Home Technology Effect of TiB2 particles on the compressive, hardness, and water absorption responses of Kulkual fiber-reinforced epoxy composites
Article Open Access

Effect of TiB2 particles on the compressive, hardness, and water absorption responses of Kulkual fiber-reinforced epoxy composites

  • Kiran Shahapurkar , Gangadhar Kanaginahal , Venkatesh Chenrayan , Nik Nazri Nik Ghazali , Tze Mei Kuan , Azrul Mohd Ariffin , Arulraj Arunachalam , Yasser Fouad , Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar and Hanabe Chowdappa Ananda Murthy EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: March 7, 2025
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE
From the journal REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE Volume 64 Issue 1

Abstract

An investigation on novel Kulkual fibers that were derived from Ethiopia was carried out in this work. An open-mold casting approach was employed to manufacture a lightweight composite comprising chopped Kulkual fibers and titanium diboride (TiB₂) particles. The primary objective of this study was to scrutinize the interfacial dynamics of the composites upon inclusion of the reinforcements, focusing on compression, hardness, and water absorption characteristics. The incorporation of both TiB₂ and Kulkual fibers markedly augmented the inherent properties of the epoxy matrix, evident in compression testing. Notably, composites containing 5 vol% of fibers exhibited a significantly higher modulus of 87 MPa, while those with 5 vol% of fibers demonstrated an impressive strength of 90 MPa. Vickers hardness assessments revealed composites containing 5 vol% of fibers displaying a superior hardness value of 45 HV. Subsequent water absorption tests with different types of water unveiled a Fickian behavior, characterized by an initial exponential increase in the absorption rate within the first 50 h. The incorporation of Kulkual fibers amplified this intake rate, particularly evident at the 10 vol% level, which eventually reached saturation after 200 h. Collectively, these findings underscore the optimal efficacy of fiber addition up to 5 vol% in enhancing composite properties, suggesting a threshold beyond which further increments may not yield proportional benefits.

Keywords: Kulkual fiber; composites; compression; hardness, water absorption

1 Introduction

Plant-based composites, also known as eco-friendly biocomposites, offer sustainable disposal options, contrasting with non-renewable and expensive synthetic fibers such as glass, carbon, and Kevlar [1,2,3]. Plant fibers, categorized into eight types, including bast, stem, and wood, exhibit numerous advantages such as abundance, affordability, high tensile strength, and low density [4,5,6]. Three main factors have affected the qualities of composites: composition, size, and shape [7,8,9]. Plasma treatments improved the fibers’ surface adhesion at the interface, while sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment changed the composites’ surface characteristics and chemical makeup. Benzoylation and silane treatment improved the mechanical properties in addition to the aforementioned factors [10,11,12]. Fibers extracted from the non-fibrous portion of the plant, such as leaf fibers, resulted in coarser strands than in other types [13,14]. Lengths of 1–4 m have been observed in plant sources like sisal and abaca, which have cellulose contents of more than 70% and low lignin concentrations. Banana and pineapple leaves exhibit similar compositions of lignin and cellulose, albeit with shorter fiber lengths [15]. Opuntia ficus-indica is one such natural fiber that is indigenous to Africa, Mexico, South America, and the Mediterranean. However, it can also be found in many arid regions around the world. Opuntia is highly versatile among cacti due to its extensive distribution and ability to thrive in a wide range of habitats. Opuntia, also called the Kulkual pear, is quite prevalent in Ethiopia and has extensively propagated over central and northern regions of the country. These Kulkual fibers have no beneficial output in Ethiopia, and thereby are regarded as waste. Therefore, in the current study, Kulkual fibers are used as reinforcement to prepare composites.

There have been few studies that examine the interfacial characteristics of composites under different loading conditions. The composites were fabricated by mixing sisal fibers in different ratios with zein resin and microfibrillated cellulose. The tensile modulus and stress values decreased with the addition of a sorbitol plasticizer, going from 173.59 to 28.85 MPa and 5.83 to 1.59 MPa, respectively. At 20 wt%, the addition of MFC increased the stress and tensile modulus values by 900%. It functioned as a crack-bridging agent, preventing the crack from spreading further, but at 20 wt% it was ineffective in producing a uniform dispersion of particles [16]. In a similar fashion, with the aid of epoxy resin, hybrid composites with varying percentages of enset-sisal (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100) were developed and compression-molded. While enset composites had better impact characteristics, pure sisal composites performed better in tensile and flexural tests. The 50/50 enset/sisal hybrid composites demonstrated negligible values under circumstances of water absorption, suggesting a low absorption efficacy. This resulted from robust interfacial binding seen in SEM images [17]. A different fabrication approach was attempted where polyethylene terephthalate composites reinforced with sisal fibers were formed using a twin screw extruder and evaluated under dynamic mechanical analysis conditions. In addition to lowering the surface tension and creating surface grooves, the alkaline/acetylation treatment of 40% weight sisal also improved fiber/matrix compatibility, enhancing the damping, loss, and storage modulus. Similar values were observed for the glass transition temperature (T g) in the composites, with a minimal effect of alkaline/acetylation treatment [18]. In a novel method of fiber preparation, polylactic acid (PLA) and polypropylene (PP) were needle-punched into jute, sisal, and glass textiles. The fabrics were then heated to 190°C for 2.5 min while maintaining a 40/60 fiber/matrix ratio of Fab/PP and Fab/PLA. Only sisal/PLA demonstrated comparable values under flexural conditions, while glass/PLA exhibited greater values in tensile and flexural tests. Cone calorimetry observations reveal that jute/PLA exhibits a reduced burning rate in comparison [19]. Focusing on thermal resistance applications, notable advancements were achieved when coir and hemp fibers, in different proportions ranging from 0 to 20%, were incorporated into a hybrid composite system based on polyester. Mechanical properties improved as the quantity of coir fiber increased. This was especially noticeable in the composite with 15% coir and 5% hemp fibers, which had a thermal resistance of up to 450°C [20]. A green hybrid composite was fabricated, with kenaf, coir, and bamboo combined in 50, 60, and 70% variants with PLA under hot compression, observing two stacking sequences: low-modulus and ductile fibers and high-modulus and brittle fibers. Tensile results for various composites were comparable, but flexural properties were better for 60KBC/40PLA, where low modulus fibers like coir were positioned in the middle of the composite and high modulus fibers like kenaf and bamboo were placed in the outer part. CBK/PLA had higher impact strength, measuring 62 kJ·m−2. CBK/PLA had better water absorption rate in comparison because of its low degree of compaction and low fiber dispersion [21]. In order to create the composites, coir and PP were mixed in different ratios (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100). Tensile and bending tests revealed a declining trend as coir fibers were added to PP. With the initial degradation temperature of 67°C, the addition of coir lowered the degradation temperature, which was also lower for the pure coir composite. The findings of DSC analysis suggested that the deterioration of composites had decreased due to a decrease in the melting enthalpy value of coir. SEM pictures show that the coir fibers in PP have improved wettability up to 50% and then further decreased [22]. Composites were developed utilizing epoxy and coir fibers that had been exposed to acetic acid and alkaline solutions. The degradation values before and after treatment showed little variation, according to the TGA curves, suggesting that the treatment had little effect. Because the surface imperfections seen from SEM were less than those seen in acetic acid treatments, the tensile strength of the alkaline treatment values was higher. Conversely, acetic acid treatments resulted in greater flexural characteristics. The alkaline-treated composites exhibited increased hygroscopic characteristics, suggesting their potential for preservation [23]. In a similar approach, hybrid biocomposites were created using NaOH-treated long coir fibers and short fibrous chips, adjusting the fiber layup sequence and utilizing different percentages of melamine, urea, and formaldehyde (MUF) [8,10,12]. When MUF was added, the density of composites increased to 12%, which improved the tensile and flexural outcomes of the composites. Better MUF dispersion over the fibers was shown by SEM micrographs, resulting in a strong connection with little space between the fiber and the matrix. Composites showed roughly 1 W·mK−1 thermal conductivity, a higher value. According to TGA, the addition of MUF raised the degradation temperature to 304°C [24]. Opuntia fibers after treatment have a high ash level of 15–33%, a cellulose content of 65–70%, and a lignin content of 6–7%. These results indicate a thicker cell wall structure [25]. Better compressive qualities have been demonstrated by combining ball-milled cactus fibers with PP pellets in a cylindrical mold at 190°C, suggesting that this combination of materials is appropriate for bio-inspired designs [26]. Acacia Arabica and Pencil Cactus were NaOH treated to fabricate a 25/75 vol% fiber/matrix ratio-defined composite. A higher value of degradation temperature was observed for the Acacia/Cactus composite with a value of 400°C [27].

Previous research indicates that the Kulkual fibers possess several drawbacks that can be mitigated through the application of alkaline treatment to the fibers and the incorporation of fillers. According to the literature, TiB2 can be utilized as a highly effective filler in combination with polymer resin to improve the qualities of composites by affecting the structural properties of the resin. There is a lack of comprehensive study on the combined impact of adding Kulkual fibers and TiB2 on the mechanical properties of epoxy-based composites. Investigations examining the potential reinforcement of TiB2 in composite materials employing Kulkual fibers, a branch of leaf fibers, are relatively scarce. The current study examines epoxy composites reinforced with the TiB2 filler and short Kulkual fibers. Kulkual fibers are alkali treated to strengthen the bonds between the constituents. Five types of composites are fabricated by varying the Kulkual fiber content in 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 vol% while retaining a constant 5 vol% TiB2 filler. Compressive, hardness, and water absorption characteristics are investigated for varying the Kulkual fiber content.

2 Materials and methodology

2.1 Materials

Kulkual cladodes were collected from Awash Melkasa, Oromia, Ethiopia (Figure 1). Kulkual fibers were extracted from the cladodes with the aid of scissors and were treated with a 0.1 N NaOH solution at a concentration of 1 M under ambient conditions (Figure 1). Finally, the fibers were purified with distilled water until a pH of 7 was achieved and were subsequently air-dried at room temperature, attaining a density of 0.84 g·cm−3 before being trimmed to a length of 10 mm. The physical properties of Kulkual fibers are presented in Table 1. LAPOX L-12 was utilized as the matrix resin in conjunction with K-6 hardener, both procured from Arihant Chemicals, Bangalore, India. TiB2 particles, ranging in size from 100 to 120 µm and possessing a density of 4.52 g·cm−3, were procured from Intelligent Materials Pvt Ltd, Punjab, India.

Figure 1 (a) Kulkual plant, (b) cladodes, (c) leaf-like stems inside the cladodes, (d) extraction of fibers, (e) NaOH treatment, and (f) dried fibers.
Figure 1

(a) Kulkual plant, (b) cladodes, (c) leaf-like stems inside the cladodes, (d) extraction of fibers, (e) NaOH treatment, and (f) dried fibers.

Table 1

Physical properties of Kulkual fibers

Density 0.84 g·cm−3
Shape Irregular
Color Yellowish
Length 10 mm

2.2 Composite fabrication

The composites were fabricated through an open mold casting technique. Initially, the fibers were mixed with the desired quantity of epoxy, and then TiB2 particles were mixed in the solution and subjected to mechanical rotation. To prevent further agglomeration, they were subsequently agitated using a magnetic stirrer at 200 rpm for 40 min. Following that, the hardener was introduced, and the resultant mixture was poured into a steel mold pre-coated with a release agent. Subsequently, the composite was allowed to cure for a duration of 24 h and later removed from the mold (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Fabricated composites: (a) EK0 and (b) EK2.5.
Figure 2

Fabricated composites: (a) EK0 and (b) EK2.5.

Notational variations were employed to denote changes in the volume percentage of reinforcements. Specifically, the designation “EK” signified the epoxy Kulkual composite, with the numerical suffix indicating the volume percentage of fiber reinforcement. Composite variants, including EK0, EK2.5, EK5, EK7.5, and EK10, were synthesized, maintaining a constant volume percentage of TiB2 at 5 vol%.

All of the specimens’ densities were determined using ASTM D792-08 [28], which used the Archimedes method to derive the experimental density and the law of mixtures to compute the theoretical density.

Theoretical density:

(1) ρ th = ρ mr v mr + ρ k v k + ρ t v t ,

where ρ mr , ρ k , and ρ t denote the density of matrix resin, Kulkual fibers, and TiB2, respectively, while v mr , v k , and v t represent the volume of matrix resin, Kulkual fibers, and TiB2, respectively.

Experimental density:

(2) ρ exp = ρ liq m air ( m air − m water ) ,

where ρ liq depicts the density of water, m air denotes the mass of sample in air, and m water reveals the mass of sample in water.

The void content estimation was done as follows:

(3) Void content ( ϕ V ) = ( ρ th − ρ exp ) ρ th .

2.3 Compression test

The compression test was conducted utilizing a Zwick universal test apparatus (Zwick Roell Z020, ZHU, Ulm, Germany), which has a maximum load capacity of 50 kN. The specimens used in the test had dimensions of 12.7 × 12.7 × 25.4 mm3, adhering to the ASTM D-695 criteria (Figure 3(a)). At a strain rate of 1.2 mm·min−1, five specimens from each composition were evaluated; their mean values were presented. The photographs of specimens before and after the test are depicted in Figure 3(b). The computation of compressive modulus and ultimate strength was done using the following expressions:

(4) M = ( P 0.00 x 2 − P 0.00 x 1 ) h ( δ 0.00 x 2 − δ 0.00 x 1 ) A ,

(5) S = P max A ,

where M and S represent the modulus and strength, respectively, P 0.00 x is the recorded deflection value, A is the cross-sectional area, P max is the maximum force before failure, and h is the specimen mean height.

Figure 3 (a) Universal testing machine with the compression fixture. (b) Specimens before and after the test.
Figure 3

(a) Universal testing machine with the compression fixture. (b) Specimens before and after the test.

2.4 Hardness test

The Vickers hardness testing machine (HV50, Leader Precision Instrument Co., Ltd, China) was used to assess the surface hardness of the composite using an ASTM-E384 standard specimen. A square-based pyramid diamond indenter with an angle of 136° between the opposing sides at the vertex was used and was driven into the test specimen’s surface with a specified force, F.

(6) HV = Constant × Test  force Surface area of the indention ,

(7) HV = 0.102 × 2 F × sin 136 ∘ 2 d 2 ,

where HV denotes the Vickers hardness, F represents the test force, and d depicts the diagonal length.

A force of 10 kg was applied to the samples to generate a star-shaped Vickers impression. The diagonals were used to calculate the Vickers hardness.

2.5 Water absorption

The water absorption test was done adhering to the ASTM D-5229 standard, specifying a sample size of 20 × 20 × 6 mm3. The standard water uptake test was performed using pure distilled water, saltwater, and underground tap water under ambient conditions. Specimens from each weight fraction were immersed in distilled water, saltwater, and tap water containers in a controlled environment, as shown in Figure 4. For a duration of 8 days, the specimen weights were recorded before submersion in water and were measured every 24 h. The percentage of water gain was calculated using Eq. (8).

(8) w g % = w t − w i w i × 100 ,

where w g % is the percentage of water gain, w i is the initial weight, and w t is the weight of sample after soaked in water.

Figure 4 Specimens immersed in tap water for the water absorption test.
Figure 4

Specimens immersed in tap water for the water absorption test.

2.6 SEM

The test surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope (JSM 6380 LA, JEOL, Japan), while the specimens were coated using a JFC-1600 auto-finer coater, also manufactured by JEOL in Japan. The fractured specimens that were tested under compression were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The fractured surface of the tested specimen was meticulously trimmed to match the dimensions of the sample holder of the microscope. Subsequently, it was subject to sputter-coating before being placed under the scanning electron microscope for examination.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Density

The mechanical properties of manufactured samples are affected by several factors, including the manufacturing quality, filler and fiber dispersion, and the quantity of voids created by trapped air. Therefore, identifying these characteristics is crucial to comprehending the relationship with the properties under investigation. The estimated density of different composites is presented in Table 2. The density of the composites decreases with the increase in Kulkual fiber content in the composites owing to the lower density of Kulkual fibers. Void content estimations are also shown in Table 2, wherein it can be noted that the void content in the composites is very minimal, signifying the quality of the composites and thereby indicating the effectiveness of composite fabrication.

Table 2

Density and void content estimation of composites

Composition Theoretical density (kg·m−3) Experimental density (kg·m−3) Void content (%)
EK-0 1358.40 1351.60 0.50
EK-2.5 1349.60 1344.44 0.38
EK-5 1340.80 1334.32 0.48
EK-7.5 1332.00 1327.60 0.33
EK-10 1323.20 1316.16 0.53

3.2 Compression test

Stress–strain profiles of compression-tested specimens are presented in Figure 5(a). It can be observed that all the stress–strain curves exhibit a linear feature, meaning that the curve first experiences a linear increase within the initial elastic response before the slope gradually decreases up to an approximate yield point and enters the plastic reinforcement phase. This behavior is strikingly similar to certain typical materials, including dual-phase steel, silkworm cocoon, woven flax, and 3D braided composite [29,30,31,32]. It can be observed from Figure 5(a) that the EK-0 specimen without Kulkual fibers depicts lower stress to failure compared with other compositions (EK-2.5, EK-5, EK-7.5, and EK-10). Nevertheless, a significant increase in compressive strength occurs with the addition of TiB2 particles as neat epoxy is known to have a low compressive stress [33]. As the material is compressed, tiny TiB2 particles infiltrate into nearby cracks and significantly increase the density of the substance. Consequently, the gradient continues to ascend during compression, indicative of an amplified elastic modulus and resilience of the material. The TiB2 phase at the interface, in particular, plays a useful buffering role that improves the efficiency of load transmission. Thus, an escalation in reinforcement content within the matrix correlates directly with an enhancement in dislocation movement impediment [34,35]. The addition of biochar to opuntia fibers leads to enhanced mechanical properties due to their combined synergistic impact [36]. However, as compared to TiB2 particles, biochar has less desirable attributes. Therefore, the usage of TiB2 particles with Kulkual fibers in this study yields superior properties compared to other reinforcements employed with cactus-based fibers. Compressive stress increases from EK-0 until EK-5, while it decreases marginally thereafter until EK-10, implying 5 vol% of Kulkual fibers to be optimum for composites subjected to compressive loads. The incorporation of short cactus fibers into the composites apparently leads to an enhancement in compressive properties. The compressive strength of EK-0 composites is found to be 77 MPa, whereas the compressive strengths of EK-2.5, EK-5, EK-7.5, and EK-10 are found to be 83, 92, 90, and 91 MPa, respectively, as depicted in Figure 5(b). The incorporation of fibers efficiently hinders and halts the spread of cracks in the material. Strong adhesion between the fiber and the matrix allows for effective load transfer, which in turn implies that the stronger fiber bears the majority of the load and reinforces the structure. Furthermore, the presence of TiB2 particles shares the load transfer burden with the short fibers, thus augmenting the load transmission efficiency. The random orientation of fibers and the reduced cross-linking density of the polymer matrix, facilitated by the semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN) structure, play crucial roles in enhancing mechanical properties. The behavior of individual fibers acting as crack stoppers also plays a role in the reinforcing impact of fiber fillers, which goes beyond simple stress transfer from the polymer matrix to fibers. As a result, short fiber fillers could absorb part of the strain caused by polymerization shrinkage, strengthening the matrix’s ability to relieve stress and possibly reducing micro-leakage while improving material adaptability [37,38]. The compressive strength and modulus of EK-5 composites exhibit a notable increase of 20% in contrast to EK-0 (Figure 5(b) and (c)). Notably, the inclusion of cactus fibers at a concentration of 5 vol% yields superior performance, establishing enhanced strength and strain resilience prior to failure. Conversely, the compressive strength and modulus decrease with an increase in Kulkual fiber content from 5 to 10 vol%, mainly attributed to inadequate adhesion between constituents and possible agglomeration of TiB2 particles. Similar trends can be seen in refs [25,36].

Figure 5 Compressive (a) stress–strain profiles, (b) strength, and (c) modulus.
Figure 5

Compressive (a) stress–strain profiles, (b) strength, and (c) modulus.

3.3 Hardness test

The augmentation of composite hardness manifests concomitantly with the infusion of TiB2 particles. These particulates, characterized by heightened hardness in relation to pristine epoxy, substantiate the amelioration of surface hardness attributes within composites. This fortification transpires through the efficacious redistribution of stress from the matrix to the particles, thereby amplifying stress mitigation capabilities as the mobility of slip dislocations diminishes. Consequently, the composite surface exhibits heightened resistance to localized indentation [34,39,40]. The progressive elevation in hardness values as the fiber concentration escalates from 0 to 5 vol% can be attributed to the discernible efficacy of dispersed TiB2 particles within the composite. The uniform distribution of the filler and reduction in the inter-particle distance enhance local plastic deformation. These particles play a pivotal role in impeding dislocation by indentation, thereby fortifying the material’s resistance to distortion. This surge in hardness is a direct consequence of the heightened synergy among the matrix, filler particles, and fiber phase, facilitated by their densification and augmented interfacial adhesion. However, surpassing the threshold of 5 vol% in cactus fiber content precipitates the formation of agglomerates, leading to interface breakdown [41]. The incorporation of fibers at 5 vol% demonstrates a remarkable enhancement of 26.87% compared to EK-0. However, this enhancement began to diminish thereafter as a result of agglomeration (Figure 6).

Figure 6 Vickers hardness values of composites.
Figure 6

Vickers hardness values of composites.

3.4 Water absorption

Figure 7 displays the experimental findings of the percentage of water absorption as a function of immersion time in hours for different types of water. The proportion of water absorption in the first phase of the curve increases linearly with immersion time for all the compositions submerged in salt water, tap water, and distilled water, up to 24, 30, and 48 h, respectively. Then, in nearly all circumstances, the proportion of water intake declines with immersion time. The introduction of TiB2 particles resulted in a marginal water uptake compared to fiber-laden composites, attributable to the inherently hydrophobic disposition of the particles facilitating a cohesive bond with the matrix, thereby diminishing voids within it and concomitantly reducing the absorption capacity. The interstitial gaps within the cactus fiber were filled with water, comprising TiB2 particles effect and thereby increasing the water absorption of composites with an increase in the cactus fiber content from 0 to 10 vol%. The phenomenon of water absorption manifests an initial rapid phase preceding a plateau as equilibrium is approached. This trend may be attributed to the abundance of polar hydroxide groups inherent in cactus fibers, which precipitate the rapid moisture absorption of fiber-based epoxy composites. The rate of water entry is primarily determined by densities and interstitial spaces within the composites. Evaluation of EK-0 composite specimens reveals a minute (<0.40%) augmentation in the water content over the test duration, with cactus fibers exclusively accountable for all water ingress in the composite specimens. Generally, a higher fiber content correlates with increased water absorption, concomitant with the heightened likelihood of inter-fiber interaction. The water absorption behavior adheres to a Fickian model, evincing an abrupt surge in intake until saturation is attained. The intake rate exponentially escalates until the fiber cell wall reaches saturation, thereafter plateauing, denoting a saturated state [42,43].

Figure 7 Water absorption behavior of composites in (a) salt water, (b) tap water, and (c) distilled water.
Figure 7

Water absorption behavior of composites in (a) salt water, (b) tap water, and (c) distilled water.

3.5 Scanning electron micrographs

Scanning electron micrographs of specimens subjected to compressive loads are presented in Figure 8. The load carried by the composite is defined by distinct formations of river-like patterns, as shown in Figure 8a. As the percentage of fiber in the composite increases, similar patterns start to develop more strongly. This describes the load carried by the components, as shown in the compression test findings graph. Air gaps, which are visible in Figure 8b, are indicative of trapped gases during manufacturing, which has not shown significant influence on the failure. The load failure path is shown in Figure 8c, where the matrix failure took place after the fiber along the path failed. As shown in Figure 8c, the development of river ridges and striations suggests a steady mode of failure. All of the Kulkual fiber-reinforced composites exhibit excellent adhesion with the matrix, resulting in increased resistance to compressive loading. In addition, the treatment of fibers with NaOH is primarily responsible for enhancing the characteristics of composites. The addition of TiB2 filler is clearly obvious in the micrographs, indicating the utilization of naturally occurring Kulkual fibers to enhance the mechanical properties observed on the surface of the composites.

Figure 8 Scanning electron micrographs of (a) EK-0, (b) EK-5, and (c) EK-10.
Figure 8

Scanning electron micrographs of (a) EK-0, (b) EK-5, and (c) EK-10.

Finally, the Kulkual fiber-reinforced epoxy composites provide numerous benefits compared to conventional biocomposites, attributable to the distinctive characteristics of Kulkual fibers and their synergistic integration with epoxy resins [44,45]. The principal benefits are as follows.

3.5.1 Sustainability and ecological advantages

Kulkual fibers originate from an abundant and renewable plant source, rendering them exceptionally sustainable. Kulkual plants exhibit a low environmental impact as they flourish in arid and semi-arid environments with a minimum water need, hence diminishing the ecological imprint relative to other natural fiber crops such as flax or jute.

3.5.2 Mechanical characteristics

Kulkual fibers exhibit a superior strength-to-weight ratio, offering a lightweight yet robust composite material due to its exceptional mechanical qualities. Enhanced flexural and tensile strength: epoxy matrices augment the mechanical capabilities of Kulkual fibers, rendering the composites appropriate for structural applications.

3.5.3 Resistance to thermal and moisture conditions

Kulkual fibers demonstrate reduced moisture absorption than other natural fibers, mitigating problems such as swelling, dimensional instability, and deterioration. Kulkual fibers provide excellent thermal insulation qualities, hence improving the composite’s efficacy in temperature-sensitive applications.

3.5.4 Economic efficiency

Kulkual cultivation is economically advantageous due to its modest agricultural inputs, rendering its fibers more cost-effective compared to those necessitating intensive farming procedures. Decreased material expense: the amalgamation of economical Kulkual fibers and epoxy resin provides a budget-friendly substitute for synthetic fiber composites.

3.5.5 Biodegradability

Environmentally sustainable disposal: Kulkual fibers are biodegradable, guaranteeing that the composite material exerts a diminished ecological footprint at the conclusion of its lifecycle in contrast to synthetic fiber composites.

3.5.6 Multifunctionality in utilizations

The amalgamation of Kulkual fibers and epoxy resin is adaptable, rendering these composites appropriate for automobile components, construction materials, and consumer products. The high endurance of Kulkual fibers to arid conditions results in composites that excel in demanding circumstances.

3.5.7 Esthetic and functional advantages

The use of Kulkual fibers imparts an attractive natural texture to composites, making them ideal for design-focused applications. Likewise, these composites frequently demonstrate superior sound insulation qualities, making them appropriate for noise-reduction applications. Kulkual fiber-reinforced epoxy composites emerge as a sustainable and efficient option among biocomposites by fulfilling the mechanical, environmental, and functional requirements of many sectors.

4 Conclusions

This study examines the utilization of Kulkual fibers sourced from Ethiopia as a potential strengthening agent in epoxy-based composites incorporating TiB2 particles. The open-mold casting method is used for developing five types of composites by altering the Kulkual fibers in a chopped form at different volume percentages: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%. The concentration of TiB2 particles remains constant at 5% for all the composites. The addition of 5 vol% of TiB2 particles significantly enhances the compression strength, hardness, and resistance to water absorption of the composites. These TiB2 particles play a pivotal role in reducing the pore density within the composite, leading to increased densification. Noteworthy is the strategic placement of TiB2 particles at the interface, which effectively buffers and enhances the transmission efficiency of loads within the composite structure.

The inherent hardness of TiB2 particles, surpassing that of pristine epoxy, contributes to the overall improvement in surface hardness characteristics of the composites. Moreover, the hydrophobic nature of TiB2 particles fosters cohesive bonding with the matrix, minimizing void formation and consequently reducing water absorption. The addition of Kulkual fiber complements these enhancements by bolstering compressive strength, modulus, and hardness, albeit with a slight increase in water absorption and reduced impact resistance. The random orientation of fibers and the semi-IPN structure afford mechanical property improvements by facilitating uniform filler distribution and decreasing inter-particle distances, thereby enhancing local plastic deformation.

However, it is noted that a higher fiber content can lead to increased water absorption due to heightened inter-fiber interaction, while the introduction of fillers tends to promote crystallization, reducing material amorphousness and consequently impacting energy absorption and impact toughness. Overall, the optimized performance is observed at a composite composition containing 5 vol% of TiB2 particles and Kulkual fibers, highlighting the efficacy of this configuration in achieving superior mechanical and physical properties.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) and Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) through the BOLD Refresh postdoctoral fellowships under grant J510050002-IC-6 BOLDREFRESH2025-Center of Excellence. The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD2025R698), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for funding this research work.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by TNB and UNITEN through the BOLD Refresh postdoctoral fellowships under grant J510050002-IC-6 BOLDREFRESH2025-Center of Excellence. The authors extend their appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSPD2025R698), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for funding this research work.

  2. Author contributions: Kiran Shahapurkar, Nik-Nazri Nik-Ghazali, and Venkatesh Chenrayan: conceptualization. Gangadhar Kanaginahal and Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar: methodology. Yasser Fouad, Nik-Nazri Nik-Ghazali, Tze Mei Kuan, and Azrul Mohd Ariffin: supervision. Kiran Shahapurkar, Venkatesh Chenrayan, and Arulraj Arunachalam: writing – original draft. Kiran Shahapurkar and Gangadhar Kanaginahal: investigation. Nik-Nazri Nik-Ghazali, Arulraj Arunachalam, and Hanabe Chowdappa Ananda Murthy: review and editing. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

References

[1] Kumar, S., N. Gariya, A. Shaikh, F. Ahmad, and A. Yadav. Physico-mechanical and thermal properties of fly ash and benzoylated Himalayan Agave fiber reinforced polyester composite. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2024.10.1007/s13399-024-05518-0Search in Google Scholar

[2] Li, F., J. Gan, L. Zhang, H. Tan, E. Li, and B. Li. Enhancing impact resistance of hybrid structures designed with triply periodic minimal surfaces. Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 245, 2024, id. 110365.10.1016/j.compscitech.2023.110365Search in Google Scholar

[3] Diao, X., Y. Song, S. Pan, X. Cai, T. Shi, and L. Wang. Enhanced dynamic compressive performance of silicon carbide whiskers-modified mortars. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 432, 2024, id. 136626.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136626Search in Google Scholar

[4] Vidya, J., R. Sunitha, T. Malavika, and C. Prakash. Influence of Ceiba pentandra fibre orientation on mechanical properties of biocomposites – a rudimentary approach. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2024.10.1007/s13399-024-05541-1Search in Google Scholar

[5] Ramaswamy, R., S. Kaliappan, L. Natrayan, and P. P. Patil. Pear cactus fiber with onion sheath biocarbon nanosheet toughened epoxy composite: mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, Vol. 14, 2024, pp. 9077–9085.10.1007/s13399-022-03335-xSearch in Google Scholar

[6] Xu, F., W. Bai, J. Zhang, and L. Jin. The synthesis and application of MRI-fluorescence dual mode materials with absorption ability on quantitative analysis of malachite green. Physica Scripta, Vol. 99, No. 10, 2024, id. 105575.10.1088/1402-4896/ad7d4aSearch in Google Scholar

[7] Ahmad, S. M., G. MC, M. Shettar, and S. Sharma. Experimental investigation of mechanical properties and morphology of bamboo-glass fiber-nanoclay reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Cogent Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2023, id. 2279209.10.1080/23311916.2023.2279209Search in Google Scholar

[8] Li, X., Y. Liu, and J. Leng. Large-scale fabrication of superhydrophobic shape memory composite films for efficient anti-icing and de-icing. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Vol. 37, 2023, id. e00692.10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00692Search in Google Scholar

[9] Huang, X., L. Chang, H. Zhao, and Z. Cai. Study on craniocerebral dynamics response and helmet protective performance under the blast waves. Materials & Design, Vol. 224, 2022, id. 111408.10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111408Search in Google Scholar

[10] Rangappa, S. M., M. Puttegowda, J. Parameswaranpillai, S. Siengchin, T. Ozbakkaloglu, and H. Wang. Introduction to plant fibers and their composites. Plant fibers, their composites, and applications, Elsevier, Netherland, 2022, pp. 1–24.10.1016/B978-0-12-824528-6.00006-0Search in Google Scholar

[11] Puttaswamygowda, P. H., S. Sharma, A. K. Ullal, and M. Shettar. Synergistic enhancement of the mechanical properties of epoxy-based coir fiber composites through alkaline treatment and nanoclay reinforcement. Journal of Composites Science, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2024.10.3390/jcs8020066Search in Google Scholar

[12] Jiang, H., Y. Xie, R. Zhu, Y. Luo, X. Sheng, D. Xie, et al. Construction of polyphosphazene-functionalized Ti3C2TX with high efficient flame retardancy for epoxy and its synergetic mechanisms. Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 456, 2023, id. 141049.10.1016/j.cej.2022.141049Search in Google Scholar

[13] Sun, L., Z. Jiang, B. Yuan, S. Zhi, Y. Zhang, J. Li, et al. Ultralight and superhydrophobic perfluorooctyltrimethoxysilane modified biomass carbonaceous aerogel for oil-spill remediation. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 174, 2021, pp. 71–78.10.1016/j.cherd.2021.08.002Search in Google Scholar

[14] Su, Y., J. Zhu, X. Long, L. Zhao, C. Chen, and C. Liu. Statistical effects of pore features on mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of heterogeneous random porous materials by phase-field modeling. International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 264, 2023, id. 112098.10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2022.112098Search in Google Scholar

[15] Kumar, S., L. Prasad, V. K. Patel, V. Kumar, A. Kumar, A. Yadav, et al. Physical and mechanical properties of natural leaf fiber-reinforced epoxy polyester composites. Polymers, Vol. 13, No. 9, 2021, id. 1369.10.3390/polym13091369Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[16] Souzandeh, H. and A. N. Netravali. Study and characterization of sisal fiber/zein resin interface. Rev Adhesion Adhesives-Open Access Suppl, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

[17] Bekele, A. E., H. G. Lemu, and M. G. Jiru. Exploration of mechanical properties of enset–sisal hybrid polymer composite. Fibers, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2022, id. 14.10.3390/fib10020014Search in Google Scholar

[18] Gudayu, A. D., L. Steuernagel, D. Meiners, and R. Gideon. Characterization of the dynamic mechanical properties of sisal fiber reinforced PET composites; Effect of fiber loading and fiber surface modification. Polymers and Polymer Composites, Vol. 29, No. 9_suppl, 2021, pp. S719–S728.10.1177/09673911211023032Search in Google Scholar

[19] Kandola, B. K., S. I. Mistik, W. Pornwannachai, and S. C. Anand. Natural fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites from woven-nonwoven textile preforms: Mechanical and fire performance study. Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 153, 2018, pp. 456–464.10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.09.013Search in Google Scholar

[20] Kumar, G. S., A. Rathan, D. Bandhu, B. M. Reddy, H. R. Rao, S. Swami, et al. Mechanical and thermal characterization of coir/hemp/polyester hybrid composite for lightweight applications. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol. 26, 2023, pp. 8242–8253.10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.09.144Search in Google Scholar

[21] Yusoff, R. B., H. Takagi, and A. N. Nakagaito. A comparative study of polylactic acid (PLA)-Based unidirectional green hybrid composites reinforced with natural fibers such as kenaf, bamboo and coir. Hybrid Advances, Vol. 3, 2023, id. 100073.10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100073Search in Google Scholar

[22] Ichim, M., L. Stelea, I. Filip, G. Lisa, and E. I. Muresan. Thermal and mechanical characterization of coir fibre–reinforced polypropylene biocomposites. Crystals, Vol. 12, No. 9, 2022, id. 1249.10.3390/cryst12091249Search in Google Scholar

[23] Ru, S., R. Yang, S. Yang, and C. Zhao. Effects of physical and mechanical properties of coir fiber and reinforced epoxy composites treated with acetic anhydride and alkali. Journal of Natural Fibers, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2023, id. 2285819.10.1080/15440478.2023.2285819Search in Google Scholar

[24] Hasan, K. M. F., P. G. Horváth, Z. Kóczán, and T. Alpár. Thermo-mechanical properties of pretreated coir fiber and fibrous chips reinforced multilayered composites. Scientific Reports, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2021, id. 3618.10.1038/s41598-021-83140-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[25] Castellano, J., M. D. Marrero, Z. Ortega, F. Romero, A. N. Benitez, and M. R. Ventura. Opuntia spp. fibre characterisation to obtain sustainable materials in the composites field. Polymers, Vol. 13, No. 13, 2021, id. 2085.10.3390/polym13132085Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[26] Zampetakis, I., A. Hetherington, A. Perriman, F. Scarpa, eds. Cactus-based solids and bio-composites for energy dissipation in defence and biomedical applications, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, University of Bristol, 2020.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Sakthi Vadivel, K. and P. Govindasamy. Thermal analysis of Acacia Arabica and Pencil Cactus fiber hybrid polymer composites. Res J Chem Environ, Vol. 24, 2020, id. 52.Search in Google Scholar

[28] D ACD-oPS, ed. Standard test methods for density and specific gravity (relative density) of plastics by displacement, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

[29] Hu, J., S. Yin, J. Xu, eds. Compression behavior and energy absorption capacity of woven flax-epoxy composite under various stain rates, EDP Sciences, 2018.10.1051/epjconf/201818302062Search in Google Scholar

[30] Yu, H., Y. Guo, and X. Lai. Rate-dependent behavior and constitutive model of DP600 steel at strain rate from 10−4 to 103 s−1. Materials & Design, Vol. 30, No. 7, 2009, pp. 2501–2505.10.1016/j.matdes.2008.10.001Search in Google Scholar

[31] Xu, J., W. Zhang, X. Gao, W. Meng, and J. Guan. Strain rate and anisotropic microstructure dependent mechanical behaviors of silkworm cocoon shells. PLoS One, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2016, id. e0149931.10.1371/journal.pone.0149931Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[32] Gu, B. and F.-K. Chang. Energy absorption features of 3-D braided rectangular composite under different strain rates compressive loading. Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol. 11, No. 7–8, 2007, pp. 535–545.10.1016/j.ast.2007.03.004Search in Google Scholar

[33] Jumahat, A., C. Soutis, F. R. Jones, and A. Hodzic. Effect of silica nanoparticles on compressive properties of an epoxy polymer. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 45, No. 21, 2010, pp. 5973–5983.10.1007/s10853-010-4683-1Search in Google Scholar

[34] Wang, H. M., J. Q. Liu, G. R. Li, F. Tang, Y. W. Yan, L. P. Gao, et al. Effect of TiB2 content on microstructure and mechanical properties of (TiB2p + B4Cp)/Al composites fabricated by microwave sintering. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol. 13, 2021, pp. 1509–1520.10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.05.084Search in Google Scholar

[35] Pang, B., H. Zheng, Z. Jin, D. Hou, Y. Zhang, X. Song, et al. Inner superhydrophobic materials based on waste fly ash: Microstructural morphology of microetching effects. Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 268, 2024, id. 111089.10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.111089Search in Google Scholar

[36] Natrayan, L., N. D. Chinta, N. B. Teja, G. Muthu, S. Kaliappan, S. Kirubanandan, et al. Evaluating mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of biocomposites with Opuntia cladode fiber and palm flower biochar for industrial applications. Discover Applied Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2024, id. 30.10.1007/s42452-024-05660-4Search in Google Scholar

[37] Hartanto, C., W. Farahanny, and D. Dennis. Comparative evaluation of short fiber-reinforced composite resin thickness on fracture resistance of class II composite restoration: an in vitro study. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, Vol. 21, No. 11, 2020, id. 1202.10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2965Search in Google Scholar

[38] Long, X., K. Chong, Y. Su, C. Chang, and L. Zhao. Meso-scale low-cycle fatigue damage of polycrystalline nickel-based alloy by crystal plasticity finite element method. International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 175, 2023, id. 107778.10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107778Search in Google Scholar

[39] Cherkashina, N. I., E. V. Popova, E. O. Pilavidou, E. P. Klopot, eds. Polymer composite material based on titanium hydride, IOP Publishing, Belgorod, Russian Federation, 2020.10.1088/1757-899X/945/1/012079Search in Google Scholar

[40] Tian, R., H. Guan, X. Lu, X. Zhang, H. Hao, W. Feng, et al. Dynamic crushing behavior and energy absorption of hybrid auxetic metamaterial inspired by Islamic motif art. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2023, pp. 345–362.10.1007/s10483-023-2962-9Search in Google Scholar

[41] Diez-Pascual, A. M. and M. Naffakh. Tuning the properties of carbon fiber-reinforced poly (phenylene sulphide) laminates via incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles. Polymer, Vol. 53, No. 12, 2012, pp. 2369–2378.10.1016/j.polymer.2012.04.010Search in Google Scholar

[42] Kanaginahal, G. M., S. Hebbar, K. Shahapurkar, M. A. Alamir, V. Tirth, I. M. Alarifi, et al. Leverage of weave pattern and composite thickness on dynamic mechanical analysis, water absorption and flammability response of bamboo fabric/epoxy composites. Heliyon, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2023.10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12950Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[43] He, G., H. Li, Z. Zhao, Q. Liu, J. Yu, Z. Ji, et al. Antifouling coatings based on the synergistic action of biogenic antimicrobial agents and low surface energy silicone resins and their application to marine aquaculture nets. Progress in Organic Coatings, Vol. 195, 2024, id. 108656.10.1016/j.porgcoat.2024.108656Search in Google Scholar

[44] Asrofi, M., R. Setyobudi, R. A. Ilyas, M. L. Sanyang, A. O. Adegbenjo, I. Idris, et al. Influence of ultrasonication time on the various properties of alkaline-treated mango seed waste filler reinforced PVA biocomposite. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, Vol. 62, No. 1, 2023, id. 20230137.10.1515/rams-2023-0137Search in Google Scholar

[45] Santhosh, N., B. A. Praveena, A. C. Gowda, A. A. Duhduh, A. A. Rajhi, S. Alamri, et al. Innovative eco-friendly bio-composites: A comprehensive review of the fabrication, characterization, and applications. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, Vol. 63, No. 1, 2024, id. 20240057.10.1515/rams-2024-0057Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-05-06
Revised: 2024-12-31
Accepted: 2025-01-21
Published Online: 2025-03-07

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Review Articles
  2. Utilization of steel slag in concrete: A review on durability and microstructure analysis
  3. Technical development of modified emulsion asphalt: A review on the preparation, performance, and applications
  4. Recent developments in ultrasonic welding of similar and dissimilar joints of carbon fiber reinforcement thermoplastics with and without interlayer: A state-of-the-art review
  5. Unveiling the crucial factors and coating mitigation of solid particle erosion in steam turbine blade failures: A review
  6. From magnesium oxide, magnesium oxide concrete to magnesium oxide concrete dams
  7. Properties and potential applications of polymer composites containing secondary fillers
  8. A scientometric review on the utilization of copper slag as a substitute constituent of ordinary Portland cement concrete
  9. Advancement of additive manufacturing technology in the development of personalized in vivo and in vitro prosthetic implants
  10. Recent advance of MOFs in Fenton-like reaction
  11. A review of defect formation, detection, and effect on mechanical properties of three-dimensional braided composites
  12. Non-conventional approaches to producing biochars for environmental and energy applications
  13. Review of the development and application of aluminum alloys in the nuclear industry
  14. Advances in the development and characterization of combustible cartridge cases and propellants: Preparation, performance, and future prospects
  15. Recent trends in rubberized and non-rubberized ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete for sustainable construction: A review
  16. Cement-based materials for radiative cooling: Potential, material and structural design, and future prospects
  17. A comprehensive review: The impact of recycling polypropylene fiber on lightweight concrete performance
  18. A comprehensive review of preheating temperature effects on reclaimed asphalt pavement in the hot center plant recycling
  19. Exploring the potential applications of semi-flexible pavement: A comprehensive review
  20. A critical review of alkali-activated metakaolin/blast furnace slag-based cementitious materials: Reaction evolution and mechanism
  21. Dispersibility of graphene-family materials and their impact on the properties of cement-based materials: Application challenges and prospects
  22. Research progress on rubidium and cesium separation and extraction
  23. A step towards sustainable concrete with the utilization of M-sand in concrete production: A review
  24. Studying the effect of nanofillers in civil applications: A review
  25. Studies on the anticorrosive effect of phytochemicals on mild steel, carbon steel, and stainless-steel surfaces in acid and alkali medium: A review
  26. Nanotechnology for calcium aluminate cement: thematic analysis
  27. Towards sustainable concrete pavements: a critical review on fly ash as a supplementary cementitious material
  28. Optimizing rice husk ash for ultra-high-performance concrete: a comprehensive review of mechanical properties, durability, and environmental benefits
  29. Research Articles
  30. Investigation of the corrosion performance of HVOF-sprayed WC-CoCr coatings applied on offshore hydraulic equipment
  31. A systematic review of metakaolin-based alkali-activated and geopolymer concrete: A step toward green concrete
  32. Evaluation of color matching of three single-shade composites employing simulated 3D printed cavities with different thicknesses using CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color difference formulae
  33. Novel approaches in prediction of tensile strain capacity of engineered cementitious composites using interpretable approaches
  34. Effect of TiB2 particles on the compressive, hardness, and water absorption responses of Kulkual fiber-reinforced epoxy composites
  35. Analyzing the compressive strength, eco-strength, and cost–strength ratio of agro-waste-derived concrete using advanced machine learning methods
  36. Tensile behavior evaluation of two-stage concrete using an innovative model optimization approach
  37. Tailoring the mechanical and degradation properties of 3DP PLA/PCL scaffolds for biomedical applications
  38. Optimizing compressive strength prediction in glass powder-modified concrete: A comprehensive study on silicon dioxide and calcium oxide influence across varied sample dimensions and strength ranges
  39. Experimental study on solid particle erosion of protective aircraft coatings at different impact angles
  40. Compatibility between polyurea resin modifier and asphalt binder based on segregation and rheological parameters
  41. Fe-containing nominal wollastonite (CaSiO3)–Na2O glass-ceramic: Characterization and biocompatibility
  42. Relevance of pore network connectivity in tannin-derived carbons for rapid detection of BTEX traces in indoor air
  43. A life cycle and environmental impact analysis of sustainable concrete incorporating date palm ash and eggshell powder as supplementary cementitious materials
  44. Eco-friendly utilisation of agricultural waste: Assessing mixture performance and physical properties of asphalt modified with peanut husk ash using response surface methodology
  45. Benefits and limitations of N2 addition with Ar as shielding gas on microstructure change and their effect on hardness and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel weldments
  46. Effect of selective laser sintering processing parameters on the mechanical properties of peanut shell powder/polyether sulfone composite
  47. Impact and mechanism of improving the UV aging resistance performance of modified asphalt binder
  48. AI-based prediction for the strength, cost, and sustainability of eggshell and date palm ash-blended concrete
  49. Investigating the sulfonated ZnO–PVA membrane for improved MFC performance
  50. Strontium coupling with sulphur in mouse bone apatites
  51. Transforming waste into value: Advancing sustainable construction materials with treated plastic waste and foundry sand in lightweight foamed concrete for a greener future
  52. Evaluating the use of recycled sawdust in porous foam mortar for improved performance
  53. Improvement and predictive modeling of the mechanical performance of waste fire clay blended concrete
  54. Polyvinyl alcohol/alginate/gelatin hydrogel-based CaSiO3 designed for accelerating wound healing
  55. Research on assembly stress and deformation of thin-walled composite material power cabin fairings
  56. Effect of volcanic pumice powder on the properties of fiber-reinforced cement mortars in aggressive environments
  57. Analyzing the compressive performance of lightweight foamcrete and parameter interdependencies using machine intelligence strategies
  58. Selected materials techniques for evaluation of attributes of sourdough bread with Kombucha SCOBY
  59. Establishing strength prediction models for low-carbon rubberized cementitious mortar using advanced AI tools
  60. Investigating the strength performance of 3D printed fiber-reinforced concrete using applicable predictive models
  61. An eco-friendly synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with jamun seed extract and their multi-applications
  62. The application of convolutional neural networks, LF-NMR, and texture for microparticle analysis in assessing the quality of fruit powders: Case study – blackcurrant powders
  63. Study of feasibility of using copper mining tailings in mortar production
  64. Shear and flexural performance of reinforced concrete beams with recycled concrete aggregates
  65. Advancing GGBS geopolymer concrete with nano-alumina: A study on strength and durability in aggressive environments
  66. Leveraging waste-based additives and machine learning for sustainable mortar development in construction
  67. Study on the modification effects and mechanisms of organic–inorganic composite anti-aging agents on asphalt across multiple scales
  68. Morphological and microstructural analysis of sustainable concrete with crumb rubber and SCMs
  69. Structural, physical, and luminescence properties of sodium–aluminum–zinc borophosphate glass embedded with Nd3+ ions for optical applications
  70. Eco-friendly waste plastic-based mortar incorporating industrial waste powders: Interpretable models for flexural strength
  71. Bioactive potential of marine Aspergillus niger AMG31: Metabolite profiling and green synthesis of copper/zinc oxide nanocomposites – An insight into biomedical applications
  72. Preparation of geopolymer cementitious materials by combining industrial waste and municipal dewatering sludge: Stabilization, microscopic analysis and water seepage
  73. Seismic behavior and shear capacity calculation of a new type of self-centering steel-concrete composite joint
  74. Sustainable utilization of aluminum waste in geopolymer concrete: Influence of alkaline activation on microstructure and mechanical properties
  75. Optimization of oil palm boiler ash waste and zinc oxide as antibacterial fabric coating
  76. Tailoring ZX30 alloy’s microstructural evolution, electrochemical and mechanical behavior via ECAP processing parameters
  77. Comparative study on the effect of natural and synthetic fibers on the production of sustainable concrete
  78. Microemulsion synthesis of zinc-containing mesoporous bioactive silicate glass nanoparticles: In vitro bioactivity and drug release studies
  79. On the interaction of shear bands with nanoparticles in ZrCu-based metallic glass: In situ TEM investigation
  80. Developing low carbon molybdenum tailing self-consolidating concrete: Workability, shrinkage, strength, and pore structure
  81. Experimental and computational analyses of eco-friendly concrete using recycled crushed brick
  82. High-performance WC–Co coatings via HVOF: Mechanical properties of steel surfaces
  83. Mechanical properties and fatigue analysis of rubber concrete under uniaxial compression modified by a combination of mineral admixture
  84. Experimental study of flexural performance of solid wood beams strengthened with CFRP fibers
  85. Eco-friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with Syzygium aromaticum extract: characterization and evaluation against Schistosoma haematobium
  86. Predictive modeling assessment of advanced concrete materials incorporating plastic waste as sand replacement
  87. Self-compacting mortar overlays using expanded polystyrene beads for thermal performance and energy efficiency in buildings
  88. Enhancing frost resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete using surfactants: sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium abietate, and triterpenoid saponins
  89. Equation-driven strength prediction of GGBS concrete: a symbolic machine learning approach for sustainable development
  90. Empowering 3D printed concrete: discovering the impact of steel fiber reinforcement on mechanical performance
  91. Advanced hybrid machine learning models for estimating chloride penetration resistance of concrete structures for durability assessment: optimization and hyperparameter tuning
  92. Influence of diamine structure on the properties of colorless and transparent polyimides
  93. Post-heating strength prediction in concrete with Wadi Gyada Alkharj fine aggregate using thermal conductivity and ultrasonic pulse velocity
  94. Experimental and RSM-based optimization of sustainable concrete properties using glass powder and rubber fine aggregates as partial replacements
  95. Special Issue on Recent Advancement in Low-carbon Cement-based Materials - Part II
  96. Investigating the effect of locally available volcanic ash on mechanical and microstructure properties of concrete
  97. Flexural performance evaluation using computational tools for plastic-derived mortar modified with blends of industrial waste powders
  98. Foamed geopolymers as low carbon materials for fire-resistant and lightweight applications in construction: A review
  99. Autogenous shrinkage of cementitious composites incorporating red mud
  100. Mechanical, durability, and microstructure analysis of concrete made with metakaolin and copper slag for sustainable construction
  101. Special Issue on AI-Driven Advances for Nano-Enhanced Sustainable Construction Materials
  102. Advanced explainable models for strength evaluation of self-compacting concrete modified with supplementary glass and marble powders
  103. Analyzing the viability of agro-waste for sustainable concrete: Expression-based formulation and validation of predictive models for strength performance
  104. Special Issue on Advanced Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion
  105. Innovative optimization of seashell ash-based lightweight foamed concrete: Enhancing physicomechanical properties through ANN-GA hybrid approach
  106. Production of novel reinforcing rods of waste polyester, polypropylene, and cotton as alternatives to reinforcement steel rods
https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2025-0090
Keywords for this article
Kulkual fiber; composites; compression; hardness, water absorption
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Review Articles
  2. Utilization of steel slag in concrete: A review on durability and microstructure analysis
  3. Technical development of modified emulsion asphalt: A review on the preparation, performance, and applications
  4. Recent developments in ultrasonic welding of similar and dissimilar joints of carbon fiber reinforcement thermoplastics with and without interlayer: A state-of-the-art review
  5. Unveiling the crucial factors and coating mitigation of solid particle erosion in steam turbine blade failures: A review
  6. From magnesium oxide, magnesium oxide concrete to magnesium oxide concrete dams
  7. Properties and potential applications of polymer composites containing secondary fillers
  8. A scientometric review on the utilization of copper slag as a substitute constituent of ordinary Portland cement concrete
  9. Advancement of additive manufacturing technology in the development of personalized in vivo and in vitro prosthetic implants
  10. Recent advance of MOFs in Fenton-like reaction
  11. A review of defect formation, detection, and effect on mechanical properties of three-dimensional braided composites
  12. Non-conventional approaches to producing biochars for environmental and energy applications
  13. Review of the development and application of aluminum alloys in the nuclear industry
  14. Advances in the development and characterization of combustible cartridge cases and propellants: Preparation, performance, and future prospects
  15. Recent trends in rubberized and non-rubberized ultra-high performance geopolymer concrete for sustainable construction: A review
  16. Cement-based materials for radiative cooling: Potential, material and structural design, and future prospects
  17. A comprehensive review: The impact of recycling polypropylene fiber on lightweight concrete performance
  18. A comprehensive review of preheating temperature effects on reclaimed asphalt pavement in the hot center plant recycling
  19. Exploring the potential applications of semi-flexible pavement: A comprehensive review
  20. A critical review of alkali-activated metakaolin/blast furnace slag-based cementitious materials: Reaction evolution and mechanism
  21. Dispersibility of graphene-family materials and their impact on the properties of cement-based materials: Application challenges and prospects
  22. Research progress on rubidium and cesium separation and extraction
  23. A step towards sustainable concrete with the utilization of M-sand in concrete production: A review
  24. Studying the effect of nanofillers in civil applications: A review
  25. Studies on the anticorrosive effect of phytochemicals on mild steel, carbon steel, and stainless-steel surfaces in acid and alkali medium: A review
  26. Nanotechnology for calcium aluminate cement: thematic analysis
  27. Towards sustainable concrete pavements: a critical review on fly ash as a supplementary cementitious material
  28. Optimizing rice husk ash for ultra-high-performance concrete: a comprehensive review of mechanical properties, durability, and environmental benefits
  29. Research Articles
  30. Investigation of the corrosion performance of HVOF-sprayed WC-CoCr coatings applied on offshore hydraulic equipment
  31. A systematic review of metakaolin-based alkali-activated and geopolymer concrete: A step toward green concrete
  32. Evaluation of color matching of three single-shade composites employing simulated 3D printed cavities with different thicknesses using CIELAB and CIEDE2000 color difference formulae
  33. Novel approaches in prediction of tensile strain capacity of engineered cementitious composites using interpretable approaches
  34. Effect of TiB2 particles on the compressive, hardness, and water absorption responses of Kulkual fiber-reinforced epoxy composites
  35. Analyzing the compressive strength, eco-strength, and cost–strength ratio of agro-waste-derived concrete using advanced machine learning methods
  36. Tensile behavior evaluation of two-stage concrete using an innovative model optimization approach
  37. Tailoring the mechanical and degradation properties of 3DP PLA/PCL scaffolds for biomedical applications
  38. Optimizing compressive strength prediction in glass powder-modified concrete: A comprehensive study on silicon dioxide and calcium oxide influence across varied sample dimensions and strength ranges
  39. Experimental study on solid particle erosion of protective aircraft coatings at different impact angles
  40. Compatibility between polyurea resin modifier and asphalt binder based on segregation and rheological parameters
  41. Fe-containing nominal wollastonite (CaSiO3)–Na2O glass-ceramic: Characterization and biocompatibility
  42. Relevance of pore network connectivity in tannin-derived carbons for rapid detection of BTEX traces in indoor air
  43. A life cycle and environmental impact analysis of sustainable concrete incorporating date palm ash and eggshell powder as supplementary cementitious materials
  44. Eco-friendly utilisation of agricultural waste: Assessing mixture performance and physical properties of asphalt modified with peanut husk ash using response surface methodology
  45. Benefits and limitations of N2 addition with Ar as shielding gas on microstructure change and their effect on hardness and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel weldments
  46. Effect of selective laser sintering processing parameters on the mechanical properties of peanut shell powder/polyether sulfone composite
  47. Impact and mechanism of improving the UV aging resistance performance of modified asphalt binder
  48. AI-based prediction for the strength, cost, and sustainability of eggshell and date palm ash-blended concrete
  49. Investigating the sulfonated ZnO–PVA membrane for improved MFC performance
  50. Strontium coupling with sulphur in mouse bone apatites
  51. Transforming waste into value: Advancing sustainable construction materials with treated plastic waste and foundry sand in lightweight foamed concrete for a greener future
  52. Evaluating the use of recycled sawdust in porous foam mortar for improved performance
  53. Improvement and predictive modeling of the mechanical performance of waste fire clay blended concrete
  54. Polyvinyl alcohol/alginate/gelatin hydrogel-based CaSiO3 designed for accelerating wound healing
  55. Research on assembly stress and deformation of thin-walled composite material power cabin fairings
  56. Effect of volcanic pumice powder on the properties of fiber-reinforced cement mortars in aggressive environments
  57. Analyzing the compressive performance of lightweight foamcrete and parameter interdependencies using machine intelligence strategies
  58. Selected materials techniques for evaluation of attributes of sourdough bread with Kombucha SCOBY
  59. Establishing strength prediction models for low-carbon rubberized cementitious mortar using advanced AI tools
  60. Investigating the strength performance of 3D printed fiber-reinforced concrete using applicable predictive models
  61. An eco-friendly synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with jamun seed extract and their multi-applications
  62. The application of convolutional neural networks, LF-NMR, and texture for microparticle analysis in assessing the quality of fruit powders: Case study – blackcurrant powders
  63. Study of feasibility of using copper mining tailings in mortar production
  64. Shear and flexural performance of reinforced concrete beams with recycled concrete aggregates
  65. Advancing GGBS geopolymer concrete with nano-alumina: A study on strength and durability in aggressive environments
  66. Leveraging waste-based additives and machine learning for sustainable mortar development in construction
  67. Study on the modification effects and mechanisms of organic–inorganic composite anti-aging agents on asphalt across multiple scales
  68. Morphological and microstructural analysis of sustainable concrete with crumb rubber and SCMs
  69. Structural, physical, and luminescence properties of sodium–aluminum–zinc borophosphate glass embedded with Nd3+ ions for optical applications
  70. Eco-friendly waste plastic-based mortar incorporating industrial waste powders: Interpretable models for flexural strength
  71. Bioactive potential of marine Aspergillus niger AMG31: Metabolite profiling and green synthesis of copper/zinc oxide nanocomposites – An insight into biomedical applications
  72. Preparation of geopolymer cementitious materials by combining industrial waste and municipal dewatering sludge: Stabilization, microscopic analysis and water seepage
  73. Seismic behavior and shear capacity calculation of a new type of self-centering steel-concrete composite joint
  74. Sustainable utilization of aluminum waste in geopolymer concrete: Influence of alkaline activation on microstructure and mechanical properties
  75. Optimization of oil palm boiler ash waste and zinc oxide as antibacterial fabric coating
  76. Tailoring ZX30 alloy’s microstructural evolution, electrochemical and mechanical behavior via ECAP processing parameters
  77. Comparative study on the effect of natural and synthetic fibers on the production of sustainable concrete
  78. Microemulsion synthesis of zinc-containing mesoporous bioactive silicate glass nanoparticles: In vitro bioactivity and drug release studies
  79. On the interaction of shear bands with nanoparticles in ZrCu-based metallic glass: In situ TEM investigation
  80. Developing low carbon molybdenum tailing self-consolidating concrete: Workability, shrinkage, strength, and pore structure
  81. Experimental and computational analyses of eco-friendly concrete using recycled crushed brick
  82. High-performance WC–Co coatings via HVOF: Mechanical properties of steel surfaces
  83. Mechanical properties and fatigue analysis of rubber concrete under uniaxial compression modified by a combination of mineral admixture
  84. Experimental study of flexural performance of solid wood beams strengthened with CFRP fibers
  85. Eco-friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with Syzygium aromaticum extract: characterization and evaluation against Schistosoma haematobium
  86. Predictive modeling assessment of advanced concrete materials incorporating plastic waste as sand replacement
  87. Self-compacting mortar overlays using expanded polystyrene beads for thermal performance and energy efficiency in buildings
  88. Enhancing frost resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete using surfactants: sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium abietate, and triterpenoid saponins
  89. Equation-driven strength prediction of GGBS concrete: a symbolic machine learning approach for sustainable development
  90. Empowering 3D printed concrete: discovering the impact of steel fiber reinforcement on mechanical performance
  91. Advanced hybrid machine learning models for estimating chloride penetration resistance of concrete structures for durability assessment: optimization and hyperparameter tuning
  92. Influence of diamine structure on the properties of colorless and transparent polyimides
  93. Post-heating strength prediction in concrete with Wadi Gyada Alkharj fine aggregate using thermal conductivity and ultrasonic pulse velocity
  94. Experimental and RSM-based optimization of sustainable concrete properties using glass powder and rubber fine aggregates as partial replacements
  95. Special Issue on Recent Advancement in Low-carbon Cement-based Materials - Part II
  96. Investigating the effect of locally available volcanic ash on mechanical and microstructure properties of concrete
  97. Flexural performance evaluation using computational tools for plastic-derived mortar modified with blends of industrial waste powders
  98. Foamed geopolymers as low carbon materials for fire-resistant and lightweight applications in construction: A review
  99. Autogenous shrinkage of cementitious composites incorporating red mud
  100. Mechanical, durability, and microstructure analysis of concrete made with metakaolin and copper slag for sustainable construction
  101. Special Issue on AI-Driven Advances for Nano-Enhanced Sustainable Construction Materials
  102. Advanced explainable models for strength evaluation of self-compacting concrete modified with supplementary glass and marble powders
  103. Analyzing the viability of agro-waste for sustainable concrete: Expression-based formulation and validation of predictive models for strength performance
  104. Special Issue on Advanced Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion
  105. Innovative optimization of seashell ash-based lightweight foamed concrete: Enhancing physicomechanical properties through ANN-GA hybrid approach
  106. Production of novel reinforcing rods of waste polyester, polypropylene, and cotton as alternatives to reinforcement steel rods
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2026 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 4.2.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/rams-2025-0090/html
Scroll to top button