed. As these technologies continue to evolve, they hold promise for transforming plant disease diagnostics and enhancing global agricultural resilience.

Background Semarang, the capital of Central Java, is one of Indonesia’s top trash producers and requires more sustainable and effective waste management. Even though environmentally friendly items have been introduced, plastic use in the city remains high, making it vital to examine human behavior in the AIDA (Attention, Interest, Desire, Action) process to identify what influences the purchase of environmentally friendly products. Aims This study uses the AIDA approach customized with SEM-PLS to investigate consumer behavior toward environmentally friendly items in Semarang and identify purchasing decision determinants. Research method A purposive sample of 168 respondents from five Semarang sub-districts was interviewed online and offline for this structural equation model investigation. This quantitative and qualitative technique analyzes, interprets, and reports data using PLS 4 SEM. Results and conclusion Advertising, the AIDA Model, and environmental awareness affect buying. Consumer innovation boosts advertising and purchase but needs to be more awareness. Plastic waste in Semarang City is being reduced, but consumer innovation is needed to preserve the relationship between environmental awareness and purchase. Contribution In Semarang, plastic waste reduction has improved, but consumer innovation can lessen the relationship between awareness and green product purchases. These findings highlight the complicated relationship between consumer behavior and innovation, helping policymakers and industry actors design better green product procurement strategies to reduce waste.

This study was conducted to observe the characteristics of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) made from bacterial cellulose from pineapple peel waste obtained from the results of community business activities. Na-CMC was made from pineapple peel waste cellulose with various sodium hydroxide concentration treatments. The alkalization process with NaOH is critical to start the carboxymethylation process to produce CMC. Na-CMC was manufactured with various NaOH concentrations in the range of 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15%. The resulting Na-CMC was then analyzed for quality using several parameters such as water content, NaCl content, Na-CMC purity, and degree of substitution (DS). The application of Na-CMC was tested in the view of viscosity and pH. As a result, it can be reported that the concentration of NaOH dramatically affects the character of the resulting Na-CMC. The NaOH concentration of 10% produced the best Na-CMC in this study, with the highest purity and DS value. As information for the application of the Na-CMC produced, the Na-CMC produced was measured for the pH value and viscosity. As a result, it can be reported that the pH of the Na-CMC solution was categorized as neutral, and the viscosity value was directly proportional to the purity of Na-CMC. The findings of this study have provided information on the potential of pineapple peel waste to produce Na-CMC, even though the material was not standardized because it comes from annual public activity.