Startseite Geologie und Mineralogie The Mechanism and Control Technology of Strong Strata Behavior in Extra-Thick Coal Seam Mining Influenced by Overlying Coal Pillar
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The Mechanism and Control Technology of Strong Strata Behavior in Extra-Thick Coal Seam Mining Influenced by Overlying Coal Pillar

  • Rui Gao EMAIL logo , Tiejun Kuang EMAIL logo und Yiwen Lan
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 12. September 2019
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Aus der Zeitschrift Open Geosciences Band 11 Heft 1

Abstract

This work aimed at revealing the mechanism of strong strata behavior in extra-thick coal seam mining which was influenced by an overlying coal pillar (OCP). To this end, the evolution characteristics of the stress and displacement in advance coal body of the working face were studied via numerical simulation. On this basis, the mechanism of strong strata behavior in working face affected by OCP was revealed. In situ monitoring also demonstrated that, as the working face mining near to the position of OCP, severe rib spalling and roadway deformation frequently appeared. The scheme of strengthening the hydraulic supports resistance and adding anchor cables was put forward to control the surrounding rocks in the stope. As a result, the maximum deformation of the roadway height was 0.66m and could completely meet the demands for safe mining. The study on the mechanism of strong strata behavior in working face and the strengthen supporting scheme would provide a theoretical basis for similar mining conditions, thus ensure safe and efficiency coal seam mining.

Keywords: strong strata behavior; overlying coal pillar (OCP); extra-thick coal seam; control technology

1 Introduction

In China, the coal is the primary energy resource. Thick and extra-thick coal seams are the principal coal seams of importance due to their high production and efficiency. With a high yields and efficient extraction, the production of extremely thick coal seams account for 50% of energies. The thick and extremely thick coal seams are mainly distributed in the Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang regions of China, and the total reserves amount to over a trillion tons.

During the mining of thick and extremely thick coal seams, the strata behavior occurred in the working faces are generally intense due to the large coalface spaces and wide movement range in overlying rocks. Especially, when the coal seam buried deeply, the stress concentration in coal body is obvious, and the breakage of overlying strata are complex, thus result in a strong strata behavior in working face and roadway. For example, the mining of an extra-thick in the Datong mining area of China (20m thickness, 500m depth), frequently lead to the crushed of supports which with a resistance of 15,000kN, also accompanied by severe deformation in the roadways [1, 2, 3]. Several research groups have carried out a great deal of researches on the forecast and control of ground pressure in coal seam mining [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Chen et al. [4] studied the mechanism of rock burst induced by the occurrence of layer-crack plate structure in the coal wall during a deep coal seam mining. Some researchers [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] focused on the failure and movement of overlying strata induced by underground mining.

Meanwhile, the method of liberated-seam mining is regarded as an effective way to control the strong strata behavior, as it could damage the integrity of overlying strata in advance, thus reduce the stress accumulation during underlying coal seam mining [10].

When liberated-seams are affected by the mining environment during mining process, coal pillars are retained. Due to the stress concentration in retained coal pillars, strong strata behavior would appear when underneath extremely thick coal seams mining. However, most of the traditional researches focused on the stress concentration on OCP, e.g. Poulsen et al. [11] and Singh et al. [12, 13, 14] focused on the coal pillar loads by calculating and estimating, Jaiswal et al. [15] and Mohan et al. [16] investigated the pillar strength using numerical method, Wattimena et al. [17] evaluated coal pillar stability by logistic regression. Other scholars have conducted researches that are relevant as well [18, 19]. When it comes to the ground pressure in the coal seam influenced by the OCP, only fewer studies have been carried out, e.g. Ju Jinfeng et al. [20, 21] explored the crushing mechanism acting on supports during the working face passed close to coal pillars in shallow coal seams. Yang Jingxuan et al. [22, 23] studied the stress transfer characteristics from OCP loads using theoretical analysis. Xia Binwei et al. [24] studied the strong strata behavior under the coupling effects of hard roof fracturing and OCP occurrence.

However, due to the movement of the overlying rocks during the mining process, the stress distributed in OCP changes dynamically. Therefore, the stress field around the working face influenced by OCP changes constantly. However, in Ju’s study [20, 21], the instability mechanism of strata underneath the OCP and the following phenomenon of supports crushed was analyzed completely. Nonetheless, the stress distributed in OCP and coal body in front of the working face were absented. As to Yang’s study [22, 23], only the transfer characteristics of stress distributed in coal pillars was given, so it’s necessary to study the dynamic stress distribution around the OCP and working face, thus to give the mechanism of strong strata behavior in working face. In the paper, the characteristics of the stress distribution around the working face under dynamic loads from the OCP was analyzed by numerical simulation and theoretical. Finally, certain methods were used to control strong strata behavior in order to ensure safe production.

2 Engineering Background

The Datong mining area, which was formed by double system formation, has been gradually mined to its deep parts. The deeper coal seams are mainly reserved in the Shanxi formation of Permian system and Taiyuan formation of Carboniferous system which include Shanxi No.4, 2, 3-5, and 8 coal seams. The No.3-5 extra-thick coal seam of Carboniferous system is mainly mined in Tashan coal mine. The burial depth and thickness of No.3-5 coal seam are 400m to 600 m, 15m to 20 m, respectively. The No.3-5 coal seam was mined by the method of caving mining, as the mining height was 3m to 5m and caving height was 10m to 17m. The lithology and parameters of all the overlying rock are shown in Figure 1. As the mining height of No.3-5 coal seam is huge, the strata behavior is intense and strong, the supports crushed and severe deformation in roadways occurred frequently [3, 4, 5].

Figure 1 Spatial relationship of the working faces and the OCP.
Figure 1

Spatial relationship of the working faces and the OCP.

In order to reduce the magnitude of the strata behavior during No.3-5 coal seams mining, the overlying Shanxi No.4 coal seam was mined firstly. The overlying 8102 working face which was mining the Shanxi No.4 coal seam, the mining thickness and length of 8102 working face were 3.27 m and 228 m, respectively. During the mining of the 8102 working face, a 300 m section along the mining direction was not excavated due to an intrusion of igneous rock. The vertical distance between the No.3-5 and Shanxi No.4 coal seams is 23m to 35 m (29.85 m on average). The length, average mining thickness, and burial depth of the 8109 working face were 207 m, 16.22 m, and 467.38 m, respectively and the No.3-5 coal seam was nearly horizontal. The lithology between No.4 coal seam and No.3-5 coal seam were consist of silt-finestone, lamprophyre and mudstone. The 300 m long OCP retained in the 8102 working face corresponding to the position of 960m to 1260m from the open-off cut of the 8109 working face (Figure 1).

3 Numerical Simulation

As the 8109 working face gradually mined near to the position of OCP, caving occurred in the overlying strata, and the stress distributed in the OCP changed correspondingly. This resulted in the dynamically changing of stress and displacement in the advanced coal body of 8109 working face.

3.1 The Simulation Model

A model was established based on the Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion in which the coal-rock masses were regarded as elastic–plastic materials using a software of Phase-2D. Phase-2D could been widely used in stress-displacement calculation in the scope of rock-soil and engineering. The size of the model and the length of mining distance were taken as 1100 × 538 m and 140 m, respectively. The lateral boundaries were fixed in displacement at the horizontal direction, the bottom boundary was fixed in displacement at the horizontal and vertical direction, and the top boundary was set free. The buried depth of No.3-5 coal seam is 467m, no load was loaded at the top of model and gravitational stress was used in the model. As the lateral boundaries were fixed, the horizontal stress of the model was automatically calculated by Phase-2D. The in-situ stress of No.3-5 coal seam is 11.67MPa. The physical and mechanical parameters of each coal-rock layer in the model are shown in Figure 1.

The distribution laws of the stress and displacement in advanced coal body of the working face, as well as the stress in the OCP, were recorded for every 20m during the working face mining, and the recording started when the 8109 working face was 140 m away from the OCP (Figure 2).

Figure 2 The numerical simulation model.
Figure 2

The numerical simulation model.

3.2 Analysis of Results

3.2.1 Abutment stress distribution in front of working face

The distribution of the abutment stress in front of the 8109 working face were gained when the working face gradually mined to positions of 140, 100, 60, 20, and 0 m horizontally from the OCP , as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Characteristics of the stress of the coal body in front of the working face: (a) Distribution of the stress in the coal walls; (b) Plot of the maximum stress occurring.
Figure 3

Characteristics of the stress of the coal body in front of the working face: (a) Distribution of the stress in the coal walls; (b) Plot of the maximum stress occurring.

When the 8109 working face was 140 m away from the OCP, the stress in advance coal body increased firstly and then decreased (Figure 3a). Due to the concentrated stress in the OCP, the stress curve rose again at 50m point which indicated that the influence range of the concentrated stress in the OCP was 90m. During the distance between the working face and OCP was within 100m, the stress in the advanced coal body increased continuously, and then stabilized after reaching a maximum value at the point 30 m inside the boundary of the OCP.

When 8109 working face was beneath the OCP (0 m from the OCP), Figure 3a shows that the position of the peak value in the advanced stress curve shifted by 24 m compared to the former four curves. This is because that the OCP was damaged in the edges and the bearing stress in the edge of the OCP significantly decreased and transferred to the deeper parts of the OCP, resulting in a shift of the peak in the advanced stress.

As the working face gradually mined to the position of OCP, the peak value of the abutment stress in advanced coal body was increased. Therefore, the change of peak value as the working face advanced from 140 to 0 m away from the OCP was explored (Figure 3b). The peak value in front of the working face increased in a parabolic manner as the working face advancing (Figure 3b). It rose gently when working face was 80m to 140m from the OCP, and then became more rapidly as the working face was advanced beyond the 80 m point (the advanced stress was greatly affected by the OCP here and the peak value rapidly increased from 15.65 to 17.6 MPa). Clearly, the closer the working face was to the OCP, the more seriously the surrounding rocks of the coalface were affected by the concentrated stress in the OCP. Therefore, stricter requirements were called to control the surrounding rocks of the coalface.

3.2.2 Displacement in front of the working face

The variation of the vertical displacement in advanced coal body was obtained when the 8109 working face was 140, 100, 60, 20, and 0 m away from the OCP, as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Vertical displacement of the advanced coal body.
Figure 4

Vertical displacement of the advanced coal body.

In Figure 4, a positive value (+) on the vertical coordinate represents the situation wherein the coal body were displaced upwards (i.e. opposite to the direction of gravity) under a squeezing action, while a negative value (−) indicates downwards displacement (along the direction of gravity) under a compressive action.

When the 8109 working face was 140, 100, and 60 m from the OCP, the vertical displacements were first in the ‘+’ zone and then in the ‘−’ zone. This is because the overlying coal seam was mined and the stress was unloaded in advance, causing the coal seams underneath the overlying goaf to be unloaded and displaced along the opposite direction of gravity under the extrusion and disturbance of the mining stress during No.3-5 coal seam mining. Furthermore, as the working face gradually mined to the position underneath the OCP, the coal body was strongly compressed and gradually the displacement changed to be in the direction of gravity at point 15 m from the OCP.

When the 8109 working face was within 20m from the OCP, the displacements in advanced coal body obviously correspond to compression (‘−’) and the vertical displacement of the coal body increased constantly and then stabilized. As demonstrated in Figure 4, when the working face advanced beneath the OCP, the peak displacement of the coal body moved 25 m to the deeper part of the OCP. This is an indication that the OCP was broken and the overlying stress was being transferred to the deeper parts of the OCP.

It can be seen from Figure 4 that as the working face mined near to the OCP, the stabilized displacement in advanced coal body increased continuously from 0.065m to 0.099 m. Moreover, the working face was compressed more markedly, mainly manifested in the form of rib spalling and roadway severely deformed.

4 Theoretical Analysis

In order to investigate the stress dynamic changing in the OCP with the mining of the working face and to express it clearly according to the numerical simulation data, the overlying coal pillar was divided into four sections: L1, L2, L3, and L4. Of these, section L1 correspond to 0m to 43m in the mining direction, section L2 correspond to 43m to 159m, sections L3 and L4 correspond to 159m and 300m. The dynamic changing of stress in sections L1 and L2 are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Dynamic changes of the stress in the coal pillar.
Figure 5

Dynamic changes of the stress in the coal pillar.

In section L1 (Segment I), the stress was distributed approximately trapezoidal. Two key points A and B (corresponding to x=0 and x=43 in section L1) on the oblique line segments was further analyzed. The initial stress values at points A and B were defined as q1 and q2 when the working face was 100m away from the OCP, respectively. The change in stress with the mining interval of the working face, ᐃL, at these two points were found to obey ᐃq1 = 0.126e0.049ᐃL and ᐃq2 = 0.05ln(ᐃL) − 0.119, respectively. Thus, the stress changing at points A and B with the mining interval of the working face were qA = q1 − 0.126e0.049ᐃL and qB = q2 + 0.05ln(ᐃL) − 0.119, respectively.

In section L2 (Segment II), the loads can be approximately regarded as uniformly distributed and the average loads value was used for the stress value in this section. Similarly, as the working face mining, the uniformly distributed loads value also varied. By taking the position wherein the working face was 100 m from the OCP as a base data, and marked the uniformly distributed loads value as q3, the changing in stress with ᐃL was found to be ᐃq3 = 0.0136e0.044L. Therefore, the uniformly distributed loads in L2 varied in the form q = q3 + 0.0136e0.044ᐃL.

Based on the numerical simulations, the loads changed in L3 and L4 of the OCP (Segment III) can be approximately considered as insignificant and were taken to be a constant value.

In order to calculate the stress at a point M(x, y) below the OCP, a model was established (Figure 6a). According to the elastic mechanics theory, the vertical stress σy at any point M in the bottom plate was component of the vertical stress resulting from the loads of sections AB, BO, OC, and CD, as shown in equation (1), and after calculation, the expression of σy was found to be as equation (2).

Figure 6 Calculating schemes of vertical stress in the working face affected by OCP:(a) Model for calculating the stress below the OCP ; (b) Relative locations of the OCP and 3-5# coal seam ; (c) Relationship between σy and ᐃL.
Figure 6

Calculating schemes of vertical stress in the working face affected by OCP:(a) Model for calculating the stress below the OCP ; (b) Relative locations of the OCP and 3-5# coal seam ; (c) Relationship between σy and ᐃL.

(1)σy=σy1+σy2+σy3+σy4
(2)σy=1π−y(x−L2−L1)q1y2+(x−L2−L1)2+(q2−q3)y(x−L2)y2+(x−L2)2+(q3−q4)xyy2+x2+(q4−q5)y(x+L3)y2+(x+L3)2+y(x+L3+L4)q6y2+(x+L3+L4)2−q2arctan⁡x−L2−L1y)+(q2−q3)arctan⁡x−L2y+(q3−q4)arctanxy+(q4−q5)arctanx+L3y+q5arctanx+L3+L4y+(q1−q2)(x−L2)(arctan⁡x−L2y−arctan⁡x−L2−L1y)πL1−(q6−q5)(x+L3)(arctan⁡x+L3+L4y−arctan⁡x+L3y)πL4

For q1−6 and L1−4 in Eq. (2), according to the numerical simulations, we knew that q1−3 were functions of the mining interval ᐃL, while the value of q4−6 change only slightly and can therefore be regarded as constants. Moreover, the values of L1−4 can be obtained from the simulation results. Regarding the data when the working face was 100m horizontally away from the OCP as a benchmark (that is, the initial values were q1 = 29.936MPa, q2 = 15.028MPa, and q3 = 14.222MPa), the expressions for each loads as a function of ᐃL are:

(3)q1(ΔL)=29.936−0.126e0.049ΔLq2(ΔL)=15.028+0.05ln⁡(ΔL)−0.119q3(ΔL)=14.222+0.0136e0.044ΔL

According to our numerical simulation data, q4 = 14.0795MPa, q5 = 14.2273MPa, q6 = 29.3745MPa, L1 = 42.857m, L2 = 116.327m, L3 = 85.714m, and L4 = 55.102m. It can be seen from Figure 1 that the Shanxi No.4 coal seam was 29.85 m from the No.3-5 coal seam, while the 8109 working face was mined for 3.5 m and caved for 12.72 m of the top coal. Therefore, the vertical distance of 8109 working face from the OCP was y=42.57m. The horizontal distance of the working face from the OCP was 100-ᐃL and the horizontal coordinate of the working face was x = L1 + L2 + 100 − ᐃL = (259.184 − ᐃL) m. The relationship between the locations of the coal seams was shown in Figure 6b. Substituting the above data into Eq. (2), the relationship between the vertical stress σy in 8109 working face and ᐃL was gained, as shown in Figure 6c.

As shown in Figure 6c, as the working face gradually mined near to the OCP, the vertical stress transmitted from the OCP to the working face increased. After the working face was within 45 m from the OCP, the vertical stress on the working face rose rapidly, indicated that the surrounding rock stress in the working face was strongly influenced by the OCP.

5 Engineering Practice

5.1 Occurrence Characteristics of Strong Strata Behavior

The 8109 working face was mined over a large thickness and therefore the overlying strata moved a large amount with a mining rate of 5m per day. As the 8109 working face gradually mined to the position near to the OCP of the 8102 working face, strong ground pressure taken placed.

To study the effects of OCP on the ground pressure occurred in the working face, the supports resistance were monitored (Figure 7).

Figure 7 Characteristics of supports resistance: (a) Changes in the resistance of the supports; (b) Comparison of the working resistance.
Figure 7

Characteristics of supports resistance: (a) Changes in the resistance of the supports; (b) Comparison of the working resistance.

From Figure 7a we can see that as the 8109 working face gradually mined near to the OCP, the strong strata behavior occurred frequently, the values and densities of the curve peaks rose on the whole. In particular, when the working face was 40m near to the OCP, high frequency and long duration of strong pressure occurred.

The working resistance of the supports were obtained within 50m from the OCP of 8109 working face. The results were then compared with those obtained from ‘normal’ mining sections (non-influenced by the OCP) (Figure 7b).

From Figure 7b, we can see that the supports working resistance of the working face mainly ranged from 6000 to 15000 kN within 50 m from the OCP. For these supports, the ranges 6000 to 9000 kN and 9000 to 15000 kN accounted for 33.53% and 38.15% of the total, respectively. However, for the normal mining section, the resistance of the supports essentially lies in the range 3000 to 12000 kN and the range from 3000 to 9000 kN accounted for the maximum proportion, reaching to 69.52%, while the proportion of the resistance in the range 3000 to 6000 kN was 37.57%. Obviously, stress concentration in the OCP greatly affected the supports resistance in the working face. In addition, the surrounding rocks of the roadway were seriously deformed, which greatly limits normal production of the working face.

Moreover, in the process of 8109 working face mined near to the OCP. The support resistances were statistically analyzed. The statistical parameters from this analysis are shown in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, the resistance of the supports significantly increased as the working face mined near to the OCP. In the region of 0m to 60m from the OCP, the dynamic load factor of the supports ranges between 1.45 and 1.72. The safety valve of the supports opened frequently, and the opening rate was as high as 43.1%. In addition, supports crushed would occur occasionally, which seriously affected the safety of mining operations at the working face.

Table 1

Characteristics of the support resistance

Relationship to the projection of the OCP100 m from the OCP80 m from the OCP60 m from the OCP40 m from the OCP20 m into the OCP0 m into the OCP
Average dynamic load factor of the supports1.151.211.451.591.681.72
Safety valve opening rate /%006.721.537.243.1

5.2 Control of the Surrounding Rock in the Stope

Influenced by the OCP, the occurrence of coal walls spalling and deformation of surrounding rocks in the roadways were severe. Through an appropriate adjustment of supports working condition, the rib spalling in the working face could been effectively controlled, and the control of the deformation in the roadways was significant. In the range 80m from the OCP, another five rows of single columns were added in the supporting system of roadways. As shown in Figure 8, the supports marked in blue color represents the additional reinforcement. The column and row spacing of the single columns were 1.2 m and 1 m, and the row spacing of the anchor cables were 2400×2000mm. The anchoring force of cables were no less than 19t.

Figure 8 Roadway supports of the working face.
Figure 8

Roadway supports of the working face.

The OCP corresponded to the position of 960 m from the open-off cut of the 8109 working face. In order to measure the roadway deformation, six measurement points were set up at the position of 895, 915, 935, 960, 980, and 1000m along the roadway (Figure 9a). In the range between where the working face was 132 m (March 9th) to 10 m (April 1st) away from the OCP, the height variation of the roadway at each point is shown in Figure 9(b). It can be seen from Figure 9(b) that the height variation at the 895 m point was maximal and the maximum change in the height were 0.66m. When the 8109 working face mined to this monitoring point, the height of the roadway were 2.95 m, which meeting the needs of safe mining in the working face.

Figure 9 Layout of the monitoring points and the monitoring results: (a) Layout of the monitoring points; (b) Deformation of the height of the roadway.
Figure 9

Layout of the monitoring points and the monitoring results: (a) Layout of the monitoring points; (b) Deformation of the height of the roadway.

To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution, we compared the roadway deformation in an adjacent similar 8216 working face where an OCP was left at a vertical distance of 30m. The support parameters in the roadway were same as 8109 working face (as shown in Figure 8 without reinforced supports which marked in blue). The process of roadway deformation is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10 The process of roadway deformation.
Figure 10

The process of roadway deformation.

As shown in Figure 10, when the working face was 80m from the OCP, the roadway roof was intact. As the working face mined to the distance of 50m to the OCP, roof collapsing occurred and when the working face was 20m from the OCP, the roof collapsed severely. As influenced by the concentration stress of OCP, the wood support was crushed when the working face mined to the position of OCP. Compared to the roadway deformation of 8109 working face showed in Figure 8 and Figure 9, it was obvious that the support scheme in 8109 roadway was effective and could fully guarantee the safety mining of working face.

6 Conclusions

  1. Numerical simulations indicated that the influence range of the concentrated stress in the OCP reached 90m, and the evolution characteristics of the stress in OCP with the advance of the working face was analyzed. Moreover, the characteristics of the stress and displacement of the coal body in front of the working face were revealed.

  2. Based on the numerical simulations, a functional expression for the change of OCP stress was obtained by data fitting. Theoretical calculations were further used to determine the change in the vertical stress transmitted from the OCP to the working face. Thus, the mechanism of strong strata behavior occurrence at the working face was revealed.

  3. In situ monitoring demonstrated that within the region 40m away from the OCP, strong strata behavior frequently appeared in the working face and roadways. By applying supplementary anchor-cable supports, the surrounding rocks in the roadway could be successfully reinforced and controlled. The study on the mechanism of strong strata behavior in working face and the strengthen supporting scheme provide a theoretical basis for safe and efficiency coal seam mining. The research achievements in the manuscript provides technical supports and experiences for deep coal seam safe mining in similar conditions.

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Acknowledgement

This research was funded by the State Key Research Development Program of China, grant number [2016YFC0600701], the State Key Research Development Program of China, grant number [2018YFC0604500], and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,grant number [2019M651080].

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Received: 2018-10-02
Accepted: 2019-01-08
Published Online: 2019-09-12

© 2019 R. Gao et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0036
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
strong strata behavior; overlying coal pillar (OCP); extra-thick coal seam; control technology
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. 2D Seismic Interpretation of the Meyal Area, Northern Potwar Deform Zone, Potwar Basin, Pakistan
  3. A new method of lithologic identification and distribution characteristics of fine - grained sediments: A case study in southwest of Ordos Basin, China
  4. Modified Gompertz sigmoidal model removing fine-ending of grain-size distribution
  5. Diagenesis and its influence on reservoir quality and oil-water relative permeability: A case study in the Yanchang Formation Chang 8 tight sandstone oil reservoir, Ordos Basin, China
  6. Evaluation of AHRS algorithms for Foot-Mounted Inertial-based Indoor Navigation Systems
  7. Identification and evaluation of land use vulnerability in a coal mining area under the coupled human-environment
  8. Hydrocarbon Generation Potential of Chia Gara Formation in Three Selected Wells, Northern Iraq
  9. Source Analysis of Silicon and Uranium in uranium-rich shale in the Xiuwu Basin, Southern China
  10. Lithologic heterogeneity of lacustrine shale and its geological significance for shale hydrocarbon-a case study of Zhangjiatan Shale
  11. Characterization of soil permeability in the former Lake Texcoco, Mexico
  12. Detrital zircon trace elements from the Mesozoic Jiyuan Basin, central China and its implication on tectonic transition of the Qinling Orogenic Belt
  13. Turkey OpenStreetMap Dataset - Spatial Analysis of Development and Growth Proxies
  14. Morphological Changes of the Lower Ping and Chao Phraya Rivers, North and Central Thailand: Flood and Coastal Equilibrium Analyses
  15. Landscape Transformations in Rapidly Developing Peri-urban Areas of Accra, Ghana: Results of 30 years
  16. Division of shale sequences and prediction of the favorable shale gas intervals: an example of the Lower Cambrian of Yangtze Region in Xiuwu Basin
  17. Fractal characteristics of nanopores in lacustrine shales of the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China
  18. Selected components of geological structures and numerical modelling of slope stability
  19. Spatial data quality and uncertainty publication patterns and trends by bibliometric analysis
  20. Application of microstructure classification for the assessment of the variability of geological-engineering and pore space properties in clay soils
  21. Shear failure modes and AE characteristics of sandstone and marble fractures
  22. Ice Age theory: a correspondence between Milutin Milanković and Vojislav Mišković
  23. Are Serbian tourists worried? The effect of psychological factors on tourists’ behavior based on the perceived risk
  24. Real-Time Map Matching: A New Algorithm Integrating Spatio-Temporal Proximity and Improved Weighted Circle
  25. Characteristics and hysteresis of saturated-unsaturated seepage of soil landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China
  26. Petrographical and geophysical investigation of the Ecca Group between Fort Beaufort and Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
  27. Ecological risk assessment of geohazards in Natural World Heritage Sites: an empirical analysis of Bogda, Tianshan
  28. Integrated Subsurface Temperature Modeling beneath Mt. Lawu and Mt. Muriah in The Northeast Java Basin, Indonesia
  29. Go social for your own safety! Review of social networks use on natural disasters – case studies from worldwide
  30. Forestry Aridity Index in Vojvodina, North Serbia
  31. Natural Disasters vs Hotel Industry Resilience: An Exploratory Study among Hotel Managers from Europe
  32. Using Monarch Butterfly Optimization to Solve the Emergency Vehicle Routing Problem with Relief Materials in Sudden Disasters
  33. Potential influence of meteorological variables on forest fire risk in Serbia during the period 2000-2017
  34. Controlling factors on the geochemistry of Al-Shuaiba and Al-Mejarma coastal lagoons, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia
  35. The Influence of Kaolinite - Illite toward mechanical properties of Claystone
  36. Two critical books in the history of loess investigation: ‘Charakteristik der Felsarten’ by Karl Caesar von Leonhard and ‘Principles of Geology’ by Charles Lyell
  37. The Mechanism and Control Technology of Strong Strata Behavior in Extra-Thick Coal Seam Mining Influenced by Overlying Coal Pillar
  38. Shared Aerial Drone Videos — Prospects and Problems for Volunteered Geographic Information Research
  39. Stable isotopes of C and H in methane fermentation of agriculture substrates at different temperature conditions
  40. Prediction of Compression and Swelling Index Parameters of Quaternary Sediments from Index Tests at Mersin District
  41. Detection of old scattered windthrow using low cost resources. The case of Storm Xynthia in the Vosges Mountains, 28 February 2010
  42. Remediation of Copper and Zinc from wastewater by modified clay in Asir region southwest of Saudi Arabia
  43. Sedimentary facies of Paleogene lacustrine dolomicrite and implications for petroleum reservoirs in the southern Qianjiang Depression, China
  44. Correlation between ore particle flow pattern and velocity field through multiple drawpoints under the influence of a flexible barrier
  45. Atmospheric refractivity estimation from AIS signal power using the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization algorithm
  46. A geophysical and hydro physico-chemical study of the contaminant impact of a solid waste landfill (swl) in King Williams’ Town, Eastern Cape, South Africa
  47. Landscape characterization using photographs from crowdsourced platforms: content analysis of social media photographs
  48. A Study on Transient Electromagnetic Interpretation Method Based on the Seismic Wave Impedance Inversion Model
  49. Stratigraphy of Architectural Elements of a Buried Monogenetic Volcanic System
  50. Variable secondary porosity modeling of carbonate rocks based on μ-CT images
  51. Traditional versus modern settlement on torrential alluvial fans considering the danger of debris flows: a case study of the Upper Sava Valley (NW Slovenia)
  52. The Influence of Gangue Particle size and Gangue Feeding Rate on Safety and Service Life of the Suspended Buffer’s Spring
  53. Research on the Transition Section Length of the Mixed Workface Using Gangue Backfilling Method and Caving Method
  54. Rainfall erosivity and extreme precipitation in the Pannonian basin
  55. Structure of the Sediment and Crust in the Northeast North China Craton from Improved Sequential H-k Stacking Method
  56. Planning Activities Improvements Responding Local Interests Change through Participatory Approach
  57. GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using bivariate statistical methods in North-western Tunisia
  58. Uncertainty based multi-step seismic analysis for near-surface imaging
  59. Deformation monitoring and prediction for residential areas in the Panji mining area based on an InSAR time series analysis and the GM-SVR model
  60. Statistical and expert-based landslide susceptibility modeling on a national scale applied to North Macedonia
  61. Natural hazards and their impact on rural settlements in NE Romania – A cartographical approach
  62. Rock fracture initiation and propagation by mechanical and hydraulic impact
  63. Influence of Rapid Transit on Accessibility Pattern and Economic Linkage at Urban Agglomeration Scale in China
  64. Near Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Trioctahedral Chlorites and Its Remote Sensing Application
  65. Problems with collapsible soils: Particle types and inter-particle bonding
  66. Unification of data from various seismic catalogues to study seismic activity in the Carpathians Mountain arc
  67. Quality assessment of DEM derived from topographic maps for geomorphometric purposes
  68. Remote Sensing Monitoring of Soil Moisture in the Daliuta Coal Mine Based on SPOT 5/6 and Worldview-2
  69. Utilizing Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis (MESA) to identify Milankovitch cycles in Lower Member of Miocene Zhujiang Formation in north slope of Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
  70. Stability Analysis of a Slurry Trench in Cohesive-Frictional Soils
  71. Integrating Landsat 7 and 8 data to improve basalt formation classification: A case study at Buon Ma Thuot region, Central Highland, Vietnam
  72. Assessment of the hydrocarbon potentiality of the Late Jurassic formations of NW Iraq: A case study based on TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis in selected oil-wells
  73. Rare earth element geochemistry of sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough since 3 ka: Implications for river-sea processes and sediment source
  74. Effect of gas adsorption-induced pore radius and effective stress on shale gas permeability in slip flow: New Insights
  75. Development of the Narva-Jõesuu beach, mineral composition of beach deposits and destruction of the pier, southeastern coast of the Gulf of Finland
  76. Selecting fracturing interval for the exploitation of tight oil reservoirs from logs: a case study
  77. A comprehensive scheme for lithological mapping using Sentinel-2A and ASTER GDEM in weathered and vegetated coastal zone, Southern China
  78. Sedimentary model of K-Successions Sandstones in H21 Area of Huizhou Depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
  79. A non-uniform dip slip formula to calculate the coseismic deformation: Case study of Tohoku Mw9.0 Earthquake
  80. Decision trees in environmental justice research — a case study on the floods of 2001 and 2010 in Hungary
  81. The Impacts of Climate Change on Maximum Daily Discharge in the Payab Jamash Watershed, Iran
  82. Mass tourism in protected areas – underestimated threat? Polish National Parks case study
  83. Decadal variations of total organic carbon production in the inner-shelf of the South China Sea and East China Sea
  84. Hydrogeothermal potentials of Rogozna mountain and possibility of their valorization
  85. Postglacial talus slope development imaged by the ERT method: comparison of slopes from SW Spitsbergen, Norway and Tatra Mountains, Poland
  86. Seismotectonics of Malatya Fault, Eastern Turkey
  87. Investigating of soil features and landslide risk in Western-Atakent (İstanbul) using resistivity, MASW, Microtremor and boreholes methods
  88. Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability Using Integrated Geophysical Approach in Weathered Terrains of South China
  89. An integrated analysis of mineralogical and microstructural characteristics and petrophysical properties of carbonate rocks in the lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
  90. Applicability of Hydrological Models for Flash Flood Simulation in Small Catchments of Hilly Area in China
  91. Heterogeneity analysis of shale reservoir based on multi-stage pumping data
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