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Fractal characteristics of nanopores in lacustrine shales of the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China

  • Zhuo Li , Ling Tang EMAIL logo , Zhenxue Jiang , Zhikai Liang , Hailong Yu , Youdong Yang and Lei Xiao
Published/Copyright: May 17, 2019
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Open Geosciences
From the journal Open Geosciences Volume 11 Issue 1

Abstract

To further understand fractal characteristics of nanopores in lacustrine shales, core samples from Chang-7 and Chang-9 members of the Triassic Yanchang Formation, southern Ordos Basin were investigated. Total organic carbon content, vitrinite reflectance, X-ray diffraction, field emission-scanning electron microscopy and low pressure N2 physisorption (LPNP) experiments were performed. The Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) method was applied to characterize the fractal dimensions using LPNP isotherms. Two fractal dimensions (D1 and D2) were determined at relative pressures of 0-0.45 and 0.45-1, respectively. The Chang-7 shales have a D1 and D2 range of 2.17-2.36 and 2.46-2.63, while the Chang-9 shales have D1values of 2.23-2.40 and D2 values of 2.46-2.64. Fractal dimensions of the selected lacustrine shales are affected by shale mineral compositions and pore structure parameters. Positive correlations of D1 and D2 with clay minerals and quartz contents, and negative correlations of D1 and D2 with TOC contents were presented in the present study. Observations of few organic matter pores and abundant inorganic pores hosted in the Yanchang shales may contribute to these correlations. In addition, comparisons of matrix composition, nanopore fractal characteristics between the Chang-7 shales and the Chang-9 shales suggest that the latter may have more irregular and heterogeneous pore structure.

Keywords: Lacustrine shales; Fractal dimensions; Pore structure; Chang-7 shales; Chang-9 shales; Yanchang Formation; Ordos Basin

1 Introduction

Shale gas refers to thermogenic or biogenic gas stored as free gas, absorbed gas and/or dissolved gas within organic shales [1, 2, 3]. Shales commonly have complex porous networks with different pore types and wide pore size distribution [4, 5, 6]. Investigation of pore structure is significant to understand methane storage and flow mechanisms in gas shales. Pore structure can be effectively characterized by microscopic observation, radiation detection and fluid intrusion techniques [7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. In addition, fractal theory provides a novel method for quantitatively describing the heterogeneity of porous rocks [12, 13]. Based on low pressure N2 physisorption (LPNP) isotherms, fractal dimensions of pores in coals and shales can be characterized by the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) model [10, 14, 15, 16, 17]. The fractal dimension D varies from 2 to 3. The lowest value 2 corresponds to a perfectly smooth surface or homogenous pore structure, while the upper value 3 refers to an irregular surface or heterogeneous pore structure [8, 14]. Recently, fractal characteristics of pores in marine shales around the world were extensively studied [10, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21], however, few investigations about the nanopore fractal dimensions of lacustrine shale were reported.

The black shales and mudstones in the Chang-7 and Chang-9 members of the Triassic Yanchang formation deposited in deep lacustrine sedimentary facies are the primary targets for lacustrine shale gas exploration [22, 23]. To understand the pore structure and fractal characteristics of lacustrine shales, a series of experiments were conducted including Total organic matter contents (TOC), vitrinite reflectance (Ro), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and experiments of field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and LPNP.

The objectives of the present work are to: (1) investigate the fractal dimensions of pores in lacustrine shales using FHH method based on LPNP data; (2) compare the fractal dimensions of pores in the Chang-7 shale and the Chang-9 shale; (3) discuss the controls of matrix compositions and pore structure parameters on the fractal dimensions of the lacustrine Yanchang shales.

2 Samples and Methods

In total, 25 lacustrine shale samples were collected from wells YC-7 and YC-8 in the study region, which is in southern Ordos Basin (Figure 1). These core samples were from a depth range of 1343.77-1613.35m. Shales in the Chang-7 and Chang-9 members in the Yanchang Formation are deposited in a semi-deep lacustrine environment, with relatively large thickness (Figure 1c). The organic matter types are primarily sapropelic [22, 23].

Figure 1 (a) Location of the study area, which is marked with red box; (b) Location of the sampling wells; (c) stratigraphy column showing petrology and depositional facies of Yanchang Formation (after [26]).
Figure 1

(a) Location of the study area, which is marked with red box; (b) Location of the sampling wells; (c) stratigraphy column showing petrology and depositional facies of Yanchang Formation (after [26]).

Total organic matter contents (TOC), vitrinite reflectance (Ro), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and LPNP experiments were conducted following the Chinese national standard for shale gas evaluation (GB/T 31483-2015). Briefly, TOC contents were tested on a LECO CS230 carbon/sulfur analyzer using 100 mesh samples after carbonates removed. Ro values were measured on an MPV-SP micro-photometer. Bulk mineral compositions were analyzed using a D8 Discover XRD apparatus. FE-SEM observations were conducted using a Zeiss SUPRA 55 Sapphire SEM equipped with secondary electron (SE), backscattered electron (BSE) detectors. LPNP experiments were conducted with a Quantachrome SI surface area analyzer with temperature at 77K and relative pressure from 0.001 to 0.998. The BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) and BJH (Barrette-Joyner-Halenda) models were applied to calculate pore structure parameters. The FHH model, for calculating fractal dimensions, can be described as [14]:

(1)lnV=(D−3)1n(lnP0P)+C

Where, P is the equilibrium pressure, MPa; Po is the gas saturation pressure, MPa; V is the volume corresponding to the equilibrium pressure P, cm3/g; D is the fractal dimension, and C is a constant.

3 Results

3.1 Mineral compositions

Bulk mineral compositions of the lacustrine shale samples are listed in Table 1. The samples are clay rich, with average clay mineral contents of 50.23 wt%(40 wt%-58 wt%) in Chang-7 shales and 54.2 wt% (43 wt%-58 wt%) in Chang-9 shales, respectively (Table 1, Figure 2a). In addition, a mixed-layer of illite/smectite (I/S) contributes the greatest proportion in clay contents, with a mean value of 60.59 wt% (45 wt%-79 wt%) in Chang-7 shales and 65.38 wt% (44 wt%-88 wt%) in Chang-9 shales (Table 1, Figure 2b). The quartz content varies from 22 wt% to 37 wt% with an average of 29.05 wt% in Chang-7 shales, and varies from 34 wt% to 44 wt% with an average of 39.12 wt% in Chang-9 shales. Trace abundance of carbonates, dolomite and pyrite were identified in both members (Table 1).

Figure 2 Geochemical and mineralogical compositions of the selected lacustrine shales in Ordos Basin. (a)-(b) Histogram of bulk minerals and clay minerals components. (c) TOC content and Ro values.
Figure 2

Geochemical and mineralogical compositions of the selected lacustrine shales in Ordos Basin. (a)-(b) Histogram of bulk minerals and clay minerals components. (c) TOC content and Ro values.

3.2 Geochemistry

The Chang-7 shales are richer in organic matter than the Chang-9 shales. Average TOC contents of Chang-7 shales and Chang-9 shales are 2.61 wt% (0.49 wt%-6.86 wt%) and 4.52 wt% (2.14 wt%-6.65 wt%). The Ro values of Chang-7 shales ranges from 0.848% to 0.976%, while Ro of Chang-9 shale varies from 0.93%to 1.094%, indicating that both the Chang-7 and Chang-9 member are in the mature stage, and shale gas and residual oil may coexist in the shale pores (Table 1, Figure 2c).

Table 1

Basic information of samples including Depth, Formation, Ro, TOC content, mineral compositions.

Sample IDDepthFormationRoTOCQuartzFeldsparCarbonatePyriteClayKaoliniteChloriteIlliteI/S
(m)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)
YC-7-11343.77Chang-70.9762.1426716/51/172657
YC-7-21344.790.9764.963015//5511132452
YC-7-31347.280.9726.0631155445/232453
YC-7-41351.040.9315.152212511491092952
YC-7-51368.150.9755.003020/248/173251
YC-7-61369.180.9766.632621/449/223048
YC-7-71374.370.8544.103718//42/192952
YC-7-81377.32/5.363513//5213152448
YC-7-91389.38/4.542814715010112158
YC-7-101401.470.8554.473616//48/292843
YC-7-111405.350.8603.912418//5215142150
YC-7-121407.510.8605.083315//5210122157
YC-7-131409.42/4.333316//51192655
YC-7-141412.530.8644.802827/240132958
YC-7-151456.450.8482.6628932589102754
YC-7-161457.040.9655.182912//56192457
YC-7-171463.900.9262.622912//56163549
YC-8-11597.20Chang-91.0464.773683449243244
YC-8-21601.041.0610.52355//6021682
YC-8-31602.101.0620.80446//50111772
YC-8-41603.121.0620.90445//5171677
YC-8-51603.951.0940.50345//61101872
YC-8-61604.981.0620.5842152/41321751
YC-8-71610.00/6.0142103243233938
YC-8-81613.350.9306.8636/2344173152

3.3 Pore structure characteristics

3.3.1 FE-SEM imaging

Following the classification of Loucks et al (2012), organic matter (OM) pores, intergranular pores and microfractures were observed in FE-SEM images (Figure 3). The width of typical pores displays a wide range of 6.25-433.2nm, indicating heterogeneous pore systems in the lacustrine shale samples. OM pores show heterogeneous distribution with abundant organic matter grains have very few isolated OM pores (Figure 3a-c). The intergranular pores are the dominate types in the selected lacustrine shales. Such pores are primarily hosted in the framework of clay interlayers, quartz grains and pyrite framboids (Figure 3d-g). Inter-crystallite pores are identified within pyrite framboids and quartz grains (Figure 3g, 3h). A few microfractures, with widths of 33-200 nm and lengths of 5 μm, were also observed along grain rims (Figure 3i).

Figure 3 FE-SEM images of the lacustrine shale samples in Ordos Basin. (a) Organic matter with less pores; (b-c) Intergranular pores between organic matter and clay minerals; (d) Intergranular pores in the clay minerals; (e) Intergranular pores between quartz grains and organic matter; (f) Intergranular pores and micro fracture in the calcites; (g-h) Intercrystallite pores in the pyrite and quartz grains; (i) Microfractures in the mineral grains.
Figure 3

FE-SEM images of the lacustrine shale samples in Ordos Basin. (a) Organic matter with less pores; (b-c) Intergranular pores between organic matter and clay minerals; (d) Intergranular pores in the clay minerals; (e) Intergranular pores between quartz grains and organic matter; (f) Intergranular pores and micro fracture in the calcites; (g-h) Intercrystallite pores in the pyrite and quartz grains; (i) Microfractures in the mineral grains.

Table 2

Pore structure parameters and fractal dimensions of the lacustrine shale samples and clay components.

Sample IDDepthFormationBET-SSA*BJH-PV*PD*P0/P<0 .45P0/P>0 .45
(m)(m2/g)(cm3/g)(nm)K1D1=3+KKK2D2=3+K
YC-7-11343.77Chang-76.300.0319.79-0.792.21-0.462.54
YC-7-21344.798.160.0417.23-0.692.31-0.422.58
YC-7-31347.288.920.0312.73-0.642.36- 0 . 4 82.52
YC-7-41351.047.160.0314.45-0.672.33-0.422.58
YC-7-51368.155.930.0321.97-0.822.18-0.472.53
YC-7-61369.185.290.0216.05-0.702.30-0.472.53
YC-7-71374.377.810.0316.74-0.772.23-0.432.57
YC-7-81377.327.130.0315.87-0.732.27-0.412.59
YC-7-91389.388.050.0418.1-0.742.26-0.462.54
YC-7-101401.475.320.0425.36-0.732.27-0.522.48
YC-7-111405.355.600.0321.43-0.682.32-0.542.46
YC-7-121407.518.450.0416.92-0.642.36-0.472.53
YC-7-131409.426.860.0422.29-0.812.19-0.492.51
YC-7-141412.535.390.0324.37-0.762.24-0.522.48
YC-7-151456.4515.040.0512.25-0.632.37-0.372.63
YC-7-161457.045.330.0216.72-0.662.34-0.452.55
YC-7-171463.908.620.0521.48-0.662.34-0.512.49
YC-8-11597.20Chang-918.820.0418.82-0.742.26-0.462.54
YC-8-21601.0413.560.0412.85-0.602.40-0.392.61
YC-8-31602.1011.180.0413.51-0.592.41- 0 . 3 82.62
YC-8-41603.1214.680.0512.19-0.622.38-0.352.65
YC-8-51603.9513.400.0513.58-0.632.37-0.392.61
YC-8-61604.9813.400.0316.87-0.682.33-0.412.59
YC-8-71610.009.210.0415.34-0.652.35-0.432.57
YC-8-81613.357.040.0527.01-0.772.23-0.542.46

3.3.2 Pore structure parameters obtained from LPNP data

Pore structure parameters, including BET specific surface area (SSA), BJH pore volume (PV) and average pore diameter (PD), were listed in Table 2. SSAs of the Chang-7 shales are slightly lower than that of the Chang-9 shales, with average SSAs of 7.37 m2/g and 12.66 m2/g of Chang-7 shales and Chang-9 shales, respectively. PVs of Chang-9 member are greater than that of Chang-7 member. The PVs in Chang-7 shales vary from 0.022 cm3/g to 0.047 cm3/g, while the PVs in Chang-9 shales range from 0.026 cm3/g to 0.049 cm3/g. The average pore width (PD) of the Chang-7 member is bigger than that of the Chang-9 member (Table 2). The plot of dV/d(logd) versus pore size is shown in Figure 4 to illustrate the pore size distribution of the selected lacustrine shales in this paper. Bimodal features are observed, indicating the shales are dominated by mesopores with different pore width. Pore size distributions of the Chang-7 and Chang-9 shales are in the range of 2-16 nm(mesopores).

Figure 4 Pore diameter distribution of (a) Chang-7 and (b) Chang-9 shales in Ordos Basin.
Figure 4

Pore diameter distribution of (a) Chang-7 and (b) Chang-9 shales in Ordos Basin.

3.4 Fractal dimensions

Two linear segments occur in the ln(V)-ln(ln(P0/P)) plots at relative pressures of 0-0.45 and 0.45-1 (Figure 5), indicating different nitrogen adsorption mechanisms [10, 14]. The fractal dimension D1 at a lower relative pressure of 0-0.45 represents the effects of Van der Waals forces and indicates the surface fractal dimension. While, the fractal dimension D2 at a higher relative pressure of 0.45-1 corresponds to the results of capillary condensation and represents the pore structure fractal dimension [14].

Figure 5 LPNP isotherms and ln(V) vs ln(ln(P/Po)) plots of the Chang-7 and Chang-9 shales in Ordos Basin. (a)-(b) Chang-7 shales; (c)-(d) Chang-9 shales.
Figure 5

LPNP isotherms and ln(V) vs ln(ln(P/Po)) plots of the Chang-7 and Chang-9 shales in Ordos Basin. (a)-(b) Chang-7 shales; (c)-(d) Chang-9 shales.

The fitting equations, correlation coefficients and fractal dimensions are listed in Table 2. For the Chang-7 shales, the D1 values are ranging from 2.17 to 2.36 and the D2 values are ranging from 2.63 to 2.46. For Chang-9 shales, the D1 values are in the range of 2.40 to 2.23 and the D 2 values are in the range of 2.64 to 2.46. The generally larger D2 values indicate that larger pores in the selected samples have more heterogeneous pore volumes compared with pores of smaller width. These results indicate that the lacustrine shales in the present study have complex pore structure.

4 Discussion

4.1 Relationships between fractal dimensions and shale compositions

As shown in Figure 6, fractal dimensions D1 and D2 have negative correlations with TOC content of the lacustrine shales in thiswork. This result is inconsistent with the fractal dimensions of the over-mature marine shales [10, 17, 18]. Shales may contain OM pores due to thermal maturation [3, 4, 24, 25], and OM pores with smaller pore width may result in more complex pore networks, consequently, increasing the fractal dimensions D1 and D2. In FE-SEM images, very few OM pores were observed and inorganic pores especially intergranular pores, intercrystalline pores and micro fracture are mostly developed in the selected lacustrine shales (Figure 3), which may explain the opposite correlations of fractal dimensions with TOC content.

Figure 6 Relationship between fractal dimensions (D1, D2) and TOC content.
Figure 6

Relationship between fractal dimensions (D1, D2) and TOC content.

Figure 7 presented the relationships between fractal dimensions (D1, D2) and bulk mineral compositions including clay minerals, quartz, feldspar and I/S. With the increase of clays and I/S, both D1 and D2 increase. Clay minerals are the main constituent in lacustrine shales with an average content of 50% (Table 1). In addition, illite/smectite (I/S) is the main component in the clay minerals. As the clay minerals host abundant complicated inorganic pores, enhancing the heterogeneity of pore structures. In the Figures 7e-f, the relationship between fractal dimensions and quartz content displays slightly positive correlations. This is because the development of few intergranular pores and fractures are associated with quartz detrital (Figure 3), and the irregular shaped may result in more complex pore system and increasing in fractal dimensions [10].

Figure 7 Relationships between fractal dimensions and pore structure parameters.
Figure 7

Relationships between fractal dimensions and pore structure parameters.

4.2 Relationships between fractal dimensions and pore structure parameters

To reveal the impacts of pore structure on fractal dimensions of lacustrine shales, correlations of fractal dimensions with pore volume and average pore diameter were discussed. Both D1 and D2 have undefined correlations with PV (Figure 8a, b), suggesting pore volume has little effect on fractal dimensions. It may be because complex pore systems have larger pore volumes, resulting in more complicated fractal dimensions [8, 17, 26]. The difference between D1 and D2 indicate that pore volume has some different influences on fractal dimensions D1 and D2.

Figure 8 Relationship between fractal dimensions (D1, D2) and pore structure parameter.
Figure 8

Relationship between fractal dimensions (D1, D2) and pore structure parameter.

Both fractal dimensions D1 and D2 increase with decreasing average pore diameters (Figure 8). Additionally, the correlation of D2 with the average pore diameter is better than that of D1 with the average pore diameter, indicating that D2 may best represent the pore structure fractal dimension and thus, it is more sensitive to the average pore diameter than D1. These findings are consistent with the findings of coal [14], marine gas shale [18] and lacustrine shale [26], which indicating the micropores and mesopores are more complicated than macropores, probably because the small pore diameters have lager fractal dimensions. Shale samples with smaller average pore diameters may also contain more throats and micropores [8, 14], which lead to more heterogonous and complicated pore structure and higher fractal dimension D2 values.

4.3 Comparison of fractal characteristics between Chang-7 and Chang-9 shales

Both fractal dimensions D1 and D2 in Chang-9 shales are higher than those in Chang-7 shales (Figure 9, Table 2), suggesting more irregular and nonhomogeneous pores in Chang-9 shales. The maturity of Chang-9 shale is generally larger than that of Chang-7 shale due to the burial depth, resulting in the fractal dimensions (D1 and D2) of the Chang-9 shale being higher than that of Chang-7 shale (Figure 9, Table 2). With the increase of burial depth and thermal maturity, the generation of more hydrocarbons break brittle minerals to form micro fractures which make pores more irregular. In addition, more smectite converted into I/S mixed layer, leading to a higher SSA and PV [10, 26]. In addition, the fractal dimensions keep steady,maybe because the generated oil occupying the macro-nanopores is balancing the generated organic pores [26, 27]. For pore structure parameters of the Yanchang shale samples, SSA of Chang-7 member is lower than that of in the Chang-9 member. Chang-9 member has a much larger PV than that in the Chang-7 member. For the average PD, the Chang-7 shale is bigger than that of the Chang-9 shale. Further study should be focused on the difference in shale reservoir characteristics, especially pore structure features between two target layers Chang-7 member and Chang-9 member, which has not been further quantitatively revealed and compared.

Figure 9 Relationship between fractal dimensions (D1, D2) and Ro.
Figure 9

Relationship between fractal dimensions (D1, D2) and Ro.

5 Conclusions

Based on our study, the following conclusions can be drawn.

  1. Two fractal dimensions, D1 and D2,were obtained at relative pressures of 0-0.45 and 0.45-1 using the FHH method. The Chang-7 shales have D1 and D2 range of 2.17-2.36 and 2.46-2.63, while the Chang-9 shales have D1 values of 2.23-2.40 and D2 values of 2.46-2.64. The fractal dimensions (D1, D2) of Chang-7 shale are generally lower than that of Cheng-9 shale, which results in Chang 9 shale developing more complex pore structure due to its higher maturity.

  2. Fractal dimensions of the selected lacustrine shales are affected by shale mineral compositions and pore structure parameters. Positive correlations of D1 and D2 with Clay minerals and quartz contents and negative correlations of D1 and D2 with TOC contents were presented in the present study. Observations of a few organic matter pores and abundant inorganic pores hosted in the Yanchang shales may contribute to these correlations.

  3. Comparisons of matrix composition and pore characteristics between the Chang-7 shales and the Chang-9 shales suggest the latter may have a more irregular and heterogeneous pore structure.

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Acknowledgement

This study was supported by the by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 19641502123 and No. U1562215) and the National Major Project of China (No. 2017ZX05035-197 002 and No. 201605034-001).

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Received: 2018-12-17
Accepted: 2019-01-16
Published Online: 2019-05-17

© 2019 Z. Li et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. 2D Seismic Interpretation of the Meyal Area, Northern Potwar Deform Zone, Potwar Basin, Pakistan
  3. A new method of lithologic identification and distribution characteristics of fine - grained sediments: A case study in southwest of Ordos Basin, China
  4. Modified Gompertz sigmoidal model removing fine-ending of grain-size distribution
  5. Diagenesis and its influence on reservoir quality and oil-water relative permeability: A case study in the Yanchang Formation Chang 8 tight sandstone oil reservoir, Ordos Basin, China
  6. Evaluation of AHRS algorithms for Foot-Mounted Inertial-based Indoor Navigation Systems
  7. Identification and evaluation of land use vulnerability in a coal mining area under the coupled human-environment
  8. Hydrocarbon Generation Potential of Chia Gara Formation in Three Selected Wells, Northern Iraq
  9. Source Analysis of Silicon and Uranium in uranium-rich shale in the Xiuwu Basin, Southern China
  10. Lithologic heterogeneity of lacustrine shale and its geological significance for shale hydrocarbon-a case study of Zhangjiatan Shale
  11. Characterization of soil permeability in the former Lake Texcoco, Mexico
  12. Detrital zircon trace elements from the Mesozoic Jiyuan Basin, central China and its implication on tectonic transition of the Qinling Orogenic Belt
  13. Turkey OpenStreetMap Dataset - Spatial Analysis of Development and Growth Proxies
  14. Morphological Changes of the Lower Ping and Chao Phraya Rivers, North and Central Thailand: Flood and Coastal Equilibrium Analyses
  15. Landscape Transformations in Rapidly Developing Peri-urban Areas of Accra, Ghana: Results of 30 years
  16. Division of shale sequences and prediction of the favorable shale gas intervals: an example of the Lower Cambrian of Yangtze Region in Xiuwu Basin
  17. Fractal characteristics of nanopores in lacustrine shales of the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China
  18. Selected components of geological structures and numerical modelling of slope stability
  19. Spatial data quality and uncertainty publication patterns and trends by bibliometric analysis
  20. Application of microstructure classification for the assessment of the variability of geological-engineering and pore space properties in clay soils
  21. Shear failure modes and AE characteristics of sandstone and marble fractures
  22. Ice Age theory: a correspondence between Milutin Milanković and Vojislav Mišković
  23. Are Serbian tourists worried? The effect of psychological factors on tourists’ behavior based on the perceived risk
  24. Real-Time Map Matching: A New Algorithm Integrating Spatio-Temporal Proximity and Improved Weighted Circle
  25. Characteristics and hysteresis of saturated-unsaturated seepage of soil landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China
  26. Petrographical and geophysical investigation of the Ecca Group between Fort Beaufort and Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
  27. Ecological risk assessment of geohazards in Natural World Heritage Sites: an empirical analysis of Bogda, Tianshan
  28. Integrated Subsurface Temperature Modeling beneath Mt. Lawu and Mt. Muriah in The Northeast Java Basin, Indonesia
  29. Go social for your own safety! Review of social networks use on natural disasters – case studies from worldwide
  30. Forestry Aridity Index in Vojvodina, North Serbia
  31. Natural Disasters vs Hotel Industry Resilience: An Exploratory Study among Hotel Managers from Europe
  32. Using Monarch Butterfly Optimization to Solve the Emergency Vehicle Routing Problem with Relief Materials in Sudden Disasters
  33. Potential influence of meteorological variables on forest fire risk in Serbia during the period 2000-2017
  34. Controlling factors on the geochemistry of Al-Shuaiba and Al-Mejarma coastal lagoons, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia
  35. The Influence of Kaolinite - Illite toward mechanical properties of Claystone
  36. Two critical books in the history of loess investigation: ‘Charakteristik der Felsarten’ by Karl Caesar von Leonhard and ‘Principles of Geology’ by Charles Lyell
  37. The Mechanism and Control Technology of Strong Strata Behavior in Extra-Thick Coal Seam Mining Influenced by Overlying Coal Pillar
  38. Shared Aerial Drone Videos — Prospects and Problems for Volunteered Geographic Information Research
  39. Stable isotopes of C and H in methane fermentation of agriculture substrates at different temperature conditions
  40. Prediction of Compression and Swelling Index Parameters of Quaternary Sediments from Index Tests at Mersin District
  41. Detection of old scattered windthrow using low cost resources. The case of Storm Xynthia in the Vosges Mountains, 28 February 2010
  42. Remediation of Copper and Zinc from wastewater by modified clay in Asir region southwest of Saudi Arabia
  43. Sedimentary facies of Paleogene lacustrine dolomicrite and implications for petroleum reservoirs in the southern Qianjiang Depression, China
  44. Correlation between ore particle flow pattern and velocity field through multiple drawpoints under the influence of a flexible barrier
  45. Atmospheric refractivity estimation from AIS signal power using the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization algorithm
  46. A geophysical and hydro physico-chemical study of the contaminant impact of a solid waste landfill (swl) in King Williams’ Town, Eastern Cape, South Africa
  47. Landscape characterization using photographs from crowdsourced platforms: content analysis of social media photographs
  48. A Study on Transient Electromagnetic Interpretation Method Based on the Seismic Wave Impedance Inversion Model
  49. Stratigraphy of Architectural Elements of a Buried Monogenetic Volcanic System
  50. Variable secondary porosity modeling of carbonate rocks based on μ-CT images
  51. Traditional versus modern settlement on torrential alluvial fans considering the danger of debris flows: a case study of the Upper Sava Valley (NW Slovenia)
  52. The Influence of Gangue Particle size and Gangue Feeding Rate on Safety and Service Life of the Suspended Buffer’s Spring
  53. Research on the Transition Section Length of the Mixed Workface Using Gangue Backfilling Method and Caving Method
  54. Rainfall erosivity and extreme precipitation in the Pannonian basin
  55. Structure of the Sediment and Crust in the Northeast North China Craton from Improved Sequential H-k Stacking Method
  56. Planning Activities Improvements Responding Local Interests Change through Participatory Approach
  57. GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using bivariate statistical methods in North-western Tunisia
  58. Uncertainty based multi-step seismic analysis for near-surface imaging
  59. Deformation monitoring and prediction for residential areas in the Panji mining area based on an InSAR time series analysis and the GM-SVR model
  60. Statistical and expert-based landslide susceptibility modeling on a national scale applied to North Macedonia
  61. Natural hazards and their impact on rural settlements in NE Romania – A cartographical approach
  62. Rock fracture initiation and propagation by mechanical and hydraulic impact
  63. Influence of Rapid Transit on Accessibility Pattern and Economic Linkage at Urban Agglomeration Scale in China
  64. Near Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Trioctahedral Chlorites and Its Remote Sensing Application
  65. Problems with collapsible soils: Particle types and inter-particle bonding
  66. Unification of data from various seismic catalogues to study seismic activity in the Carpathians Mountain arc
  67. Quality assessment of DEM derived from topographic maps for geomorphometric purposes
  68. Remote Sensing Monitoring of Soil Moisture in the Daliuta Coal Mine Based on SPOT 5/6 and Worldview-2
  69. Utilizing Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis (MESA) to identify Milankovitch cycles in Lower Member of Miocene Zhujiang Formation in north slope of Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
  70. Stability Analysis of a Slurry Trench in Cohesive-Frictional Soils
  71. Integrating Landsat 7 and 8 data to improve basalt formation classification: A case study at Buon Ma Thuot region, Central Highland, Vietnam
  72. Assessment of the hydrocarbon potentiality of the Late Jurassic formations of NW Iraq: A case study based on TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis in selected oil-wells
  73. Rare earth element geochemistry of sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough since 3 ka: Implications for river-sea processes and sediment source
  74. Effect of gas adsorption-induced pore radius and effective stress on shale gas permeability in slip flow: New Insights
  75. Development of the Narva-Jõesuu beach, mineral composition of beach deposits and destruction of the pier, southeastern coast of the Gulf of Finland
  76. Selecting fracturing interval for the exploitation of tight oil reservoirs from logs: a case study
  77. A comprehensive scheme for lithological mapping using Sentinel-2A and ASTER GDEM in weathered and vegetated coastal zone, Southern China
  78. Sedimentary model of K-Successions Sandstones in H21 Area of Huizhou Depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
  79. A non-uniform dip slip formula to calculate the coseismic deformation: Case study of Tohoku Mw9.0 Earthquake
  80. Decision trees in environmental justice research — a case study on the floods of 2001 and 2010 in Hungary
  81. The Impacts of Climate Change on Maximum Daily Discharge in the Payab Jamash Watershed, Iran
  82. Mass tourism in protected areas – underestimated threat? Polish National Parks case study
  83. Decadal variations of total organic carbon production in the inner-shelf of the South China Sea and East China Sea
  84. Hydrogeothermal potentials of Rogozna mountain and possibility of their valorization
  85. Postglacial talus slope development imaged by the ERT method: comparison of slopes from SW Spitsbergen, Norway and Tatra Mountains, Poland
  86. Seismotectonics of Malatya Fault, Eastern Turkey
  87. Investigating of soil features and landslide risk in Western-Atakent (İstanbul) using resistivity, MASW, Microtremor and boreholes methods
  88. Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability Using Integrated Geophysical Approach in Weathered Terrains of South China
  89. An integrated analysis of mineralogical and microstructural characteristics and petrophysical properties of carbonate rocks in the lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
  90. Applicability of Hydrological Models for Flash Flood Simulation in Small Catchments of Hilly Area in China
  91. Heterogeneity analysis of shale reservoir based on multi-stage pumping data
https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0016
Keywords for this article
Lacustrine shales; Fractal dimensions; Pore structure; Chang-7 shales; Chang-9 shales; Yanchang Formation; Ordos Basin
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. 2D Seismic Interpretation of the Meyal Area, Northern Potwar Deform Zone, Potwar Basin, Pakistan
  3. A new method of lithologic identification and distribution characteristics of fine - grained sediments: A case study in southwest of Ordos Basin, China
  4. Modified Gompertz sigmoidal model removing fine-ending of grain-size distribution
  5. Diagenesis and its influence on reservoir quality and oil-water relative permeability: A case study in the Yanchang Formation Chang 8 tight sandstone oil reservoir, Ordos Basin, China
  6. Evaluation of AHRS algorithms for Foot-Mounted Inertial-based Indoor Navigation Systems
  7. Identification and evaluation of land use vulnerability in a coal mining area under the coupled human-environment
  8. Hydrocarbon Generation Potential of Chia Gara Formation in Three Selected Wells, Northern Iraq
  9. Source Analysis of Silicon and Uranium in uranium-rich shale in the Xiuwu Basin, Southern China
  10. Lithologic heterogeneity of lacustrine shale and its geological significance for shale hydrocarbon-a case study of Zhangjiatan Shale
  11. Characterization of soil permeability in the former Lake Texcoco, Mexico
  12. Detrital zircon trace elements from the Mesozoic Jiyuan Basin, central China and its implication on tectonic transition of the Qinling Orogenic Belt
  13. Turkey OpenStreetMap Dataset - Spatial Analysis of Development and Growth Proxies
  14. Morphological Changes of the Lower Ping and Chao Phraya Rivers, North and Central Thailand: Flood and Coastal Equilibrium Analyses
  15. Landscape Transformations in Rapidly Developing Peri-urban Areas of Accra, Ghana: Results of 30 years
  16. Division of shale sequences and prediction of the favorable shale gas intervals: an example of the Lower Cambrian of Yangtze Region in Xiuwu Basin
  17. Fractal characteristics of nanopores in lacustrine shales of the Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China
  18. Selected components of geological structures and numerical modelling of slope stability
  19. Spatial data quality and uncertainty publication patterns and trends by bibliometric analysis
  20. Application of microstructure classification for the assessment of the variability of geological-engineering and pore space properties in clay soils
  21. Shear failure modes and AE characteristics of sandstone and marble fractures
  22. Ice Age theory: a correspondence between Milutin Milanković and Vojislav Mišković
  23. Are Serbian tourists worried? The effect of psychological factors on tourists’ behavior based on the perceived risk
  24. Real-Time Map Matching: A New Algorithm Integrating Spatio-Temporal Proximity and Improved Weighted Circle
  25. Characteristics and hysteresis of saturated-unsaturated seepage of soil landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China
  26. Petrographical and geophysical investigation of the Ecca Group between Fort Beaufort and Grahamstown, in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
  27. Ecological risk assessment of geohazards in Natural World Heritage Sites: an empirical analysis of Bogda, Tianshan
  28. Integrated Subsurface Temperature Modeling beneath Mt. Lawu and Mt. Muriah in The Northeast Java Basin, Indonesia
  29. Go social for your own safety! Review of social networks use on natural disasters – case studies from worldwide
  30. Forestry Aridity Index in Vojvodina, North Serbia
  31. Natural Disasters vs Hotel Industry Resilience: An Exploratory Study among Hotel Managers from Europe
  32. Using Monarch Butterfly Optimization to Solve the Emergency Vehicle Routing Problem with Relief Materials in Sudden Disasters
  33. Potential influence of meteorological variables on forest fire risk in Serbia during the period 2000-2017
  34. Controlling factors on the geochemistry of Al-Shuaiba and Al-Mejarma coastal lagoons, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia
  35. The Influence of Kaolinite - Illite toward mechanical properties of Claystone
  36. Two critical books in the history of loess investigation: ‘Charakteristik der Felsarten’ by Karl Caesar von Leonhard and ‘Principles of Geology’ by Charles Lyell
  37. The Mechanism and Control Technology of Strong Strata Behavior in Extra-Thick Coal Seam Mining Influenced by Overlying Coal Pillar
  38. Shared Aerial Drone Videos — Prospects and Problems for Volunteered Geographic Information Research
  39. Stable isotopes of C and H in methane fermentation of agriculture substrates at different temperature conditions
  40. Prediction of Compression and Swelling Index Parameters of Quaternary Sediments from Index Tests at Mersin District
  41. Detection of old scattered windthrow using low cost resources. The case of Storm Xynthia in the Vosges Mountains, 28 February 2010
  42. Remediation of Copper and Zinc from wastewater by modified clay in Asir region southwest of Saudi Arabia
  43. Sedimentary facies of Paleogene lacustrine dolomicrite and implications for petroleum reservoirs in the southern Qianjiang Depression, China
  44. Correlation between ore particle flow pattern and velocity field through multiple drawpoints under the influence of a flexible barrier
  45. Atmospheric refractivity estimation from AIS signal power using the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization algorithm
  46. A geophysical and hydro physico-chemical study of the contaminant impact of a solid waste landfill (swl) in King Williams’ Town, Eastern Cape, South Africa
  47. Landscape characterization using photographs from crowdsourced platforms: content analysis of social media photographs
  48. A Study on Transient Electromagnetic Interpretation Method Based on the Seismic Wave Impedance Inversion Model
  49. Stratigraphy of Architectural Elements of a Buried Monogenetic Volcanic System
  50. Variable secondary porosity modeling of carbonate rocks based on μ-CT images
  51. Traditional versus modern settlement on torrential alluvial fans considering the danger of debris flows: a case study of the Upper Sava Valley (NW Slovenia)
  52. The Influence of Gangue Particle size and Gangue Feeding Rate on Safety and Service Life of the Suspended Buffer’s Spring
  53. Research on the Transition Section Length of the Mixed Workface Using Gangue Backfilling Method and Caving Method
  54. Rainfall erosivity and extreme precipitation in the Pannonian basin
  55. Structure of the Sediment and Crust in the Northeast North China Craton from Improved Sequential H-k Stacking Method
  56. Planning Activities Improvements Responding Local Interests Change through Participatory Approach
  57. GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using bivariate statistical methods in North-western Tunisia
  58. Uncertainty based multi-step seismic analysis for near-surface imaging
  59. Deformation monitoring and prediction for residential areas in the Panji mining area based on an InSAR time series analysis and the GM-SVR model
  60. Statistical and expert-based landslide susceptibility modeling on a national scale applied to North Macedonia
  61. Natural hazards and their impact on rural settlements in NE Romania – A cartographical approach
  62. Rock fracture initiation and propagation by mechanical and hydraulic impact
  63. Influence of Rapid Transit on Accessibility Pattern and Economic Linkage at Urban Agglomeration Scale in China
  64. Near Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Trioctahedral Chlorites and Its Remote Sensing Application
  65. Problems with collapsible soils: Particle types and inter-particle bonding
  66. Unification of data from various seismic catalogues to study seismic activity in the Carpathians Mountain arc
  67. Quality assessment of DEM derived from topographic maps for geomorphometric purposes
  68. Remote Sensing Monitoring of Soil Moisture in the Daliuta Coal Mine Based on SPOT 5/6 and Worldview-2
  69. Utilizing Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis (MESA) to identify Milankovitch cycles in Lower Member of Miocene Zhujiang Formation in north slope of Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
  70. Stability Analysis of a Slurry Trench in Cohesive-Frictional Soils
  71. Integrating Landsat 7 and 8 data to improve basalt formation classification: A case study at Buon Ma Thuot region, Central Highland, Vietnam
  72. Assessment of the hydrocarbon potentiality of the Late Jurassic formations of NW Iraq: A case study based on TOC and Rock-Eval pyrolysis in selected oil-wells
  73. Rare earth element geochemistry of sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough since 3 ka: Implications for river-sea processes and sediment source
  74. Effect of gas adsorption-induced pore radius and effective stress on shale gas permeability in slip flow: New Insights
  75. Development of the Narva-Jõesuu beach, mineral composition of beach deposits and destruction of the pier, southeastern coast of the Gulf of Finland
  76. Selecting fracturing interval for the exploitation of tight oil reservoirs from logs: a case study
  77. A comprehensive scheme for lithological mapping using Sentinel-2A and ASTER GDEM in weathered and vegetated coastal zone, Southern China
  78. Sedimentary model of K-Successions Sandstones in H21 Area of Huizhou Depression, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
  79. A non-uniform dip slip formula to calculate the coseismic deformation: Case study of Tohoku Mw9.0 Earthquake
  80. Decision trees in environmental justice research — a case study on the floods of 2001 and 2010 in Hungary
  81. The Impacts of Climate Change on Maximum Daily Discharge in the Payab Jamash Watershed, Iran
  82. Mass tourism in protected areas – underestimated threat? Polish National Parks case study
  83. Decadal variations of total organic carbon production in the inner-shelf of the South China Sea and East China Sea
  84. Hydrogeothermal potentials of Rogozna mountain and possibility of their valorization
  85. Postglacial talus slope development imaged by the ERT method: comparison of slopes from SW Spitsbergen, Norway and Tatra Mountains, Poland
  86. Seismotectonics of Malatya Fault, Eastern Turkey
  87. Investigating of soil features and landslide risk in Western-Atakent (İstanbul) using resistivity, MASW, Microtremor and boreholes methods
  88. Assessment of Aquifer Vulnerability Using Integrated Geophysical Approach in Weathered Terrains of South China
  89. An integrated analysis of mineralogical and microstructural characteristics and petrophysical properties of carbonate rocks in the lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
  90. Applicability of Hydrological Models for Flash Flood Simulation in Small Catchments of Hilly Area in China
  91. Heterogeneity analysis of shale reservoir based on multi-stage pumping data
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