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Green synthesis of ZIF-8 for selective adsorption of dyes in water purification

  • Zhengyao Zhang , Kui Sun , Yuqi Bao , Hong Lei and Jun Yang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: April 4, 2025
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Open Chemistry
From the journal Open Chemistry Volume 23 Issue 1

Abstract

This work successfully developed a new green and low-cost preparation method of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) by adding sodium hydroxide as a proton removing agent and surfactant to reduce the amount of 2-methylimidazole and the size of ZIF-8. Using surfactants cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to modify ZIF-8. The modified ZIF-8 showed selective adsorption behaviors for Rhodamine B (Rh B), methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and acid yellow 36 (AC36). ZIF-8 modified by SDS was more likely to adsorb MB and Rh B cationic dyes than ZIF-8 modified by CTAB, with removal rates of 85.3 and 90.1%, respectively. The removal rates of anionic MO and AC36 by CTAB-modified ZIF-8 were 98.7 and 80.4%, respectively. Because of the selectivity of modified ZIF-8, it can separate specific dyes from mixed dyes. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and zeta potential analysis showed that the adsorption of dyes by modified ZIF-8 was carried out by electrostatic interaction, π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding.

Keywords: nano-ZIF-8; green synthesis; surfactant modification; selective adsorption; dye adsorption

1 Introduction

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous material with high specific surface area, high porosity, and easily adjustable morphology, owing to their organic linkers [1]. Zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs), as a sub-group of MOFs, have excellent physical and chemical stability due to their topological structure, which is similar to inorganic zeolite. Therefore, they are widely used in various applications, such as energy storage [2,3], catalysis [4–6], drug delivery [7–9], and magnetic materials [10,11]. In addition, due to the microporous nature of the ZIF structure, the use of ZIFs is generally limited to gas adsorption or separation [12–15]. It is reported that mesoporous or macroporous ZIFs are successfully synthesized by using polymer molecules as templates or organic ligands with large molecular sizes as linkers [16–19]; however, these methods are either expensive or cumbersome in post-processing, even unfriendly to the environment.

Nowadays, with the rapid development of the world textile industry, the demand for dyes is growing larger and larger. However, the production and use of dyes would result in a large amount of dye wastewater. Every 1 ton of textiles could consume 100–200 tons of water, of which 80–90% dye wastewater will be discharged and need to be further treated. The textile industries are the major sources of the economy in many developing countries such as China, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Bangladesh, and Malaysia. Among which, China and India have the largest textile industries [20,21]. According to the data from the World Trade Organization, China’s annual output of dyes has reached 900,000 tons, accounting for more than 40% of the world’s total output of dyes (Figure 1) [22,23]. As known that, compared with general pollutants, organic wastewater causes even serious damage to water resources. The main treatment methods for dye wastewater are physical method, chemical method, and biological method. The efficiency of normal methods is not very high, but the cost is large, clearly a new optimal treatment is needed. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to improve the preparation method of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) to make it not only have the critical ability to adsorb gas molecules, but also have a unique ability to adsorb dyes. Traditional methods of ZIF-8 synthesis often involve the use of toxic solvents or high concentrations of ligands, which increase environmental and economic costs. In contrast, our method employs a water-based synthesis with reduced ligand concentrations, offering a safer, greener, and more cost-effective alternative.

Figure 1 World’s production distribution of dyes in 2021: (a) World export value of dyes, (b) composition of world dye exports, and (c) distribution of world dye exports.
Figure 1

World’s production distribution of dyes in 2021: (a) World export value of dyes, (b) composition of world dye exports, and (c) distribution of world dye exports.

Thus, we successfully synthesized micrometer-scale ZIF-8 (without surfactant) and nanometer-scale ZIF-8 (with surfactant) using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a deprotonating reagent at room temperature, with a reduced amount of 2-methylimidazole (Hmim) as the organic ligand [24,25]. New synthesis procedure is faster and safer, using water as green solvent, and produces highly crystalline and pure ZIF-8. Due to the modifications of different surfactants, the adsorption capacity of the prepared materials for anionic and cationic organic dyes has great changes (Table 1).

Table 1

Structure, electrical properties, and UV detection wavelength of the dyes involved

Compound Structure Formula Molecular weight (g/mol) Absorption peak (nm)
Cationic Rh B
C28H32N4O2 479.01 554
MB
C16H18N3ClS 319.85 664
Anionic AC36
C18H14N3NaO3S 375.38 442
MO
C14H15N3NaO3S 327.33 465

2 Experimental section

2.1 Reagents and chemicals

Hmim was purchased from Aladdin Reagent (Shanghai, China), NaOH and zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn[NO3]2·6H2O) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Beijing, China). Methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (Rh B), methyl orange (MO), acid yellow 36 (AC36), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). All chemical reagents were used without any further treatment.

2.2 Synthesis of ZIF-8 and modified ZIF-8 with SDS or CTAB

To prepare the synthesis solution Zn/Hmim/NaOH/H2O with a 1/10/30/1278 final molar composition, 0.297 g of Zn[NO3]2·6H2O was first dissolved in 3 mL deionized water (DI) water. The solution was then added to another solution consisting of 0.82 g Hmim and 1.2 g NaOH in 20 mL DI water and stirred at room temperature for 24 h (Rev = 500 rpm). After stirring, the ZIF-8 was separated by centrifugation (17,000 rpm for 5 min) and washed with DI water three times.

To promote the adsorption performance of the ZIF-8 and examine the effects of SDS (or CTAB) addition ratio, we added different molar ratios of SDS (or CTAB) to Zn[NO3]2·6H2O (i.e., molar ratios ranging from 0.1 to 1.0) to the imidazole solution before the reaction. The products with different molar ratios of SDS (or CTAB) to Zn[NO3]2·6H2O were named as follows: S-ZIF-0.1, S-ZIF-0.5, S-ZIF-1.0, and C-ZIF-0.5. All treatments were dried in the oven overnight at 65°C for subsequent characterization.

2.3 Characterization

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained by Smart Lab 9 KW (Japan). The microscopy images were taken on a scanning electron microscope (SEM, SU8220, Japan). The surface functional groups were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR; Nicolet-iS5 Spectrometry, USA) with KBr pellet technique. The zeta-potentials of ZIF-8 and SDS-modified ZIF-8 were determined by Zeta Potential Meter (Zeta Probe, ZS90, Germany). The solution concentration was measured using Freedom EVO platform (Freedom EVO 200, Tecan, Switzerland).

2.4 Adsorption kinetics of dye

The adsorptions of pure dye (Rh B, MB, AC36, and MO) solutions were measured by adding 10 mg from each treatment (S-ZIF-0.1, S-ZIF-0.5, S-ZIF-1.0, and C-ZIF-0.5) into 5 mL of dye solution containing 0.2 mg/mL concentration of Rh B, MB, AC36, or MO, prepared using 1 mL of the dye stock solution of 1 mg/mL concentration for each type of dye. After stirring and adsorbing for 24 h, each mixture was separated by centrifugation and the supernatant was collected. The concentration of dyes in the supernatant was measured using the Freedom EVO platform, which is also the concentration of the remaining dye. The experiments were conducted under ambient conditions (25°C, pH 7.0) with a stirring speed of 500 rpm. The adsorption capacity was monitored at 1 h intervals for a total duration of 24 h.

2.5 Selective adsorption capacity of ZIF-8

The selective uptake of different dyes was tested on a 5 mL dye matrix of MO/MB, AC36/MB, MO/Rh B, and AC36/Rh B with 10 mg S-ZIF-8 or C-ZIF-8 as adsorbent. The process was monitored using the Freedom EVO platform.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characterization of ZIF-8

Typically, ZIF-8 is synthesized in methanol or in water with high concentrations of imidazole ligands. In this work, however, we synthesized ZIF-8 in water with very low concentrations of imidazole ligands but with the addition of NaOH to promote the deprotonation of the imidazole. Enhancing the selective adsorption of nano-sized ZIF-8, SDS was used as capping agent to precisely control the morphology and size of ZIF-8 crystals in aqueous systems, supplying negative potential to selectively adsorb the cationic dyes.

Figure 2 shows the XRD patterns and SEM pictures of ZIF-8 crystals prepared with different concentrations of SDS added to the synthesis solution. The XRD patterns in Figure 2 indicate that all S-ZIF products are pure-phase ZIF-8 structure with high crystallinity, except for S-ZIF with an SDS molar ratio of 1.0, which was sufficient to inhibit crystallization of ZIF-8. Figure 3(a) shows that ZIF-8 crystals prepared without CTAB had a typical rhombic dodecahedron shape consistent with previous reports, but the crystal size reached 1,085 nm. When SDS was added to the reaction solution, the crystal size of ZIF-8 immediately reduced from 1,085 to 10–20 nm (Figure 3(b) and (c)), and since the molar ratios of SDS increased, an increasing number of crystallizations of ZIF-8 were cross-linked by SDS with a high concentration (Figure 3(d)).

Figure 2 XRD patterns of ZIF-8 synthesized in NaOH with different molar ratios of SDS (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0).
Figure 2

XRD patterns of ZIF-8 synthesized in NaOH with different molar ratios of SDS (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0).

Figure 3 SEM images of samples: (a) pure ZIF-8, (b) S-ZIF-0.1, (c) S-ZIF-0.5, and (d) S-ZIF-1.0.
Figure 3

SEM images of samples: (a) pure ZIF-8, (b) S-ZIF-0.1, (c) S-ZIF-0.5, and (d) S-ZIF-1.0.

To have a better understanding of the influence of the molar ratios of SDS on ZIF-8 and its dye adsorption capacity, we added SDS of different molar ratios (i.e., 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5) to the reaction solution. As shown in Figure 4(a), the surface charges of as-synthesized samples were measured using a zeta potential analyzer. The zeta potential of pure ZIF-8 was positive (+29.8 mV). As the concentration of SDS increased, the potential of ZIF-8 gradually changed from positive (+29.8 mV) to negative (−33.8 mV). This could be due to the presence of excess SDS in the ZIF-8 structure, and such a change in zeta potential was manifested by the cross-linking between crystals as observed in the SEM.

Figure 4 Zeta potential of ZIF-8 with different molar ratios of SDS (a) and CTAB (b); (c) FT-IR spectra of S-ZIF-0.5 (blue line), S-ZIF-0.1 (red line), and ZIF-8 (black line); (d) FT-IR spectra of C-ZIF-0.5 (red line), ZIF-8 (black line).
Figure 4

Zeta potential of ZIF-8 with different molar ratios of SDS (a) and CTAB (b); (c) FT-IR spectra of S-ZIF-0.5 (blue line), S-ZIF-0.1 (red line), and ZIF-8 (black line); (d) FT-IR spectra of C-ZIF-0.5 (red line), ZIF-8 (black line).

To further confirm the existence of SDS in the ZIF-8 crystals, we measured the FT-IR spectra of three materials, namely pure ZIF-8 and two SDS-modified ZIF-8s. The results are shown in Figure 4(c). The FT-IR spectra of ZIF-8 showed distinct changes in peak positions before and after joining SDS. The peak at 1,584 cm−1 was ascribed to the C═N stretching vibration, whereas the strong peaks at 1,419 and 1,305 cm−1 were ascribed to the whole ring stretching vibrations. The bands in the range of 1,147–1,000 cm−1 corresponded to the in-plane bending vibrations of the aromatic rings, and the peaks at 761 and 658 cm−1 corresponded to the aromatic sp2 C–H bending vibrations. In the case of SDS-modified ZIF-8, the interaction between Rh B and ZIF-8 nanoparticles produced new FT-IR peaks. The peaks at 2,926 and 2,857 cm−1 were ascribed to the C–H stretching vibration of methylene in SDS. The characteristic peaks of sulfonic acid groups in SDS at 1,253, 621, and 577 cm−1 appeared in the FT-IR spectra, further confirming that SDS was present in the ZIF-8 crystal. Moreover, as the concentration of SDS increased, the characteristic peak intensity of SDS also increased. Hence, we could add enough SDS to improve the adsorption performance of ZIF-8 without affecting its crystallization. Furthermore, the introduction of SDS did not change the characteristic peaks of ZIF-8 itself, indicating that the surfactant did not change the functional group of ZIF-8, but introduced new functional groups to change its adsorption effect.

Moreover, FT-IR images of the ZIF-8 crystal structure modified with CTAB showed similarity to that of the SDS-modified ZIF-8. As shown in Figure 5, consistent with the SEM patterns observed in SDS-modified ZIF-8, the agglomerates formed by the mutual cross-linking of individual ZIF-8 crystals had a size of approximately 10–20 nm, while the disadvantage of the structure of unmodified ZIF-8 only containing micropores was further mitigated.

Figure 5 SEM images of ZIF-8 synthesized with CTAB ratio of 0.5.
Figure 5

SEM images of ZIF-8 synthesized with CTAB ratio of 0.5.

As shown in Figure 4(b), the zeta-potential results of CTAB-modified ZIF-8 are completely opposite to those of SDS-modified ZIF-8. When adding CTAB with a molar ratio of 0.1 into the reaction, the electrical property (+30.6 mV) of ZIF-8 was only 0.8 mV higher than the unmodified +29.8 mV ZIF-8. In contrast, when CTAB with a molar ratio of 0.5 was added, the potential was +40.6 mV, which was 10.8 mV higher than the original. As shown, the stretching vibration of N–H at 3,130 cm−1, the stretching vibration of C–N at 1,640 cm−1, and the stretching vibration of C–H in long-chain alkanes at 2,920 and 2,851 cm−1 all indicated the presence of CTAB in ZIF-8 crystals, which consequently imparts new properties to the material and affects its adsorption behavior, as shown in the FT-IR spectra in Figure 4(d).

3.2 Dye adsorption and selective adsorption

To verify the effects of surfactants on the dye adsorption behavior of ZIF-8, four dyes with different charging properties were selected. Cationic dyes (Rh B and MB) and anionic dyes (MO and AC36) were tested for adsorption using either S-ZIF-8 or C-ZIF-8.

As illustrated in Figure 6, when the molar ratio of SDS was 0.1, the main adsorption object of ZIF-8 was the anionic dyes MO and AC36. But as the ratios of SDS increased, S-ZIF-8 was more inclined to adsorb cationic dyes; the highest removal rate for Rh B and MB was 85.30 and 90.10%, respectively, while the adsorption capacity of anionic dyes decreased. This observation was also consistent with the zeta-potential characterization results and further verified that as the molar ratio of SDS increases, the proportion of SDS in the crystals formed also increases. This implies that the ZIF-8 modified with SDS (or CTAB) and the organic dyes mainly relied on electrostatic interaction to achieve the removal effect (Figure 7). Compared with SDS, C-ZIF-8 had a greater zeta potential (+43.5 mV) due to the presence of CTAB in the crystal. Hence, the ability of S-ZIF-8 to remove cationic dyes was better than that of C-ZIF-8, whereas the ability of C-ZIF-8 to remove anionic dyes was better than that of S-ZIF-8. The removal rates of ionic MO and AC36 were 98.70 and 80.40%, respectively, as shown in Figure 8. These results further confirmed that electrostatic attraction played a crucial role in the removal of organic dyes using the methods of this study, as inferred from previous studies [26]. It was obvious that the π–π stacking interactions presented between the imidazole rings in ZIF-8 and the benzene rings of organic dyes enhanced their interactions, enhancing the adsorption performances of ZIF-8 toward organic dyes [27]. The selective adsorption observed is attributed to a combination of electrostatic interactions, π–π stacking, and hydrogen bonding. These mechanisms were validated through zeta potential measurements and FT-IR spectra, which confirmed the functional modifications imparted by SDS and CTAB on ZIF-8. The results demonstrated that the adsorbent has a higher removal rate for dyes with an opposing charge than for dyes with the same charge as the adsorbent.

Figure 6 Effect of ZIF-8 modified with different SDS doses on adsorption capacity of individual dyes.
Figure 6

Effect of ZIF-8 modified with different SDS doses on adsorption capacity of individual dyes.

Figure 7 Mechanism of AC36/MB mixed dyes simultaneous adsorbed by S-ZIF-8.
Figure 7

Mechanism of AC36/MB mixed dyes simultaneous adsorbed by S-ZIF-8.

Figure 8 Effect of ZIF-8 modified with different electrical surfactants on single dye adsorption.
Figure 8

Effect of ZIF-8 modified with different electrical surfactants on single dye adsorption.

The selective adsorption and separation behaviors of specific dyes from the dye mixtures are interesting and the synthesis of ZIF-8 with selective adsorption property are challenging. In this article, cationic dyes MB and Rh B as well as the anionic dyes MO and AC36 were selected as models, considering that they possess different charges and functional groups. As shown in Figure 9(a), anionic MO and anionic AC36 can be preferentially adsorbed by C-ZIF-8 from Rh B/AC36, Rh B/MO, MB/MO, and MB/AC36 matrices with removal percentage of 68.53, 98.44, 94.21, and 81.32%, respectively (Figure 9(b)).

Figure 9 Selective adsorption capacity of ZIF-8-SDS compared with ZIF-8-CTAB: (a) Rh B/AC36, (b) Rh B/MO, (c) MB/MO, and (d) MB/AC36.
Figure 9

Selective adsorption capacity of ZIF-8-SDS compared with ZIF-8-CTAB: (a) Rh B/AC36, (b) Rh B/MO, (c) MB/MO, and (d) MB/AC36.

As shown in Figure 9(a–d), the removal rates obtained by S-ZIF-8 showed the same trend as the data obtained by single dye adsorption, with removal rates of 99.50 and 98.97% of cationic MB removed from MB/AC36 and MB/MO matrixes, respectively, and the removal rates of Rh B from Rh B/MO and Rh B/AC36 are 72.38 and 75.35%. As shown in Figure 10 and earlier works indicate, using modified ZIF-8 as dye adsorbent, following the methods of this article, the electrostatic effect plays a decisive factor, followed by the π–π stacking (for dyes with opposite electrical properties to the material) [28–30]. It was also demonstrated that the S-ZIF-8 had a significantly improved ability to adsorb AC36 (90.60%) from the AC36/MB mixture, which was different from the single adsorption of AC36 (27.77%). At the beginning of the adsorption, MB first combined with the materials by strong electrostatic interaction, and the charge of the materials began to decrease as the adsorption sites decreased. At some point, the hydrogen bond forces between −NH− in AC36 molecules and −SO3 − in SDS were better than electrostatic repulsion, so adsorption occurred [31,32]. In the Rh B/AC36 mixture, due to the large molecular size of Rh B, which affects the formation of hydrogen bonds between AC36 and the material, only a small amount of AC36 was adsorbed, which contributed to π–π stacking.

Figure 10 Synthesis of C-ZIF or S-ZIF, and their selective adsorption of dyes.
Figure 10

Synthesis of C-ZIF or S-ZIF, and their selective adsorption of dyes.

Therefore, the flexible modification of ZIF-8 controlled by the surfactants added during synthesis was a promising approach to conduct separation and subsequent concentration of some specific organic pollutants from the matrix, which could eventually lead to the development of detection methods.

4 Discussion

In this study, we successfully developed a novel green synthesis method for ZIF-8, using NaOH as a proton-removing agent and surfactants such as SDS and CTAB to enhance its adsorption properties. Traditional methods for synthesizing ZIF-8 often rely on high concentrations of organic ligands or toxic solvents, limiting their scalability and environmental friendliness. Our approach addresses these limitations by employing a water-based synthesis at room temperature, reducing environmental impact while maintaining high crystallinity and adsorption efficiency.

The modified ZIF-8 exhibited remarkable selectivity in adsorbing both anionic and cationic dyes. The use of SDS and CTAB enabled precise control of ZIF-8’s surface charge and pore size, enhancing its affinity for specific dyes through mechanisms such as electrostatic interactions, π–π stacking, and hydrogen bonding. Notably, SDS-modified ZIF-8 demonstrated superior adsorption for cationic dyes like MB and Rh B, while CTAB-modified ZIF-8 excelled in adsorbing anionic dyes such as MO and AC36. This dual functionality positions our modified ZIF-8 as a versatile adsorbent for treating dye wastewater, particularly in industries where mixed dye effluents are prevalent.

The adsorption performance was also evaluated in dye mixture systems, where selective separation of dyes was achieved. The results revealed a synergistic effect, with enhanced adsorption efficiency observed in certain dye pairs, such as MB/AC36. This finding underscores the potential of surfactant-modified ZIF-8 for advanced wastewater treatment applications, offering a sustainable solution to one of the major environmental challenges in the textile industry.

This study not only demonstrates the effectiveness of surfactant modification but also provides a framework for further exploration of MOFs in diverse environmental applications. The green synthesis approach proposed in this study is highly scalable due to its simplicity, low cost, and reliance on water as a solvent. The process eliminates the need for toxic solvents and high temperatures, significantly reducing production costs and energy consumption, which makes it feasible for industrial-scale applications. Future research could explore the scalability of this synthesis method and its application in real-world wastewater treatment scenarios.

5 Conclusions

This work presents a green, cost-effective synthesis method for ZIF-8, modified with surfactants to enable selective adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes. This green synthesis approach minimizes chemical waste and energy usage, significantly reducing the environmental footprint associated with ZIF-8 production. By utilizing water as a solvent and avoiding harmful chemicals, this method aligns with sustainable development goals. The key findings of this study are as follows.

This study provides a robust framework for sustainable wastewater treatment using modified ZIF-8 materials, which can be further explored for other industrial applications, including heavy metal removal and gas separation.

  1. Innovative synthesis: The use of NaOH and surfactants in a water-based system provides an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional ZIF-8 synthesis methods.

  2. Enhanced adsorption performance: SDS and CTAB modifications significantly improved the selective adsorption capabilities of ZIF-8, demonstrating high removal rates for both types of dyes.

  3. Selective separation of dye mixtures: The modified ZIF-8 materials effectively separated dyes in mixed solutions, highlighting their potential for complex wastewater treatment.

  4. Mechanistic insights: The adsorption processes were driven by electrostatic interactions, π–π stacking, and hydrogen bonding, with surfactant modification playing a pivotal role in determining selectivity.

In conclusion, the modified ZIF-8 materials developed in this study offer a promising solution for dye wastewater treatment, combining high efficiency, environmental sustainability, and low cost. This work provides a foundation for future advancements in the application of MOFs for environmental remediation.

# These authors contributed to the work equally and should be regarded as co-first authors.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Letpub for its linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the National Key Research & Development (R&D) Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFD1700203), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772193), and Dalian Science and Technology Innovation Fund (2022JJ12SN049).

  2. Author contributions: Zhengyao Zhang: project administration. Hong Lei: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, visualization, writing – original draft. Yuqi Bao: methodology, supervision, conceptualization, methodology, writing – review & editing. Kui Sun: methodology, writing – review & editing. Jun Yang: funding acquisition, conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, visualization, writing – original draft, project administration, supervision.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Ethical approval: The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use.

  5. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-11-14
Revised: 2025-02-22
Accepted: 2025-02-26
Published Online: 2025-04-04

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2025-0140
Keywords for this article
nano-ZIF-8; green synthesis; surfactant modification; selective adsorption; dye adsorption
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antioxidant and antidiabetic activities in aqueous extracts of Cedrus atlantica
  3. Influence of B4C addition on the tribological properties of bronze matrix brake pad materials
  4. Discovery of the bacterial HslV protease activators as lead molecules with novel mode of action
  5. Characterization of volatile flavor compounds of cigar with different aging conditions by headspace–gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry
  6. Effective remediation of organic pollutant using Musa acuminata peel extract-assisted iron oxide nanoparticles
  7. Analysis and health risk assessment of toxic elements in traditional herbal tea infusions
  8. Cadmium exposure in marine crabs from Jiaxing City, China: Insights into health risk assessment
  9. Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and their biological activities
  10. Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast., Mentha pulegium L., and Thymus zygis L. essential oils: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antifungal properties against postharvest fungal diseases of apple, and in vitro, in vivo, and in silico investigation
  11. Exploration of plant alkaloids as potential inhibitors of HIV–CD4 binding: Insight into comprehensive in silico approaches
  12. Recovery of phenylethyl alcohol from aqueous solution by batch adsorption
  13. Electrochemical approach for monitoring the catalytic action of immobilized catalase
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  16. A case study on the influence of soil amendment on ginger oil’s physicochemical properties, mineral contents, microbial load, and HPLC determination of its vitamin level
  17. Removal of antiviral favipiravir from wastewater using biochar produced from hazelnut shells
  18. Effect of biochar and soil amendment on bacterial community composition in the root soil and fruit of tomato under greenhouse conditions
  19. Bioremediation of malachite green dye using Sargassum wightii seaweed and its biological and physicochemical characterization
  20. Evaluation of natural compounds as folate biosynthesis inhibitors in Mycobacterium leprae using docking, ADMET analysis, and molecular dynamics simulation
  21. Novel insecticidal properties of bioactive zoochemicals extracted from sea urchin Salmacis virgulata
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  23. Study on the CO2 absorption performance of deep eutectic solvents formed by superbase DBN and weak acid diethylene glycol
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  25. Multifunctional chitosan nanoparticles: Zn2+ adsorption, antimicrobial activity, and promotion of aquatic health
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  29. Electrochemical and microbiological effects of dumpsite leachates on soil and air quality
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  32. Protective effect of Helicteres isora, an efficient candidate on hepatorenal toxicity and management of diabetes in animal models
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  45. Synthesis and characterization of the Co(ii), Ni(ii), and Cu(ii) complexes with a 1,2,4-triazine derivative ligand
  46. Evaluation of the impact of music on antioxidant mechanisms and survival in salt-stressed goldfish
  47. Optimization and validation of UPLC method for dapagliflozin and candesartan cilexetil in an on-demand formulation: Analytical quality by design approach
  48. Biomass-based cellulose hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for the efficient sequestration of dyes: Kinetics, response surface methodology optimization, and reusability
  49. Multifunctional nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots: A fluorescent probe for Hg2+ and biothiol detection with bioimaging and antifungal applications
  50. Separation of sulphonamides on a C12-diol mixed-mode HPLC column and investigation of their retention mechanism
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  52. Fast PFAS determination in honey by direct probe electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: A health risk assessment insight
  53. Correlation study between GC–MS analysis of cigarette aroma compounds and sensory evaluation
  54. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of substituted chromone-2-carboxamide derivatives as anti-breast cancer agents
  55. The influence of feed space velocity and pressure on the cold flow properties of diesel fuel
  56. Acid etching behavior and mechanism in acid solution of iron components in basalt fibers
  57. Protective effect of green synthesized nanoceria on retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat
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