Home Physical Sciences Evaluation of the antianxiety activity of green zinc nanoparticles mediated by Boswellia thurifera in albino mice by following the plus maze and light and dark exploration tests
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Evaluation of the antianxiety activity of green zinc nanoparticles mediated by Boswellia thurifera in albino mice by following the plus maze and light and dark exploration tests

  • Enfu Wang , Youguo Tan , Lan He , Yun Wu EMAIL logo , Garima Rana and Mika Sillanpää
Published/Copyright: September 23, 2025
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 23 Issue 1

Abstract

Anxiety is a typical emotional response, however, it becomes pathological and triggers psychiatric and cardiovascular disorders when it reaches a severe level. Benzodiazepines are the most frequently prescribed allopathic drugs for treating anxiety disorders, despite their numerous systemic side effects. Boswellia thurifera extract was employed in creating green zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) to address anxiety in albino mice by following the light and dark exploration (LDE) as well as plus maze tests. The resulting ZnNPs were subjected to UV-Vis, EDX, XRD, and FE-SEM analyses. The synthesized nanoparticles in this study had sizes of 30–60 nm. A UV-Vis spectrophotometry analysis was conducted to quantify the absorbance of nanoparticles in the 200–800 nm range. The anxiolytic effects of ZnNPs were assessed using two established methods: LDE and elevated plus maze tests. The mice were divided into five groups, with each group containing ten mice for both models. The efficacy of ZnNPs was evaluated at three distinct doses: 50, 100, and 200 µg/kg. These doses were compared to the control group and diazepam (1 mg/kg). The evaluation took place 1 h after the drug was administered. The observed alterations in the behavior in both paradigms indicate a reduction in anxiety, a decrease in sensitivity to light, and an increase in exploratory behavior in the animal. These changes were similar to the effects produced by the standard drug diazepam, thus supporting the conclusion that ZnNPs possess anxiolytic properties. The best results were seen at a dose of 200 µg/kg nanoparticles. ZnNPs show promise for clinical use in treating anxiety disorders. It is imperative to perform additional studies on the action mechanisms of the ZnNPs, along with identifying the active substance(s) responsible for their medical effects.

Keywords: zinc nanoparticles; Boswellia thurifera ; antianxiety; plus maze test; light and dark test

1 Introduction

Anxiety, a prevalent mental health issue among the general population, impacts around 25% of people throughout their lifetime and 18% of people within a specific year [1,2,3,4]. Anxiety is widely regarded as an innate reaction to stress, equipping individuals with the capacity to navigate challenging circumstances [3,4,5]. If anxiety symptoms persist in terms of severity and duration, it could develop into a form of pathological anxiety that necessitates treatment. Conditions of this nature are commonly associated with challenging life events, particularly when these events are ongoing and emotionally distressing [6]. Research has shown that the imbalance of neurotransmitters, alterations in signaling pathways, and the brain neuronal circuit’s distortion play a role under these conditions [7]. Anxiety has been linked to the adrenal–pituitary–hypothalamic axis [8]. The anxiety system regulation is greatly influenced by the GABAergic and serotonergic systems [9]. The enhancement of the GABA receptor has been shown to alleviate anxiety disorders [8]. Anxiety disorder commonly occurs along with depression. Regrettably, existing pharmaceutical treatments for mental disorders are suboptimal, and a significant number of patients do not benefit from these therapies or experience adverse effects [5].

Nanomedicine represents an emerging phenomenon globally, focusing on the utilization of nanotechnology in the field of biomedicine for the timely detection and management of various illnesses [10,11]. Numerous studies have explored the utilization of the distinct characteristics of nanoparticles, specifically zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs), in the management of various illnesses [10,11,12]. Zn NPs exhibit biocompatibility, bioavailability, and significant solubility [13,14,15,16]. Consequently, they possess the ability to replicate the functions of biomolecules and can accumulate in various bodily systems where biomolecules play a role in regulating the cellular cycle and preserving cellular homeostasis [13,14,15]. Zn NPs possess excellent biocompatibility, enabling their utilization for their antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer properties in therapeutic applications [13,14,15,16]. Several research studies have suggested that a lack of zinc in the body may contribute to anxiety-related behaviors [13,17]. Nevertheless, the administration of certain inorganic and organic zinc supplements, including Zn methionine, conventional ZnO, and ZnSO4, has demonstrated a limited enhancement in anxiety levels among animal models [17,18]. Zinc oxide, an inorganic compound, is extensively utilized in a variety of applications, particularly in pharmaceuticals, and in cosmetic and technical products [17]. Zinc enhances the development and function of different enzymes, while also influencing multiple receptors, including GABAergic receptor, as well as calcium and NMDA voltage-dependent channel [17,18]. The aforementioned receptors play a crucial role in regulating anxiety levels. Zn is a highly significant compound in the field of drug utilization owing to its distinct properties. For instance, it serves as a vehicle for different medications, substances that promote nerve cell growth, antimicrobial substances, and its pain-relieving properties were recently demonstrated [18].

The utilization of nanoparticles as a substitute for conventional-scale particles has been experiencing a significant surge due to the swift advancements in nanotechnology [19,20,21,22]. Nanoparticles can be either organic polymers or inorganic materials. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are engineered metal oxide nanomaterials extensively manufactured and utilized in various technological applications because of their magnetic, piezoelectric, semi-conducting, catalytic, and distinct optical characteristics [22,23,24,25,26]. In recent times, biotechnologists have shown interest in Zn NPs due to their ability to be surface functionalized with various metal and semiconductor core materials. This allows for the development of beneficial properties that could have diverse therapeutic uses [22,23,24,25]. ZnNPs are consumed directly through pharmacological systems and food packaging. They are currently utilized in the packaging materials and food industry because of their antimicrobial characteristics. Additionally, they are employed as imaging agents and anti-cancer drugs [25,26,27].

The assessment of anxiety-related behaviors in mice subjected to ZnNPs, utilizing the LDE and elevated plus maze tests, was followed in this research. We formulated environmentally friendly ZnNPs by Boswellia thurifera due to its high and unique therapeutic effects. Marefati et al. indicated the neuroprotective and anti-anxiety efficacies of the Boswellia genus in the in vivo and clinical trials studies [28]. It has also been shown that Boswellia serrata treats the glioma after reducing peritumoral cerebral edema [29]. Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) and 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA), which may specifically block 5-lipooxygenase, have been linked to the majority of B. serrata’s pharmacological characteristics [30]. According to reports, these substances inhibit topoisomerases I and IIα as well as human leukocyte elastases [31]. When administered orally in rats, boswellic acids of B. serrata have also been demonstrated to decrease the quantity of rolling and adhering leukocytes as well as the leukocyte–endothelial cell adhesive contact [32]. Furthermore, by activating caspase-8 and raising the number of death receptors, these acids caused apoptosis in aberrant cells such as glioblastoma cells, liver, and colon cancer [33]. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of Zn NPs using a range of techniques, including spectroscopy and diffraction, to obtain a deeper understanding of their structure, morphology, and dimensions. Also, we determined the efficacy of ZnNPs in managing the anxiety-related behaviors of mice in the common anxiety tests, i.e., LDE and plus maze tests. It seems that the synergistic efficacies of the reaction of ZnNPs and B. serrata leaf extract make the high and unique neuroprotective effects in anxiety tests.

2 Experimental

2.1 Chemical characterization techniques

The ZnNPs@Boswellia thurifera were characterized using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Cary 50) in the range of 200–800 nm. The XRD patterns were recorded by an STOE instrument with Cu-Kα radiation. The FE-SEM image and EDX analysis were obtained using a Philips XL30.

2.2 Preparation of B. thurifera extract

Field studies and experimental research on plants that involved gathering plant material were carried out in compliance with applicable institutional, national, and international regulations. The leaves of B. thurifera were meticulously rinsed three times using double-distilled water to eliminate any debris and dust particles. Following this, the cleaned leaves were dried at 25°C for 1 week until they attained a stable weight. The desiccated leaf powder was obtained utilizing a laboratory mill fitted with a hammer grinding accessory, and subsequently subjected to sieving through a 0.2 mm mesh. After adding 40 g of B. thurifera leaf powder to a round-bottom flask, 100 mL of distilled water was added, and the mixture was refluxed for 60 min at 80°C. After 2 h of heating to 80°C, the extracted material was allowed to cool at ambient temperature. The fine extract was then obtained by filtering the entire solution through Whatman filter paper. For later use, the extracted material was stored in a refrigerator at 4°C. The determination of extraction efficiency, calculated using the leaf dry weight, was elucidated using the following formula, which indicated a value of 30%:

Yield ( g/ 100 g ) = ( W 1 × 100 ) / W 2 .

2.3 Green synthesis of ZnNPs

The green synthesis of NPs was conducted based on the Mahdavi et al.’s work with some modifications [34e]: a mixture of the plant extract (50 mL) and zinc nitrate (20 mL, 0.25 M) at pH 9 was transferred and held for 1.5 h. The NPs were precipitated in a light brown color. The NPs were separated by centrifuging at 12,000 RPM for 8 min. ZnNPs were washed with deionized water four times, interspersed with centrifugation at intervals. The ZnNPs were finally dried at 55°C for 10 h.

2.4 Cytotoxicity efficacy of ZnNPs

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were kept at 37°C within a humidified environment consisting of 5% CO2 and 95% air. HUVECs were grown in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% v/v FBS, along with streptomycin and penicillin. The assessment of cytotoxicity was conducted utilizing the MTT assay. The normal cells were seeded in a culture plate using different concentrations of ZnNPs. The cultured plates were maintained in an incubator for 72 h at 37°C with 5% CO2. Since the MTT assay measures cell viability by converting MTT by active mitochondria to formazan, a 72-h incubation is frequently used for the effects of a treatment to become apparent and for the cell population to reach an appropriate level of decline or growth [34f]. After the incubation period, 0.02 mL of MTT solution in PBS was introduced to each well, achieving a final concentration of 500 µg/mL, and the wells were subsequently incubated for an additional 5 h at 37°C. The medium was subsequently discarded, and 0.1 mL of DMSO was introduced to each well to facilitate the solubilization of the formazan. The absorbance was recorded at a wavelength of 490 using an ELISA reader, and 630 nm served as a reference. A total of 3 independent examinations were conducted, with three replicates collected for each experiment. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 value), representing the ZnNPs concentration that led to a 50% decrease in cell viability, was determined using the following formula [34e]:

Cell viability ( % ) = ZnNPs absorption Control absorption .

2.5 Animals

The study included healthy Swiss male albino mice, weighing between 38 and 40 g, and aged between 5 months. They were given unrestricted access to commercial food in standard laboratory settings with a natural dark–light cycle, at 25°C. The drug was administered 30 min before conducting the experiments. A total of 50 animals were utilized. The animal tests and experiments conducted adhered to the guidelines outlined by the Laboratory Animal Research Instruction of the University of Johannesburg. The sample size was calculated according to the following equation:

Sample size = 2 SD 2 ( Z α / 2 + Z β ) 2 / d 2 .

Five groups of 10 animals each were formed according to the following classification:

  1. Untreated mice (Distilled water).

  2. Treated mice with diazepam (1 mg/kg).

  3. Treated mice with ZnNPs (50 µg/kg).

  4. Treated mice with ZnNPs (100 µg/kg).

  5. Treated mice with ZnNPs (200 µg/kg).

The nanoparticles at several doses were dissolved in distilled water and administered by gavage to mice.

According to the studies of Fang et al. [35], Jia et al. [36], and Zhang et al. [37], the nanoparticles green-formulated by the medicinal plants had significant neuroprotective effects in the range doses of 50–200 µg/kg and range sizes of 30–100 nm.

2.6 Elevated plus maze test

The structure comprises a central platform measuring 0.1 m × 0.1 m, which is linked to two exposed arms measuring 50 × 10 cm, as well as two enclosed arms with dimensions of 50 cm × 40 cm × 10 cm. This entire structure is elevated 0.5 m above the floor. The mice were administered several doses of ZnNPs and diazepam 30 min before being individually positioned in the elevated plus maze center, with their orientation toward a closed arm. The time spent in closed and open arms was documented for 300 s. The measurement of time spent was in seconds. The entries made into both the closed and open arms were tallied throughout the experiment. An entry was indicated as having all 4 paws contained within the arm [38].

2.7 LDE test

The equipment comprised two square containers divided by a wooden partition, with each container measuring 0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m. One container was dimly lit, while another was illuminated by a 7 W/12V bulb. A 6 cm × 6 cm opening was located at the wooden wall center, accessible through a transparent plexiglass sliding door that can be opened or closed, allowing animals to pass through from either side. The animals were individually positioned at the lightbox center and monitored for the subsequent 5 min. The duration spent in each box was recorded in seconds. The recorded data also included the number of crossings between the boxes. Before being placed in the light box, the mice were administered diazepam and ZnNPs 30 min in advance [38].

2.8 Statistical analysis

The experiment was carried out several times, ensuring at least three repetitions for each substance, dilution, and corresponding time interval. One-way ANOVA (post-test through Dennett’s method) was used to analyze the results (P < 0.01).

3 Results and discussion

Figure 1 exhibits the EDX analysis of ZnNPs. The method is a sufficient way for elemental investigation of nanoparticles. The zinc signals are found at an energy of 1.02 keV (ZnLα), 8.67 keV (ZnKα), and 9.62 keV (ZnKβ). The extract linkage to the NP surface is confirmed by the presence of signals at 0.28 keV (CKα) and 0.52 keV (OKα) for carbon and oxygen. The peaks for ZnNPs have been reported by other reports [39,40]. The EDX provides significant peaks of 8.9% for carbon, 12.7% for oxygen, and 78.4% for zinc, whose weight percentage peaks are similar to those previously reported for the fabrication of ZnNPs [40]. This information provides the composition of each element present in the analyte.

Figure 1 EDX diagram of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera.
Figure 1

EDX diagram of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera.

Figure 2 shows the XRD spectrum of ZnNPs@Boswellia thurifera. The crystallinity of nanoparticles is reported by the obtained results. The data of 31.35 (100), 33.97 (002), 35.77 (101), 46.98 (102), 55.96 (110), and 67.26 (311) well match the signals of the standard PDF Card (No. 01-080-3002) for zinc oxide nanoparticles. A crystal size of 43.18 nm was computed for the NPs. The obtained size is less than those reported for ZnNPs synthesized using different plants such as Ziziphora clinopodioides, Alhagi maurorum, and rosemary [41,42].

Figure 2 XRD spectra of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera.
Figure 2

XRD spectra of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera.

The SPR of the synthesized ZnNPs was recorded by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, as shown in Figure 3. The band at 254 nm is related to ZnNPs. Similar bands have been revealed for Zn NPs previously [43]. To compare with previous reports, a blue shift is observed for the Zn NPs green synthesis. The blue shift in the UV-Vis spectrum of ZnNPs can occur due to quantum confinement effects. When nanoparticles are very small, the confinement of electrons leads to quantization of energy levels. This results in a higher energy bandgap compared to bulk material, causing an upward shift in the absorption spectrum toward shorter wavelengths, which appear blue-shifted. The effect is determined by the crucial role played by the size and shape of the nanoparticles, as smaller nanoparticles exhibit stronger quantum confinement effects and, consequently, more pronounced blue shifts in their UV-Vis absorption spectra [44].

Figure 3 UV-Vis spectrum of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera.
Figure 3

UV-Vis spectrum of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera.

The structure of Zn NPs was studied by FE-SEM and TEM. Figures 4 and 5 show the morphology of ZnNPs. The results reveal a spherical structure with an aggregative tendency similar to previous reports for various metallic nanoparticles [45,46,47,48]. The image shows an average size of <50 nm for formulated Zn NPs. The size of the ZnNPs was reported to range from 20 to 90 nm [39,40].

Figure 4 FE-SEM image of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera.
Figure 4

FE-SEM image of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera.

Figure 5 TEM image of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera.
Figure 5

TEM image of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera.

A recent study examined the cytotoxic efficacies of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera on the normal HUVEC. As shown in Figure 6, the IC50 value for the Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera exceeds 1,000 µg/mL after 24, 48, and 72 h. Significant toxicity was not observed at concentrations below 1,000 µg/mL.

Figure 6 Cytotoxicity characteristics of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera.
Figure 6

Cytotoxicity characteristics of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera.

The elevated plus maze test is extensively employed to assess anxiety-like behavior, making it one of the most commonly utilized tests in this field. The examination relies on rodents’ innate aversion to open and high places, along with their natural tendency to explore new environments [38]. This examination is frequently employed for therapeutic validation and screening for anti-anxiety characteristics. All open arms are equipped with high-end plates measuring 1 cm in height to ensure that the mice remain securely in the maze while exploring [38].

The findings reported in Table 1 demonstrate a notable increase in the duration spent in open arms and open arm entries for the animals treated with diazepam. Table 1 demonstrates that ZnNPs@Boswellia thurifera-treated animals experienced increased open arm entries, time spent in open arms, and rear number in the open arms. Additionally, there was a notable reduction in time spent in the closed arms. The best results were seen at a dose of 200 µg/kg nanoparticles.

Table 1

Efficacy of administration of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera in the elevated plus maze on the animal’s behavior

Drug groups (n = 10) No. of rears in open arms Time spent in closed arms (s) Time spent in open arms (s) No. of total arm entries No. of open arms entries
Control 1.9 ± 0.2 232 ± 15 39 ± 3 3.8 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.1
Diazepam 3.8 ± 0.3 145 ± 9 132 ± 6 6.3 ± 0.4 4 ± 0.3
ZnNPs@Boswellia thurifera (50 µg/kg) 3.4 ± 0.3 178 ± 7 97 ± 5 5.5 ± 0.5 3.6 ± 0.5
ZnNPs@Boswellia thurifera (100 µg/kg) 3.5 ± 0.1 156 ± 12 121 ± 9 6 ± 0.3 3.7 ± 0.2
ZnNPs@Boswellia thurifera (200 µg/kg) 3.9 ± 0.4 138 ± 10 146 ± 12 6.6 ± 0.3 4.3 ± 0.5

The light/dark box is commonly employed to evaluate anxiety-like behavior in rodents by observing their response to the aversive and anxiety-inducing environment of a brightly lit area. In anxiety models, animals spend less time in the bright chamber [30]. Conversely, animals that receive anxiolytic treatment exhibit an increase in the duration they spend in the bright area [30].

The data in Table 2 reveal that animals treated with diazepam spent more time in the light area and exhibited a significant increase in rearing behavior. Animals treated with ZnNPs@Boswellia thurifera exhibited an augmentation in the time spent in the illuminated area. Table 2 demonstrates a decrease in the duration of immobility across all three doses as well. The best results were seen at a dose of 200 µg/kg nanoparticles.

Table 2

Efficacy of administration of Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera in bright and dark apparatus on the animal’s behavior

Drug groups (n = 10) Duration of immobility (s) No. of rears in the bright chamber Time spent in the bright chamber (s) No. of bright chamber entries
Control 76 ± 5 2.8 ± 0.1 10 ± 2 1.7 ± 0.1
Diazepam 38 ± 6 5.9 ± 0.4 49 ± 5 3.6 ± 0.4
ZnNPs@Boswellia thurifera (50 µg/kg) 55 ± 4 4.4 ± 0.2 37 ± 5 3 ± 0.3
ZnNPs@Boswellia thurifera (100 µg/kg) 48 ± 5 5.6 ± 0.5 45 ± 6 3.4 ± 0.4
ZnNPs@Boswellia thurifera (200 µg/kg) 41 ± 3 6 ± 0.3 49 ± 4 3.8 ± 0.5

The utilization of Zn NPs in the control groups led to a decrease in anxiety levels and an increase in both the entry frequency into the open arms and the duration spent in the open arms. Torabi et al. (2015) found that the anxiety behavior of rats was significantly reduced when they were administered 1 mg/kg ZnO and ZnO NP. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the anxiolytic properties of ZnO NPs surpassed those of ZnO. Hence, the anxiolytic impacts of ZnO NPs could be attributed to the distinctive chemical and physical characteristics of NPs and their diminutive dimensions, resulting in enhanced efficacy and tissue permeability. It has been verified that nanoparticles have more active sites than traditional compounds. As a result, they can have a more substantial impact in smaller quantities than their conventional counterparts. In a broader sense, it can be affirmed that Zn ions play a role in the functioning and stimulation of various enzymes within the human body. Additionally, they impact the receptors of several neurotransmitters, including NMDA, serotonin, voltage-gated calcium channels, and GABA [49]. These receptors can also have significant functions in anxiety regulation. Moreover, considering that Zn ions have a main role in the proper functioning of the brain and other organs [50], incorporating organic and inorganic supplements enriched with zinc has shown potential in alleviating anxiety in animal models [51]. Although there is limited knowledge regarding the mechanism behind the anxiolytic efficacies of zinc oxide nanoparticles, it has been proposed that releasing Zn ions from nanocomposites could potentially induce anxiolytic efficacies in animals through a minimum of two mechanisms [49]. Initially, certain research has indicated that zinc ions control glutamate signaling through the inhibition of NMDA receptors. Typically, glutamate and zinc ions are simultaneously released in the presynaptic space. Glutamate plays a crucial role as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the regulation of anxiety-related behaviors. Zn ions disrupt glutamate activity in anxiety by blocking the NMDA receptor. Furthermore, the presence of zinc ions serves as a suppressive neurotransmitter, effectively diminishing the release of glutamate from the presynaptic terminal. This leads to a reduction in glutamate signaling and ultimately prevents the onset of anxiety by enhancing the release of GABA from the presynaptic terminal [52].

4 Conclusion

B. thurifera leaf extract was used in this study to produce green ZnNPs for tackling anxiety in animal models. The Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera obtained from this process were subjected to UV-Vis, EDX, XRD, and FE-SEM analyses. The chemical characterization data indicate that the Zn NPs@Boswellia thurifera were synthesized under the best conditions. The findings from this research indicate that ZnNPs@Boswellia thurifera demonstrate anxiolytic effects in vivo without any cytotoxicity effects against the normal or HUVECs under in vitro conditions. ZnNPs@Boswellia thurifera show promise for clinical use in treating anxiety disorders. Additional research into the herbal nanoparticles' action mechanism, along with the identification of the active substances driving its biological effects, is imperative.

# Enfu Wang and Youguo Tan contributed equally to this work.

  1. Funding information: Zigong Key Science and Technology Plan Zigong Brain Science Research Institute Collaborative Innovation project（2024-NK01-07).

  2. Author contributions: Enfu Wang: conceptualization, investigation, acquisition, formal analysis, data curation, supervision, project administration, methodology, validation, resources, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing. Youguo Tan: conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, data curation, supervision, software, project administration, methodology, visualization, validation, resources, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing. Lan He: conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, data curation, supervision, software, project administration, methodology, visualization, validation, resources, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing. Yun Wu: conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, data curation, supervision, software, project administration, methodology, visualization, validation, resources, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing. Garima Rana: conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, data curation, supervision, software, project administration, methodology, visualization, validation, resources, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing. Mika Sillanpää: conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, data curation, supervision, software, project administration, methodology, visualization, validation, resources, writing – original draft, and writing – review and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The experiments were performed according to the ethical guidelines of the International Association for the Study of Animals.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-10-04
Revised: 2025-07-21
Accepted: 2025-07-25
Published Online: 2025-09-23

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2025-0191
Keywords for this article
zinc nanoparticles; Boswellia thurifera; antianxiety; plus maze test; light and dark test
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antioxidant and antidiabetic activities in aqueous extracts of Cedrus atlantica
  3. Influence of B4C addition on the tribological properties of bronze matrix brake pad materials
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