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Punching shear of reinforced concrete slabs bonded with reactive powder after exposure to fire

  • Rafid Saeed Atea EMAIL logo , Hasanain M. Dheyab and Rasha A. Aljazaari
Published/Copyright: July 17, 2023
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 13 Issue 1

Abstract

Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is one of the most recent and significant advancements in the world of building. Due to its higher concrete characteristics, it has a common excessive benevolence happening in the globe at the moment, excessive ductility, shrinkage resistance, and corrosion and abrasion resistance. Investigated is the method for amending the RPC experimentally in punching shear slab action and the properties of construction material to investigate properties of volumetric ratios of steel fiber, and silicas fume, tensile steel ratio, the most important component for construction is reinforced concrete, which works well with other materials to create structures in any shape that is needed. In the present research, investigational work of RC slab with (1,000 × 1,000 × 60) mm dimensions was tested. This study aims to see how the relative volume of steel fibers (Vf) and silica fume content (Sf) affect the actions of RC slabs after being exposed to fire. It originated that a concrete mix containing 2% steel fibers improved the RPC slab's cracking and final punching shear. The existence of reactive powder increases fire resistance. This study's experiment aimed to see how reactive powder and Slab's ultimate punching shear strength were affected by replacement ratio. Whenever a fire is present. After fire exposure, the initial and subsequent stiffness of reinforced concrete slabs reduced considerably the temperature grew from 25 to 750°C.

Keywords: reinforced concrete slabs; reactive powder; fire

1 Introduction

To the knowledgeable, reactive powder concrete (RPC) is distinctive. And because of its greater mechanical qualities, concrete equipment has seen the most dramatic advances [1,2]. In 2018, Abdulraheem [3] studied the aims too see how RPC columns are RPC. After being subjected to fire, perform. This study’s objective is to offer a detailed take into account the consequences of Fire on the stiffness, ductility, and energy absorption capability of twelve RPC columns measuring 100 by 100 by 900 mm imperiled to Inverse force, as well as to examine lateral ties' influence and increased concrete cover on refining post-fire behavior of columns. The findings revealed that determining the power of absorbing energy is preferable to utilizing the ductility index of displacement to estimate the ductility of specimens afterward presence visible to fire. In addition, RPC columns showed a significant decrease in the first and subsequent stiffness after fire exposure, with the reduction percentages increasing as the fire temperature increased from 400 to 600°C. In addition to various important RPC mechanical properties being examined, this study gives an experimental modification of the below fundamental static load impact, punching shear the RPC's actions of slabs. The influence of steel fiber volumetric ratio (Vf) and silica fume volumetric ratio (SF) was tested in this study on four slabs; after being exposed to fire, the temperature rose from 25 to 750°C.

2. Works in progress

Normal cement (type I) industrial from the Kufa factory was sent to the lab to be prepared for the casting of specimens and joints. The parameters of the used cement are shown in Tables 1 and 2; the cement was kept in airtight containers [4].

Table 1

Cement chemical characteristics

Composition of oxides % by weight Limit of Iraqi specification no. 5/1984 [4]
SiO2 20.60 —
CaO 63.19 —
MgO 4.10 5.0 (max.)
Fe2O3 4.20 —
Al2O3 4.10 —
SO3 1.88 2.5 (max.)
Start-up loss 2.45 4.0 (max.)
Leftovers that are insoluble 1.31 1.5 (max.)
Time exhaustion 0.91 0.66–1.02
Constituents
C3S 50.02 —
C2S 26.23 —
C3A 4.40 —
C4AF 13.62 —
Table 2

Cement's physical attributes*

Physical characteristics Trial product Limit of Iraqi specification No. 5/1984 [4]
Region of specific surface (Blaine method), m2/kg 332.9 230 (min.)
Time setting (Yicale's technique)
The starting point, h:min 2:0 00:45 (min.)
Last situation, h:min 4:1 10:00 (max.)
Strength in compression (MPa)
3-Day period 21.20 15.00 (min.)
7-Day period 30.10 23.00 (min.)

*Analysis performed in the engineering faculty labs at Kufa University in Iraq.

Sand, a fine aggregate, was provided and sourced from the nearby Al-Akhaider quarry. After screening the sand, all elements bigger than 600 m also lesser than 150 m in diameter were unconcerned. Residual sand ranged in scope from 150 to 600 m was then cleaned with faucet water, emptied, settled a sieve 150 m in diameter, and left to trough for 2 min. Lastly, 48 h were spent drying the sand at 110°C. Before being cast off, Table 3 provides information regarding the sand's grain size distribution [5]. Table 4 displays its physical attributes.

Table 3

Sand particle size distribution

By weight, passing (%)
Sieve degree (mm) Sample (IOS 45/1984) boundaries for sector no. 3 [5]
4.75 96 90–100
2.36 87 85–100
1.18 76 75–100
0.60 60 60–70
0.30 14 12–40
0.15 4 0–10
Table 4

Fine aggregate property

Physical assets Assessment product Iraqi specifications have a limit. No.45/1984 [5]
Particular gravity 2.60 –
Sulfate concentration 0.061% 0.5% (max.)
Absorption 0.75% –

Only clean drinking water is used for mixing, forming, and curing. The Sika Company provided grey densified silica fume, which was added to the concrete mixture to prepare the RPC samples as a substitute material. Table 5 [6] lists the chemical components of the substance. In this work, mild carbon steel and steel fibers with hooked ends were utilized. The steel fiber's properties are listed in Table 6 [7]. Glenium 51 is used commercially and adhering to ASTM C494 type a [8], an agent with a broad water reduction range was supplementary to the mixture as a superplasticizer. Table 7 shows this sort of superplasticizer. As longitudinal reinforcement, steel reinforcing deformed bars were castoff, and as closed stirrups of diameter (φ = 6 mm) (square mesh from BRC type), reinforcement is with No. 6 bars spaced at 15 cm in x- and y-directions shown in Figures 1 and 2. Table 8 lists test values for every bar size [9].

Table 5

Silica fume's chemical composition*

Oxide configuration Contraction Oxide gratified (%) description (ASTM C 1240-04) [6]
Silica SiO2 94.87 85.0 (min.)
Alumina Al2O3 1.18 —
Iron oxide Fe2O3 0.09 —
Lime CaO 0.23 —
Magnesia MgO 0.02 —
Sulfate SO3 0.25 —
Potassium oxide K2O 0.48 —
Ignition loss L.O.I. 2.88 6.0 (max.)
Moisture level — 0.48 3.0 (max.)

*Implementing the tests at the quality control lab of the engineering faculty at the University of Kufa in Iraq yielded the test.

Table 6

Steel fiber's properties*

Formation Property Description
Statute Hooked
Dimension 30 mm
Diameter 0.375 mm
Density 7,800 kg/m3
Strength in tension 1,800 MPa
The degree of flexibility 200 GPa
Lf/Df characteristic ratio 80

*As supplied by the producer.

Table 7

Glenium 51 superplasticizer characteristics*

Procedure Slick liquid
Name of the business Glenium 51
Chemical Naphthalene formaldehyde and sulfonated melamine
Composition Condensates
Possessions of a subsidiary An improvement in compression strength both early and late
Method Viscous liquid
Colour Light brown
Density 1.1 g/cm3 at 20°C
pH 6.6
Viscosity 128 ± 30 cps at 20°C
Passage Not considered to be dangerous
Classification Hazard labels are not necessary.
Chloride satisfied None

*As stated by the producer.

Figure 1 Cross-section of laboratory specimens.
Figure 1

Cross-section of laboratory specimens.

Figure 2 Geometry of laboratory specimens.
Figure 2

Geometry of laboratory specimens.

Table 8

Reinforcing steel properties*

Dim. (mm) Area (mm2) Perimeter (mm) Weight (g/m) Yield strength (MPa) Yield strain Ultimate strength (MPa) Ultimate strain
6 28.286 18.857 228 545 0.0028 760 0.051

*The engineering faculty laboratory at the University of Kufa in Iraq conducted the tests.

2 Mixture of concrete

This study used two types of concrete mixtures.

2.1 Typical concrete mix

Casting normal (NC) using materials used were cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water to create a conventional concrete composition. This mixture also yielded a regulator sample in the form of a cylinder test.

2.2 Concrete mixes using reactive powders

In this revision, five RPC mixes were discarded. Table 9 shows the number of supplies of all blends.

Table 9

Various forms of RPC mixes have different properties

Mix♣ Cement (kg/m3) Sand (kg/m3) Silica fume* (%) Silica fume (kg/m3) w/cemen-titious SP** (%) Steel fiber*** (%) Steel fiber (kg/m3)
M0,25 1,000 1,000 25 250 0.2 1.7 0 0
M1,25 1,000 1,000 25 250 0.2 1.7 1 78
M2,25 1,000 1,000 25 250 0.2 1.7 2 156
M2,20 1,000 1,000 20 200 0.2 1.7 2 156
M2,15 1,000 1,000 15 150 0.2 1.7 2 156

♣The first value indicates (Vf), while the second indicates (SF). *Percentage of cement's weight. **Superplasticizer, as a percentage. ***% of total mix volume.

2.3 Setup for the test and how the loading is applied to the slabs

In the past, substantial research was conducted into slab punching shear in ambient settings. However, in the case of slabs in fire, punching shear has received insufficient attention, and only two references can be cited: The first is regarding small circular slabs' residual behavior, and the first is based on fire experiments on two-way slabs at full scale, while the second is based on formulae frequently expanded to accommodate the condition of high-temperature exposure when operated at ambient temperature [10].

The specimens that survived after the conclusion of the heating procedure, constant load phase without collapse, were loaded to failure protocol for applying loading to slabs depicted in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Setup for a test [13]: (a) top view and (b) A–A portion was cut.
Figure 3

Setup for a test [13]: (a) top view and (b) A–A portion was cut.

3 Discussion of experiment results

3.1 RPC's mechanical characteristics

Table 10 shown the results of hardened concrete test mechanical properties.

Table 10

Results of hardened concrete test mechanical properties

No. of mix Combination of types Steel fiber V f (%) Silica fume SF (%) f c' (MPa) [11] f t (MPa) [12] f r (MPa) [13] E c (MPa) [14] Specimens
1 M0,25 0 25 91.87 6.64 6.27 37,481 RPC-S1
2 M1,25 1 25 111.93 11.78 14.64 42,342 RPC-S2
3 M2,25 2 25 122.78 16.18 18.89 45,324 RPC-S3
4 M2,20 2 20 121.22 15.31 17.97 44,663 RPC-S4
5 M2,15 2 15 113.98 14.69 17.12 44,467 RPC-S5
6 Mnormal — — 26.98 2.79 3.28 25,354 NC-S6

3.2 Load-mid-span deflection owing to concrete type

Four specimens were recognized mid-span deflection of typical and RPC specimens are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Bond between load and deflection for specimens at 750°C.
Figure 4

Bond between load and deflection for specimens at 750°C.

3.3 Patterns of crack

Figure 5 depicts the ultimate crack patterns of all slab specimens analyzed.

Figure 5 Comparison of load–crack width curves for specimens.
Figure 5

Comparison of load–crack width curves for specimens.

4 Conclusions

  1. Increased steel fiber effects quantitative ratio on the last deflection demonstrates that growing the volumetric proportion of steel fibers to 2% permits RPC slabs to be more capable of ductility of considerable deflections earlier attainment of the resonant potential of final load, percentage (0, 1, and 2%) display that the deflection reductions at all loading phases due to an upsurge in stiffness.

  2. Growth for steel fiber RPC slab in the first fracture load and final load through an enhanced ratio is owing to the element that fibers boundary expansion and allowance cracks concluded the primary cracks.

  3. Silica fume in concentrations ranging from 15 to 25% has minimal effect on RPC slabs' major fracture capacity, ultimate punching shear, or mid-span deflection. The mid-major span's crack load, maximum strength, and ultimate deflection all upsurge by 15–25%.

  4. With proportions, the deflection increases through 30% of the total for RPC-S3, 22% for RPC-S4, and 16% for RPC-S5 as related to ordinary concrete slab confirmation upsurge.

  5. Adding steel fibers in RPC improves the material's compressive strength. Increasing compressive strength improved as the volume portion grew from 0 to 1 and 2% of 20 and 33%, respectively.

  6. As the percentage of steel fiber growth beginning splitting strength of 0 to 1% and 2% increases through 75 and 139%, respectively, silica fume has a minimal effect on increasing tensile splitting capability, with increases ranging from 15 to 20 to 25% rising through 2.32% toward 8.77%, separately.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  2. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

References

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Received: 2022-09-12
Revised: 2022-11-29
Accepted: 2022-12-02
Published Online: 2023-07-17

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0393
Keywords for this article
reinforced concrete slabs; reactive powder; fire
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  72. Investigation of effect lengths and angles of the control devices below the hydraulic structure
  73. Finite element analysis for built-up steel beam with extended plate connected by bolts
  74. Finite element analysis and retrofit of the existing reinforced concrete columns in Iraqi schools by using CFRP as confining technique
  75. Performing laboratory study of the behavior of reactive powder concrete on the shear of RC deep beams by the drilling core test
  76. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part I
  77. Depletion zones of groundwater resources in the Southwest Desert of Iraq
  78. A case study of T-beams with hybrid section shear characteristics of reactive powder concrete
  79. Feasibility studies and their effects on the success or failure of investment projects. “Najaf governorate as a model”
  80. Optimizing and coordinating the location of raw material suitable for cement manufacturing in Wasit Governorate, Iraq
  81. Effect of the 40-PPI copper foam layer height on the solar cooker performance
  82. Identification and investigation of corrosion behavior of electroless composite coating on steel substrate
  83. Improvement in the California bearing ratio of subbase soil by recycled asphalt pavement and cement
  84. Some properties of thermal insulating cement mortar using Ponza aggregate
  85. Assessment of the impacts of land use/land cover change on water resources in the Diyala River, Iraq
  86. Effect of varied waste concrete ratios on the mechanical properties of polymer concrete
  87. Effect of adverse slope on performance of USBR II stilling basin
  88. Shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams with recycled steel fibers
  89. Extracting oil from oil shale using internal distillation (in situ retorting)
  90. Influence of recycling waste hardened mortar and ceramic rubbish on the properties of flowable fill material
  91. Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete deep beams by near-surface-mounted steel reinforcement
  92. Impact of waste materials (glass powder and silica fume) on features of high-strength concrete
  93. Studying pandemic effects and mitigation measures on management of construction projects: Najaf City as a case study
  94. Design and implementation of a frequency reconfigurable antenna using PIN switch for sub-6 GHz applications
  95. Average monthly recharge, surface runoff, and actual evapotranspiration estimation using WetSpass-M model in Low Folded Zone, Iraq
  96. Simple function to find base pressure under triangular and trapezoidal footing with two eccentric loads
  97. Assessment of ALINEA method performance at different loop detector locations using field data and micro-simulation modeling via AIMSUN
  98. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part I
  99. Experimental and theoretical investigation of the structural behavior of reinforced glulam wooden members by NSM steel bars and shear reinforcement CFRP sheet
  100. Improving the fatigue life of composite by using multiwall carbon nanotubes
  101. A comparative study to solve fractional initial value problems in discrete domain
  102. Assessing strength properties of stabilized soils using dynamic cone penetrometer test
  103. Investigating traffic characteristics for merging sections in Iraq
  104. Enhancement of flexural behavior of hybrid flat slab by using SIFCON
  105. The main impacts of a managed aquifer recharge using AHP-weighted overlay analysis based on GIS in the eastern Wasit province, Iraq
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