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Extracting oil from oil shale using internal distillation (in situ retorting)

  • Sarah Saad Mohammed Jawad ORCID logo , Zainab Abdulmaged Khalaf ORCID logo EMAIL logo and Safa Waleed Shakir ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: October 19, 2023
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

The method of internal distillation (in situ retorting) and internal treatment for extracting shale oil is one of the modern methods developed with good economic quality but at a higher cost. Therefore, the net of fossil oil can be considered alternative energy. Hydrocarbon-rich hydrogen turns into oily shale, which distills by heat and turns into gases and petroleum liquids suitable for use as fuel. The fumes from burning oil shale are considered cancer-causing, so advanced treatment is required before extraction. As the temperature increases, the speed of oil extraction increases dramatically, but at 510°C, the production rate begins to decline. Oil extraction produces more than gas; the highest production peak is around 550 h. The permeability is closely proportional to the oil producers, and the permeability is inversely proportional to the highest temperature in the case of high heat through the combustion of coal with oxygen internally. The type of oil shale is affected by the surrounding environment and the temperature of the earth’s crust.

Keywords: in situ retorting; oil shale; extraction of oil shale; permeability; kerogen; production yield

List of abbreviations and symbols

Symbols

meaning

ft3

cubic foot (volume)

°C

Celsius (temperature)

h

hour (time)

K

Kelvin (temperature)

k

permeability factor

md

millidarcy (permeability)

1 Introduction

Shale oil is formed by pyrolysis by transforming the kerogen contained in oil shale. This oil is used as a fuel and energy source or as a bitumen enhancer in industrial cases. Shale oil has become one of the essential strategic sources for providing energy in addition to its presence in huge reserves [1]. Oil is extracted from the oil stone using two methods: traditional mining methods and the surface distillation process, which has proven its quality. The second method, the source of this research, is extracting oil from shale oil using the internal distillation method (in situ retorting), which is still under experiment and investigation [2].

Shale oil extraction is an industrial process for unconventional oil production. This process converts kerogen in oil shale into shale oil by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. The resultant shale oil is used as fuel oil or upgraded to meet refinery feedstock specifications by adding hydrogen and removing sulfur and nitrogen impurities [3,4].

Shale oil extraction is usually performed above ground (ex situ processing) by mining the oil shale and then treating it in processing facilities. Other modern technologies perform the processing underground (on-site or in situ processing) by applying heat and extracting the oil via oil wells. In this process, oil shale is heated in the absence of oxygen until its kerogen decomposes into condensable shale oil vapors and non-condensable combustible oil shale gas. Oil vapors and oil shale gas are then collected and cooled, causing the shale oil to condense. In addition, oil shale processing produces spent oil shale, which is a solid residue. Spent shale consists of inorganic compounds (minerals) and char – a carbonaceous residue formed from kerogen [5,6].

As previously mentioned, shale oil is processed through mining operations above the ground or surface distillation outside the site using refineries and oil treatments. Still, with the passage of time, modern technology began to treat on-site through internal extraction using heat. Fully processed shale oil is extracted from a shale well in a manner similar to an oil well [7] (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Sketch of shale oil extraction process.
Figure 1

Sketch of shale oil extraction process.

This research will discuss some of the previous results with the knowledge of the amount of gas and oil generated due to the thermal decomposition of oil shale with a look at the method of kerogen transformation and the effect of the increase in temperature rates.

Finally, the method of transforming oil stone into oil will be explained with the knowledge of the materials used in the research, with a discussion of the previous results. Here, it should be noted that this research discusses all the earlier studies in this field.

2 Methods of extracting shale oil from oil shale

In this part, we will talk about converting oil shale into shale oil using different methods, including thermal replacement with organic solvents, given that the oil shale dissolves with organic solvents or uses thermal decomposition by raising temperatures during the treatment processes [8,9].

The processing operations are divided into the following:

2.1 Surface retorting processes

This process includes treatment on the ground’s surface through unique processing plants. The treatment is by increasing the temperature and converting it to oil shale using each technique’s direct contact with gaseous fuel products or natural methods [10].

2.1.1 Indirectly gas-heated retort

There are two indirect gas heating methods for shale oil production. The first method (Salermo Retort) occurs by collecting oil rocks greater than 25 mm and placing in large cylindrical containers that are touched from the bottom by the gases resulting from combustion and non-condensable. Studies have proven that this method produces about 90% of shale oil [11].

The second method is called (888). This method depends on placing the oil stone granules in two cylinders for each cylinder 52 retorted. It works to produce about 530 barrels per 10 tons of oil shale, but this method is considered expensive compared to the production of crude oil at international prices, so dealing with it has been stopped [12].

2.1.2 Directly gas-heated retort

The company (Paraho) is considered the first to develop and use this method, as it has developed devices for vertical and vertical ovens. Where this method occurs in three stages, the first stage is the process of separating oil shale with a size of 0.6–8 cm. Then, it works to enter it from the top of the cylinder in the opposite direction to the hot steam resulting from the combustion of fuel so that it increases the temperature inside the cylinder up to 510°C. The second stage begins to dissolve the kerogen inside the cylinder, and it works to form shale oil inside the fog resulting from the dissolving process and then works to remove the liquid mist inside the retort through side tubes. Finally, recycling the gas is used to restore the temperature on the surface of the cylinder and complete the dissolution of the remaining oil shale [13].

2.2 Kerogen

It is a chemical compound consisting of a mixture of organic and chemical substances, and it is the material that makes up oil within sedimentary rocks.

The most crucial property of kerogen is that it does not dissolve in the organic solvents commonly used. Still, part of it is dissolved, called (tar) with high temperatures in the earth’s crust between 60 and 120°C, called the oil barrier. Kerogen decomposes due to high temperatures, the crude oil or shale fuel component. Kerogen-rich oil shale (which has not been exposed to high temperatures inside the earth’s crust and has not got rid of the hydrocarbon trapped in it) is considered one of the essential sources of fuel [14] (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Shale oil extraction method [15].
Figure 2

Shale oil extraction method [15].

3 Procedures

3.1 Material used

  • Surface footprint

  • Ice wall

  • Holes (allow liquids and gases to pass through)

  • Shale bed

3.2 Oil extraction method

The treatment process is carried out under the earth’s surface using hot liquids that dissolve the oil shale formed inside the kerogen. By increasing the temperature, it dissolves the hydrocarbon inside the holes. The existing ice sheets work to re-condensate liquids and gases to facilitate the separation process by pipes, as shown in Figure 3. The fuel comes out separately from each other and has been treated inside the rocky well [16,17,18].

Figure 3 Cross-section of classic shale oil extraction process.
Figure 3

Cross-section of classic shale oil extraction process.

The most important countries that have successfully extracted and treated oil stones in the ground are China, Australia, Germany, and the United States of America. At the same time, Morocco and Jordan seek to do so [19].

3.3 Oil shale properties

Shale oil is one of the materials that possess complex hydrocarbons. Its properties are affected by the type of soil, the surrounding climatic conditions, the temperature of the earth’s crust, etc. [20,21]. The major advantages of oil shale are large potential supplies, easy transportation, and efficient distribution system. The disadvantages of oil shale are low energy net yield, released CO2, and other air pollutants when produced and burned, severe land disruption, and high water use [22]. The main advantages of this technology are that no mining is required and all energy required for retorting is produced by burning a small portion of the oil shale. However, it has the disadvantages of lower oil yield and low calorific value [23].

A typical sample of shale oil contains oxygen (0.5–1)%, nitrogen (1.5–2)%, sulfur (0.5–1)%, and some atoms of sediments and salts. The fluidity of desert fuels is less than fossil fuels, as it is affected by a temperature of 24–2°C, while fossil fuels are affected by a degree of −60 to 30°C, and this may affect the way it is transported in ordinary pipes [24,25].

The hydrocarbons inside the oil shale are considered carcinogens because their organic materials are broken down by hydrogenation [26,27].

Oil shale needs continuous and advanced treatment because sulfur and nitrogen are among the causes of environmental pollution [28,29,30]. Phenol is removed by removing water, requiring an increase in treatment to re-increase the percentage of hydrogen compared to carbon [31,32].

4 Result and discussion

This part will study some of the effects on the production of shale oil by underground distillation.

4.1 Effect of increasing temperatures on amount of shale oil production

Figure 4 shows the effect of the temperature increase on the shale oil production as it starts at a temperature of 400°C by giving small quantities as time increases. The quantities increase by increasing the temperature until it becomes 500°C for the highest amount of the produced yield, but in a shorter time. This indicates thatthe temperature is inversely proportional to time and is directly proportional to the yield, but to a certain extent. After reaching a temperature of 510°C, the yield begins to decrease because it has exceeded the minimum heat required for production [33].

Figure 4 Relationship between time (min) vs yield% at 400, 450, and 500°C.
Figure 4

Relationship between time (min) vs yield% at 400, 450, and 500°C.

4.2 Comparison of percentage of oil and gas produced in shale oil extraction

Figure 5 shows that the oil production rate is much higher than the gas production rate, and the highest peak of oil production is at the 550th h, as is clear and indicated.

Figure 5 Comparison between rates of gas and oil produced from oil shale extracted.
Figure 5

Comparison between rates of gas and oil produced from oil shale extracted.

4.3 Effect of permeability

Figures 6 and 7 show the relationship of permeability with temperature in terms of high and low temperature; it is clear that the higher the permeability, the higher the oil production pressure, while the permeability is higher at low temperatures, and therefore, the tanks with low permeability are less. As for oil production increases with the increase in permeability because the existing coal burns and generates a high temperature with oxygen, increasing the oil productivity due to the high temperatures. The low permeability is inversely proportional to the temperature, except in the presence of increased combustion, as it is affected by the increase in oil production [34].

Figure 6 Average temperature of oil shale for different permeabilities (k 1 = 10,000 md, k 2 = 5,000 md, and k 3 = 1,000 md).
Figure 6

Average temperature of oil shale for different permeabilities (k 1 = 10,000 md, k 2 = 5,000 md, and k 3 = 1,000 md).

Figure 7 Oil production rate for different permeabilities (k 1 = 10,000 md, k 2 = 5,000 md, and k 3 = 1,000 md) and times.
Figure 7

Oil production rate for different permeabilities (k 1 = 10,000 md, k 2 = 5,000 md, and k 3 = 1,000 md) and times.

5 Conclusion

This work is entirely research work. From the research and results, we found that the method of internal distillation and internal treatment for extracting shale oil is one of the modern methods developed with good economic quality but at a higher cost. Therefore, the net of fossil oil can be considered alternative energy. In addition, hydrocarbon-rich hydrogen turns into oily shale, which distills by heat and turns into gases and petroleum liquids suitable for use as fuel. The fumes from burning oil shale are considered cancer-causing, so advanced treatment is required before extraction. We found as the temperature increases, the speed of oil extraction increases dramatically, but at 510°C, the production rate begins to decline. Oil extraction produces more oil than gas; the highest production peak is around 550 h. The permeability is closely proportional to the oil producers, and the permeability is inversely proportional to the highest temperature in the case of high heat through the combustion of coal with oxygen internally. Finally, the type of oil shale is affected by the surrounding environment and the temperature of the earth’s crust.

  1. Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on a reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-01-28
Revised: 2023-04-28
Accepted: 2023-05-05
Published Online: 2023-10-19

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0460
Keywords for this article
in situ retorting; oil shale; extraction of oil shale; permeability; kerogen; production yield
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  19. Performance of a horizontal well in a bounded anisotropic reservoir: Part II: Performance analysis of well length and reservoir geometry
  20. Effect of chloride concentration on the corrosion resistance of pure Zn metal in a 0.0626 M H2SO4 solution
  21. Numerical and experimental analysis of the heat transfer process in a railway disc brake tested on a dynamometer stand
  22. Design parameters and mechanical efficiency of jet wind turbine under high wind speed conditions
  23. Architectural modeling of data warehouse and analytic business intelligence for Bedstead manufacturers
  24. Influence of nano chromium addition on the corrosion and erosion–corrosion behavior of cupronickel 70/30 alloy in seawater
  25. Evaluating hydraulic parameters in clays based on in situ tests
  26. Optimization of railway entry and exit transition curves
  27. Daily load curve prediction for Jordan based on statistical techniques
  28. Review Articles
  29. A review of rutting in asphalt concrete pavement
  30. Powered education based on Metaverse: Pre- and post-COVID comprehensive review
  31. A review of safety test methods for new car assessment program in Southeast Asian countries
  32. Communication
  33. StarCrete: A starch-based biocomposite for off-world construction
  34. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part I
  35. Analysis and assessment of the human factor as a cause of occurrence of selected railway accidents and incidents
  36. Testing the way of driving a vehicle in real road conditions
  37. Research of dynamic phenomena in a model engine stand
  38. Testing the relationship between the technical condition of motorcycle shock absorbers determined on the diagnostic line and their characteristics
  39. Retrospective analysis of the data concerning inspections of vehicles with adaptive devices
  40. Analysis of the operating parameters of electric, hybrid, and conventional vehicles on different types of roads
  41. Special Issue: 49th KKBN - Part II
  42. Influence of a thin dielectric layer on resonance frequencies of square SRR metasurface operating in THz band
  43. Influence of the presence of a nitrided layer on changes in the ultrasonic wave parameters
  44. Special Issue: ICRTEEC - 2021 - Part III
  45. Reverse droop control strategy with virtual resistance for low-voltage microgrid with multiple distributed generation sources
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-2 - Part II
  47. Waste ceramic as partial replacement for sand in integral waterproof concrete: The durability against sulfate attack of certain properties
  48. Assessment of Manning coefficient for Dujila Canal, Wasit/-Iraq
  49. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part I
  50. Modulation and performance of synchronous demodulation for speech signal detection and dialect intelligibility
  51. Seismic evaluation cylindrical concrete shells
  52. Investigating the role of different stabilizers of PVCs by using a torque rheometer
  53. Investigation of high-turbidity tap water problem in Najaf governorate/middle of Iraq
  54. Experimental and numerical evaluation of tire rubber powder effectiveness for reducing seepage rate in earth dams
  55. Enhancement of air conditioning system using direct evaporative cooling: Experimental and theoretical investigation
  56. Assessment for behavior of axially loaded reinforced concrete columns strengthened by different patterns of steel-framed jacket
  57. Novel graph for an appropriate cross section and length for cantilever RC beams
  58. Discharge coefficient and energy dissipation on stepped weir
  59. Numerical study of the fluid flow and heat transfer in a finned heat sink using Ansys Icepak
  60. Integration of numerical models to simulate 2D hydrodynamic/water quality model of contaminant concentration in Shatt Al-Arab River with WRDB calibration tools
  61. Study of the behavior of reactive powder concrete RC deep beams by strengthening shear using near-surface mounted CFRP bars
  62. The nonlinear analysis of reactive powder concrete effectiveness in shear for reinforced concrete deep beams
  63. Activated carbon from sugarcane as an efficient adsorbent for phenol from petroleum refinery wastewater: Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic study
  64. Structural behavior of concrete filled double-skin PVC tubular columns confined by plain PVC sockets
  65. Probabilistic derivation of droplet velocity using quadrature method of moments
  66. A study of characteristics of man-made lightweight aggregate and lightweight concrete made from expanded polystyrene (eps) and cement mortar
  67. Effect of waste materials on soil properties
  68. Experimental investigation of electrode wear assessment in the EDM process using image processing technique
  69. Punching shear of reinforced concrete slabs bonded with reactive powder after exposure to fire
  70. Deep learning model for intrusion detection system utilizing convolution neural network
  71. Improvement of CBR of gypsum subgrade soil by cement kiln dust and granulated blast-furnace slag
  72. Investigation of effect lengths and angles of the control devices below the hydraulic structure
  73. Finite element analysis for built-up steel beam with extended plate connected by bolts
  74. Finite element analysis and retrofit of the existing reinforced concrete columns in Iraqi schools by using CFRP as confining technique
  75. Performing laboratory study of the behavior of reactive powder concrete on the shear of RC deep beams by the drilling core test
  76. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part I
  77. Depletion zones of groundwater resources in the Southwest Desert of Iraq
  78. A case study of T-beams with hybrid section shear characteristics of reactive powder concrete
  79. Feasibility studies and their effects on the success or failure of investment projects. “Najaf governorate as a model”
  80. Optimizing and coordinating the location of raw material suitable for cement manufacturing in Wasit Governorate, Iraq
  81. Effect of the 40-PPI copper foam layer height on the solar cooker performance
  82. Identification and investigation of corrosion behavior of electroless composite coating on steel substrate
  83. Improvement in the California bearing ratio of subbase soil by recycled asphalt pavement and cement
  84. Some properties of thermal insulating cement mortar using Ponza aggregate
  85. Assessment of the impacts of land use/land cover change on water resources in the Diyala River, Iraq
  86. Effect of varied waste concrete ratios on the mechanical properties of polymer concrete
  87. Effect of adverse slope on performance of USBR II stilling basin
  88. Shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams with recycled steel fibers
  89. Extracting oil from oil shale using internal distillation (in situ retorting)
  90. Influence of recycling waste hardened mortar and ceramic rubbish on the properties of flowable fill material
  91. Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete deep beams by near-surface-mounted steel reinforcement
  92. Impact of waste materials (glass powder and silica fume) on features of high-strength concrete
  93. Studying pandemic effects and mitigation measures on management of construction projects: Najaf City as a case study
  94. Design and implementation of a frequency reconfigurable antenna using PIN switch for sub-6 GHz applications
  95. Average monthly recharge, surface runoff, and actual evapotranspiration estimation using WetSpass-M model in Low Folded Zone, Iraq
  96. Simple function to find base pressure under triangular and trapezoidal footing with two eccentric loads
  97. Assessment of ALINEA method performance at different loop detector locations using field data and micro-simulation modeling via AIMSUN
  98. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part I
  99. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the structural behavior of reinforced glulam wooden members by NSM steel bars and shear reinforcement CFRP sheet
  100. Improving the fatigue life of composite by using multiwall carbon nanotubes
  101. A comparative study to solve fractional initial value problems in discrete domain
  102. Assessing strength properties of stabilized soils using dynamic cone penetrometer test
  103. Investigating traffic characteristics for merging sections in Iraq
  104. Enhancement of flexural behavior of hybrid flat slab by using SIFCON
  105. The main impacts of a managed aquifer recharge using AHP-weighted overlay analysis based on GIS in the eastern Wasit province, Iraq
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