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Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell

  • Harsasi Setyawati EMAIL logo , Handoko Darmokoesoemo , Irmina Kris Murwani , Ahmadi Jaya Permana and Faidur Rochman
Published/Copyright: April 20, 2020
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

The demands of ecofriendly technologies to produce a reliable supply of renewable energy on a large scale remains a challenge. A solar cell based on DSSC (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell) technology is environmentally friendly and holds the promise of a high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. This manuscript describes the development of a light harvester system as a main part of a DSSC. Congo red dye has been functionalized with metals (Fe, Co, Ni), forming a series of complexes that serve as a novel light harvester on the solar cell. Metal-congo red complexes have been characterized by UV-VIS and FTIR spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. The performance of metal complexes in capturing photons from sunlight has been investigated in a solar cell device. The incorporation of metals to congo red successfully improved of the congo red efficiency as follows: Fe(II)-congo red, Co(II)-congo red and Ni(II)-congo red had efficiencies of 8.17%, 6.13% and 2.65%, respectively. This research also discusses the effect of metal ions on the ability of congo red to capture energy from sunlight.

Keywords: Functionalization; congo red; metal; light-harvester; ecofriendly

1 Introduction

The increasing demand for renewable energy has prompted many researchers to investigate new sources to produce renewable energy. Sunlight is an abundant energy source which can be converted into electricity. A solar cell, in particular DSSC (Dye Sensitizer Solar Cell), is one of the best technologies to obtain clean energy from sunlight [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. A dye sensitizer, commonly known as a light harvester, is the main part of the DSSC device. A light harvester has a significant role in capturing energy from the sun, and the electron produced is used in photochemical pathways on the solar cell [9]. Much research has been focused on developing a light harvester material to obtain a high-efficiency solar cell [1,2,4,5,7, 8, 9, 10, 11]

On the other hand, in Indonesia, the growth of the economy has been driven by the development of the garment/ textile industry, in particular, the Batik industry. In order to keep down the industrial costs, many industries tend to use synthetic dyes such as rhodamine B, congo red, naphthol blue black and methyl orange for their dyeing processes. Because of the lack of waste treatment technology, many industries dispose of dye waste directly into the environment. Hence, in this research, we focus on how to reduce dye waste and convert them into a component of solar cell technology.

In earlier work, waste dyes such as rhodamine B, congo red, naphthol blue black and methyl orange were successfully used as a light harvesters in solar cells [9]. In that study, congo red proved to have the highest efficiency of 1.01%. Therefore, in this study, congo red was chosen as a candidate for a light harvester on the solar cell. A promising way to improve the efficiency of solar cells in via the addition of metal ions. In this context, congo red is considered as a ligand. The metal-ligand interaction in metal complexes produces new functional materials that provide a wide application in many scientific fields For example, the presence of iron on the rhodamine B structure has been shown to improve the efficiency of a solar cell from 0.0019% (rhodamine B) to 2.03% (Fe-rhodamine B) [12,13]. The presence of iron (as a metal complex)on an antibiotic structure has proven to enhance the antibacterial activity [14]. Incorporation metal-igand complexes yields excellent electronic properties in the molecular electronics field [15,16].

In the current research, a series of complexes were prepared by reacting congo red dye with Fe(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) ions. All compounds were characterized by UV-Vis and FTIR spectrophotometry, EDX (Energy-Dispersive X-ray) elemental analysis, and conductometry. The performance of all complexes as a light harvester on a solar cell device was analyzed and compared to the performance of congo red. In this study, the solar cell device consisted of a thin layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a semiconductor, graphite as a counter electrode, potassium tri-iodide (KI3) solution as an electrolyte solution and FTO (Fluorine-doped tin oxide) glass as solar cell body.

2 Experimental

2.1 Material

All chemicals were purchased from commercial sources (Sigma Aldrich) and used without further purification. Materials for synthesis of complexes were Mohr salt [(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O], cobalt chloride (CoCl2.6H2O), nickel sulphate (NiSO4.7H2O), congo red(C32H22N6Na2O6S2) and ethanol (CH2CH3OH). Material for preparation of the DSSC cell were conductive glass plates i.e. FTO (Fluorine doped Tin Oxide) glass from Latech scientific supply Pte. Ltd Singapore (10 Ω, 25 x 25 x 3.2 mm), counter electrode i.e., graphite, titanium dioxide anatase, iodine (I2), potassium iodide (KI), acetic acid (CH3COOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), ethanol (CH2CH3OH), aquabidest and ether.

2.2 Congo red complexes characterization

The absorption spectra of complexes (as solutions) were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 1800). Infrared spectra were recorded with a FTIR spectrophotometer (Jasco FTIR 5300). Elemental analyses of complexes were performed using a EDX Carl Zeiss EVO MA 10. Electrical conductivity was analyzed with a EUTECH Conductometer. The structure of thin layer TiO2 was characterized by X’pert PRO Diffractometer.

2.3 Determination of ratio mole metal to ligand

The number of ligands which is bind to the metal was calculated by determining the mole ratio of metal and ligand using mole ratio methods,[17], as follows: Stoichiometry of metal complexes is determined by the mole ratio method, using the wavelength of maximum absorbance of the congo red ligand A solution of the appropriate metal ion was made with a constant number of moles, while solutions of congo red were made with a variation of the number of moles. Eight volumetric flasks (10 mL) were prepared. A solution of the appropriate metal ion (5 x 10-5 M) in a fixed mole (1 mL) was transferred to the flask and congo red 5 x 10-5 M with a variation mole (1 mL; 2 mL; 3 mL; 4 mL; 5 mL: 6 mL; 7 mL; 8 mL) was added. Furthermore, the solution is diluted with aquabidest. Hereafter, the mole ratio of metal to ligand was determined by intersection between the straight line equation of curve between a mole ratio of metals to ligand and absorbance of ligand.

2.4 Preparation of the complexes

A series of complexes were synthesized by reacting a metal ion and congo red ligand. The appropriate metal salt and ligand were weighed, based on the mole ratio determination; one mole of metal and three mole of ligand congo red. Then, each compound was dissolved in ethanol. The solutions were mixtured and heated at 100oC under reflux system. After one third of the solution remained, the solution was left for two weeks at room temperature until complexes crystallised. Subsequently, the complexes were washed with hot ethanol (40°C), then dried [12,13]. The ionic character of complex compound was determined by conductance analysis.

2.5 Preparation of DSSC cell

Photo anode or working electrode were prepared by superimposing a thin layer of TiO2 sol on FTO glasses following the procedure described in our previous work [12]. For a working-electrode, a glass plate with a size of 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm with 1 mm of thickness was sanded to obtain a rough-surface. Then, the glass plate was soaked with ethanol for 24 hours. Furthermore, the glass plate was coated by sol-gel titanium dioxide to obtain a thin layer of titanium dioxide. A sol-gel solution of TiO2 was dropped on the glass plate surface and flattened using a stirring rod until a homogenous coating was obtained. Then, a coated glass plate was calcined at a temperature of 450 °C for 30 minutes. The obtained titanium dioxide was characterized by X-ray diffraction. Subsequently, the adsorption of dyes from congo red complexes onto FTO glasses-TiO2 were done by immersing the electrodes in the complexes of congo red solution (0.1 mmol.L-1) for 24 hours at room temperature and then dried. Three complexes of congo red, and a solution of congo red were immersed with TiO2 glasses, respectively.

Counter electrodes were prepared by coating carbon on the conducting side using a graphite pencil until evenly distributed. Furthermore, FTO glass slides were heated at 450°C for 30 min and then washed with ethanol and dried. Electrolyte solution was prepared by dissolving iodine (I2) in potassium iodide (KI) solution until KI3 solution was obtained. The light harvester solar cells were assembled by sandwiched TiO2-dye as working electrode and graphite as counter electrodes as described in Figure 1. An electrolyte solution of KI3 was dropped between the two electrodes. Then, the two electrodes were clamped with clips and connected to a multimeter and potentiometer 100 kΩ. The solar cell circuit was connected to a multimeter cable where the positive pole was connected to the counter electrode and the negative pole was connected to the working electrode. Then, the solar cell device was irradiated for 2 weeks by direct sunlight and every day the maximum current and voltage were measured. The intensity of the sunlight was also measured using a lux meter.

Figure 1 The diagram of DSSC cells, together with the structure of congo red and the three metal ions used to make complexes.
Figure 1

The diagram of DSSC cells, together with the structure of congo red and the three metal ions used to make complexes.

Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animal use.

3 Results and discussion

In this research, functionalization of congo red was achieved by the formation of Fe(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes. The result of the mole ratio of metal to ligand determination is shown in Figure 2. Through this step, the formation of complexes can be formed effectively [12].

Figure 2 The determination of mole ratio of metal to ligand for the congo red complexes.
Figure 2

The determination of mole ratio of metal to ligand for the congo red complexes.

Figure 2 shows the mole ratio metal to the ligand of all congo red complexes are 0.27. All complexes show that the mole ratio almost 0.3. This result means that all of the complexes stable synthesized on mole ratio metal to ligand 1:3. One metal could bind 3 ligands and form an octahedral structure which has a six coordination numbers. This suggests that congo red is a bidentate ligand which can donate two pairs of electrons to the metal ions [18].

After synthesis, all complexes were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, with selected data shown in Table 1. It is apparent that all complexes show d-d transition band on wavelength close to 498 nm. These results show that the d-d transitions of metal complexes is highly influenced by the very intense color of the ligand. The electronic absorption spectra of complexes give different characteristic bands such as intra-ligand transition, charge transfer (MLCT or LMCT), and d-d transition. All synthesized congo-red complexes indicate the octahedral structure. Based on orbital selection rule and Laporte forbidden rule, the complex compound with an inversion center like octahedral structure will have a weak d-d transition that caused the low in intensity. If the complex has a ligand with a very intense color such as congo red, it will be hard to determine the d-d transition of a complex compound because of the color of ligand and LMCT phenomenon masking its d-d transition [19,20]. In this research, all complexes show charge transfer (CT) bands. It is beneficial to implement the metal complexes as a light harvester on solar cells because charge transfer phenomenon highly support generating electron transfer on solar cell device [9,13,18].

Table 1

Characteristic bands of the complexes in deionized water in UV-Vis spectra [λmax, in nm].

CompoundILa bands and CTb bandsd-d bands
Congo red238345.5498-
Fe-congo red239339508
Co-congo red213-502
Ni-congo red239339.5498.5
  1. a

    a = intra-ligand band

  2. b

    b = charge transfer band

All synthesized metal complexes in this research were non-hygroscopic, non-deliquescent and stable at room temperature. In order to characterize their elemental composition, all complexes were analyzed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX). EDX is a chemical microanalysis technique which can be used for qualitative (the type of elements) as well as quantitative (the percentage of f each element of the sample) studies. This analysis detects the x-rays emitted from the sample following the bombardment of the sample with an electron beam to characterize the elemental composition. The data that is generated by EDX analysis consists of spectra with peaks corresponding to all the different elements that are present in the sample. An advantage of the EDX technique is that it is a non-destructive characterization technique, which requires little or no sample preparation [21]. EDX has also been used to determine elemental composition [22, 23, 24, 25].

In this research, EDX characterization was used in qualitative purposed such as proving the presence of metal in the complex compound. The result of the elemental determination of complexes is shown in Table 2. Table 2 shows that each synthesized complex contains an expected metal.

Table 2

The result of elemental analysis of congo red complexes.

CompoundElement
CNOSMetal
Fe(II)-congo redWt found/ Wt calc. (%)43.01/42.658.75/8.7436.89/36898.62/9.222.73/2.50
At found/ At calc. (%)52.44/59.509.15/13.0233.77/14.883.94/9.920.71/2.68
Co(II)-congo redWt found/ Wt calc. (%)44.47/44.539.27/8.8933.88/33.578.47/9.083.91/3.93
At found/ At calc. (%)59.44/54.5813.00/9.3614.86/30.919.91/4.712.79/0.98
Ni(II)-congo redWt found/ Wt calc. (%)51.28/51.395.79/5.9333.73/33.896.43/6.022.77/2.76
At found/ At calc. (%)60.62/59.385.89/12.9929.97/14.852.85/9.890.67/2.89

As a dye sensitizer, a complex compound must have character ionic in order to facilitate redox reaction in a DSSC cells. In order to ensure the ionic character on complex compounds, the conductance of each solution of congo red complex was determined by conductometry. The molar conductivities of the synthesized complexes were measured in water. Based on Table 3, the conductance of metal complexes is in a range 67.23 μmho – 87.60 μmho. This result revealed that all complexes were ionic with being 1:1 electrolyte, whereas the water showed conductance 1.93 μmho that correlate with nonelectrolytic [19,26]

Table 3

Conductance analysis of complex compounds.

CompoundConductance (μmho)
Water (H2O)1.93
Fe(II)-congo red in water67.23
Co(II)-congo red in water87.60
Ni(II)-congo red in water75.57

The incorporation of metal in the complex compound leads to a change of ligand characteristics. When a metal coordinates with the ligand, some changes will occur in stretching frequencies of the ligand. Based on Tabe 4, the azo (N=N) bands in each complex compound shifted from 1612.49 cm-1 to 1604.77 and 1512.19 cm-1, which indicates the coordination of N on azo group to the metal center [21]. The result of FTIR characterization of complexes is shown in Figure 3, Figure 4 and Table 4. In general, the characteristic of FTIR spectra of complexes was similar to the ligand (congo red). This suggests that most a functional groups of complexes are broadly similar to those of the free ligand. However, based on Figure 4, there were significant differences spectra in the far-infrared area (under 500 cm-1). This peak indicates the coordination of ligand to metal has been formed. Coordination Fe-N appears at 362.62 cm-1; coordination Co-N appears at 347.19 cm-1 and coordination Ni-N appears at 354.9 cm-1.[12,13,27].

Table 4

The functional group and metal ligand bonding of congo red complexes.

Functional GroupsCongo redFe-congo redCo-congo redNi-congo red
Metal-NH2-362.62347.19354.9
C-N1049.281049.281049.281172
R-SO3-1180.441118.711180.441180.44
N=N1612.491604.771604.771512.19
NH23448.723464.153456.443448.72
References : [27][28][18]
Figure 3 The determination of functional groups of congo red complexes using FTIR.
Figure 3

The determination of functional groups of congo red complexes using FTIR.

Figure 4 The determination of metal-ligand bonding of congo red complexes using FTIR.
Figure 4

The determination of metal-ligand bonding of congo red complexes using FTIR.

In investigating the performance of complexes as light harvesters, the photovoltaic performance of each complex was analyzed on a solar cell device. Each complex was dispersed on semiconductor titanium dioxide (TiO2) that formed a working electrode. The interaction of metal complexes with TiO2 was characterized by FTIR spectrophotometry and the results are shown in Figure 5. This shows that bonding between Ti and metal complexes is indicated by the appearance of peaks in the range of 400-500 cm-1. This peak indicates the bonding of Ti and O from the sulfonate group of ligand congo red. The incorporation of Ti and dye through bonding highly support the electron flow that occurred on the solar cell device. This condition is beneficial in increasing the electron flow [29, 30, 31].

Figure 5 The determination of TiO2 bonding with congo red complexes using FTIR spectrophotometry.
Figure 5

The determination of TiO2 bonding with congo red complexes using FTIR spectrophotometry.

The photovoltaic performance of each metal complex has been investigated and compared with the ligand congo red. The results (Table 5) show the terms of short-circuit current (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), maximum current density (Jmax), maximum voltage (Vmax), fill factor (FF) and energy conversion efficiency (η) for the four solar cell systems investigated.

Table 5

The photovoltaic performance of congo red complexes.

DyeJSc

(mAcm-2)		Voc (V)Jmax

(mAcm-2)		Vmax (V)FFη (%)
Congo red140.17630.1670.2031.90
Fe-congo red30.8722.50.8600.8228.17
Co-congo red12.50.26880.2020.4816.13
Ni-congo red2.50.4451.60.4350.6262.65
Sunlight Intensity: 26.307 mWcm-2; Area: 4 cm2

Table 5 shows that the efficiency of metal complexes is higher than the ligand itself (congo red). It means that the functionalization of congo red using metal ions is proven to increase their performance as a light harvester [12,13]. The highest photovoltaic performance was reached by Fe(II)-congo red complex (8.17%) and the lowest photovoltaic performance was reached by the Ni(II)-congo red complex (2.65%). The Fe(II) complex has the highest efficiency because the electron configuration of Fe(II) has more electrons than Co(II) and Ni(II) in their d orbitals. This means that iron(II) (d6) has more energy levels (Term Symbol : 5D, 1S, 1D, 1G, 3P, 3F, 3P, 3D, 3F, 3G, 3H, 1S, 1D, 1F, 1G, 1I) which can absorb photon energy [20]. The more energy levels available, the higher electron flow can be generated by light harvester, and the greater amount of electricity that can be obtained [30,32]. The Fe(II) complex obtained the highest Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) comparing with the Co(II) and Ni(II) complex which are 0.872 V (Fe(II)), 0.268 V (Co(II)) and 0.445 V (Ni(II)).

Based on Table 5 and Table 6 we can see that there is a correlation between the efficiency of the metal complex and the metal atomic number. The higher of metal atomic number, the decrease in efficiency of solar cells. It can be explained that the higher metal atomic number cause the higher of effective nuclear charge of the metal. This condition will cause the electron density of the ligand to become more attracted to the metal. As a result, the electrons transferred by the dye to the semiconductor are reduced partially. This causes the electron cycle in the solar cell to decrease so that the electricity produced decreases.

Table 6

The effective nuclear charge (Zeff) of metal complexes [20].

Metal ionShielding Constant (S)[*]Atomic Number (Z)Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff)[**]
Fe2+19.75266.25
Co2+20.10276.90
Ni2+20.45287.55

4 Conclusions

The use of three metal ions to the synthetic dye, congo red, to improve its photovoltaic performance (through the formation of complexes) has been investigated. This research successfully proves that the addition of metals ion to congo red structure can improve efficiency of the solar cell. The addition of Fe(II) to congo red structure obtained the highest efficiency i.e. 8.17%. The larger an atomic number metal ion, the greater the effective nuclear charge of the metal so that the electron density of the ligand that will be donated to the photovoltaic process will be reduced because it is attracted to the metal. This condition causes a decrease in solar cell efficiency.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by a Research Grant from the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RISTEKDIKTI) through “Penelitian Dasar” scheme and a research Grant from Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University through “Penelitian Unggulan Fakultas” scheme. The authors also gratefully acknowledge Prof. Paul Low (The University of Western Australia) for insight regarding metal complexes and Department of Chemistry, Airlangga University for all facilities.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state that there is no conflict of interest in this research.

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Received: 2019-07-15
Accepted: 2020-01-12
Published Online: 2020-04-20

© 2020 Harsasi Setyawati et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
  124. Source apportionment of soil contamination based on multivariate receptor and robust geostatistics in a typical rural–urban area, Wuhan city, middle China
  125. Special Issue on 13th JCC 2018
  126. The Role of H2C2O4 and Na2CO3 as Precipitating Agents on The Physichochemical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of Bismuth Oxide
  127. Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization
  128. Topical Issue on Agriculture
  129. Size-dependent growth kinetics of struvite crystals in wastewater with calcium ions
  130. The effect of silica-calcite sedimentary rock contained in the chicken broiler diet on the overall quality of chicken muscles
  131. Physicochemical properties of selected herbicidal products containing nicosulfuron as an active ingredient
  132. Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products
  133. Fluorescence in the assessment of the share of a key component in the mixing of feed
  134. Sulfur application alleviates chromium stress in maize and wheat
  135. Effectiveness of removal of sulphur compounds from the air after 3 years of biofiltration with a mixture of compost soil, peat, coconut fibre and oak bark
  136. Special Issue on the 4th Green Chemistry 2018
  137. Study and fire test of banana fibre reinforced composites with flame retardance properties
  138. Special Issue on the International conference CosCI 2018
  139. Disintegration, In vitro Dissolution, and Drug Release Kinetics Profiles of k-Carrageenan-based Nutraceutical Hard-shell Capsules Containing Salicylamide
  140. Synthesis of amorphous aluminosilicate from impure Indonesian kaolin
  141. Special Issue on the International Conf on Science, Applied Science, Teaching and Education 2019
  142. Functionalization of Congo red dye as a light harvester on solar cell
  143. The effect of nitrite food preservatives added to se’i meat on the expression of wild-type p53 protein
  144. Biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of scaffold porous composite collagen–hydroxyapatite based coral for bone regeneration
  145. Special Issue on the Joint Science Congress of Materials and Polymers (ISCMP 2019)
  146. Effect of natural boron mineral use on the essential oil ratio and components of Musk Sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
  147. A theoretical and experimental study of the adsorptive removal of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide as an adsorbent
  148. A study on the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans in various dental ceramics: In vitro study
  149. Corrosion study of copper in aqueous sulfuric acid solution in the presence of (2E,5E)-2,5-dibenzylidenecyclopentanone and (2E,5E)-bis[(4-dimethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone: Experimental and theoretical study
  150. Special Issue on Chemistry Today for Tomorrow 2019
  151. Diabetes mellitus type 2: Exploratory data analysis based on clinical reading
  152. Multivariate analysis for the classification of copper–lead and copper–zinc glasses
  153. Special Issue on Advances in Chemistry and Polymers
  154. The spatial and temporal distribution of cationic and anionic radicals in early embryo implantation
  155. Special Issue on 3rd IC3PE 2020
  156. Magnetic iron oxide/clay nanocomposites for adsorption and catalytic oxidation in water treatment applications
  157. Special Issue on IC3PE 2018/2019 Conference
  158. Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production
  159. Advancing biodiesel production from microalgae Spirulina sp. by a simultaneous extraction–transesterification process using palm oil as a co-solvent of methanol
  160. Topical Issue on Applications of Mathematics in Chemistry
  161. Omega and the related counting polynomials of some chemical structures
  162. M-polynomial and topological indices of zigzag edge coronoid fused by starphene
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0034
Keywords for this article
Functionalization; congo red; metal; light-harvester; ecofriendly
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Electrochemical antioxidant screening and evaluation based on guanine and chitosan immobilized MoS2 nanosheet modified glassy carbon electrode (guanine/CS/MoS2/GCE)
  3. Kinetic models of the extraction of vanillic acid from pumpkin seeds
  4. On the maximum ABC index of bipartite graphs without pendent vertices
  5. Estimation of the total antioxidant potential in the meat samples using thin-layer chromatography
  6. Molecular dynamics simulation of sI methane hydrate under compression and tension
  7. Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia
  8. Amino-functionalized graphene oxide for Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal from industrial wastewater
  9. Chemical composition and in vitro activity of Origanum vulgare L., Satureja hortensis L., Thymus serpyllum L. and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils towards oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
  10. Effect of excess Fluoride consumption on Urine-Serum Fluorides, Dental state and Thyroid Hormones among children in “Talab Sarai” Punjab Pakistan
  11. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Isoxazole Tagged Indole Hybrid Compounds
  12. Comparison of kinetic and enzymatic properties of intracellular phosphoserine aminotransferases from alkaliphilic and neutralophilic bacteria
  13. Green Organic Solvent-Free Oxidation of Alkylarenes with tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Catalyzed by Water-Soluble Copper Complex
  14. Ducrosia ismaelis Asch. essential oil: chemical composition profile and anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential assessment
  15. DFT calculations as an efficient tool for prediction of Raman and infra-red spectra and activities of newly synthesized cathinones
  16. Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils
  17. A New fatty acid and some triterpenoids from propolis of Nkambe (North-West Region, Cameroon) and evaluation of the antiradical scavenging activity of their extracts
  18. Antiplasmodial Activity of Stigmastane Steroids from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Stem Bark
  19. Rapid identification of direct-acting pancreatic protectants from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves tea by the method of serum pharmacochemistry combined with target cell extraction
  20. Immobilization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa static biomass on eggshell powder for on-line preconcentration and determination of Cr (VI)
  21. Assessment of methyl 2-({[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl] sulfamoyl}methyl)benzoate through biotic and abiotic degradation modes
  22. Stability of natural polyphenol fisetin in eye drops Stability of fisetin in eye drops
  23. Production of a bioflocculant by using activated sludge and its application in Pb(II) removal from aqueous solution
  24. Molecular Properties of Carbon Crystal Cubic Structures
  25. Synthesis and characterization of calcium carbonate whisker from yellow phosphorus slag
  26. Study on the interaction between catechin and cholesterol by the density functional theory
  27. Analysis of some pharmaceuticals in the presence of their synthetic impurities by applying hybrid micelle liquid chromatography
  28. Two mixed-ligand coordination polymers based on 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and flexible N-donor ligands: the protective effect on periodontitis via reducing the release of IL-1β and TNF-α
  29. Incorporation of silver stearate nanoparticles in methacrylate polymeric monoliths for hemeprotein isolation
  30. Development of ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction based on mesoporous carbon coated with silica@iron oxide nanocomposite for preconcentration of Te and Tl in natural water systems
  31. N,N′-Bis[2-hydroxynaphthylidene]/[2-methoxybenzylidene]amino]oxamides and their divalent manganese complexes: Isolation, spectral characterization, morphology, antibacterial and cytotoxicity against leukemia cells
  32. Determination of the content of selected trace elements in Polish commercial fruit juices and health risk assessment
  33. Diorganotin(iv) benzyldithiocarbamate complexes: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and cytotoxicity study
  34. Keratin 17 is induced in prurigo nodularis lesions
  35. Anticancer, antioxidant, and acute toxicity studies of a Saudi polyherbal formulation, PHF5
  36. LaCoO3 perovskite-type catalysts in syngas conversion
  37. Comparative studies of two vegetal extracts from Stokesia laevis and Geranium pratense: polyphenol profile, cytotoxic effect and antiproliferative activity
  38. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
  39. Investigation of polyphenol profile, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Aconogonon alpinum (All.) Schur roots
  40. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition
  41. Physicochemical evaluation of the fruit pulp of Opuntia spp growing in the Mediterranean area under hard climate conditions
  42. Electronic structural properties of amino/hydroxyl functionalized imidazolium-based bromide ionic liquids
  43. New Schiff bases of 2-(quinolin-8-yloxy)acetohydrazide and their Cu(ii), and Zn(ii) metal complexes: their in vitro antimicrobial potentials and in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetics properties
  44. Treatment of adhesions after Achilles tendon injury using focused ultrasound with targeted bFGF plasmid-loaded cationic microbubbles
  45. Synthesis of orotic acid derivatives and their effects on stem cell proliferation
  46. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis
  47. Fe3O4@urea/HITh-SO3H as an efficient and reusable catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of 7-aryl-8H-benzo[h]indeno[1,2-b]quinoline-8-one and indeno[2′,1′:5,6]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives
  48. Adsorption kinetic characteristics of molybdenum in yellow-brown soil in response to pH and phosphate
  49. Enhancement of thermal properties of bio-based microcapsules intended for textile applications
  50. Exploring the effect of khat (Catha edulis) chewing on the pharmacokinetics of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel in rats using the newly developed LC-MS/MS technique
  51. A green strategy for obtaining anthraquinones from Rheum tanguticum by subcritical water
  52. Cadmium (Cd) chloride affects the nutrient uptake and Cd-resistant bacterium reduces the adsorption of Cd in muskmelon plants
  53. Removal of H2S by vermicompost biofilter and analysis on bacterial community
  54. Structural cytotoxicity relationship of 2-phenoxy(thiomethyl)pyridotriazolopyrimidines: Quantum chemical calculations and statistical analysis
  55. A self-breaking supramolecular plugging system as lost circulation material in oilfield
  56. Synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of thiourea derivatives
  57. Application of drug–metal ion interaction principle in conductometric determination of imatinib, sorafenib, gefitinib and bosutinib
  58. Synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-grafted-polyorthoethylaniline biocomposite and utilization for dye removal from water
  59. Optimisation of urine sample preparation for shotgun proteomics
  60. DFT investigations on arylsulphonyl pyrazole derivatives as potential ligands of selected kinases
  61. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease using focused ultrasound with GDNF retrovirus-loaded microbubbles to open the blood–brain barrier
  62. New derivatives of a natural nordentatin
  63. Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine
  64. Study of the remediation effects of passivation materials on Pb-contaminated soil
  65. Saliva proteomic analysis reveals possible biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma
  66. Withania frutescens: Chemical characterization, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing activities
  67. Design, synthesis and pharmacological profile of (−)-verbenone hydrazones
  68. Synthesis of magnesium carbonate hydrate from natural talc
  69. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD assay for simultaneous quantification of hydrocortisone 21 acetate, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone acetonide in cosmetics
  70. A novel lactose biosensor based on electrochemically synthesized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene (EDOT/Th) copolymer
  71. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad: Chemical characterization, scavenging and cytotoxic activities
  72. Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection method for estrogen determination: Application to residual analysis in meat products
  73. PCSK9 concentrations in different stages of subclinical atherosclerosis and their relationship with inflammation
  74. Development of trace analysis for alkyl methanesulfonates in the delgocitinib drug substance using GC-FID and liquid–liquid extraction with ionic liquid
  75. Electrochemical evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of natural compounds on glassy carbon electrode modified with guanine-, polythionine-, and nitrogen-doped graphene
  76. A Dy(iii)–organic framework as a fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of picric acid and treatment activity on human lung cancer cells
  77. A Zn(ii)–organic cage with semirigid ligand for solvent-free cyanosilylation and inhibitory effect on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion ability via regulating mi-RNA16 expression
  78. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activities of Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. leaves: Electrochemical and spectrophotometric approach and their antimicrobial properties
  79. The combined use of GC, PDSC and FT-IR techniques to characterize fat extracted from commercial complete dry pet food for adult cats
  80. MALDI-TOF MS profiling in the discovery and identification of salivary proteomic patterns of temporomandibular joint disorders
  81. Concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs in natural animal feed additives
  82. Structure and some physicochemical and functional properties of water treated under ammonia with low-temperature low-pressure glow plasma of low frequency
  83. Mesoscale nanoparticles encapsulated with emodin for targeting antifibrosis in animal models
  84. Amine-functionalized magnetic activated carbon as an adsorbent for preconcentration and determination of acidic drugs in environmental water samples using HPLC-DAD
  85. Antioxidant activity as a response to cadmium pollution in three durum wheat genotypes differing in salt-tolerance
  86. A promising naphthoquinone [8-hydroxy-2-(2-thienylcarbonyl)naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-dione] exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity through ferroptosis and inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway based on RNA sequencing
  87. Synthesis and efficacy of herbicidal ionic liquids with chlorsulfuron as the anion
  88. Effect of isovalent substitution on the crystal structure and properties of two-slab indates BaLa2−xSmxIn2O7
  89. Synthesis, spectral and thermo-kinetics explorations of Schiff-base derived metal complexes
  90. An improved reduction method for phase stability testing in the single-phase region
  91. Comparative analysis of chemical composition of some commercially important fishes with an emphasis on various Malaysian diets
  92. Development of a solventless stir bar sorptive extraction/thermal desorption large volume injection capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for ultra-trace determination of pyrethroids pesticides in river and tap water samples
  93. A turbidity sensor development based on NL-PI observers: Experimental application to the control of a Sinaloa’s River Spirulina maxima cultivation
  94. Deep desulfurization of sintering flue gas in iron and steel works based on low-temperature oxidation
  95. Investigations of metallic elements and phenolics in Chinese medicinal plants
  96. Influence of site-classification approach on geochemical background values
  97. Effects of ageing on the surface characteristics and Cu(ii) adsorption behaviour of rice husk biochar in soil
  98. Adsorption and sugarcane-bagasse-derived activated carbon-based mitigation of 1-[2-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonyl-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) urea-contaminated soils
  99. Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of bifunctional cooper(ii) complexes with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flufenamic, mefenamic and tolfenamic acids and 1,10-phenanthroline
  100. Application of selenium and silicon to alleviate short-term drought stress in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) as a model plant species
  101. Screening and analysis of xanthine oxidase inhibitors in jute leaves and their protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cells
  102. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of a series of mixed-ligand transition metal complexes and their molecular docking investigations against Coronavirus main protease
  103. A study of in vitro metabolism and cytotoxicity of mephedrone and methoxetamine in human and pig liver models using GC/MS and LC/MS analyses
  104. A new phenyl alkyl ester and a new combretin triterpene derivative from Combretum fragrans F. Hoffm (Combretaceae) and antiproliferative activity
  105. Erratum
  106. Erratum to: A one-step incubation ELISA kit for rapid determination of dibutyl phthalate in water, beverage and liquor
  107. Review Articles
  108. Sinoporphyrin sodium, a novel sensitizer for photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy
  109. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa
  110. Plant description, phytochemical constituents and bioactivities of Syzygium genus: A review
  111. Evaluation of elastomeric heat shielding materials as insulators for solid propellant rocket motors: A short review
  112. Special Issue on Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2019
  113. An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production
  114. Study on online soft sensor method of total sugar content in chlorotetracycline fermentation tank
  115. Studies on the Anti-Gouty Arthritis and Anti-hyperuricemia Properties of Astilbin in Animal Models
  116. Effects of organic fertilizer on water use, photosynthetic characteristics, and fruit quality of pear jujube in northern Shaanxi
  117. Characteristics of the root exudate release system of typical plants in plateau lakeside wetland under phosphorus stress conditions
  118. Characterization of soil water by the means of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio at dry-wet season under different soil layers in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River
  119. Composition and diurnal variation of floral scent emission in Rosa rugosa Thunb. and Tulipa gesneriana L.
  120. Preparation of a novel ginkgolide B niosomal composite drug
  121. The degradation, biodegradability and toxicity evaluation of sulfamethazine antibiotics by gamma radiation
  122. Special issue on Monitoring, Risk Assessment and Sustainable Management for the Exposure to Environmental Toxins
  123. Insight into the cadmium and zinc binding potential of humic acids derived from composts by EEM spectra combined with PARAFAC analysis
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