Spatial evolution of coastal environmental enterprises: An exploration of driving factors in Jiangsu Province
-
Xiaotong Wu
,
Yiming Song
Abstract
This article presents an in-depth analysis of the spatial and temporal evolutionary characteristics of the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province and analyzes the dynamics of changes in the spatial pattern of the environmental protection industry as a whole using spatial visualization methods. Attribute data of environmental protection enterprises in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2022 were selected for this article, with spatial analysis methods. From 2000 to 2005, the industry expanded to include Suzhou, Changzhou, and other areas, forming a multi-core pattern, supported by a Moran’s I value of −0.049837. This clustering trend continued from 2006 to 2010, with Moran’s I values of −0.115285 in 2011–2015 and −0.117398 in 2016–2022. By 2022, new clusters emerged in the coastal areas of Xuzhou, Yancheng, and Nantong, reflecting industry growth. By detecting with multiple factors, it is found that such pattern evolution is a result of a combination of factors, which is mainly influenced by environmental and employment factors in the early stages of development, while also significantly driven by market factors in the later stages of development as the dynamics of the spatial pattern continue to evolve with the economy.
1 Introduction
In recent times, China has experienced an impressive upsurge in its economic growth [1]. However, the economic growth model that drove this expansion, characterized by excessive resource inputs, pollution, and energy consumption, poses a significant threat to the natural environment [2]. Consequently, concerns such as resource scarcity and environmental degradation have started to come to the forefront [3]. According to the 2020 Report on China’s Ecological Environment, an astonishing 40.1% of the 337 cities at the prefecture level or higher exceeded air quality standards. Acid rain impacts an area spanning approximately 466,000 km2, and China’s surface and groundwater sources show varying degrees of contamination. Responding to this, China introduced the concept of “green development” in October 2015 and raised the building of an ecological civilization to a national strategic priority in October 2017. This move has elevated the environmental protection sector to a pivotal position in tackling environmental pollution, implementing resource recycling, and garnering substantial acknowledgment from the government [4]. The scope of China’s environmental protection industry continues to broaden, significantly aiding in alleviating environmental pressures and preventing pollution [5]. China classified the environmental protection industry as a strategic emerging sector in 2010, and in April 2011, the Guidelines on Environmental Protection Systems were launched to further invigorate its growth. This document formally introduced incentives for environmental protection industry clusters, the establishment of environmental protection industry parks in different regions, and the establishment of demonstration zones for environmental protection industry clusters, all aimed at steering the industry’s advancement. In addressing the ongoing challenges confronting China’s environmental protection industry, fostering industry agglomeration could emerge as a pivotal pathway for its sustainable expansion, aligned with the practical imperatives of its growth [6].
As industrial agglomeration in China continues to diversify, the concept of synergistic agglomeration within the environmental protection industry has gained significant attention among scholars. Li and Wang [7] conducted an analysis of the current state of the environmental protection industry, highlighting noteworthy issues such as the necessity for an optimized business environment, gaps in policy mechanisms, and limitations in terms of innovation and quality. They provided targeted suggestions to enhance the business environment, optimize policy mechanisms, and improve innovation capacity and quality standards. Their findings provide valuable insights for decision-makers aiming to foster the sustainable, robust, and high-quality development of China’s environmental protection industry. Xin et al. [8] employed the Gini coefficient method and spatial autocorrelation analysis to assess the spatial imbalances in China’s environmental protection industry. They qualitatively analyzed and formulated a multiple regression model to explore the factors driving agglomeration development within the environmental protection industry, utilizing the framework of the new economic geography theory. Their empirical analysis covered 30 provincial administrative regions in China. The measurements of the Gini coefficient and spatial autocorrelation revealed that although the input levels of China’s environmental protection industry demonstrate a tendency toward balanced development, regional disparities in output levels and investment efficiency of the industry have significantly increased. Ren et al. [9] employed the R-index to gauge the overall level of agglomeration in China’s energy-saving and environmental protection industry from 2008 to 2016. They proposed strategies for optimizing agglomeration structure in energy-saving and environmental protection industries in each region. Their results indicated a relatively uniform distribution of China’s energy-saving and environmental protection industries, with the level of agglomeration steadily increasing. Despite the extensive research on industrial agglomeration from the perspective of the environmental industry, there is an urgent need for a more comprehensive analysis of the impact and mechanisms of synergistic agglomeration within the coastal environmental industry and the green economy as a whole.
The environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province has been a pivotal driver of development for over three decades, establishing a prominent position within China [10]. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive assessment and analysis of the degree of industry clustering within Jiangsu Province’s environmental sector. This analysis is carried out using spatial examination, with the overarching goal of scrutinizing the evolutionary patterns that have transpired during the study period. Through this approach, we seek to gain a deeper comprehension of the present state of eco-friendly progress in Jiangsu Province. This encompasses an exploration of the factors that exert influence on this progress, as well as the potential courses of action available to enhance the overall performance of the province’s green economy. Additionally, our study endeavors to facilitate an extensive exploration of the cooperative industry clustering layout within Jiangsu Province. This exploration, in turn, aims to aid governmental bodies across all tiers in evaluating their individual developmental circumstances, economic statuses, and resource endowments. By doing so, our research intends to offer guidance for strategically arranging the environmental protection industry. Ultimately, these efforts aspire to propel integrated development within Jiangsu Province in harmony with its distinct local conditions.
2 Methods
2.1 Research data
The data collection process undertaken for this study adhered to rigorous standards and employed a comprehensive approach. The primary sources of data utilized encompassed attribute data of environmental protection enterprises in Jiangsu Province. These data were meticulously curated from the authoritative official filing enterprise credit agency, Tianyancha System (https://www.tianyancha.com/), which is affiliated with the National SME Development Fund [11]. This database furnished crucial information regarding enterprises (organizations), encompassing details such as registered names, registered capital, registration dates, business scopes, registered addresses, and current operational statuses. Furthermore, data pertaining to green total factor indicators were acquired through a meticulous process. These indicators were sourced from reputable government publications, research reports, and academic journals within the field of environmental economics. Great care was taken to ensure the reliability and precision of the selected indicators. Importantly, it should be emphasized that all data employed in this study were gathered as of the year 2022, thus guaranteeing the integration of the most current and accurate information within our research framework.
2.2 Weighted kernel density
Kernel density estimation is a powerful non-parametric method employed in this study to estimate the probability density of a random variable. This method, based on the principles of kernel density estimation, incorporates weights that reflect the importance or significance of each data point in the analysis. The utilization of weighted kernel density estimation in our research offers several distinct advantages. First, it allows for the incorporation of relevant weights, enabling a more accurate representation of the underlying distribution by giving greater emphasis to data points that are deemed more influential or informative [12]. This is particularly valuable when dealing with imbalanced datasets or when certain observations carry more weight due to their significance in the research context. Second, weighted kernel density estimation provides a flexible and adaptable framework for modeling data, accommodating varying levels of importance and producing more nuanced density estimates [13]. Additionally, this method effectively handles outliers or irregularities, ensuring robust and reliable results even in the presence of influential observations. The incorporation of weighted kernel density estimation, building upon the original principles [14], enhances the precision and reliability of our probability density function estimates, facilitating deeper insights into the distribution characteristics essential for our research objectives. Let
where
2.3 Global spatial autocorrelation
In the realm of spatial statistical analysis, Moran’s index stands as a widely recognized metric for gauging global spatial autocorrelation. It functions as an assessment of the collective tendency of akin attributes to cluster within the confines of the study area. This index holds particular efficacy in scrutinizing spatially uniform processes. In our present study, we enlist the global Moran’s I statistic to thoroughly explore the existence of spatial clustering attributes within the urban environmental industries. This employment further aids in characterizing the comprehensive spatial distribution pattern that envelops the entire study region [15]. The range of Moran’s I values spans from −1 to +1. Values that gravitate toward 1 serve as indicators of pronounced spatial clustering. Meanwhile, a value of 0 signals a lack of spatial autocorrelation, and values that take on a negative aspect (−1 < I < 0) imply a discernible negative spatial autocorrelation along with a significant negative correlation. The proximity of the value to −1 denotes an elevated dissimilarity between individual cells or a less concentrated distribution. The methodology for calculating Moran’s I is delineated as follows:
where n represents the number of observations;
2.4 Standard deviational ellipse (SDE)
The SDE is widely used to analyze the distribution of geographical elements in two-dimensional space [16,17]. In this study, we use the SDE to examine the distribution pattern and spatial evolution of the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province. By considering parameters such as the SDE’s center, azimuth, long axis, and short axis, we gain a comprehensive understanding of the distribution characteristics [18,19,20,21,22]. This helps us identify concentration areas, dispersion tendencies, and directional changes in the industry’s distribution. Utilizing the SDE allows us to uncover spatial patterns and trends in the environmental protection industry, aiding in formulating effective policies and strategies for sustainable development. The SDE is calculated using a formula that incorporates the variance of the ellipse
where
The formula for calculating the angle of the ellipse is
In the equation,
The standard equation expression of the ellipse can be obtained using the standard deviation:
where
3 Results
3.1 Spatial distribution evolution of the environmental industry in Jiangsu Province
3.1.1 Transition from single-zone to multi-zone distribution
The spatial pattern of the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province has been examined using kernel density calculations, revealing an evolving distribution over time. Initially, the industry was concentrated in Wuxi and Nanjing, benefitting from their abundant natural resources, transportation infrastructure, and industrial base. From 2000 to 2005, the industry expanded its presence to include Suzhou, Changzhou, and other areas, forming a multi-core pattern. This trend continued from 2006 to 2010, with a circular development centered around Nanjing, Wuxi, Changzhou, and Suzhou. By 2022, new clusters emerged in the coastal areas of Xuzhou, Yancheng, and Nantong, reflecting industry growth. The 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of China set ambitious targets to increase the proportion of the environmental protection industry’s added value to GDP from 2% in 2015 to 3% in 2020 and to establish 20 industry clusters. This policy has facilitated the concentration of environmental protection industries in Jiangsu Province, with strong interconnectivity between Wuxi’s industry and small and medium-sized enterprises in central and northern Jiangsu. This collaboration and integration among different regions indicate the potential for further growth and development of the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province. Overall, these findings highlight the positive influence of government policies and interregional collaboration on the industry’s expansion and advancement in Jiangsu Province (Figure 1).
Weighted kernel density.
3.1.2 Moran’s I and SDE
The spatial distribution of the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province was assessed using Moran’s I, and the results are presented in Table 1. Moran’s I is a widely used statistic that measures spatial autocorrelation, indicating the degree of clustering or dispersion of attributes across a study area. In our analysis, Moran’s I was employed to examine the spatial clustering pattern of the environmental protection industry at different time periods.
Moran’s I for the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province
| Year | Moran I | Z-score | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Before 2000 | −0.033735 | −0.369216 | 0.711967 |
| 2000–2005 | −0.057348 | −0.544102 | 0.586371 |
| 2006–2010 | −0.049837 | −0.436255 | 0.662651 |
| 2011–2015 | −0.115285 | −1.040054 | 0.298315 |
| 2016–2022 | −0.117398 | −1.062244 | 0.288125 |
From the data, it can be observed that the spatial distribution of environmental protection enterprises exhibits different patterns during different time periods. In the early stages (prior to 2000 and from 2000 to 2005), the distribution of environmental protection enterprises shows a scattered or random pattern, with corresponding Moran’s I values of −0.033735 and −0.057348, respectively. Additionally, the Z-score values for these periods are −0.369216 and −0.544102, indicating a relatively stable spatial distribution close to the average level. This suggests that during this period, the spatial distribution of environmental protection enterprises in Jiangsu Province was relatively balanced, without significant spatial agglomeration or dispersion.
However, as time progresses, starting from 2006, the spatial distribution of environmental protection enterprises begins to exhibit clustering, with a corresponding Moran’s I value of −0.049837. This indicates that during this phase, environmental protection enterprises gradually aggregate in specific regions, forming industrial agglomeration effects. Furthermore, it is observed that the agglomeration effect strengthens over time. In both the 2000–2005 and 2006–2010 periods, the Z-score values for environmental protection enterprises are −0.436255 and −0.544102, respectively, indicating a certain degree of spatial clustering. This may be related to the spatial agglomeration phenomenon caused by the development of the environmental protection industry in specific areas during those time periods.
In the period from 2011 to 2015, the corresponding Moran’s I value is −0.115285, while in the period from 2016 to 2022, the Moran’s I value is −0.117398. This indicates a stronger clustering pattern in the spatial distribution of environmental protection enterprises in Jiangsu Province. The Z-score values also suggest a more pronounced agglomeration feature in the spatial distribution of environmental protection enterprises during these two periods. This may reflect a more significant concentration of the environmental protection industry in specific regions of Jiangsu Province, indicating a concentrated development of environmental protection enterprises in certain areas.
By observing 2022, the southern part of Jiangsu Province emerged as a clear cluster core, representing the initial formation of five major environmental protection industry clusters: Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, and Yancheng. These clusters followed a point-axis development pattern, with Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou serving as axes of growth and Nanjing, Yancheng, and Taizhou acting as focal points for industry concentration. The presence of distinct clusters indicates the spatial organization and specialization of environmental protection activities within the province.
Based on our understanding, the collaboration among provinces and municipalities in Jiangsu Province has played a crucial role in promoting the growth and development of the environmental protection industry. By leveraging shared resources, knowledge exchange, and technological collaboration, the province has fostered an environment conducive to innovation and industry integration. This interregional collaboration has facilitated the formation of industry clusters and the realization of economies of scale. The clustering of environmental protection enterprises in Jiangsu Province, particularly the close linkages between the industry in Wuxi and small to medium-sized enterprises in central and northern Jiangsu, highlights the high level of collaboration and integration among different regions (Figure 2).
SDE for the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province.
3.2 Impact of green total factors on the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province
This study utilized a comprehensive set of eight indicators to construct three distinct factors, as outlined in Table 2. To capture the spatially divergent characteristics of these factors over time, we organized the temporal attribute information into time series and hierarchically visualized the data. By integrating these patterns with the results of kernel density analysis (Figure 3), we gained valuable insights into how these indicators collectively influenced the spatial distribution of the environmental protection industry. The findings are summarized in Table 3, which presents a matrix of factors that influenced the evolution of the industry’s spatial pattern in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2022.
Selected indicators of detecting the evolution drivers
| Influencing factors | Indicators | Symbols |
|---|---|---|
| Environmental factors | Industrial dust emissions | E1 |
| Wastewater emissions | E2 | |
| Sulfur dioxide emissions | E3 | |
| PM2.5 | E4 | |
| Employment factors | Number of persons employed | W1 |
| Total electricity consumption | W2 | |
| Market factors | Capital stock | M1 |
| In real terms GDP | M2 |
Phased impact of factors on the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province.
Statistical results of selected factors
| Year | Essential factor |
|---|---|
| 2000–2005 | E1, E2, W1 |
| 2006–2010 | E1, E2, E3, W1 |
| 2011–2015 | E1, E2, E3, W1, M1 |
| 2016–2022 | E1, E2, E3, E4, W1, M1, M2 |
The evolution of the environmental protection industry’s spatial pattern in Jiangsu Province is a multifaceted process influenced by various factors. Our statistical analysis reveals that the spatial distribution of the industry has been shaped by different environmental, economic, and market factors over time. During the period from 2000 to 2005, the industry’s distribution was predominantly driven by industrial dust and wastewater emissions, as well as the number of people employed in the industry. These factors played a pivotal role in determining the location of industry clusters, as they were closely linked to the region’s industrial production and employment patterns. From 2006 to 2010, the establishment of a second major environmental protection industry-related park in Jiangsu Province and the increase in sulfur dioxide emissions significantly influenced the industry’s spatial distribution. This marked a transition period in the industry’s development, with greater emphasis on specialized environmental protection parks and the adoption of cleaner production methods. Between 2011 and 2022, as the national economy continued to grow, Jiangsu Province maintained its investment in the environmental protection industry, allocating between 1.07 and 1.61% of GDP to environmental protection initiatives. Market factors (M1, M2) emerged as prominent drivers during this period, driven by the rising demand for environmental protection products and services. This led to the emergence of new industry clusters and the expansion of existing ones.
In conclusion, the spatial pattern of the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province is influenced by a combination of factors that evolve over time. The specific factors affecting the industry’s spatial distribution vary across different time periods, with environmental policies, economic growth, and market dynamics all playing significant roles in shaping the industry’s trajectory. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of the environmental protection industry and emphasize the importance of aligning policies, investments, and market strategies to foster its continued growth and sustainable development in Jiangsu Province.
4 Discussion
The analysis suggests that the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province has undergone an evolution from a continuum sheet shape to a single kernel and multiple kernel dispersion. The initial concentration of the industry was in Wuxi and Nanjing, which provided a favorable foundation for its development due to its abundant natural resources, transportation infrastructure, and industrial base. From 2000 to 2005, the industry’s distribution expanded to include Suzhou, Changzhou, and other areas, forming a multi-core pattern. This trend continued between 2006 and 2010, with a circle-like development centered on Nanjing, Wuxi, Changzhou, and Suzhou. By 2022, new clusters had formed in the coastal areas of Xuzhou, Yancheng, and Nantong, reflecting the growth of the industry. The agglomeration of environmental protection industries in Jiangsu Province has been facilitated by government policies and interregional collaboration, with Wuxi’s industry closely linked to small and medium-sized enterprises in central and northern Jiangsu. This interdependence reflects a high level of collaboration and integration among different regions, indicating the potential for further growth and development of the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province.
The study utilized eight indicators to construct three specific factors, and the results revealed that the industry’s spatial distribution has been shaped by various environmental, economic, and market factors over time. The environmental protection industry’s spatial distribution in Jiangsu Province was primarily influenced by industrial dust and wastewater emissions and the number of people employed in the industry. These factors played a crucial role in determining the location of the industry clusters in the province, as they are closely related to the industrial production and employment patterns in the region. The establishment of the second key environmental factor in 2006–2010, the investment in environmental protection, further drove the industry’s growth and expansion, resulting in the formation of linear clusters in the northwest of Jiangsu Province.
It is worth noting that by collaborating on a high platform, provinces and municipalities in Jiangsu Province can exchange and integrate their resource advantages, which strengthens the exchange and integration of environmental technology innovation, improves the environmental protection industry’s industrial chain, and realizes the clustering, scale, and characteristics of the environmental protection industry system. With the increasing clustering of the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province, it is expected that there will be more opportunities for resource sharing, technological collaboration, and innovation in the industry, leading to more sustainable development and growth.
Based on the findings, the government should continue to support the development of the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province through policies that promote collaboration and integration among different regions, with a focus on encouraging investment in environmental protection and reducing industrial dust and wastewater emissions. The government should also encourage the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in central and northern Jiangsu, strengthening their linkages to the environmental protection industry in Wuxi. Additionally, more efforts should be made to encourage the development of the industry in coastal areas, particularly Xuzhou, Yancheng, and Nantong, where new clusters have formed, reflecting the growth potential of the industry in these regions. Overall, the government should focus on creating a supportive policy environment that promotes innovation, collaboration, and sustainable development in the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province.
5 Conclusions
In this article, an in-depth analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province is carried out using spatial analysis methods, and the following conclusions are drawn from the spatial visualization methods on the dynamics of the overall spatial pattern changes in the environmental protection industry.
The evolution of the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province is characterized by different locations and forms of agglomeration at different times, and the industry was distributed along the cities of Wuxi and Nanjing in the early years, but later it developed in a circle pattern centered on Changzhou and Suzhou, forming a “multi-core” distribution.
Generally speaking, industries in Jiangsu Province show a trend of increasing volume, gradually expanding distribution, increasing intensity of agglomeration per unit area, and spreading of agglomeration core. By 2022, the environmental protection industry in the southern part of Jiangsu Province has developed a clear cluster core, marking the initial formation of five major environmental protection industry clusters in Jiangsu Province, including Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, and Yancheng, with Suzhou, Wuxi, and Changzhou as the axis and Nanjing, Yancheng, and Taizhou as the points to form a point-axis development pattern.
The evolution of the spatial pattern of the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu province occurred after a combination of factors, mainly influenced by environmental and employment factors in the early stages of development, while factors of the market also significantly drive the dynamic changes in the spatial pattern in the later stages of development as the national economy continues to develop.
From a green economy perspective, this article examines the spatial pattern of the environmental protection industry in Jiangsu Province and its evaluation characteristics as well as its influencing factors, broadening the perspective of environmental protection industry research, refining the spatio-temporal perspective of the study, and providing important value to the optimal layout of the development of the urban environmental protection industry. However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of this study. Data availability at the micro and medium scales is limited, leading to relatively homogeneous indicator selection that may not fully capture the spatial and temporal dynamics of the industry’s development. The analysis of green indicators in this article relies on previous scholars’ summarized data and is incomplete. Further research is needed to explore qualitative approaches that can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the findings by referring to similar works [23,24,25].
Acknowledgments
No funding was received for the present study.
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Funding information: The authors state no funding involved.
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Author contributions: Xiaotong Wu and Yang Zhou: literature review, field study, modeling, and writing the manuscript; Yiming Song: field study and modeling; Wanliang Qian: control and editing of the manuscript.
-
Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.
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Data availability statement: Data will be available upon reasonable request.
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This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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- Ground penetrating radar and magnetic gradient distribution approach for subsurface investigation of solution pipes in post-glacial settings
- Research on pore structures of fine-grained carbonate reservoirs and their influence on waterflood development
- Risk assessment of rain-induced debris flow in the lower reaches of Yajiang River based on GIS and CF coupling models
- Multifractal analysis of temporal and spatial characteristics of earthquakes in Eurasian seismic belt
- Surface deformation and damage of 2022 (M 6.8) Luding earthquake in China and its tectonic implications
- Differential analysis of landscape patterns of land cover products in tropical marine climate zones – A case study in Malaysia
- DEM-based analysis of tectonic geomorphologic characteristics and tectonic activity intensity of the Dabanghe River Basin in South China Karst
- Distribution, pollution levels, and health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater in the main pepper production area of China
- Study on soil quality effect of reconstructing by Pisha sandstone and sand soil
- Understanding the characteristics of loess strata and quaternary climate changes in Luochuan, Shaanxi Province, China, through core analysis
- Dynamic variation of groundwater level and its influencing factors in typical oasis irrigated areas in Northwest China
- Creating digital maps for geotechnical characteristics of soil based on GIS technology and remote sensing
- Changes in the course of constant loading consolidation in soil with modeled granulometric composition contaminated with petroleum substances
- Correlation between the deformation of mineral crystal structures and fault activity: A case study of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault and the Milin fault
- Cognitive characteristics of the Qiang religious culture and its influencing factors in Southwest China
- Spatiotemporal variation characteristics analysis of infrastructure iron stock in China based on nighttime light data
- Interpretation of aeromagnetic and remote sensing data of Auchi and Idah sheets of the Benin-arm Anambra basin: Implication of mineral resources
- Building element recognition with MTL-AINet considering view perspectives
- Characteristics of the present crustal deformation in the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship with strong earthquakes
- Influence of fractures in tight sandstone oil reservoir on hydrocarbon accumulation: A case study of Yanchang Formation in southeastern Ordos Basin
- Nutrient assessment and land reclamation in the Loess hills and Gulch region in the context of gully control
- Handling imbalanced data in supervised machine learning for lithological mapping using remote sensing and airborne geophysical data
- Spatial variation of soil nutrients and evaluation of cultivated land quality based on field scale
- Lignin analysis of sediments from around 2,000 to 1,000 years ago (Jiulong River estuary, southeast China)
- Assessing OpenStreetMap roads fitness-for-use for disaster risk assessment in developing countries: The case of Burundi
- Transforming text into knowledge graph: Extracting and structuring information from spatial development plans
- A symmetrical exponential model of soil temperature in temperate steppe regions of China
- A landslide susceptibility assessment method based on auto-encoder improved deep belief network
- Numerical simulation analysis of ecological monitoring of small reservoir dam based on maximum entropy algorithm
- Morphometry of the cold-climate Bory Stobrawskie Dune Field (SW Poland): Evidence for multi-phase Lateglacial aeolian activity within the European Sand Belt
- Adopting a new approach for finding missing people using GIS techniques: A case study in Saudi Arabia’s desert area
- Geological earthquake simulations generated by kinematic heterogeneous energy-based method: Self-arrested ruptures and asperity criterion
- Semi-automated classification of layered rock slopes using digital elevation model and geological map
- Geochemical characteristics of arc fractionated I-type granitoids of eastern Tak Batholith, Thailand
- Lithology classification of igneous rocks using C-band and L-band dual-polarization SAR data
- Analysis of artificial intelligence approaches to predict the wall deflection induced by deep excavation
- Evaluation of the current in situ stress in the middle Permian Maokou Formation in the Longnüsi area of the central Sichuan Basin, China
- Utilizing microresistivity image logs to recognize conglomeratic channel architectural elements of Baikouquan Formation in slope of Mahu Sag
- Resistivity cutoff of low-resistivity and low-contrast pays in sandstone reservoirs from conventional well logs: A case of Paleogene Enping Formation in A-Oilfield, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
- Examining the evacuation routes of the sister village program by using the ant colony optimization algorithm
- Spatial objects classification using machine learning and spatial walk algorithm
- Study on the stabilization mechanism of aeolian sandy soil formation by adding a natural soft rock
- Bump feature detection of the road surface based on the Bi-LSTM
- The origin and evolution of the ore-forming fluids at the Manondo-Choma gold prospect, Kirk range, southern Malawi
- A retrieval model of surface geochemistry composition based on remotely sensed data
- Exploring the spatial dynamics of cultural facilities based on multi-source data: A case study of Nanjing’s art institutions
- Study of pore-throat structure characteristics and fluid mobility of Chang 7 tight sandstone reservoir in Jiyuan area, Ordos Basin
- Study of fracturing fluid re-discharge based on percolation experiments and sampling tests – An example of Fuling shale gas Jiangdong block, China
- Impacts of marine cloud brightening scheme on climatic extremes in the Tibetan Plateau
- Ecological protection on the West Coast of Taiwan Strait under economic zone construction: A case study of land use in Yueqing
- The time-dependent deformation and damage constitutive model of rock based on dynamic disturbance tests
- Evaluation of spatial form of rural ecological landscape and vulnerability of water ecological environment based on analytic hierarchy process
- Fingerprint of magma mixture in the leucogranites: Spectroscopic and petrochemical approach, Kalebalta-Central Anatolia, Türkiye
- Principles of self-calibration and visual effects for digital camera distortion
- UAV-based doline mapping in Brazilian karst: A cave heritage protection reconnaissance
- Evaluation and low carbon ecological urban–rural planning and construction based on energy planning mechanism
- Modified non-local means: A novel denoising approach to process gravity field data
- A novel travel route planning method based on an ant colony optimization algorithm
- Effect of time-variant NDVI on landside susceptibility: A case study in Quang Ngai province, Vietnam
- Regional tectonic uplift indicated by geomorphological parameters in the Bahe River Basin, central China
- Computer information technology-based green excavation of tunnels in complex strata and technical decision of deformation control
- Spatial evolution of coastal environmental enterprises: An exploration of driving factors in Jiangsu Province
- A comparative assessment and geospatial simulation of three hydrological models in urban basins
- Aquaculture industry under the blue transformation in Jiangsu, China: Structure evolution and spatial agglomeration
- Quantitative and qualitative interpretation of community partitions by map overlaying and calculating the distribution of related geographical features
- Numerical investigation of gravity-grouted soil-nail pullout capacity in sand
- Analysis of heavy pollution weather in Shenyang City and numerical simulation of main pollutants
- Road cut slope stability analysis for static and dynamic (pseudo-static analysis) loading conditions
- Forest biomass assessment combining field inventorying and remote sensing data
- Late Jurassic Haobugao granites from the southern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: Implications for postcollision extension of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean
- Petrogenesis of the Sukadana Basalt based on petrology and whole rock geochemistry, Lampung, Indonesia: Geodynamic significances
- Numerical study on the group wall effect of nodular diaphragm wall foundation in high-rise buildings
- Water resources utilization and tourism environment assessment based on water footprint
- Geochemical evaluation of the carbonaceous shale associated with the Permian Mikambeni Formation of the Tuli Basin for potential gas generation, South Africa
- Detection and characterization of lineaments using gravity data in the south-west Cameroon zone: Hydrogeological implications
- Study on spatial pattern of tourism landscape resources in county cities of Yangtze River Economic Belt
- The effect of weathering on drillability of dolomites
- Noise masking of near-surface scattering (heterogeneities) on subsurface seismic reflectivity
- Query optimization-oriented lateral expansion method of distributed geological borehole database
- Petrogenesis of the Morobe Granodiorite and their shoshonitic mafic microgranular enclaves in Maramuni arc, Papua New Guinea
- Environmental health risk assessment of urban water sources based on fuzzy set theory
- Spatial distribution of urban basic education resources in Shanghai: Accessibility and supply-demand matching evaluation
- Spatiotemporal changes in land use and residential satisfaction in the Huai River-Gaoyou Lake Rim area
- Walkaway vertical seismic profiling first-arrival traveltime tomography with velocity structure constraints
- Study on the evaluation system and risk factor traceability of receiving water body
- Predicting copper-polymetallic deposits in Kalatag using the weight of evidence model and novel data sources
- Temporal dynamics of green urban areas in Romania. A comparison between spatial and statistical data
- Passenger flow forecast of tourist attraction based on MACBL in LBS big data environment
- Varying particle size selectivity of soil erosion along a cultivated catena
- Relationship between annual soil erosion and surface runoff in Wadi Hanifa sub-basins
- Influence of nappe structure on the Carboniferous volcanic reservoir in the middle of the Hongche Fault Zone, Junggar Basin, China
- Dynamic analysis of MSE wall subjected to surface vibration loading
- Pre-collisional architecture of the European distal margin: Inferences from the high-pressure continental units of central Corsica (France)
- The interrelation of natural diversity with tourism in Kosovo
- Assessment of geosites as a basis for geotourism development: A case study of the Toplica District, Serbia
- IG-YOLOv5-based underwater biological recognition and detection for marine protection
- Monitoring drought dynamics using remote sensing-based combined drought index in Ergene Basin, Türkiye
- Review Articles
- The actual state of the geodetic and cartographic resources and legislation in Poland
- Evaluation studies of the new mining projects
- Comparison and significance of grain size parameters of the Menyuan loess calculated using different methods
- Scientometric analysis of flood forecasting for Asia region and discussion on machine learning methods
- Rainfall-induced transportation embankment failure: A review
- Rapid Communication
- Branch fault discovered in Tangshan fault zone on the Kaiping-Guye boundary, North China
- Technical Note
- Introducing an intelligent multi-level retrieval method for mineral resource potential evaluation result data
- Erratum
- Erratum to “Forest cover assessment using remote-sensing techniques in Crete Island, Greece”
- Addendum
- The relationship between heat flow and seismicity in global tectonically active zones
- Commentary
- Improved entropy weight methods and their comparisons in evaluating the high-quality development of Qinghai, China
- Special Issue: Geoethics 2022 - Part II
- Loess and geotourism potential of the Braničevo District (NE Serbia): From overexploitation to paleoclimate interpretation
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Regular Articles
- Diagenesis and evolution of deep tight reservoirs: A case study of the fourth member of Shahejie Formation (cg: 50.4-42 Ma) in Bozhong Sag
- Petrography and mineralogy of the Oligocene flysch in Ionian Zone, Albania: Implications for the evolution of sediment provenance and paleoenvironment
- Biostratigraphy of the Late Campanian–Maastrichtian of the Duwi Basin, Red Sea, Egypt
- Structural deformation and its implication for hydrocarbon accumulation in the Wuxia fault belt, northwestern Junggar basin, China
- Carbonate texture identification using multi-layer perceptron neural network
- Metallogenic model of the Hongqiling Cu–Ni sulfide intrusions, Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Insight from long-period magnetotellurics
- Assessments of recent Global Geopotential Models based on GPS/levelling and gravity data along coastal zones of Egypt
- Accuracy assessment and improvement of SRTM, ASTER, FABDEM, and MERIT DEMs by polynomial and optimization algorithm: A case study (Khuzestan Province, Iran)
- Uncertainty assessment of 3D geological models based on spatial diffusion and merging model
- Evaluation of dynamic behavior of varved clays from the Warsaw ice-dammed lake, Poland
- Impact of AMSU-A and MHS radiances assimilation on Typhoon Megi (2016) forecasting
- Contribution to the building of a weather information service for solar panel cleaning operations at Diass plant (Senegal, Western Sahel)
- Measuring spatiotemporal accessibility to healthcare with multimodal transport modes in the dynamic traffic environment
- Mathematical model for conversion of groundwater flow from confined to unconfined aquifers with power law processes
- NSP variation on SWAT with high-resolution data: A case study
- Reconstruction of paleoglacial equilibrium-line altitudes during the Last Glacial Maximum in the Diancang Massif, Northwest Yunnan Province, China
- A prediction model for Xiangyang Neolithic sites based on a random forest algorithm
- Determining the long-term impact area of coastal thermal discharge based on a harmonic model of sea surface temperature
- Origin of block accumulations based on the near-surface geophysics
- Investigating the limestone quarries as geoheritage sites: Case of Mardin ancient quarry
- Population genetics and pedigree geography of Trionychia japonica in the four mountains of Henan Province and the Taihang Mountains
- Performance audit evaluation of marine development projects based on SPA and BP neural network model
- Study on the Early Cretaceous fluvial-desert sedimentary paleogeography in the Northwest of Ordos Basin
- Detecting window line using an improved stacked hourglass network based on new real-world building façade dataset
- Automated identification and mapping of geological folds in cross sections
- Silicate and carbonate mixed shelf formation and its controlling factors, a case study from the Cambrian Canglangpu formation in Sichuan basin, China
- Ground penetrating radar and magnetic gradient distribution approach for subsurface investigation of solution pipes in post-glacial settings
- Research on pore structures of fine-grained carbonate reservoirs and their influence on waterflood development
- Risk assessment of rain-induced debris flow in the lower reaches of Yajiang River based on GIS and CF coupling models
- Multifractal analysis of temporal and spatial characteristics of earthquakes in Eurasian seismic belt
- Surface deformation and damage of 2022 (M 6.8) Luding earthquake in China and its tectonic implications
- Differential analysis of landscape patterns of land cover products in tropical marine climate zones – A case study in Malaysia
- DEM-based analysis of tectonic geomorphologic characteristics and tectonic activity intensity of the Dabanghe River Basin in South China Karst
- Distribution, pollution levels, and health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater in the main pepper production area of China
- Study on soil quality effect of reconstructing by Pisha sandstone and sand soil
- Understanding the characteristics of loess strata and quaternary climate changes in Luochuan, Shaanxi Province, China, through core analysis
- Dynamic variation of groundwater level and its influencing factors in typical oasis irrigated areas in Northwest China
- Creating digital maps for geotechnical characteristics of soil based on GIS technology and remote sensing
- Changes in the course of constant loading consolidation in soil with modeled granulometric composition contaminated with petroleum substances
- Correlation between the deformation of mineral crystal structures and fault activity: A case study of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault and the Milin fault
- Cognitive characteristics of the Qiang religious culture and its influencing factors in Southwest China
- Spatiotemporal variation characteristics analysis of infrastructure iron stock in China based on nighttime light data
- Interpretation of aeromagnetic and remote sensing data of Auchi and Idah sheets of the Benin-arm Anambra basin: Implication of mineral resources
- Building element recognition with MTL-AINet considering view perspectives
- Characteristics of the present crustal deformation in the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship with strong earthquakes
- Influence of fractures in tight sandstone oil reservoir on hydrocarbon accumulation: A case study of Yanchang Formation in southeastern Ordos Basin
- Nutrient assessment and land reclamation in the Loess hills and Gulch region in the context of gully control
- Handling imbalanced data in supervised machine learning for lithological mapping using remote sensing and airborne geophysical data
- Spatial variation of soil nutrients and evaluation of cultivated land quality based on field scale
- Lignin analysis of sediments from around 2,000 to 1,000 years ago (Jiulong River estuary, southeast China)
- Assessing OpenStreetMap roads fitness-for-use for disaster risk assessment in developing countries: The case of Burundi
- Transforming text into knowledge graph: Extracting and structuring information from spatial development plans
- A symmetrical exponential model of soil temperature in temperate steppe regions of China
- A landslide susceptibility assessment method based on auto-encoder improved deep belief network
- Numerical simulation analysis of ecological monitoring of small reservoir dam based on maximum entropy algorithm
- Morphometry of the cold-climate Bory Stobrawskie Dune Field (SW Poland): Evidence for multi-phase Lateglacial aeolian activity within the European Sand Belt
- Adopting a new approach for finding missing people using GIS techniques: A case study in Saudi Arabia’s desert area
- Geological earthquake simulations generated by kinematic heterogeneous energy-based method: Self-arrested ruptures and asperity criterion
- Semi-automated classification of layered rock slopes using digital elevation model and geological map
- Geochemical characteristics of arc fractionated I-type granitoids of eastern Tak Batholith, Thailand
- Lithology classification of igneous rocks using C-band and L-band dual-polarization SAR data
- Analysis of artificial intelligence approaches to predict the wall deflection induced by deep excavation
- Evaluation of the current in situ stress in the middle Permian Maokou Formation in the Longnüsi area of the central Sichuan Basin, China
- Utilizing microresistivity image logs to recognize conglomeratic channel architectural elements of Baikouquan Formation in slope of Mahu Sag
- Resistivity cutoff of low-resistivity and low-contrast pays in sandstone reservoirs from conventional well logs: A case of Paleogene Enping Formation in A-Oilfield, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
- Examining the evacuation routes of the sister village program by using the ant colony optimization algorithm
- Spatial objects classification using machine learning and spatial walk algorithm
- Study on the stabilization mechanism of aeolian sandy soil formation by adding a natural soft rock
- Bump feature detection of the road surface based on the Bi-LSTM
- The origin and evolution of the ore-forming fluids at the Manondo-Choma gold prospect, Kirk range, southern Malawi
- A retrieval model of surface geochemistry composition based on remotely sensed data
- Exploring the spatial dynamics of cultural facilities based on multi-source data: A case study of Nanjing’s art institutions
- Study of pore-throat structure characteristics and fluid mobility of Chang 7 tight sandstone reservoir in Jiyuan area, Ordos Basin
- Study of fracturing fluid re-discharge based on percolation experiments and sampling tests – An example of Fuling shale gas Jiangdong block, China
- Impacts of marine cloud brightening scheme on climatic extremes in the Tibetan Plateau
- Ecological protection on the West Coast of Taiwan Strait under economic zone construction: A case study of land use in Yueqing
- The time-dependent deformation and damage constitutive model of rock based on dynamic disturbance tests
- Evaluation of spatial form of rural ecological landscape and vulnerability of water ecological environment based on analytic hierarchy process
- Fingerprint of magma mixture in the leucogranites: Spectroscopic and petrochemical approach, Kalebalta-Central Anatolia, Türkiye
- Principles of self-calibration and visual effects for digital camera distortion
- UAV-based doline mapping in Brazilian karst: A cave heritage protection reconnaissance
- Evaluation and low carbon ecological urban–rural planning and construction based on energy planning mechanism
- Modified non-local means: A novel denoising approach to process gravity field data
- A novel travel route planning method based on an ant colony optimization algorithm
- Effect of time-variant NDVI on landside susceptibility: A case study in Quang Ngai province, Vietnam
- Regional tectonic uplift indicated by geomorphological parameters in the Bahe River Basin, central China
- Computer information technology-based green excavation of tunnels in complex strata and technical decision of deformation control
- Spatial evolution of coastal environmental enterprises: An exploration of driving factors in Jiangsu Province
- A comparative assessment and geospatial simulation of three hydrological models in urban basins
- Aquaculture industry under the blue transformation in Jiangsu, China: Structure evolution and spatial agglomeration
- Quantitative and qualitative interpretation of community partitions by map overlaying and calculating the distribution of related geographical features
- Numerical investigation of gravity-grouted soil-nail pullout capacity in sand
- Analysis of heavy pollution weather in Shenyang City and numerical simulation of main pollutants
- Road cut slope stability analysis for static and dynamic (pseudo-static analysis) loading conditions
- Forest biomass assessment combining field inventorying and remote sensing data
- Late Jurassic Haobugao granites from the southern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: Implications for postcollision extension of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean
- Petrogenesis of the Sukadana Basalt based on petrology and whole rock geochemistry, Lampung, Indonesia: Geodynamic significances
- Numerical study on the group wall effect of nodular diaphragm wall foundation in high-rise buildings
- Water resources utilization and tourism environment assessment based on water footprint
- Geochemical evaluation of the carbonaceous shale associated with the Permian Mikambeni Formation of the Tuli Basin for potential gas generation, South Africa
- Detection and characterization of lineaments using gravity data in the south-west Cameroon zone: Hydrogeological implications
- Study on spatial pattern of tourism landscape resources in county cities of Yangtze River Economic Belt
- The effect of weathering on drillability of dolomites
- Noise masking of near-surface scattering (heterogeneities) on subsurface seismic reflectivity
- Query optimization-oriented lateral expansion method of distributed geological borehole database
- Petrogenesis of the Morobe Granodiorite and their shoshonitic mafic microgranular enclaves in Maramuni arc, Papua New Guinea
- Environmental health risk assessment of urban water sources based on fuzzy set theory
- Spatial distribution of urban basic education resources in Shanghai: Accessibility and supply-demand matching evaluation
- Spatiotemporal changes in land use and residential satisfaction in the Huai River-Gaoyou Lake Rim area
- Walkaway vertical seismic profiling first-arrival traveltime tomography with velocity structure constraints
- Study on the evaluation system and risk factor traceability of receiving water body
- Predicting copper-polymetallic deposits in Kalatag using the weight of evidence model and novel data sources
- Temporal dynamics of green urban areas in Romania. A comparison between spatial and statistical data
- Passenger flow forecast of tourist attraction based on MACBL in LBS big data environment
- Varying particle size selectivity of soil erosion along a cultivated catena
- Relationship between annual soil erosion and surface runoff in Wadi Hanifa sub-basins
- Influence of nappe structure on the Carboniferous volcanic reservoir in the middle of the Hongche Fault Zone, Junggar Basin, China
- Dynamic analysis of MSE wall subjected to surface vibration loading
- Pre-collisional architecture of the European distal margin: Inferences from the high-pressure continental units of central Corsica (France)
- The interrelation of natural diversity with tourism in Kosovo
- Assessment of geosites as a basis for geotourism development: A case study of the Toplica District, Serbia
- IG-YOLOv5-based underwater biological recognition and detection for marine protection
- Monitoring drought dynamics using remote sensing-based combined drought index in Ergene Basin, Türkiye
- Review Articles
- The actual state of the geodetic and cartographic resources and legislation in Poland
- Evaluation studies of the new mining projects
- Comparison and significance of grain size parameters of the Menyuan loess calculated using different methods
- Scientometric analysis of flood forecasting for Asia region and discussion on machine learning methods
- Rainfall-induced transportation embankment failure: A review
- Rapid Communication
- Branch fault discovered in Tangshan fault zone on the Kaiping-Guye boundary, North China
- Technical Note
- Introducing an intelligent multi-level retrieval method for mineral resource potential evaluation result data
- Erratum
- Erratum to “Forest cover assessment using remote-sensing techniques in Crete Island, Greece”
- Addendum
- The relationship between heat flow and seismicity in global tectonically active zones
- Commentary
- Improved entropy weight methods and their comparisons in evaluating the high-quality development of Qinghai, China
- Special Issue: Geoethics 2022 - Part II
- Loess and geotourism potential of the Braničevo District (NE Serbia): From overexploitation to paleoclimate interpretation
