Journal

Lebende Sprachen

Zeitschrift für interlinguale und interkulturelle Kommunikation Journal of interlingual and intercultural communication

Editors-in-Chief: , and

Language: German

First published: January 1, 1956

Publication Frequency: 2 issues per year

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About this journal

Since 1956, Lebende Sprachen [Living Languages] has been the leading specialist journal for interlingual and intercultural communication in Germany. The journal operates at the interface of translation studies, (contrastive) linguistics, specialised communication studies, terminology studies, and related areas and contains cross-lingual as well as language- and culture-specific articles and reviews on relevant publications in these areas.

Lebende Sprachen appears biannually. Articles can be submitted in German, English, French, and Spanish and will be peer-reviewed.

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The leading specialist journal for interlingual and intercultural communication for over 60 years
Short publishing cycles through ahead-of-print online publishing
Hybrid open access publication model
Selected articles can be accessed for free for 6 months
High-quality ensured through peer review and article proofreading
Publication in print as well as online
Extensive reach through German, English, French, and Spanish as publication languages
Excellent research basis through online availability of all previous issues

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As of 2026, all De Gruyter journal subscriptions include access to every issue, from Volume 1, Issue 1 through to today, meaning subscribers can access even more research at no additional cost.

History

Lebende Sprachen was first published in 1956 by Langenscheidt, Berlin, and was edited by Alexander Lane and Günther Haensch.

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„Einfache Sprache ... betreutes Denken. Viel Glück!“

March 3, 2026

Marco Agnetta

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Der wissenschaftliche Diskurs rund um Barrierefreiheit und Inklusion fokussiert gemeinhin auf inhärente Merkmale des Kommunikationsangebots sowie auf die Kontexte seines Einsatzes. Größen wie Verständlichkeit und Angemessenheit spielen hierbei eine große Rolle. Im Beitrag wird die barrierefreie Kommunikation aus der Rezipientenperspektive betrachtet und nach der Akzeptabilität gefragt. Hierbei stellt es sich als sinnvoll heraus, zwischen primärer und sekundärer Rezipientenschaft zu unterscheiden. Um die Akzeptanz von Leichte-Sprache-Texten zu erforschen, wird eine Analyse des Onlinediskurses hinsichtlich der Erstausstrahlung der tagesschau in Einfacher Sprache (am 12.06.2024) durchgeführt. Die Reaktionen auf X zeigen, dass mit der Erhöhung von Verständlichkeit nicht automatisch auch Akzeptanz verbunden ist. Während primäre Adressaten von der sprachlichen Vereinfachung profitieren können, stoßen diese Angebote bei sekundären Rezipienten mitunter auf heftige Ablehnung. Ein fehlendes Bewusstsein für die kommunikativen Bedürfnisse von Menschen mit Lernbehinderung und anderer Personenkreise ist nur einer der Gründe hierfür. Vielmehr dienen Diskurse um die Barrierefreiheit im Netz häufig als Projektionsfläche für bereits bestehende und ungelöste gesellschaftliche Spannungen. Der Beitrag plädiert für Sensibilisierungskampagnen, die sowohl die Legitimität barrierefreier Formate betonen als auch die Notwendigkeit einer differenzierten Berichterstattung hervorheben.
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Adressatenorientierung als Rahmen für das Schreiben von Texten in Leichter Sprache

February 18, 2026

Katrin Burkhalter, Bernadette Rieder

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In this article, we show how our model of target audience orientation can be used for writing texts in Plain Language. The model describes target audience orientation as a text quality feature that encompasses the dimensions of comprehensibility, attractiveness and honesty. Of course, texts in Plain Language – like texts in general – should be understood by their target audience. However, texts that are orientated towards their target audience are also read (further) with pleasure (they are attractive) and are ultimately useful (they are honest). This ideal can be approached by keeping the target audience of a text in mind, considering general writing practice and paying attention to the coherence of texts.
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Karin Luttermann, Jan Engberg ((2025) (Hg.): Digitalisierung und multimodale Ressourcen in diskursiven juristischen Prozessen. Digitalisation and multimodal resources in discursive legal processes. Rechtslinguistik 14. Berlin: LIT, 324 S., ISBN 978-3-643-15496-5.

February 18, 2026

Eva Wiesmann

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Grammatikschreibung in Einfacher Sprache im Projekt LernGrammis – Ein adaptives Selbstlernangebot für Deutsch als Fremd- und Zweitsprache

February 16, 2026

Giorgio Antonioli

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Even if grammar knowledge makes the learning of foreign languages easier, not everybody enjoys learning grammar. Indeed, learning the grammar of a foreign language can be influenced by various factors, which may either facilitate or hinder the process. This paper addresses one of such factors, i. e. the comprehensibility of grammar writing. For foreign language learners, grammatical comprehensibility entails that rules are presented in an accessible manner, that the register used appropriately bridges expert and non-expert communication, and that the level of complexity aligns with the reading proficiency of non-native speakers. This paper presents a knowledge transfer project that explores how writing strategies from plain language ( Einfache Sprache ) can be applied to grammar instruction for learners of German as a foreign/second language. It offers and discusses examples of how elements of plain language can be integrated into digital grammar modules, tailored to learners with varying levels of language proficiency.
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Deutsche und spanische Adjektive mit somatischen Elementen.

February 16, 2026

Valentina Vivaldi

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Word formation enhances lexical diversity, and this phenomenon extends to adjectives as well. This study focuses on a group of German and Spanish adjectives containing body parts (referred to as “somatisms”), a topic that remains relatively understudied in the literature. It encompasses derivatives (e. g., “bärtig” or “cejudo, da”) and compounds (e. g., “herzlieb” or “manirroto, ta”). Moreover, German showcases distinctive word formations (called “Zusammenbildungen”) lacking direct equivalents in Spanish (e. g., “langhaarig” or “dickköpfig”). A noteworthy characteristic of these adjectives is their capacity to be interpreted literally or to undergo metaphorical transformations, thereby deviating from the original meaning of their parts. The complexities of these adjectives, particularly their idiomatic nuances, present challenges for learners of both German and Spanish. This paper aims to analyze the structural patterns and pragmatic implications of somatic-based adjectives in both German and Spanish, examining similarities, differences, and potential interlingual correspondences in their pragmatic usage.This research underscores the necessity for further exploration in language education and translation, emphasizing the intricacies of word formation processes that may not always straightforwardly derive from the semantic level of their constituent parts.
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Neuronale maschinelle und KI-generierte Übersetzungen: Versuch einer Kategorisierung von Stärken und Schwächen in der Sprachkombination Spanisch-Deutsch

February 16, 2026

Juan Cuartero Otal, Christiane Limbach

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Neural machine translation has fundamentally changed the practice of translation for more than a decade. The translation industry is now undergoing another fundamental transformation due to advances in generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in the form of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT. For professional translators, however, automatically generated translations are primarily a productivity tool. This process is known as MTPE (machine translation post-editing) and involves combining machine translations with human expertise. This article identifies and categorizes the strengths and weaknesses of automatically generated translations using a series of examples. To this end, the neural machine translation systems DeepL and Google Translate were compared with ChatGPT’s GPT-4o large language model, both with the source text and with each other. The results show that the examined automatic translations offer numerous advantages and are changing the translation profession extensively. However, they are not yet capable of ensuring an accurate translation, meaning that checking or post-editing by a human translator remains necessary.
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Simplification et inclusion dans les pages du site du ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères traduites en FALC

February 12, 2026

Alida Maria Silletti

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This article deals with the simplification of administrative documents addressed to people affected by intellectual disabilities in French language, by looking at the FALC ( français Facile À Lire et à Comprendre ) version of seven texts published on the website of the French Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs. The analysis takes into consideration both the European guidelines for easy and simple texts, and the French national recommendations published in the Charte d’accessibilité des services de l’État , in order to verify whether these rules are respected during the process of writing texts in FALC in the corpus, and which type of inclusion they show. The second objective of this research consists in examining the elements which allow a text to be more gender-inclusive as far as person nouns are concerned. This study will demonstrate that it is possible to adopt specific strategies with the aim of producing documents in FALC that are respectful of inclusion also at the level of gender identity. To this end, the analysis takes into account forms and levels of “neutralisation discursive” starting from the morphological domain (nouns and pronouns). By examining the corpus, some suggestions will be presented for improving documents written in FALC also regarding gender, contributing to a more inclusive simplified language.
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Leichte und Einfache Sprache: Ein komplexer Diskurs

February 12, 2026

Paul Mayr, Christine Konecny, Verena Thaler

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Serving as an introduction to the special issue, this paper first aims to contextualise text- and language-design practices developed to enhance comprehensibility in connection with the establishment of Easy and Plain Language across diverse linguistic and cultural contexts. It then highlights current trends in scholarly approaches to and discourse on Easy and Plain Language. In this context, it also demonstrates how the contributions to this issue are positioned within the contemporary research landscape and which new perspectives they offer.
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Institutions facing the challenge of language accessibility: Insights from Switzerland

February 10, 2026

Annarita Felici, Eugenia Portioli

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Websites serve as the primary means by which people access information and engage with public authorities. Accessible web content is essential to empower citizens and facilitate their active involvement in the life of the community. Consequently, the uptake of inclusive and accessible language has become a key objective of current language policy in public administration. This study investigates features of linguistic accessibility on Swiss institutional websites. Through a combined quantitative and qualitative analysis of federal, cantonal, and municipal websites, the research identifies the presence of Plain and Easy Language, various types of accessibility, the use of standardized terminology, multilingual content availability, visual accessibility features such as logos, and web accessibility indicators, e. g., the WCAG standards. The study shows that, despite the increasing demand for enhanced linguistic accessibility and a notable push towards simplification practices, there is no uniformity in Swiss public administration websites. The online world, ever-changing by nature, offers a glimpse into the organized chaos of multilingual Switzerland.
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Prompting Leichte Sprache: Effizienz und Qualität beim Einsatz generativer KI für die intralinguale Übersetzung

February 10, 2026

Fabian Merkel, Silke Gutermuth, Silvia Hansen-Schirra

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In Germany, the demand for providing translations in Easy Language exceeds the supply due to legislative measures. Similar to interlingual translation, AI-supported solutions are also available for intralingual translation based on large language models and prompt engineering. These are linked to the question of whether acceptable text production in this special rule-based language variety is possible at all and which prompting strategies could be successful. In this study, two medical texts with different levels of difficulty are translated into Easy Language using ChatGPT-4o and four different prompts. One prompt only contains the translation task, another prompt explicates different linguistic levels (morphology, terminology, complex syntax etc.), the next prompt refers in particular to the Easy Language rules, and finally, a chain prompt aims to generate the best possible output by means of successive, interactive prompts. Initial analyses show that specifying the task and interacting with the AI have substantial influence on the quality of the target texts, whereas the best results are achieved with chain prompting and, furthermore, that less post-editing of the output is required if more work is invested in prompting in advance. Based on these study findings, a change of paradigm in Easy Language translation appears conceivable.
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Plain Italian and AI: Strengths and weaknesses of automatic linguistic simplification

February 9, 2026

Giuliana Fiorentino, Marco Russodivito

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The simplification of language – particularly with regard to administrative discourse – has long been a central concern within Italian linguistics. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made, including the development of consolidated and widely accepted lists of linguistic features – both morphosyntactic and lexical – that influence textual simplicity and accessibility (cf. Fiorentino/Ganfi 2024). These advances contributed to the early creation of a readability index, the Gulpease index , in the 1980 s (cf. Lucisano/Piemontese 1988). Within this framework, the authors have developed a software for the automatic simplification of administrative texts, supported by QWEN3 (a large language model, LLM), entitled SEMPL-IT (cf. Russodivito et al. 2024; Fiorentino/Russodivito 2025; Ganfi/Russodivito 2025; Fiorentino et al. forthcoming; Fiorentino/Russodivito forthcoming). As part of this project, a corpus named ItaIst (Fiorentino et al. 2024b) The ItaIst corpus is publicly available on Hugging Face at the following link: https://huggingface.co/datasets/VerbACxSS/ItaIst (15 July 2025). was compiled and subjected to automatic simplification using the BASIC approach , resulting in a parallel corpus of simplified texts. This simplified corpus was then compared to the source corpus and evaluated in terms of improved readability and Semantic similarity (cf. Chandrasekaran et al. 2021), with the objective of validating the effectiveness of the simplification process. In this contribution, we introduce and validate a new methodology – the CHAIN approach – applied to a different corpus, ItaRegol (Fiorentino et al. 2024a). The ItaRegol corpus is publicly available on Hugging Face at the following link: https://huggingface.co/datasets/VerbACxSS/ItaRegol (15 July 2025). Although smaller in size than ItaIst , ItaRegol comprises rules and regulations, i. e., legally binding texts that create, modify, or extinguish subjective legal positions. Due to the legal nature of these texts, simplification must be carried out with caution to avoid altering their legal effects. This paper compares the two simplification approaches – BASIC and CHAIN – by evaluating the parameters adopted, assessing the quality of the simplified output, and drawing conclusions regarding the differing impact of these strategies in enhancing the readability of administrative versus regulatory texts.
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Linguistic features of Easy French (Facile à lire et à comprendre) – A corpus-based study

February 2, 2026

Julia Degenhardt

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FALC ( Facile à lire et à comprendre ) is a variety of French, designed to make texts more accessible. The French government promotes the use of FALC for health communication and electoral campaigns. Although societal awareness is increasing and research interest is growing, data scarcity remains a problem. This paper presents one of the first large corpora on FALC, containing over 100,000 words and compiled based on a clear corpus design. The corpus is analyzed with a focus on lexis and syntax, and the results are compared to standard French reference corpora. This analysis reveals several linguistic features of FALC that partially align with the recommendations in the guidelines published by Inclusion Europe, but in some cases also contradict them. For example, while sentences are indeed shorter, the number of negations is higher.
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Relativsätze und propositions relatives, Passivkonstruktionen und constructions passives: immer vermeiden?

January 29, 2026

Martina Nicklaus

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The aim of this paper is to draw attention to factors that have not yet been systematically taken into account in the formulation of rules for easy language. On the basis of a clearly different interpretation of the European accessibility standards in French and German texts in easy language, a plea is made for a stronger focus on language-specific factors. Using the example of the two recommendations to avoid subordinate clauses and the passive voice, which are implemented with varying degrees of tolerance, it can be shown that regular deviations from the standards in texts written in easy language are motivated by language-specific factors. The reason given is that speakers are familiar with the deviating form through its occurrence in spontaneous everyday speech and through its discourse-traditional and typological appropriateness. The findings should stimulate further empirical research.
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A readability index benchmark for Italian Plain and Easy Language texts

January 27, 2026

Floriana C. Sciumbata

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Ensuring the readability of texts is crucial for effective communication, particularly in public and institutional contexts. In Italy, the lack of standardized readability benchmarks for Plain and Easy Language complicates efforts to improve text accessibility. This study establishes empirical readability benchmarks for Italian texts by analyzing two distinct corpora: one of Plain Language texts and another of Easy Language texts. The research employs the Gulpease index, the primary readability measure for Italian, to assess text complexity and define reference values for both language varieties. The findings reveal that Easy Language texts achieve significantly higher readability scores than Plain Language texts, as expected, although they exhibit considerable variability due to interpretable guidelines and diverse user needs. By contrast, Plain Language texts maintain lower but more consistent readability scores. The study proposes ideal readability thresholds based on sentence length and word complexity to enhance text standardization and accessibility. The results contribute to establishing practical readability benchmarks for Italian and highlight the necessity of refining readability guidelines to improve public communication. Future work should focus on integrating user feedback and machine learning models to enhance the precision of readability assessment tools and support inclusive communication practices.
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Janus-verbs: A proposal for formal-semantic representation

January 15, 2026

Elia Hernández Socas

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This paper deals with the semantic description of so-called Janus-verbs, derived verbs bearing opposite readings and scattered in Germanic, Romance, and Classical languages. The semantic and morphosyntactic features of these verbs will be discussed in order to explain how they semantically emerged and work. The aim of this paper is to propose a formal-semantic representation that is capable of describing the semantic alternation. We are not concerned with the question of how these morphological structures arose, but only with the semantic mechanism underlying the semantic shift. The paper adopts a semantic-formal approach within the framework of Two-level Semantics. It is shown that there is an intrinsic relationship between ablative prefixes and Janus-verbs, and argued that the coexistence of the original locative meanings with their different aspectual interpretations explain the emergence of the semantic alternation.
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Dialekt und soziale Identität. Über einige Schwierigkeiten beim Übersetzen von Thomas Manns Buddenbrooks ins Bulgarische

January 12, 2026

Ivan Chavdarov Popov

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This paper examines the social contexts in Thomas Mann’s novel Buddenbrooks where the North German dialect Plattdeutsch is spoken. Beyond the technical challenges of translating these passages, the analysis focuses on the literary representation of code-switching that functions primarily as socially and symbolically charged act. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological theory, the study interprets deviations from linguistic norms and dialect use as instances of double negation – a strategy that appears to challenge social conventions but, in reality, affirms the most valuable social capital in classical bourgeois society: the certainty that one’s high status remains unthreatened. The difficulty of translating such passages stems from the specific cultural parameters embedded in the novel. Ultimately, the paper argues that culture is not an immediate given but requires analytical frameworks from the social sciences for proper understanding and interpretation.

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Lebende Sprachen publishes special and thematic issues focussed on important and emerging topics in the field of study. The journal has established a rigorous process to ensure that any special issue manuscripts follow the same high-quality standards and peer review processes as regular manuscripts. For further information on the journal’s peer review policy please see the "Instructions for Authors".

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CiteScore	0.6	2024, Scopus (Elsevier B.V., 2025)
SCImago Journal Rank	0.179	2024, SJR (Scimago Lab, 2025; Data Source: Scopus)
Source Normalized Impact per Paper	0.655	2024, CWTS Journal Indicators (CWTS B.V., 2025; Data Source: Scopus)
European Reference Index for the Humanities	0

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Articles can be submitted at: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/les.

Detailed information on the submission of manuscripts via ScholarOne Manuscripts can be found on the Author Support page. You can also contact the editors of Lebende Sprachen with any questions or problems.

Please format your manuscript in accordance with the LES Submission Guidelines_EN prior to submission and use our LES Manuscript Template_EN.

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Articles that have been successfully peer-reviewed will be initially published online "ahead of print" and then later assigned to a forthcoming issue of Lebende Sprachen. This ahead-of-print process allows for a ver y short publishing cycle.

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Authors have the opportunity to publish their articles under an open access license in Lebende Sprachen. The publication fee for a hybrid open access article is 2,000 euros (not including potential VAT fees). Please note that authors belonging to institutions with which we have a transformation agreement can publish using open access without incurring any costs. You can find further information on these agreements here.

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Two articles will be selected by the editors each year and will be made available for 6 months free of charge.

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After an embargo period of 12 months after initial publication, De Gruyter allows authors to use the publishe d final version of their article (publisher’s pdf) for self-archiving (author’s personal webpage) and/or for archiving in an institutional directory (on a server operated without commercial interest).

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Herausgeber
Prof. Dr. Ralph Krüger, TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences, Germany
Prof. Dr. Tinka Reichmann, Leipzig University, Germany
Prof. Dr. Ursula Wienen, TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences, Germany

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Birgit Fischer, Köln
lebendesprachen@degruyter.com

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Marco Agnetta, Innsbruck University, Austria
Vahram Atayan, Heidelberg University, Germany
Ginette Castro, Temuco Catholic University, Chile
Nikolai K. Garbovskiy, Lomonosow Moscow State University, Russia
Thierry Grass, University of Strasbourg, France
Peter J. Holzer, Innsbruck University, Austria
Samuel Läubli, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland
Gina Abou Fadel Saad, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
Klaus Schubert, University of Hildesheim, Germany
Carsten Sinner, Leipzig University, Germany
Karolina Suchowolec, TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences, Germany
Tomás Svoboda, Charles University Prague, Czech Republic
Eva Wiesmann, Bologna University, Italy
Sue Ellen Wright, Kent State University, Ohio, USA
Ailing Zhang, Shanghai International Studies University, China

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Additional information

eISSN:

1868-0267

ISSN:

0023-9909

Language:

German

Publisher:

De Gruyter

Additional information

First published:

January 1, 1956

Publication Frequency:

2 issues per year

eISSN: 1868-0267

ISSN: 0023-9909

Audience(s) for this journal

translators, interpreters, linguists, philologists, lexicologists, terminologists and students of these fields

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