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The effect of weathering on drillability of dolomites

  • Candan Bilen EMAIL logo and Utku Sakız
Published/Copyright: December 2, 2023
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Open Geosciences
From the journal Open Geosciences Volume 15 Issue 1

Abstract

In this study, an aggregate quarry was investigated in order to understand the impact of weathering phenomenon on the drillability of dolomite stones, respectively. Samples were collected from the study area and analyzed in terms of physicomechanical tests (specific gravity, dry unit weight, uniaxial compressive strength, point load index (Is50), and Brazillian tensile strength). The drillability of the rocks was investigated using the drilling rate index method. Based on the analysis results, significant relationships were obtained between physicomechanical properties and drillability of dolomites at different weathering grades. Initial evaluations can be interpreted as an increase in the weathering degree would result in an increase in drillability. This understanding of weathering's impact on drillability is actually the main purpose of this study. This article could be a tool as regards initial evaluations of the drillability of dolomites combined with the weathering mechanism, since successful evaluations and meaningful relations were achieved.

Keywords: dolomites; weathering; drilling rate index; physicomechanic properties

1 Introduction

Drilling machines have been widely used in underground and surface structures, tunneling works, gas and oil extraction, mining, and construction areas for many years. Drillability, which is one of the most basic activities in rock excavation, can be defined as the penetration or ease of drilling made by a drill bit per unit of time in the rock mass. Rock drillability is affected by many factors related to the operational operating parameters of drilling machines, physicomechanical properties, and weathering mechanism of rocks (Figure 1). Operational machine parameters cover the drilling method, bit types, and shapes, as well as the drill’s technical specifications. On the other hand, the physicomechanical properties of the rock significantly affect the drilling performance and the wear of the bits [1]. Therefore, assessment of drillability can be difficult due to the drilling mechanism caused by complex drilling parameters [2].

Figure 1 Affecting factors on drillability (modified from the study by Thuro and Spaun [3]).
Figure 1

Affecting factors on drillability (modified from the study by Thuro and Spaun [3]).

Many researchers have investigated the relationship between drillability and various rock properties. Many researchers [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17] have investigated the relationships between various rock material properties and the drilling mechanism. However, it should be taken into account that the drilling mechanism has a close relationship with the properties of the rock material as well as with the properties of the rock mass.

DRI is widely used as one of the most basic performance evaluation test methods for drilling applications and as a measure of rock drillability. In the relevant literature, there are many statistical and neural network models have been improved between the DRI and physicomechanic rock properties [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. In this context, this study focuses on the relationship between DRI and weathering grade as well as the physicomechanic properties of rock.

Weathering, which is defined as the process of alteration and breakdown of rock and soil materials by chemical, physical, and biological processes [31], can also be regarded as a way to understand and address complex engineering problems. According to Fookes et al. [32], weathering is defined as changes during the adaptation of rocks when they are subjected to different temperatures and pressure either on their surface or underground, especially highly occurred in previous geological times. Weinert and Saunders and Fookes [33,34] have claimed the fact that weathering is one of the most significant processes in terms of engineering properties of surface rocks and they define it as changes that occur on rocks with the effect of atmosphere and hydrosphere. Weathering takes place in terms of both physically and chemically, and as a result, rock mass properties are readily affected by this process. Weathering is the main reason behind each step occurrence between rock mass and the final product of residual soil [35,36,37,38].

Recently, there have been many studies [39,40] in terms of the importance of the weathering phenomena of rocks in engineering applications. As suggested by Marques et al. [41], in order to avoid or reduce geotechnical problems, one should appropriately understand complex weathering profiles. However, determining weathering grades is not always easy. The methods as regards understanding weathering profiles should be cheap and easy to evaluate [31]. For example, researchers [42,43] have evaluated Schmidt hammer rebound value and ultrasonic wave velocities to assess weathering profiles.

Weathering mechanisms in limestones and dolomite rocks have been studied by many researchers from the past to present. At the same time, some researchers have studied slope stability problems caused by weathering. In weathering studies of this type of rock, almost all rock mass and rock material properties have been examined. These rock material properties such as discontinuity properties, dissolution type, porosity type, technological, geological, geomechanical, mineralogical-petrographic, and chemical properties were examined, weathering definitions and profiles were determined, and the possible effects of weathering on all these rock properties were revealed in detail [44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56].

In addition to the studies that focus on either drillability or weathering only, there are some other studies [8,57,58,59,60,61] that investigate drillability on weathered rocks. In this context, Bhatawdekar et al. [58] suggested including information of geological features and degree of weathering in their information models for drilling and blasting operations. In addition, Bhatawdekar et al. and Da Fonseca et al. [58,61] have tried to estimate marble weathering in the context of drillability and drilling resistance. Researchers [60] have considered TBM performance in terms of weathering. Authors [59] have analyzed penetration rate in terms of multivariate regression and the model that they have suggested includes weathering grades of tuff samples. In this context, Thuro [8] emphasized that in studies on drillability, rock mass properties such as discontinuity and weathering degree should be taken into account as well as the mechanical properties of the rock. Hoseinie et al. [62] have taken into account the spacing, filling, and dip of discontinuities in the definition of the drillability of rock masses. On the other hand, Liang et al. [63] stated that the nature of weathered rock and weathering profiles are not considered sufficiently in the evaluation criteria in related studies.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of variations in DRI and physicomechanical and weathering properties of dolomite rocks. Initial observations, physicomechanical characteristics were carried out in order to understand weathering mechanism and the classification, respectively. This research’s novelty is to ensure the weathering grade of rocks was taken into account for DRI as well as the physicomechanical properties of the rock. Statistical analyses on the data obtained from experimental studies determined strong linear relationships between the weathering grade and physicomechanical properties and DRI. In addition, a drillability classification compatible with the weathering profiles of the rocks has been developed. In the light of this fact, the obtained information reveals the necessity of considering the weathering degrees of the rocks in the determination of drillability.

2 Study area

In this study, the dolomite quarry located in the Kocaeli–Gebze region in Turkey (east of İstanbul) was taken into consideration (Figure 2). Ballikaya formation is referred to by many researchers [64,65,66,67,68,69,70] in terms of the geological formation of the region including the study area of dolomites. The unit is deposited in a shallow-deep sea rift. Dolomitization, however, has developed at the end of the deposition [64]. In this study, samples taken to reveal the weathering classification of dolomites were obtained from aggregate quarries operated in Ballikaya formation (Figure 3).

Figure 2 Study area (adapted from the study by Bien [71]).
Figure 2

Study area (adapted from the study by Bien [71]).

Figure 3 General view of the quarry opened in Ballikaya formation.
Figure 3

General view of the quarry opened in Ballikaya formation.

The unit we observed in the study area consists of limestone, dolomite, and dolomitic limestones, usually of gray, dark gray, and blackish colors, with thin-medium crystalline, thin-thick layers. The thickness of the formation is 950 m [64]. According to Folk’s [72] classification, the unit consists of mostly sparitic limestone and dolomite, with relatively small amounts of crystallized-recrystallized, micritic, biomicritic, biosparitic, microsparitic, intramicrosparitic, biomicrosparitic, oosparitic, biooosparitic, microsparitic dolomitic, and intrasparitic dolomitic limestones in the study area. The stratigraphy is thin-medium thick at the base and thick-very thick toward the tops.

3 Methods

In the study area, it is very difficult to obtain block samples from highly and completely weathered levels in accordance with the standards and to prepare samples for experiments. This is because at these levels the rock mass property is lost, and converted to ground material form consisting of weathered products. Block samples of suitable size (30 × 30 × 30 cm) were taken to represent all degrees of weathering except the highly and completely weathered level (Figure 4). Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine many parameters in order to determine the drillability and physic-mechanical properties of weathered rocks. In this study, a total of 16 dolomite samples were studied (Table 2).

Figure 4 Representative sampling points on dolomite weathering profile (adapted from the study by Bilen [73]).
Figure 4

Representative sampling points on dolomite weathering profile (adapted from the study by Bilen [73]).

Table 2

The physicomechanical properties, drillability rate index, and weathering grades of dolomites

No DRI G s ɣ d (kN/m3) UCS (MPa) BTS (MPa) Is (50) S20 Sj
1 48 3.00 29.71 75.46 10.04 3.22 34 10.2
2 75 2.77 27.19 50.38 6.02 2.22 66 8.9
3 71 2.68 28.29 44.42 5.28 1.96 57 10.6
4 80 2.73 27.78 34.26 4.01 1.51 71 5.2
5 48 3.05 29.98 87.84 10.80 3.87 42 4.1
6 85 2.57 27.14 29.38 3.41 1.29 75 8.2
7 64 2.91 27.81 62.17 8.62 1.73 58 4.4
8 58 2.62 28.68 58.82 6.60 2.71 51 2.8
9 59 2.81 28.37 65.91 7.96 2.90 53 2.5
10 66 2.92 28.96 47.07 5.61 2.07 52 11.1
11 65 2.73 27.75 44.46 5.27 1.96 50 11.2
12 56 2.53 29.77 74.94 7.08 2.94 45 8.7
13 38 3.12 30.18 123.16 15.46 5.43 33 3.1
14 67 2.89 28.20 69.62 7.46 3.07 52 11
15 59 2.93 28.75 74.48 8.66 3.28 48 8.6
16 70 2.87 28.21 66.93 8.10 2.95 58 9.3

Uniaxial compressive strength, UCS; Brazilian Tensile Strength, BTS; Point Load Index, Is50; Specific Gravity, G s; Dry Unit Weight, ɣd, Brittleness Test, S20; Sievers Miniature Test, Sj; and Drilling Rate Index, DRI.

3.1 DRI

DRI is an index test method that is widely used in determining the drillability of rocks and gives a measure of rock drillability. The method is based on an evaluation of the results from two main experiments (brittleness and Sievers miniature drilling experiments). The S20 test method gives good a measure for rock brittleness or the ability of the rock to resist crushing by repeated impacts. The Sievers J-miniature drill test is used as a measure of surface hardness or indentation resistance of rocks. For this purpose, brittleness (Figure 5a) and Sievers miniature drilling (Figure 5b) tests of rock samples were performed. By evaluating the results obtained from both experiments in the chart given in Figure 6, DRI values were determined for each rock sample. The proposed drillability classification for DRI values is given in Table 1.

Figure 5 DRI test methods. (a) S20 Brittleness test and (b) Sievers Miniature test [19].
Figure 5

DRI test methods. (a) S20 Brittleness test and (b) Sievers Miniature test [19].

Figure 6 DRI Chart [19].
Figure 6

DRI Chart [19].

Table 1

DRI Classification [19]

Classification DRI
Extremely low ≤25
Very low 26–32
Low 33–42
Medium 43–57
High 58–69
Very high 70–82
Extremely high ≥83

4 Physicomechanical properties of studied rocks

The uniaxial compressive strength test was carried out on cylindrical core samples prepared with a height–diameter ratio of 2.5–3.0 according to ISRM [51]. The experiments were carried out in a hydraulic press and at an average loading speed of 0.5–1 MPa/s and were repeated five times for each rock. An indirect tensile strength test was applied on disc samples prepared with [51] with a height–diameter ratio of 0.5–1. Both the upper and lower surfaces of the prepared disc samples were roughly smoothed. For each sample, 10 experiments were performed as a standard. The point load strength test was performed on core samples with a length-to-diameter ratio of 1:2. The load was steadily increased such that failure occurred within 10–60 s. The tests were carried out according to ISRM [51] suggested methods and repeated at least ten times for each rock type, and the average value was recorded. Studies on the determination of physical properties (specific gravity) were carried out according to ISRM [51].

5 Results and discussion

Mean values of physicomechanical properties, drillability rate index, and weathering grades of the rocks are presented in Table 2. Value ranges of 16 dolomite rocks examined in this study, according to results Table 2, are as follows: Unaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), 29.38–1123.16 MPa; Brazilian Tensile Strength (BTS), 3.41–15.46 MPa; Point Load Index (Is50), 1.29–5.43 MPa; Specific Gravity (G s), 2.53–2.87; Dry Unit Weight (ɣ d), 24.77–28.51 (kN/m3); Drilling Rate Index (DRI), 38–85.

It is clear that a single rock property cannot be evaluated in engineering applications. Therefore, the physicomechanical, mineralogical, and mass properties of rocks should be investigated in detail and evaluated together in field applications such as drillability.

Within the scope of this study, linear regression analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel to obtain the relationship between the physicomechanical properties and DRI in Figure 7. The interval of values of determination coefficients (R 2) is 0.70–0.80. A strong relationship between DRI and UCS was found. DRI increases with the decrease of UCS. Similar results were obtained for other mechanical properties (Is50 and BTS; Figure 7). The relationship between UCS, BTS, and Is50 versus DRI obtained in this study was similar to those stated in previous studies [17,26,28,29].

Figure 7 The relationship between DRI and physicomechanical properties of the rock.
Figure 7

The relationship between DRI and physicomechanical properties of the rock.

When the relationships between the physical properties of the rock and the DRI were examined, high linear regression was also determined between specific gravity, dry unit weight, and DRI (Figure 7). In this study, better relationships were obtained between the DRI and the specific gravity parameter compared to the study by Shafique et al. and Yenice at al. [24,28].

In this study, the relationship between weathering grade and DRI was investigated as well as physicomechanical properties of the rock. The weathering grades of the rocks vary from fresh rock to moderately weathered. Within the scope of the study, a drillability classification compatible with the weathering profiles of dolomitic rocks has been developed (Figure 8). On the other hand, the results show that there is a positive relationship between weathering grades and DRI (Figure 9). In other words, DRI values increase with increasing weathering grades of the rock. The results obtained in this study are similar to those of Sugawara et al. and Rathinasamy et al. [57,59] in which the relationship between the rate of penetration and the weathering grades was investigated. Not only these above-mentioned studies [57,59] but also some other studies [60,74] have observed the same trends between drillability and weathering of rocks. Armaghani et al. [60] have investigated the penetration rates and TBM performance in fresh through weathered granites, and they have pointed out the fact that rock mass weathering is an important factor in terms of the TBM performance, i.e., drillability in this case. Many researchers [75,76,77,78,79,80] have highlighted the significance of weathering in terms of TBM performance which can be interpreted as “drillability.” Bhatawdekar et al. [58] have performed a study on tropically weathered rocks, and they have explained the humidity and temperature as fastening the weathering. Zhou et al. [74] have pointed out the significance of weathering during excavation and they have referred entire excavation process being performed on top soil layers [81,82].

Figure 8 Dominant weathering profile of dolomites in the study area (partly adapted from Bilen [73]).
Figure 8

Dominant weathering profile of dolomites in the study area (partly adapted from Bilen [73]).

Figure 9 Change in DRI values of different weathering grades of dolomites.
Figure 9

Change in DRI values of different weathering grades of dolomites.

The Drilling Rate Index (DRI) values of the rocks investigated at different weathering grades are presented in Figures 8 and 9. Considering dolomites, it is seen that there is an increase in DRI values along with weathering. On viewing Figures 8 and 9, we will be able to understand which weathering class a rock with a known drillability value belongs to.

Many researchers [83,84,85] have pointed out the significant relationships between drillability and weathering. For example, Hassan et al. [83] have claimed the fact that the degree of weathering of rocks is the main parameter that should be involved to predict rock drillability. Deal et al. [84] have referred to the degree of weathering which can act as a proxy for drilling, and the authors have combined the consideration of the theoretical concept of UCS and the practical limits defined by [86]. Furthermore, the authors [84] have claimed the fact that weathering can provide information about hard rock limitations when the quantitative measures of rock strength are not available. Besides the rock properties, Zhang et al. [85] have summarized the geological conditions including weathering grades as being important factors in terms of the performance (drilling) and wear. Last but not least, the authors [74] have demonstrated some graphical representations of rock mass drillability index versus five classified weathering groups (completely, highly, moderately, slightly, and unweathered).

Researchers have been interested in finding a method to predict the drillability of rocks using different rock properties. Multiple regression models are a method used to evaluate multiple variables in relation to each other. Within the scope of this study, equations were obtained by statistical analysis revealing the relationship between DRI and the geotechnical properties of dolomitic rocks. The relationship between DRI and rock properties was presented before in Figure 8 using linear simple regression analysis. In addition, multiple regression analysis was also performed in order to estimate DRI based on different rock properties, and the proposed equation is presented in the following (equation (1)):

(1) DRI = 175.908 − 4.08 ⁎ γ d − 1.42 ⁎ BTS + 6.71 ⁎ W .

In this context, the dependent variable is the drilling rate index of the rocks (DRI, unitless), and the independent variables are specific gravity (g/cm3), dry unit volume weight (kN/m3), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS, MPa), Brazilian tensile strength (BTS, MPa), point load strength index (I s), and weathering grade (W, unitless). Regression analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel software. The most appropriate model was obtained using the independent variables ɣd, BTS, and W. Calculations related to this analysis process are presented in Tables 3 and 4. Since the F-value is less than 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval, the model is considered significant. In addition, t-test ratios were also considered to determine the potential value of each of the independent variables in the regression model. According to the statistical results given in Table 4, it is seen that the multiple regression equation can be safely used to predict the DRI values of dolomitic rocks. As seen in Figure 10, it was determined that there was a significant statistical relationship between the measured and predicted DRI values with a regression coefficient (R 2) of 0.95.

Table 3

Variance analysis results for selected multiple regression model

Sum of squares Mean square F Ratio Significance F
Regression 2122.952 707.6506 71.97313 6.1 × 10−8
Residual 117.9858 9.832149
Total 2240.938
Table 4

Summary results of statistical model

Variables Coefficient Standard Error t Ratio P-Value F Ratio Significance F Coefficient of determination (R 2)
Constant 175.908 45.303 3.883 0.002
ɣd −4.078 1.517 −2.688 0.020 71.97313 6.1 × 10−8 0.95
BTS −1.420 0.457 −3.105 0.009
W 6.706 2.145 3.127 0.009
Figure 10 Relationship between predicted and measured DRI.
Figure 10

Relationship between predicted and measured DRI.

This study reveals that the weathering properties of rocks as well as rock material properties should be taken into account for DRI estimation. In the equation given above 1, the physicomechanical properties of rocks have different magnitudes of influence on DRI. It has been previously shown that DRI decreases as the physicomechanical properties of rocks increase, as shown in Figure 7. On the contrary, an increase in the degree of weathering has a positive effect on rock drillability. Therefore, this model is suitable for dolomite-type rocks. However, for a more reliable classification proposal and prediction model, the number of rocks examined should be increased and the rocks should be evaluated separately according to their origin.

Consequently, the drillability of rocks plays a major role in decision-making for engineers and is a very important property in terms of machine performance and costs in mining and tunneling processes. For this purpose, the parameters affecting the drillability of the rocks should be investigated in detail. Researchers are always interested in evaluating rock drillability from rock properties. In this present study, for weathered dolomite rocks, quantitative characterization has been established by using the physicomechanical parameters and DRI.

6 Conclusion

The aim of this study is to consider the mass properties of rocks such as the weathering grades as well as their physicomechanical properties in determining rock drillability. The obtained results are summarized as follows:

  • Specific gravity has a statistically meaningful relation with DRI, and DRI values increase with increasing specific gravity. According to the results obtained from this study, it is seen that dry unit weight is an important rock feature as well as UCS for rock drillability.

  • It is concluded that the most important properties of rock is UCS (R 2 of 0.80), and there is a strong relation with DRI. On the other hand, almost similar relations are obtained for other Is50 and BTS. That is, the mechanical properties of the rock increase with decreasing DRI.

  • A classification was developed between the drillability properties of the rocks and their weathering grades. Accordingly, DRI values increase with increasing weathering grades of the rock.

  • For weathered dolomites, quantitative characterization has been established in this study by using the physicomechanical parameters and drilling parameters.

In addition to the weathering grade, it is suggested that the mass properties of the rock such as discontinuities should be taken into consideration in future studies on drillability. Also, this study should be enhanced by adding other types of rocks and rock properties for a more reliable and scientific generalization.

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  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2023-08-02
Revised: 2023-10-12
Accepted: 2023-10-21
Published Online: 2023-12-02

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2022-0568
Keywords for this article
dolomites; weathering; drilling rate index; physicomechanic properties
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Diagenesis and evolution of deep tight reservoirs: A case study of the fourth member of Shahejie Formation (cg: 50.4-42 Ma) in Bozhong Sag
  3. Petrography and mineralogy of the Oligocene flysch in Ionian Zone, Albania: Implications for the evolution of sediment provenance and paleoenvironment
  4. Biostratigraphy of the Late Campanian–Maastrichtian of the Duwi Basin, Red Sea, Egypt
  5. Structural deformation and its implication for hydrocarbon accumulation in the Wuxia fault belt, northwestern Junggar basin, China
  6. Carbonate texture identification using multi-layer perceptron neural network
  7. Metallogenic model of the Hongqiling Cu–Ni sulfide intrusions, Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Insight from long-period magnetotellurics
  8. Assessments of recent Global Geopotential Models based on GPS/levelling and gravity data along coastal zones of Egypt
  9. Accuracy assessment and improvement of SRTM, ASTER, FABDEM, and MERIT DEMs by polynomial and optimization algorithm: A case study (Khuzestan Province, Iran)
  10. Uncertainty assessment of 3D geological models based on spatial diffusion and merging model
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  12. Impact of AMSU-A and MHS radiances assimilation on Typhoon Megi (2016) forecasting
  13. Contribution to the building of a weather information service for solar panel cleaning operations at Diass plant (Senegal, Western Sahel)
  14. Measuring spatiotemporal accessibility to healthcare with multimodal transport modes in the dynamic traffic environment
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  17. Reconstruction of paleoglacial equilibrium-line altitudes during the Last Glacial Maximum in the Diancang Massif, Northwest Yunnan Province, China
  18. A prediction model for Xiangyang Neolithic sites based on a random forest algorithm
  19. Determining the long-term impact area of coastal thermal discharge based on a harmonic model of sea surface temperature
  20. Origin of block accumulations based on the near-surface geophysics
  21. Investigating the limestone quarries as geoheritage sites: Case of Mardin ancient quarry
  22. Population genetics and pedigree geography of Trionychia japonica in the four mountains of Henan Province and the Taihang Mountains
  23. Performance audit evaluation of marine development projects based on SPA and BP neural network model
  24. Study on the Early Cretaceous fluvial-desert sedimentary paleogeography in the Northwest of Ordos Basin
  25. Detecting window line using an improved stacked hourglass network based on new real-world building façade dataset
  26. Automated identification and mapping of geological folds in cross sections
  27. Silicate and carbonate mixed shelf formation and its controlling factors, a case study from the Cambrian Canglangpu formation in Sichuan basin, China
  28. Ground penetrating radar and magnetic gradient distribution approach for subsurface investigation of solution pipes in post-glacial settings
  29. Research on pore structures of fine-grained carbonate reservoirs and their influence on waterflood development
  30. Risk assessment of rain-induced debris flow in the lower reaches of Yajiang River based on GIS and CF coupling models
  31. Multifractal analysis of temporal and spatial characteristics of earthquakes in Eurasian seismic belt
  32. Surface deformation and damage of 2022 (M 6.8) Luding earthquake in China and its tectonic implications
  33. Differential analysis of landscape patterns of land cover products in tropical marine climate zones – A case study in Malaysia
  34. DEM-based analysis of tectonic geomorphologic characteristics and tectonic activity intensity of the Dabanghe River Basin in South China Karst
  35. Distribution, pollution levels, and health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater in the main pepper production area of China
  36. Study on soil quality effect of reconstructing by Pisha sandstone and sand soil
  37. Understanding the characteristics of loess strata and quaternary climate changes in Luochuan, Shaanxi Province, China, through core analysis
  38. Dynamic variation of groundwater level and its influencing factors in typical oasis irrigated areas in Northwest China
  39. Creating digital maps for geotechnical characteristics of soil based on GIS technology and remote sensing
  40. Changes in the course of constant loading consolidation in soil with modeled granulometric composition contaminated with petroleum substances
  41. Correlation between the deformation of mineral crystal structures and fault activity: A case study of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault and the Milin fault
  42. Cognitive characteristics of the Qiang religious culture and its influencing factors in Southwest China
  43. Spatiotemporal variation characteristics analysis of infrastructure iron stock in China based on nighttime light data
  44. Interpretation of aeromagnetic and remote sensing data of Auchi and Idah sheets of the Benin-arm Anambra basin: Implication of mineral resources
  45. Building element recognition with MTL-AINet considering view perspectives
  46. Characteristics of the present crustal deformation in the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship with strong earthquakes
  47. Influence of fractures in tight sandstone oil reservoir on hydrocarbon accumulation: A case study of Yanchang Formation in southeastern Ordos Basin
  48. Nutrient assessment and land reclamation in the Loess hills and Gulch region in the context of gully control
  49. Handling imbalanced data in supervised machine learning for lithological mapping using remote sensing and airborne geophysical data
  50. Spatial variation of soil nutrients and evaluation of cultivated land quality based on field scale
  51. Lignin analysis of sediments from around 2,000 to 1,000 years ago (Jiulong River estuary, southeast China)
  52. Assessing OpenStreetMap roads fitness-for-use for disaster risk assessment in developing countries: The case of Burundi
  53. Transforming text into knowledge graph: Extracting and structuring information from spatial development plans
  54. A symmetrical exponential model of soil temperature in temperate steppe regions of China
  55. A landslide susceptibility assessment method based on auto-encoder improved deep belief network
  56. Numerical simulation analysis of ecological monitoring of small reservoir dam based on maximum entropy algorithm
  57. Morphometry of the cold-climate Bory Stobrawskie Dune Field (SW Poland): Evidence for multi-phase Lateglacial aeolian activity within the European Sand Belt
  58. Adopting a new approach for finding missing people using GIS techniques: A case study in Saudi Arabia’s desert area
  59. Geological earthquake simulations generated by kinematic heterogeneous energy-based method: Self-arrested ruptures and asperity criterion
  60. Semi-automated classification of layered rock slopes using digital elevation model and geological map
  61. Geochemical characteristics of arc fractionated I-type granitoids of eastern Tak Batholith, Thailand
  62. Lithology classification of igneous rocks using C-band and L-band dual-polarization SAR data
  63. Analysis of artificial intelligence approaches to predict the wall deflection induced by deep excavation
  64. Evaluation of the current in situ stress in the middle Permian Maokou Formation in the Longnüsi area of the central Sichuan Basin, China
  65. Utilizing microresistivity image logs to recognize conglomeratic channel architectural elements of Baikouquan Formation in slope of Mahu Sag
  66. Resistivity cutoff of low-resistivity and low-contrast pays in sandstone reservoirs from conventional well logs: A case of Paleogene Enping Formation in A-Oilfield, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
  67. Examining the evacuation routes of the sister village program by using the ant colony optimization algorithm
  68. Spatial objects classification using machine learning and spatial walk algorithm
  69. Study on the stabilization mechanism of aeolian sandy soil formation by adding a natural soft rock
  70. Bump feature detection of the road surface based on the Bi-LSTM
  71. The origin and evolution of the ore-forming fluids at the Manondo-Choma gold prospect, Kirk range, southern Malawi
  72. A retrieval model of surface geochemistry composition based on remotely sensed data
  73. Exploring the spatial dynamics of cultural facilities based on multi-source data: A case study of Nanjing’s art institutions
  74. Study of pore-throat structure characteristics and fluid mobility of Chang 7 tight sandstone reservoir in Jiyuan area, Ordos Basin
  75. Study of fracturing fluid re-discharge based on percolation experiments and sampling tests – An example of Fuling shale gas Jiangdong block, China
  76. Impacts of marine cloud brightening scheme on climatic extremes in the Tibetan Plateau
  77. Ecological protection on the West Coast of Taiwan Strait under economic zone construction: A case study of land use in Yueqing
  78. The time-dependent deformation and damage constitutive model of rock based on dynamic disturbance tests
  79. Evaluation of spatial form of rural ecological landscape and vulnerability of water ecological environment based on analytic hierarchy process
  80. Fingerprint of magma mixture in the leucogranites: Spectroscopic and petrochemical approach, Kalebalta-Central Anatolia, Türkiye
  81. Principles of self-calibration and visual effects for digital camera distortion
  82. UAV-based doline mapping in Brazilian karst: A cave heritage protection reconnaissance
  83. Evaluation and low carbon ecological urban–rural planning and construction based on energy planning mechanism
  84. Modified non-local means: A novel denoising approach to process gravity field data
  85. A novel travel route planning method based on an ant colony optimization algorithm
  86. Effect of time-variant NDVI on landside susceptibility: A case study in Quang Ngai province, Vietnam
  87. Regional tectonic uplift indicated by geomorphological parameters in the Bahe River Basin, central China
  88. Computer information technology-based green excavation of tunnels in complex strata and technical decision of deformation control
  89. Spatial evolution of coastal environmental enterprises: An exploration of driving factors in Jiangsu Province
  90. A comparative assessment and geospatial simulation of three hydrological models in urban basins
  91. Aquaculture industry under the blue transformation in Jiangsu, China: Structure evolution and spatial agglomeration
  92. Quantitative and qualitative interpretation of community partitions by map overlaying and calculating the distribution of related geographical features
  93. Numerical investigation of gravity-grouted soil-nail pullout capacity in sand
  94. Analysis of heavy pollution weather in Shenyang City and numerical simulation of main pollutants
  95. Road cut slope stability analysis for static and dynamic (pseudo-static analysis) loading conditions
  96. Forest biomass assessment combining field inventorying and remote sensing data
  97. Late Jurassic Haobugao granites from the southern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: Implications for postcollision extension of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean
  98. Petrogenesis of the Sukadana Basalt based on petrology and whole rock geochemistry, Lampung, Indonesia: Geodynamic significances
  99. Numerical study on the group wall effect of nodular diaphragm wall foundation in high-rise buildings
  100. Water resources utilization and tourism environment assessment based on water footprint
  101. Geochemical evaluation of the carbonaceous shale associated with the Permian Mikambeni Formation of the Tuli Basin for potential gas generation, South Africa
  102. Detection and characterization of lineaments using gravity data in the south-west Cameroon zone: Hydrogeological implications
  103. Study on spatial pattern of tourism landscape resources in county cities of Yangtze River Economic Belt
  104. The effect of weathering on drillability of dolomites
  105. Noise masking of near-surface scattering (heterogeneities) on subsurface seismic reflectivity
  106. Query optimization-oriented lateral expansion method of distributed geological borehole database
  107. Petrogenesis of the Morobe Granodiorite and their shoshonitic mafic microgranular enclaves in Maramuni arc, Papua New Guinea
  108. Environmental health risk assessment of urban water sources based on fuzzy set theory
  109. Spatial distribution of urban basic education resources in Shanghai: Accessibility and supply-demand matching evaluation
  110. Spatiotemporal changes in land use and residential satisfaction in the Huai River-Gaoyou Lake Rim area
  111. Walkaway vertical seismic profiling first-arrival traveltime tomography with velocity structure constraints
  112. Study on the evaluation system and risk factor traceability of receiving water body
  113. Predicting copper-polymetallic deposits in Kalatag using the weight of evidence model and novel data sources
  114. Temporal dynamics of green urban areas in Romania. A comparison between spatial and statistical data
  115. Passenger flow forecast of tourist attraction based on MACBL in LBS big data environment
  116. Varying particle size selectivity of soil erosion along a cultivated catena
  117. Relationship between annual soil erosion and surface runoff in Wadi Hanifa sub-basins
  118. Influence of nappe structure on the Carboniferous volcanic reservoir in the middle of the Hongche Fault Zone, Junggar Basin, China
  119. Dynamic analysis of MSE wall subjected to surface vibration loading
  120. Pre-collisional architecture of the European distal margin: Inferences from the high-pressure continental units of central Corsica (France)
  121. The interrelation of natural diversity with tourism in Kosovo
  122. Assessment of geosites as a basis for geotourism development: A case study of the Toplica District, Serbia
  123. IG-YOLOv5-based underwater biological recognition and detection for marine protection
  124. Monitoring drought dynamics using remote sensing-based combined drought index in Ergene Basin, Türkiye
  125. Review Articles
  126. The actual state of the geodetic and cartographic resources and legislation in Poland
  127. Evaluation studies of the new mining projects
  128. Comparison and significance of grain size parameters of the Menyuan loess calculated using different methods
  129. Scientometric analysis of flood forecasting for Asia region and discussion on machine learning methods
  130. Rainfall-induced transportation embankment failure: A review
  131. Rapid Communication
  132. Branch fault discovered in Tangshan fault zone on the Kaiping-Guye boundary, North China
  133. Technical Note
  134. Introducing an intelligent multi-level retrieval method for mineral resource potential evaluation result data
  135. Erratum
  136. Erratum to “Forest cover assessment using remote-sensing techniques in Crete Island, Greece”
  137. Addendum
  138. The relationship between heat flow and seismicity in global tectonically active zones
  139. Commentary
  140. Improved entropy weight methods and their comparisons in evaluating the high-quality development of Qinghai, China
  141. Special Issue: Geoethics 2022 - Part II
  142. Loess and geotourism potential of the Braničevo District (NE Serbia): From overexploitation to paleoclimate interpretation
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