Study on soil quality effect of reconstructing by Pisha sandstone and sand soil
-
Haiou Zhang
,
Zhen Guo
Abstract
In order to explore the effect of reconstructing soil quality change after adding Pisha sandstone rich in clay mineral materials to improve sandy soil in the Mu Us Sandy Land. Long-term field monitoring experiments were conducted to study the characteristic changes of the reconstructed soil carbon and nitrogen content and corn yield with different proportions of Pisha sandstone and sand. The results showed that after 9 years of experiment, compared with the original sandy soil, in T1, T2, and T3 treatments the reconstructed soil organic matter content increased by 10, 12, and 11 times, total nitrogen content increased by 5.5, 5.4, and 3.9 times, and corn yield increased by 43.9, 105.9, and 58.5%. Especially, the corn yield of T2 and T3 treatment is greater than or equal to the corn yield of local high-yield fields. In summary, the reconstructed soil quality in different proportions has developed toward a good trend after long-term planting. T2 and T3 treatments have the best effects on reconstructing soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation reconstruction and corn yield increase. T2 and T3 treatments are recommended as the best scientific ratio for improving sandy soil with Pisha sandstone in Mu Us Sandy Land. This method has important reference and guidance for ecological remediation of desertification and degraded land.
1 Introduction
As one of the most important parts of the terrestrial ecosystem, Mu Us Sandy Land is a typical representative of the agricultural-pastoral ecotone in China. The regional ecological environment is fragile and land desertification is serious. Moreover, the Pisha sandstone distributed around the Mu Us Sandy Land has serious soil erosion, which is the main source of coarse sand in the Yellow River, known as “environmental cancer” [1,2]. Sand and Pisha sandstone are locally known as “two evils” and can pose a threat to the environment and human life if not properly managed. However, the Mu Us Sandy Land has good lighting conditions and relatively flat terrain, which is conducive to the production of high photosynthetic efficiency crops and high-quality agricultural products. It can be used as a reserve resource for cultivated land and has a huge potential for carbon sequestration, which plays an important role in ensuring the red line of arable land and food security, as well as regulating the global climate.
For a long time, the implementation of desert comprehensive management has been a hot topic of social concern and a difficult problem to be solved. There is a high amount of Pisha sandstone and sand alternating distribution in the desert area of China, of which 1.67 of 3.98 million hectares of Mu Us Sandy Land are distributed with abundant Pisha sandstone [3]. Han et al. [4,5] found that the rich clay minerals in Pisha sandstone can improve the corrosion resistance, water retention, and fertilizer retention of aeolian sand soil, and the experiment showed that when the mixing ratio of Pisha sandstone and sand is 1:1–1:5, its water retention and fertilizer retention performance is the strongest. Sun and Han [6] have found that adding a certain amount of Pisha sandstone to the aeolian sand soil can increase the effective water content and water holding capacity of the aeolian sand soil. Wang et al. [7] pointed out that the Pisha sandstone itself has poor water conductivity, when it is mixed with sand, it can significantly reduce the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, thereby reducing the speed of water leakage in the mixed soil. Wang et al. [8] found that after the addition of Pisha sandstone, the water and fertilizer utilization efficiency of sandstone is significantly improved, with an increase of 28.9–40.0%.
Water resources status [9], climate change [10], and soil physical and chemical properties [11] have short-term and long-term impacts on crop productivity and the development of the global food system. Soil organic matter content (OMC) and total nitrogen content (TNC) are important indicators of the overall state of soil fertility, which can improve soil physical, chemical, and biological properties [12,13]. Their content and dynamic balance not only directly affect soil quality and land productivity [14], but also have important bearing for the carbon and nitrogen cycle in the ecosystems [15,16]. Soil fertility, climatic conditions, and management measures and other factors that together affect the yield of crop [17–19], so the level and change trend of yield can be used as important indicators of soil development state and fertility level [20].
In recent years, the technology of reconstituting soil according to scientific proportions by Pisha sandstone and sand has been widely applied in the comprehensive management of Mu Us Sandy Land, and has achieved results. However, the reconstruction of soil quality evolution and sustainable utilization after the remediation of sandy land using Pisha sandstone clay mineral materials is a scientific question that requires further attention. At present, the research on Pisha sandstone to improve aeolian sand soil is mostly based on laboratory simulation of soil moisture, nutrients, physical, and chemical properties [5–7,21,22], while study through long-term field experiments of soil carbon and nitrogen distribution and land productivity is rarely reported. In the field experiment carried out from 2011 to 2019, the effects on OMC, TNC, and corn yield of reconstructed soil with different mixing proportions of Pisha sandstone and sand were investigated in Mu Us Sandy Land. The quality evolution trend of reconstituted soil is revealed and the appropriate mixing ratio of reconstituted soil with Pisha sandstone and sand is selected for sustainable development. Here it offers a way to make desertified soil more productive using locally sourced materials, which has important scientific guidance for ecological remediation of degraded land, sustainable development of modern global agriculture, and food production.
2 Methods
2.1 General condition of the study area
The field test was conducted in Dajihan Village, Xiaojihan Township, Yuyang District, Yulin City (109°28′58″–109°30′10″E, 38°27′53″–38°28′23″N), located in northern Shaanxi China, on the southern edge of the Mu Us Sandy Land, in the middle reaches of the Wuding River. The climate is mainly temperate arid and semi-arid, with annual precipitation between 200 and 600 mm, annual sunshine time of 2,500–3,000 h, and the percentage of sunshine as high as 70–80%. The average annual temperature difference is generally 30–50°C, the active accumulated temperature greater than or equal to 10°C is generally 3,000–5,000°C, the frost-free period is about 120–300 day. The average annual effective wind energy density in this area is 150–200 W/m2, and the annual accumulated wind speed hours are 4,000–5,000 h. The soil types in the study area were mainly sandy soil, and the main crops are corn and potato. The TNC of sand soil is 0.0075%, total phosphorus content of 0.63 g/kg, total potassium content of 26.51 g/kg, and an OMC of 0.03%.
2.2 Experimental design
The field monitoring experimental plot of Pisha sandstone-modified sandy soil was established in 2011; each cell was 12 m long, 5 m wide, and the volume ratio of Pisha sandstone to sand was 1:1 (T1), 1:2 (T2), and 1:5 (T3). Each treatment was repeated three times, which are completely randomly arranged in nine cells. On the surface of the original sand soil, the thickness of 30 cm is covered with reconstructed soil with the volume ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 Pisha sandstone and sand in each cell. During the trail, the local traditional spring corn “Yudan No. 9” was planted in early May every year, which is suitable for the local climate. The fertilization treatment is the same in all experimental plots, compound fertilizer (90 kg N/ha, 40 kg P/ha, and 75 kg K/ha) is applied 1–2 days before sowing [6,23]. Accurately weighed fertilizer is spread evenly on the surface of the soil manually, and then the top layer of 0–20 cm soil layers is tilled with a rotary tiller, so that the fertilizer and the soil are evenly mixed. The nitrogen fertilizer was applied once at 187 kg N/ha during the growing period of corn [6].
2.3 Experimental method
From 2011 to 2019, spring corn is planted every year in mid-May and harvested about 130 days after sowing, after the harvest of corn at the end of September, a soil drill with a diameter of 5 cm was used to collect soil samples in every cell according to the 5-point sampling method. The soil physical analysis and nutrient index determination were carried out. For corn yield measurement, area of a 2 m square was selected for each sample point, and three sample points in the upper, middle, and lower parts were selected in each community. Yield of corn was measured, and converted into standard units. Organic carbon was determined by wet oxidation method potassium dichromate, TNC was determined by Kättner nitrogen method [21]. The OMC is calculated as 1.724 times the soil organic carbon content [24].
2.4 Data processing
SPSS 13.0 statistical analysis software was used to conduct the T-test to analyze the differences in the changes of OMC, TNC, and corn yield in reconstructed soil with T1, T2, and T3 treatments under different planting years. P < 0.001 indicates a highly significant difference, P < 0.05 indicates a significant difference, and P > 0.05 indicates a non-significant difference. The experimental data were collated and plotted using Excel 2010.
3 Results
3.1 The OMC in Pisha sandstone and sand reconstructed soil
The OMC of T1 treatment has a large fluctuation as seen in Figure 1, but the overall content showed an upward trend, and reached the highest value after 8 years of cultivation, and reconstructed soil OMC increased by ten times compared with the original aeolian sand soil. The OMC of T2 treatment showed a continuous increasing trend, and there were significant differences between different years (P < 0.005). The OMC reached its highest value after 9 years of cultivation, and was increased by 12 times compared with the original aeolian sand soil. T2 treatment has the largest increase rate. The OMC of T3 treatment reached the highest value after 4 years of cultivation, and then decreased. There was no significant inter-annual difference in OMC in T3 treatment (P > 0.005). After 9 years of cultivation, the OMC of T3 treatment increased by 11 times as compared with the original aeolian sand soil, and the OMC in reconstructed soil with different proportions showed the following trend: T2 > T3 > T1.
Inter-annual variation characteristics of OMC in the reconstructed soil with different proportions.
3.2 The TNC in Pisha sandstone and sand reconstructed soil
It can be seen from Figure 2 that the TNC of T1, T2, and T3 treatments showed an overall increase trend with the development of the experiment. From the first year to third year of the trial, the TNC of the three treatments slowly increased. In particular, the T3 treatment showed a downward trend in TNC in the second year of cultivation, followed by a slow increase. This might be due to the fact that the rate of nitrogen mineralization and the rate of leakage in sandy soil at the beginning of the T3 treatment were greater than the rate of nitrogen accumulation. The TNC of the reconstructed soil in three treatments increased significantly after 4 years of cultivation, and all reached the maximum value after 9 years. The TNC showed the following trend: T1 > T2 > T3, which was increased by 5.5, 5.4, and 3.9 times, respectively, as compared with the original sandy land.
Inter-annual variation characteristics of TNC in reconstructed soil with different proportions.
3.3 Corn yield
Compared with the first year of cultivation, the yield of corn treated with T1, T2, and T3 increased by 43.9, 105.9, and 58.5%, respectively, after 9 years of cultivation (Figure 3). The yield of corn increased significantly under the three treatments, following T2 > T3 > T1 after 2015. In particular, the yield of T2 treatment after 2016 was greater than or equal to the yield of corn in local high-yield field, and the yield of corn of T3 treatment is close to the yield of the local high-yield field in the study area. This result coincided with the trend of nutrient change. After 2015, the soil structure and fertility of Pisha sandstone and sand soil reconstructed reached a relatively stable organic–inorganic composite state. Therefore, the yield of corn increased significantly after 2015, and the rate of increase on yield showed the highest at the ratio of 1:2 and the highest yield.
Annual variation of yield of corn.
Over time, the overall yield of corn planted in reconstructed soil with different proportions showed an upward trend as shown in Figure 4. The yield increase rate of corn treated with T2 was significant (P < 0.001), reaching 1,249 kg/ha per year. Next, the yield of corn treated with T3 increased significantly (P < 0.005), which was 792.7 kg/ha per year. The yield of T1 treated corn was less correlated with the years of cultivation, with an annual increase rate of 546.8 kg/ha.
Fitting equation of yield of corn at different proportions of reconstructed soil with time. The slope of the fitting equation is the annual change rate of corn yield (G/kg/year), ** year the change rate was very significant (P < 0.001), * year the change rate was significant (P < 0.005).
4 Discussion
The Pisha sandstone addition and the cultivation of corn significantly improved the carbon and nitrogen content of the original sand soil. Pisha sandstone addition is the material basis for reconstructed soil nutrients, and cultivation is the kinetic processes of reconstructed soil nutrients, both of which are important factors affecting OMC and TNC of Pisha sandstone and sand reconstructed soil. The soil OMC and TNC of three treatments showed an upward trend with the progress of the experiment. The carbon and nitrogen content of the reconstructed soil in the T2 and T3 treatments increased, and the utilization efficiency was greater than that of the T1 treatment. This is similar to the results of the study on the effects of crop cultivation on the change of carbon and nitrogen in sandy soil [25,26], this might be due to the increase of mineralized carbon and nitrogen in soils as there is an increase of sand grains, and decreases with the increase of sticky particles and powder particles. The content of soil sand grains in T2 and T3 treatments is greater than that of T1, so the soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization rate is greater, and the organic carbon and nitrogen in the soil are converted into more effective carbon and nitrogen that can be easily absorbed and utilized by plants through mineralization.
After 9 years of cultivation, the OMC and TNC of the reconstructed soil in T1, T2, and T3 treatments increased significantly, indicating that the soil biological productivity increased after the aeolian sandstone reconstructed, and the carbon sequestration capacity of the reconstructed soil was improved. However, after 9 years of cultivation, the soil OMC and TNC of three treatments were still low. The variation of OMC was 4.76–6.24 g/kg and the variation of TNC was 0.37–0.49 g/kg, which could not satisfy the needs of agricultural production. The difficulty of improving the OMC and the long improvement cycle are the scientific basis for enhancing the structural characteristics of sand and soil by using inorganic Pisha sandstone in sand renovation projects. Therefore, to increase the nutrient content in the newly reconstructed soil, it is necessary to adopt measures such as application of organic fertilizer, planting green manure, and straw return.
The level and trend of yield can accurately reflect the development of soil structure to a certain extent [27,28]. With the progress of the experiment, the yield of corn among different treatments varied greatly (P < 0.05), indicating that the mixing ratio and years of cultivation had an important impact on yield, that is, the soil structure development and fertility characteristics of three treatments were different over time. From 2010 to 2014, the soil structure and physicochemical traits were unstable at the beginning of cultivation, and the yield of corn under three treatments was low and there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). After 2015, with the cementation effect of corn root secretion accumulation on the soil, with the application of organic fertilizer and other agricultural management measures, the structure development of reconstructed soil of three treatments has been continuously improved, and the increasing rate of yield of corn has increased significantly.
The yield-increase effect of corn under T2 and T3 treatment were the best, mainly due to the different proportions of Pisha sandstone and sand soil, which makes the reconstructed soil have different characteristics. Different crops have different properties and different requirements for soil. Growth of corn has an improving effect on soil quality, and soil structure development varies in different texture types. This finding is consistent with the results supported by Sun and Han [6], Wang et al. [8], whose research showed that the utilization efficiency of soil water and fertilizer are better for corn cultivation by mixing Pisha sandstone and sand at the ratio of 1:2–1:5. Dorrji et al. [29] supported that soil amendments have a significant effect on corn yield in sandy soil. The advantages of solar thermal resources are obvious in Mu Us Sandy Land, China. The temperature is high during the day, which contributes to strong photosynthesis; meanwhile the temperature is low during the night, which contributes to weak breathing, low consumption, which is conducive to the accumulation of crop sugar and starch.
5 Conclusion
After 9 years of cultivation, the OMC, TNC, and corn yield of reconstructing soil by different mixed proportions of Pisha sandstone and sand show an increasing trend with the increase of crop planting years. The sustainable development of reconstructed soil quality is in good condition, especially T2 and T3 treatments had the best effect on corn yield increase, reaching the level of local high-yield grain field. T2 and T3 treatments are significantly higher than T1 treatments in soil quality and land productivity, so T2 and T3 treatments are recommended as the best scientific ratio for improving sand soil by Pisha sandstone in Mu Us Sandy Land.
The results show that it is feasible to improve the sandy soil by using the local raw material Pisha sandstone, which provides a new idea for improving the soil quality in the desertified land. This method can be used for reference in the ecological restoration of similar desertified land and degraded land, which is of great significance for promoting the sustainable development of regional agriculture and ecology.
The formation and quality evolution of soil is a long-term process. Whether Pisha sandstone, as a new material for sand fixation, has the value of promotion and use in the improvement of sandy soil, it is also necessary to consider the impact of climate, terrain, water resources, vegetation, and regional factors. The author’s subsequent research will consider a wider range of influencing factors, combined with more soil physical and chemical indicators, to continuously monitor the quality evolution and sustainable utilization of the soil reconstructed by Pisha sandstone and sand, in order to provide scientific basis for the popularization and application of the recombination technology of Pisha sandstone and sand in Mu Us Sandy Land.
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province (2022NY-082), Shaanxi Provincial Natural Science Basic Research Program (2021JZ-57), funded by Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements, Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd and Xi’an Jiaotong University (2021WHZ0087), and Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group internal research project (DJNY2022-17).
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Author contributions: Z.H.O. – designed the experiments; G.Z., Y.C.X., and Z.H. – carried out the experiments; Z.H.O. and W.Y.G. – formal analysis; Y.C.X. and W.Y.G. – investigation and data curation; Z.H.O. – writing original draft preparation; Z.H.O. and G.Z. – writing review and editing; Z.H.O. – project administration. The authors applied the SDC approach for the sequence of authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.
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Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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- Utilizing microresistivity image logs to recognize conglomeratic channel architectural elements of Baikouquan Formation in slope of Mahu Sag
- Resistivity cutoff of low-resistivity and low-contrast pays in sandstone reservoirs from conventional well logs: A case of Paleogene Enping Formation in A-Oilfield, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
- Examining the evacuation routes of the sister village program by using the ant colony optimization algorithm
- Spatial objects classification using machine learning and spatial walk algorithm
- Study on the stabilization mechanism of aeolian sandy soil formation by adding a natural soft rock
- Bump feature detection of the road surface based on the Bi-LSTM
- The origin and evolution of the ore-forming fluids at the Manondo-Choma gold prospect, Kirk range, southern Malawi
- A retrieval model of surface geochemistry composition based on remotely sensed data
- Exploring the spatial dynamics of cultural facilities based on multi-source data: A case study of Nanjing’s art institutions
- Study of pore-throat structure characteristics and fluid mobility of Chang 7 tight sandstone reservoir in Jiyuan area, Ordos Basin
- Study of fracturing fluid re-discharge based on percolation experiments and sampling tests – An example of Fuling shale gas Jiangdong block, China
- Impacts of marine cloud brightening scheme on climatic extremes in the Tibetan Plateau
- Ecological protection on the West Coast of Taiwan Strait under economic zone construction: A case study of land use in Yueqing
- The time-dependent deformation and damage constitutive model of rock based on dynamic disturbance tests
- Evaluation of spatial form of rural ecological landscape and vulnerability of water ecological environment based on analytic hierarchy process
- Fingerprint of magma mixture in the leucogranites: Spectroscopic and petrochemical approach, Kalebalta-Central Anatolia, Türkiye
- Principles of self-calibration and visual effects for digital camera distortion
- UAV-based doline mapping in Brazilian karst: A cave heritage protection reconnaissance
- Evaluation and low carbon ecological urban–rural planning and construction based on energy planning mechanism
- Modified non-local means: A novel denoising approach to process gravity field data
- A novel travel route planning method based on an ant colony optimization algorithm
- Effect of time-variant NDVI on landside susceptibility: A case study in Quang Ngai province, Vietnam
- Regional tectonic uplift indicated by geomorphological parameters in the Bahe River Basin, central China
- Computer information technology-based green excavation of tunnels in complex strata and technical decision of deformation control
- Spatial evolution of coastal environmental enterprises: An exploration of driving factors in Jiangsu Province
- A comparative assessment and geospatial simulation of three hydrological models in urban basins
- Aquaculture industry under the blue transformation in Jiangsu, China: Structure evolution and spatial agglomeration
- Quantitative and qualitative interpretation of community partitions by map overlaying and calculating the distribution of related geographical features
- Numerical investigation of gravity-grouted soil-nail pullout capacity in sand
- Analysis of heavy pollution weather in Shenyang City and numerical simulation of main pollutants
- Road cut slope stability analysis for static and dynamic (pseudo-static analysis) loading conditions
- Forest biomass assessment combining field inventorying and remote sensing data
- Late Jurassic Haobugao granites from the southern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: Implications for postcollision extension of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean
- Petrogenesis of the Sukadana Basalt based on petrology and whole rock geochemistry, Lampung, Indonesia: Geodynamic significances
- Numerical study on the group wall effect of nodular diaphragm wall foundation in high-rise buildings
- Water resources utilization and tourism environment assessment based on water footprint
- Geochemical evaluation of the carbonaceous shale associated with the Permian Mikambeni Formation of the Tuli Basin for potential gas generation, South Africa
- Detection and characterization of lineaments using gravity data in the south-west Cameroon zone: Hydrogeological implications
- Study on spatial pattern of tourism landscape resources in county cities of Yangtze River Economic Belt
- The effect of weathering on drillability of dolomites
- Noise masking of near-surface scattering (heterogeneities) on subsurface seismic reflectivity
- Query optimization-oriented lateral expansion method of distributed geological borehole database
- Petrogenesis of the Morobe Granodiorite and their shoshonitic mafic microgranular enclaves in Maramuni arc, Papua New Guinea
- Environmental health risk assessment of urban water sources based on fuzzy set theory
- Spatial distribution of urban basic education resources in Shanghai: Accessibility and supply-demand matching evaluation
- Spatiotemporal changes in land use and residential satisfaction in the Huai River-Gaoyou Lake Rim area
- Walkaway vertical seismic profiling first-arrival traveltime tomography with velocity structure constraints
- Study on the evaluation system and risk factor traceability of receiving water body
- Predicting copper-polymetallic deposits in Kalatag using the weight of evidence model and novel data sources
- Temporal dynamics of green urban areas in Romania. A comparison between spatial and statistical data
- Passenger flow forecast of tourist attraction based on MACBL in LBS big data environment
- Varying particle size selectivity of soil erosion along a cultivated catena
- Relationship between annual soil erosion and surface runoff in Wadi Hanifa sub-basins
- Influence of nappe structure on the Carboniferous volcanic reservoir in the middle of the Hongche Fault Zone, Junggar Basin, China
- Dynamic analysis of MSE wall subjected to surface vibration loading
- Pre-collisional architecture of the European distal margin: Inferences from the high-pressure continental units of central Corsica (France)
- The interrelation of natural diversity with tourism in Kosovo
- Assessment of geosites as a basis for geotourism development: A case study of the Toplica District, Serbia
- IG-YOLOv5-based underwater biological recognition and detection for marine protection
- Monitoring drought dynamics using remote sensing-based combined drought index in Ergene Basin, Türkiye
- Review Articles
- The actual state of the geodetic and cartographic resources and legislation in Poland
- Evaluation studies of the new mining projects
- Comparison and significance of grain size parameters of the Menyuan loess calculated using different methods
- Scientometric analysis of flood forecasting for Asia region and discussion on machine learning methods
- Rainfall-induced transportation embankment failure: A review
- Rapid Communication
- Branch fault discovered in Tangshan fault zone on the Kaiping-Guye boundary, North China
- Technical Note
- Introducing an intelligent multi-level retrieval method for mineral resource potential evaluation result data
- Erratum
- Erratum to “Forest cover assessment using remote-sensing techniques in Crete Island, Greece”
- Addendum
- The relationship between heat flow and seismicity in global tectonically active zones
- Commentary
- Improved entropy weight methods and their comparisons in evaluating the high-quality development of Qinghai, China
- Special Issue: Geoethics 2022 - Part II
- Loess and geotourism potential of the Braničevo District (NE Serbia): From overexploitation to paleoclimate interpretation
Articles in the same Issue
- Regular Articles
- Diagenesis and evolution of deep tight reservoirs: A case study of the fourth member of Shahejie Formation (cg: 50.4-42 Ma) in Bozhong Sag
- Petrography and mineralogy of the Oligocene flysch in Ionian Zone, Albania: Implications for the evolution of sediment provenance and paleoenvironment
- Biostratigraphy of the Late Campanian–Maastrichtian of the Duwi Basin, Red Sea, Egypt
- Structural deformation and its implication for hydrocarbon accumulation in the Wuxia fault belt, northwestern Junggar basin, China
- Carbonate texture identification using multi-layer perceptron neural network
- Metallogenic model of the Hongqiling Cu–Ni sulfide intrusions, Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Insight from long-period magnetotellurics
- Assessments of recent Global Geopotential Models based on GPS/levelling and gravity data along coastal zones of Egypt
- Accuracy assessment and improvement of SRTM, ASTER, FABDEM, and MERIT DEMs by polynomial and optimization algorithm: A case study (Khuzestan Province, Iran)
- Uncertainty assessment of 3D geological models based on spatial diffusion and merging model
- Evaluation of dynamic behavior of varved clays from the Warsaw ice-dammed lake, Poland
- Impact of AMSU-A and MHS radiances assimilation on Typhoon Megi (2016) forecasting
- Contribution to the building of a weather information service for solar panel cleaning operations at Diass plant (Senegal, Western Sahel)
- Measuring spatiotemporal accessibility to healthcare with multimodal transport modes in the dynamic traffic environment
- Mathematical model for conversion of groundwater flow from confined to unconfined aquifers with power law processes
- NSP variation on SWAT with high-resolution data: A case study
- Reconstruction of paleoglacial equilibrium-line altitudes during the Last Glacial Maximum in the Diancang Massif, Northwest Yunnan Province, China
- A prediction model for Xiangyang Neolithic sites based on a random forest algorithm
- Determining the long-term impact area of coastal thermal discharge based on a harmonic model of sea surface temperature
- Origin of block accumulations based on the near-surface geophysics
- Investigating the limestone quarries as geoheritage sites: Case of Mardin ancient quarry
- Population genetics and pedigree geography of Trionychia japonica in the four mountains of Henan Province and the Taihang Mountains
- Performance audit evaluation of marine development projects based on SPA and BP neural network model
- Study on the Early Cretaceous fluvial-desert sedimentary paleogeography in the Northwest of Ordos Basin
- Detecting window line using an improved stacked hourglass network based on new real-world building façade dataset
- Automated identification and mapping of geological folds in cross sections
- Silicate and carbonate mixed shelf formation and its controlling factors, a case study from the Cambrian Canglangpu formation in Sichuan basin, China
- Ground penetrating radar and magnetic gradient distribution approach for subsurface investigation of solution pipes in post-glacial settings
- Research on pore structures of fine-grained carbonate reservoirs and their influence on waterflood development
- Risk assessment of rain-induced debris flow in the lower reaches of Yajiang River based on GIS and CF coupling models
- Multifractal analysis of temporal and spatial characteristics of earthquakes in Eurasian seismic belt
- Surface deformation and damage of 2022 (M 6.8) Luding earthquake in China and its tectonic implications
- Differential analysis of landscape patterns of land cover products in tropical marine climate zones – A case study in Malaysia
- DEM-based analysis of tectonic geomorphologic characteristics and tectonic activity intensity of the Dabanghe River Basin in South China Karst
- Distribution, pollution levels, and health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater in the main pepper production area of China
- Study on soil quality effect of reconstructing by Pisha sandstone and sand soil
- Understanding the characteristics of loess strata and quaternary climate changes in Luochuan, Shaanxi Province, China, through core analysis
- Dynamic variation of groundwater level and its influencing factors in typical oasis irrigated areas in Northwest China
- Creating digital maps for geotechnical characteristics of soil based on GIS technology and remote sensing
- Changes in the course of constant loading consolidation in soil with modeled granulometric composition contaminated with petroleum substances
- Correlation between the deformation of mineral crystal structures and fault activity: A case study of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault and the Milin fault
- Cognitive characteristics of the Qiang religious culture and its influencing factors in Southwest China
- Spatiotemporal variation characteristics analysis of infrastructure iron stock in China based on nighttime light data
- Interpretation of aeromagnetic and remote sensing data of Auchi and Idah sheets of the Benin-arm Anambra basin: Implication of mineral resources
- Building element recognition with MTL-AINet considering view perspectives
- Characteristics of the present crustal deformation in the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship with strong earthquakes
- Influence of fractures in tight sandstone oil reservoir on hydrocarbon accumulation: A case study of Yanchang Formation in southeastern Ordos Basin
- Nutrient assessment and land reclamation in the Loess hills and Gulch region in the context of gully control
- Handling imbalanced data in supervised machine learning for lithological mapping using remote sensing and airborne geophysical data
- Spatial variation of soil nutrients and evaluation of cultivated land quality based on field scale
- Lignin analysis of sediments from around 2,000 to 1,000 years ago (Jiulong River estuary, southeast China)
- Assessing OpenStreetMap roads fitness-for-use for disaster risk assessment in developing countries: The case of Burundi
- Transforming text into knowledge graph: Extracting and structuring information from spatial development plans
- A symmetrical exponential model of soil temperature in temperate steppe regions of China
- A landslide susceptibility assessment method based on auto-encoder improved deep belief network
- Numerical simulation analysis of ecological monitoring of small reservoir dam based on maximum entropy algorithm
- Morphometry of the cold-climate Bory Stobrawskie Dune Field (SW Poland): Evidence for multi-phase Lateglacial aeolian activity within the European Sand Belt
- Adopting a new approach for finding missing people using GIS techniques: A case study in Saudi Arabia’s desert area
- Geological earthquake simulations generated by kinematic heterogeneous energy-based method: Self-arrested ruptures and asperity criterion
- Semi-automated classification of layered rock slopes using digital elevation model and geological map
- Geochemical characteristics of arc fractionated I-type granitoids of eastern Tak Batholith, Thailand
- Lithology classification of igneous rocks using C-band and L-band dual-polarization SAR data
- Analysis of artificial intelligence approaches to predict the wall deflection induced by deep excavation
- Evaluation of the current in situ stress in the middle Permian Maokou Formation in the Longnüsi area of the central Sichuan Basin, China
- Utilizing microresistivity image logs to recognize conglomeratic channel architectural elements of Baikouquan Formation in slope of Mahu Sag
- Resistivity cutoff of low-resistivity and low-contrast pays in sandstone reservoirs from conventional well logs: A case of Paleogene Enping Formation in A-Oilfield, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
- Examining the evacuation routes of the sister village program by using the ant colony optimization algorithm
- Spatial objects classification using machine learning and spatial walk algorithm
- Study on the stabilization mechanism of aeolian sandy soil formation by adding a natural soft rock
- Bump feature detection of the road surface based on the Bi-LSTM
- The origin and evolution of the ore-forming fluids at the Manondo-Choma gold prospect, Kirk range, southern Malawi
- A retrieval model of surface geochemistry composition based on remotely sensed data
- Exploring the spatial dynamics of cultural facilities based on multi-source data: A case study of Nanjing’s art institutions
- Study of pore-throat structure characteristics and fluid mobility of Chang 7 tight sandstone reservoir in Jiyuan area, Ordos Basin
- Study of fracturing fluid re-discharge based on percolation experiments and sampling tests – An example of Fuling shale gas Jiangdong block, China
- Impacts of marine cloud brightening scheme on climatic extremes in the Tibetan Plateau
- Ecological protection on the West Coast of Taiwan Strait under economic zone construction: A case study of land use in Yueqing
- The time-dependent deformation and damage constitutive model of rock based on dynamic disturbance tests
- Evaluation of spatial form of rural ecological landscape and vulnerability of water ecological environment based on analytic hierarchy process
- Fingerprint of magma mixture in the leucogranites: Spectroscopic and petrochemical approach, Kalebalta-Central Anatolia, Türkiye
- Principles of self-calibration and visual effects for digital camera distortion
- UAV-based doline mapping in Brazilian karst: A cave heritage protection reconnaissance
- Evaluation and low carbon ecological urban–rural planning and construction based on energy planning mechanism
- Modified non-local means: A novel denoising approach to process gravity field data
- A novel travel route planning method based on an ant colony optimization algorithm
- Effect of time-variant NDVI on landside susceptibility: A case study in Quang Ngai province, Vietnam
- Regional tectonic uplift indicated by geomorphological parameters in the Bahe River Basin, central China
- Computer information technology-based green excavation of tunnels in complex strata and technical decision of deformation control
- Spatial evolution of coastal environmental enterprises: An exploration of driving factors in Jiangsu Province
- A comparative assessment and geospatial simulation of three hydrological models in urban basins
- Aquaculture industry under the blue transformation in Jiangsu, China: Structure evolution and spatial agglomeration
- Quantitative and qualitative interpretation of community partitions by map overlaying and calculating the distribution of related geographical features
- Numerical investigation of gravity-grouted soil-nail pullout capacity in sand
- Analysis of heavy pollution weather in Shenyang City and numerical simulation of main pollutants
- Road cut slope stability analysis for static and dynamic (pseudo-static analysis) loading conditions
- Forest biomass assessment combining field inventorying and remote sensing data
- Late Jurassic Haobugao granites from the southern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: Implications for postcollision extension of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean
- Petrogenesis of the Sukadana Basalt based on petrology and whole rock geochemistry, Lampung, Indonesia: Geodynamic significances
- Numerical study on the group wall effect of nodular diaphragm wall foundation in high-rise buildings
- Water resources utilization and tourism environment assessment based on water footprint
- Geochemical evaluation of the carbonaceous shale associated with the Permian Mikambeni Formation of the Tuli Basin for potential gas generation, South Africa
- Detection and characterization of lineaments using gravity data in the south-west Cameroon zone: Hydrogeological implications
- Study on spatial pattern of tourism landscape resources in county cities of Yangtze River Economic Belt
- The effect of weathering on drillability of dolomites
- Noise masking of near-surface scattering (heterogeneities) on subsurface seismic reflectivity
- Query optimization-oriented lateral expansion method of distributed geological borehole database
- Petrogenesis of the Morobe Granodiorite and their shoshonitic mafic microgranular enclaves in Maramuni arc, Papua New Guinea
- Environmental health risk assessment of urban water sources based on fuzzy set theory
- Spatial distribution of urban basic education resources in Shanghai: Accessibility and supply-demand matching evaluation
- Spatiotemporal changes in land use and residential satisfaction in the Huai River-Gaoyou Lake Rim area
- Walkaway vertical seismic profiling first-arrival traveltime tomography with velocity structure constraints
- Study on the evaluation system and risk factor traceability of receiving water body
- Predicting copper-polymetallic deposits in Kalatag using the weight of evidence model and novel data sources
- Temporal dynamics of green urban areas in Romania. A comparison between spatial and statistical data
- Passenger flow forecast of tourist attraction based on MACBL in LBS big data environment
- Varying particle size selectivity of soil erosion along a cultivated catena
- Relationship between annual soil erosion and surface runoff in Wadi Hanifa sub-basins
- Influence of nappe structure on the Carboniferous volcanic reservoir in the middle of the Hongche Fault Zone, Junggar Basin, China
- Dynamic analysis of MSE wall subjected to surface vibration loading
- Pre-collisional architecture of the European distal margin: Inferences from the high-pressure continental units of central Corsica (France)
- The interrelation of natural diversity with tourism in Kosovo
- Assessment of geosites as a basis for geotourism development: A case study of the Toplica District, Serbia
- IG-YOLOv5-based underwater biological recognition and detection for marine protection
- Monitoring drought dynamics using remote sensing-based combined drought index in Ergene Basin, Türkiye
- Review Articles
- The actual state of the geodetic and cartographic resources and legislation in Poland
- Evaluation studies of the new mining projects
- Comparison and significance of grain size parameters of the Menyuan loess calculated using different methods
- Scientometric analysis of flood forecasting for Asia region and discussion on machine learning methods
- Rainfall-induced transportation embankment failure: A review
- Rapid Communication
- Branch fault discovered in Tangshan fault zone on the Kaiping-Guye boundary, North China
- Technical Note
- Introducing an intelligent multi-level retrieval method for mineral resource potential evaluation result data
- Erratum
- Erratum to “Forest cover assessment using remote-sensing techniques in Crete Island, Greece”
- Addendum
- The relationship between heat flow and seismicity in global tectonically active zones
- Commentary
- Improved entropy weight methods and their comparisons in evaluating the high-quality development of Qinghai, China
- Special Issue: Geoethics 2022 - Part II
- Loess and geotourism potential of the Braničevo District (NE Serbia): From overexploitation to paleoclimate interpretation
